Video Technology (CBVT4203)

Bachelor in Multimedia Communication

XXXXXXXXXX

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Open University Malaysia
(Kelantan Learning Centre)

1.0 Introduction about video technology

Video is the technology to capture recording, processing, and transmission and rebuild
the moving pictures, typically using celluloid film, electronic signals, or digital media.
Digital video technology can describe any method of recording, playing, capture, edit,
distribute or projecting video and audio using digital video instead of analog video signals. The
popularity of digital video has led to a variety of technological and artistic innovations. A
distinguishing feature of digital video is that many copies can be made from a video recording
without changing or deteriorating quality of the clip.
Video can be interpreted as a combination some of the still image by the hundreds of
thousands or even millions of numbers that read regularly and sequentially in units of time with a
certain speed. The combination of a row of pictures with many of the mentioned frame, while the
speed of reading in a row the pictures in the video / film with a unit cost call Frame Rate quoted
fps (frames per second). Because the network is a row of pictures rotated with high speed, then
arise a subtle illusion of motion is effectively until stills image to be like real life, the higher the
frame rate of a video or film, the more subtle movements of images displayed.
1. Evolution of video technology in the first decade (1990s)
a) Digital Camera
A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that encodes digital images and digital videos
and save them for later breeding. Most cameras sold today are digital and digital camera that is
inserted into a device that consists of a PDA and hand phone (dialed phone camera) for vehicles.
Digital cameras and film teamed optical systems, typically using the lens diaphragm
variable to give light to the pedestal image pickup device. Diaphragm and of the control
recognizes the correct amount of light for imager that, just as with film but the image pickup
device is electronic rather than chemical. Nevertheless, not as film cameras, digital cameras may
expose the image-image in the screen after recorded, and save the image-image and put out of
memory. Many digital cameras also may record sound switch moving video. Some of the digital
camera image may cut and sew and implement the principles of image editing. Below are listing
of the digital video in year 1990.

CANON RV-311

Left : Digital Camera Prototype DC-90

DC-90
(Nickname: Ms. Atsuko)

Right : Digital Camera Prototype

(nickname: Ms. Omoko)

One of the few players still produced video era to use video still mini discs used
to record still images with video (analog) cameras such as the Sony MVC-5000
and others.

CASIO DC-90 PROTOTYPES

Two cameras Casio prototype has been developed, but not put into production.
This is a prototype to test the function "called Atsuko and Omoko" built by Casio
Casio has developed a computer as their first digital camera equipped with LCD
viewfinders. Atsuko tend to overheat, so a small fan mounted in the compartment
of the viewfinder, and the LCD screen has been replaced with a viewfinder
through-the-lens. Omoko nickname refers to the extra weight of the camera (Omo
mean weight in Japan) as a result of using the generic camera. Omoko weighed
2.75 kilograms, and Atsuko reached a temperature of 90 degrees C when
operated.

CHINON S-2000

2 X, 10-20mm f/2.7-3.8 zoom lens. Multi-infrared autofocus. Shutter 1/45 to

1/500 second. Inch 380K pixel CCD. "Hi-band Still Video on Floppy," Popular
Photography, May 1980, p56

DYCAM MODEL 1 / Logitech FotoMan

Dycam Model 1 (dark gray) and Fotoman (white) B & W cameras digicams is the
first fully digital users that are sold in the United Syarikat (both made by Dycam)
they saved 32 images compressed at depth 1MB RAM. 1/3-inch, 376 x 240 pixels
CCD at 256 gray stage. Pict 2 or TIFF format. 8mm fixed focus lens. Shutter 1/30
to 1/1000 second. Nurtured in a flash. They operate just like the Canon XapShot
unless they include digitizing hardware within the camera itself. The camera was
attached to a PC to transfer images (images by Jef Raskin). There is only one
button on camera, button of the control. To turn on the flash it is necessary to
4

connect the camera to the computer and use a program that comes with the
camera. To turn the flash off is necessary to initially connect the camera to the
computer. MSRP $ 995. Digital Photography, Mikkel Aaland, 1992, P21.
Photography popular. December. P111 1991.
The picture on the right shows about what a good quality Dycam 1 picture might
look like on your computer at full size (100%), 376 x 240 pixels (.09 MP).
Doubling the size of the photo to 752 x 480 pixels will cause pixelization clear
images. Actual size 376 x 240 pixel image when printed on plain inkjet printer is
about 3/4 inch wide and 1 1/4 inches tall, or about the size of the image on the
right
The picture on the right shows roughly what good qualities Dycam 1 picture
might look like on the computer at full size (100%), 376 x 240 pixels (.09 MP).
Doubling size photos to 752 x 480 pixels will cause pixelization clear image. Size
truth 376 x 240 pixel image when printed on plain inkjet printer is approximately
3/4 inches wide and 1 1/4 inches high, or roughly size image on the right.

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

Hubble is the workhorse instrument Wide Field Camera planets and 2 (WFPC2)
and captured most of the pictures Hubble's most famous. He watched just about
everything, recording very sharp image distant objects in the view of the rather
extensive. 48 filter that allows scientists assess the precise wavelength of light and
for an imposing various wavelengths from ultraviolet to infrared light border.
WFPC2 not use film to record image-image it. In contrast, four postage stampsized pieces of high-tech Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) collects edict rather
than stars and galaxies to create an image. Perceiver is extremely sensitive to very
weak light of distant galaxies. They can see the draw object one milliard times
more rugged than the eye can see and less sensitive CCDs now, in some of video
cassette Recorder and all the new digital cameras. CCDs are composed of
electronic circuit than picture elements sensitive to light (pixels). Each of the four
CCDs than Hubble contains 640,000 pixels. The light collected by each pixel is
translated into number. This numbers (all 2.56 million rather than them) delivered
based computer to the ground, which swapped them into the image.
KODAK STILL VIDEO CAMERA -.
Shown publicly in 1990 at Photokina in 1990, he may have been a ruse to confuse
the status of Kodak digital competition. Digital DCS-100 has been shown under
the same privately at Photokina. SV camera shown above is the Nikon F3 with
still video back. This system is used utilized Winchester power carried by a
shoulder strap. Kodak stating that they aim to market the camera in 1991 at an
MSRP than $ 25,000. Photo at right shows a 1.3MP CCD served on the Nikon F3
back. The camera which created a rather chaotic layman, especially among
journalists photo fitting into the market that are reserved (Popular Photography
referred to as "bomb"). Popular Photography, January 1991, page 56

KODAK DCS-100 SLR DIGITAL CAMERA

Setting the DCS-100 is not the official position of Kodak, but emerged as a result
of the magazine article and the name stuck. The system is a commercial version
of the Kodak DSLRs 1987-1989 that shown in person at Photokina 90 with a
price of $ 30,000 Marketed in 1991. 1.3MP CCD (1024 x 1280 pixels) based on a
Nikon F3 body ISO 100. Nikkor interchangeable lens mount. The Manual focus:
Shutter 8 seconds to 1/2000 second. Reflex optical viewfinder, hot shoe, timer,
200MB of internal memory. The two versions - B & W and color. Plugged into a
large plastic bag, the system consists of a 200MB drive external hard drive with
battery, control panel, display mono, and cable, with a total weight of 55 pounds.
Click on the image to see a larger picture. The Items on the bottom right side of
the Kodak Professional Digital Back is the same year. History Kodak DCS
cameras from 1987-2004 can be found on James Garvey listed below. Mr. Garvey
is the main engineer for many Kodak cameras within that time period.

KODAK PHOTO CD SYSTEM.

The Photo CD has process negatives or slides to convert CD images. When

introducing the Kodak Photo CD system recorded up to 100 images on a single
CD. Each image was recorded at five different resolutions. Pixel Photography,
Robert McMahan, 1993, p11

OLYMPUS ESTILO

Prototype camera has memory card. Popular Photography, January 1991, page 55,
states that ESTILO can record images in the mode field 38 or 18 frames per card
mode showing that it is a video camera is still, however, others claim that it and
the camera is shown on IC Card below is a digital camera because they use a
memory card. The ESTILO not marketed.

OLYMPUS VC-102.

V-102 is an ascending level of V-100. Hi-band, 10-27mm f/2.8 zoom, passive

auto focus with low light illumination. 1/2- inch 360K pixel CCD. Shutter 1/30 to
1/2000 second. Popular Photography May 1990. P56.

OLYMPUS IC CARD CAMERA

The prototype camera with solid-state storage. Popular Photography, May 1990,
p57, stated that the camera used in data compression to save 29 or 52 still images
of video on a flash card about the size of a credit card and recorded in field mode
only. Mode field is a term applied to a video camera instead of a digital camera
with still shows that it is an analog still camera video from a digital camera.
Description with pictures and accompanying text also states that it is a video,
however, some sites say that it is a digital camera because it uses a digital camera
memory card now do. The camera was never marketed. Olympus VC-102 is an
example of the market and is still analog video cameras.

PENTAX EI-C70.

The still video camera is 3X 8mm to 24mm, f.2.8-5.6 zoom, with active infrared
automatic giving pedestal. Shutter 1/8 to 1/1000 second. Popular Photography,
May 1980, P56.

SAMSUNG SNAC

10

That SNAC (New Age Samsung Cameras) is a Hi-band still video camera. 15mm
f/2.8 fixed focus lens. MOS Sensor 300k. 50 images of each disc. Popular
Photography, May 1990, P56.

SJSU NUA 356.

It is still video camera and Project students of San Jose State University. Kyle
Swen designed with surveillance cameras Tomasz Migurski. It was designed as a
concept of the future, not for manufacturing. Design premise is to introduce
camera images stored electronically rather than the use of standard films. The

11

images are stored on 3.5 "floppy disk which can then be downloaded
electronically to a variety of formats.

SONY CVP-G500 - 1990.

Still video image capture device and printer combined into one unit. Popular
Photography, June 1991, p20.

SONY HYPERHAD.

HAD (Hole Accumulated Diode) sensor. Light focusing microlens (shown at left)
positioned over each pixel gathers, concentrates and focuses light into the active
area of the photo imaging sensor. Light sensitivity is increased by one f / stop.
Digital Photography: Pictures of Tomorrow, John J. Larish, 1992, h.23

TOSHIBA MC200.
Memory card camera 2/3-inch, 400,000 pixel CCD. 18MB card, 6 highresolution images. 3X 9mm to 27mm f/2.0 lens. Shutter 1/32 to 1/512 second.
Built up in a flash, and auto-focus. Popular Photography, Disember, 1991, p111.

YASHICA SAMURAI V-70.

12

Hi-band still video camera. 1/2-inch, 390k pixel CCD, 3x 9-27mm f/1.4 zoom
lens, auto-focus through the lens. Popular Photography, May 1980, P56

b) The first MP3 player, the MPMan in 1998, is released

MPMAN music player, released by the South Korean company Saehan Information Systems,
began his career in Asia in March 1998, and is one of the large-scale solid-state players first
mobile digital audio.
Internal flash memory can be expanded, but there is no support for external memory. It is
served with a docking station. To put music into the device, the first music had to be encoded
in mp3 format encoders provided by the user, and then transferred via a parallel port
connected to the docking station with portable player devices.
On May 2, 1998 in Japan Akihabara "Akiba ~ we" store in Chuo, Tokyo began selling 32
MB and 64 MB model, the price of 39 800 (about 400 USD - $ 578.77 today) and 59 800
yen, respectively own.
In North America, this device South Korea began importing for sale by Michael Robertson Z
Company [2] in mid-1998. At the same time, Eiger Labs, Inc. imported and rebranded
players in two models, the Eiger MPMAN F10, and F20 Eiger MPMAN .
Eiger MPMAN F10 is a unit that is very basic and not user expandable, though owners can
upgrade the memory from 32 MB 64 MB to send the player back to Eiger Labs with check
69 + 7.95 USD shipping. Measuring 90 mm high by 70 mm wide by 16.5 mm thick and
13

weighs approximately 65 grams, it is very compact. Price United States in 1998 for the F10
model with 32 MB of flash memory is around 200-250 USD.
Eiger MPMAN F20 is the same model used 3.3 V SmartMedia card for expansion, and run
on a single AA battery, not rechargeable NiMH batteries.
c) DVDs become available in the US in 1997 and rapidly increase, making video cassettes
obsolete.
Introduced in the U.S. in March 1997 DVD (Digital Video Disc) is home video the fastest
growing technology in history. As a format developed for both the computer and
entertainment system, a DVD has established a strong relationship with the film industry, a
relay platform in a few years the most important in the film to home video in the
international market. The reasons for this rapid development have been much analyzed in the
trade press from an economic point of view.
d) Plasma flat panel televisions become commercially available later in the decade,
competing against CRT televisions.
Large-screen television technology developed rapidly in the 1990s. Various thin screen
technologies are being developed, but only a liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display
(PDP) and Digital Light Processing (DLP) has been issued in the public market. This
technology has almost completely displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) in television sales, due
to the bulkiness of the cathode ray tube. However, recent technologies such as organic lightemitting diode (OLED) technology and not-yet released as surface-conduction electronemitter display (SED) or field emission display (FED) issued their way to replace the first
flat-panel technology picture quality. Diagonal screen size of a CRT is limited to about 40
inches for size requirements of cathode ray tubes, which fires three electron beams onto a
screen, creating an image that can be seen. A larger screen size requires a longer tube, a CRT
television with a large screen (50 to 80 inches) which is not realistic because of the size. The
technologies mentioned above can produce a big screen television thinner.

e) Full Color Flat Panel Computer monitors are released commercially to the public in the
mid-to-late 1990s.
By the early to mid-1990s, the need for video performance PC market has clearly run into the
limitations imposed by the VGA connector and cable used. In addition, there is an
expectation that the display would be a logical central computer system where to find many
of the functions of other human-interface - such as the audio input and output, keyboard
14

connection, and other concerns led to the beginning of an effort, again the Video Electronics
standards Association (VESA), to develop a new standard display interface designed to
replace the ubiquitous 15-pin "VGA." Working group was formed in 1994 to develop an
enhanced video connector, and a standard VESA EVC was released in late 1995.
The EVC is based on a new connector design created by Molex, Inc. displays the set of
"pseudo-axial" contact, basically four pins arranged in a square and separated by a groundplane crossing structure (the pair of mating connectors) to control impedance and crosstalk
reduction. Performance of this structure, known as the "Microcross " by Molex,
approximately equal to that of a small coaxial connector 13W3, while allowing easy
termination of coaxial lines and, lower-cost solution that is much smaller. In addition to the
four "Microcross" contact, which has been defined as doing the video signal red, green, and
blue pixel clock options, the EVC provided 30 general-purpose connectivity in three rows of
ten pins each. This synchronization and display common ID function, but also add audio
input and output capabilities, pin to "S-Video" as the video input Y / C, and two generalpurpose digital interface: Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE-1394 high-speed serial
channels, also known as "FireWire ". EVC pin out is shown in Figure 9-11.
f) The first HDTV broadcast airs in 1990
Television high definition (HDTV) is a digital broadcasting system television with higher
resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL). Although some of the early
analog HDTV formats has been broadcast in Europe and Japans, HDTV is usually broadcast
digitally, you indulge television digital (DTV) broadcasting requires much less bandwidth.
HDTV technology first introduced in the United Syarikat during the 1990's by a group of
reputable electronic cal chairs the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance.
Television high definition initially awakened by Nippon Hs and was published in 1969.
Though however, the current system is not a prime so 1990s.
The terminology described above was invented for digital systems in the 1990s. The digital
signal to encode the color of each pixel, or dot on the screen as a series of numbers. Before
that, analog TV signals encoded value to a monochrome, or 3 color signals as they scanned
the screen continuously from line to line. For comparison, the radio sound to encode the
analog signal is sent to an amplified speaker, usually up to 20 kHz, but the video signal is in
the MHz range, which is why they are higher in the spectrum of the radio broadcast audio.
Analog video signal does not have a true "pixels" to measure horizontal resolution. Vertical
scan line count included off-screen scan lines with no picture information while the CRT
beam back to the top of the screen to begin another field. Therefore NTSC considered to
15

have "525 lines" though only 486 of them have a (625/576 for PAL). Similarly, the Japanese
MUSE system called "1125 line", but only 1035i by today's measuring standards. This
change was made because digital systems do not require line of the trace is empty except for
the signal is converted to analog to drive a CRT.
g) Memory cards become available
A memory card or flash card is a flash memory data storage device used to store electronic
digital information. They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital
cameras, mobile phones, laptops, MP3 players and video game consoles. Most can
diminutive, re-recordable, and can store data without power.
PC Card (PCMCIA) among first commercial memory card formats (type I cards) to come out
in the 1990s, but is now used mainly in industrial applications and to connect I / O devices
such as modems. In the 1990s, a number of memory card formats smaller than PC Card
arrived, including CompactFlash, SmartMedia, and Miniature Card. The desire for smaller
cards for cell-phones, PDAs, and compact digital cameras drove a trend that has left the
previous generation of "compact" cards looking great. In digital cameras SmartMedia and
CompactFlash had been very successful
h) USB ports become popular in computers, although the USB flash drive wasn't available
until 2000
Before flash, prior to the USB drive, it is hard and difficult to move large amounts of data
from place to place. Technology CD-writing is almost no on personal computers until the late
1990s; existing common-largest media portable storage is the best floppy disk can hold 1:44
megabyte.
Large files (over 1.44 MB) had split across many floppy disks, or wear high-density disks are
expensive and rarely compatible, such as Zip disks. They are special, expensive hardware
required, which limited their popularity.

i) Netflix is launched, offering DVDs mailed straight to your home, which you could select
in an online queue
Takes a look at the industrial, technological, and television production and consumption
changes from the late 1990s to the present through the lens of Netflixs history. Netflix was
founded in 1997 in Scotts Valley, California by Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings, who
previously worked together at Pure Software. Randolph is a co-founder of a company by the
16

name of the computer mail order MicroWarehouse. Later he was employed by Borland
International as Vice President of Marketing. Hastings, once a math teacher, was founded
Pure Software, which was recently sold for $ 700 million. Hastings is investing $ 2.5 million
in startup cash to Netflix. The idea Netflix coming to Hastings when he was forced to pay $
40 in fines outstanding after the return of Apollo 13 also past due date. The Netflix website
which was launched on August 29, 1997with only 30 employees and 925 works can be
rented and taken, the more traditional model of online pay-per-hire (U.S. 50 c per hire U.S.
postage; late fee applied). Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September
1999, and then dropped a single rental model in early 2000. Since then the company has built
a reputation in the business model of flat fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees,
shipping and handling fees, or per title rental fees.
j) Web TV and digital TV becomes popular later in the decade.
MSN TV (formerly Web TV) is the name for both thin clients used the television for display
(not a computer monitor) and online services that support it. This product was developed by
WebTV Networks, Inc. A company purchased by Microsoft Corporation and absorbed into
MSN (Microsoft Network) while most thin clients the most advanced in the mid-1990s was
the deckles workstations for corporate intranets, WebTV was positioned as a consumer
device to access web.
WebTV product is an adapter that allows a television set to connect to the internet mainly for
web browsers and e-mail. Setup includes a web browser, keyboard or wireless coded (eg,
Bluetooth and IRDA) and the connection using a modem, ADSL, Cable internet access or
power line communication.
While WebTV does not allow the functions of a computer-based web browser, it is a low
cost alternative to traditional computer connected to the Internet.

k) Active matrix laptop computers become popular and easier to afford.

A type of flat panel display found on most laptops today. Different active matrix technology
with passive matrix just refreshes the screen more often, creating better picture quality with
better viewing angles. The most common type is called active matrix screen TFT (thin film
transfer) the two terms are often used in tandem.

17

Exposure to crystalline liquid improved, in particular active-matrix TFT (Thin-Film

Transistor) LCD technology. Computer screens early usury is black and white, blue and
white, or gray scale, STN (Super Twist NEMATIK) passive-matrix LCDs were exposed to
heavy shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some computer screens are easy to over
expose sharper monochrome plasma , but this is too much during the draw for battery
power). Color STN screens needed for some time even though their eyesight is poor
qualities. With approximately 1991, two new color LCD technologies hit the market current
prime massively; Dual STN and TFT. Dual STN screens solved many problems STN
exposure at very affordable and TFT screens offered excellent visual qualities although
initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer advantages over TFT boarding is striking
that the mid-90s before declining to the point of boarding delta DSTN was no longer used in
computer usury. The increase in technology spending describing intended to be larger,
sharper, has a higher native resolution, faster follow-back period and may explain the color
with great precision, making them acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor .
l) PDA(Personal Digital Assistants)
PDAs become popular in the mid-1990s with the release of the touch screen Apple Newton
in 1993, although it has a monochrome screen. Later in the late 1990s, the first full-color
PDAs are released, but they consume a lot of battery life
m) Digital Video Recorders, abbreviated as DVRs, are released in 1999.

A digital video recorder (DVR), sometimes referred to by the trade term personal video
recorder (PVR) is a consumer electronics device or application software that records video in
a digital format for disk drives, USB flash drives, SD memory cards, SSD or other local mass
storage device or network. The term includes set-top boxes (STB) with direct to disk
recording facility, portable media players (PMP) with recording, recorders (PMR) as
camcorders that record onto Secure Digital memory cards and software for personal
computers which enables video capture and playback to and from the hard drive.
18

Consumer digital video recorders ReplayTV and TiVo were launched at the 1999 Consumer
Electronics in Las Vegas, USA. Microsoft also showed a unit with DVR capability, but this
does not become available until the end of 1999 for full DVR features in Dish Network
receiver DISHplayer. TiVo shipped their first units on March 31, 1999. ReplayTV won the
"Best of Show" award in the video category with Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen as
an early investor and board member, but TiVo was more successful commercially. While
early legal action by media companies forced ReplayTV to remove many features such as
automatic commercial skip and the sharing of recordings over the Internet, newer devices
have steadily regained these functions while adding complementary abilities, such as
recording to DVD and ease of programming and remote control using PDAs, networked PCs,
and web browsers
n) Satellite TV becomes commonplace.
Satellite television is a system delivering television programs with the means of
communication satellite. The signal received by an outside antenna, usually a parabolic
reflector is generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is
concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tuner
module built into the television set. Satellite television tuner is also available as a card or
USB peripherals to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world satellite
television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not served
by terrestrial or cable providers.
In the early 1990s, four major cable companies launched PrimeStar, direct broadcast satellite.
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 increased fines and jail
terms for anyone caught involved in the theft of $ 50,000 and a signal to the two-year
sentence. A repeat offender could be fined up to $ 100,000 and imprisonment for up to two to
five years. In 1994, Hughes DirecTV satellite system was introduced, and on March 4, 1996
EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using EchoStar 1 satellite.
EchoStar launched its second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels
available on DISH Network to 170. This system provided a better picture and stereo sound
on 150-200 video and audio channels, and allow a small dish to use for the first time, greatly
reducing TVRO systems popularity. In the mid-1990s, began to move their broadcast
channels for digital television transmission using DigiCipher scrambling and conditional
access.
2. Evolution of video technology in the Second decade (2000s)

19

a) Digital cameras became very popular due to rapid decreases in size and cost while photo
resolution steadily increased. As a result, sales of film reel cameras diminished greatly,
By the mid-2000s digital cameras had largely replaced film cameras, and higher-end cell
phones had an integrated digital camera.
a. Nikon

Once Nikon introduced affordable consumer-level DSLRs such as the Nikon D70
in the mid-2000s, sales of its consumer and professional film cameras fell rapidly,
following the general trend in the industry. Through the mid-2000s, Nikon's line
of professional and enthusiast DSLRs and lenses including their back compatible
AF-S lens line remained in second place behind Canon in SLR camera sales, and
Canon had several years' lead in producing professional DSLRs with light sensors
as large as traditional 35 mm film frames.
b. Kodak

Dan Carp became Kodak's CEO in addition to his responsibilities as President.

Kodak's Health Imaging unit introduced 45 new products during the year,
including, KODAK Insight Intraoral Dental Film; a dental radiography film that
helped dentists reduce radiation exposure to patients while delivering excellent
images; and two new digital radiography systems, the KODAK Direct View DR
9000 and Direct View DR 5000. Kodak's Entertainment Imaging unit and
20

Qualcomm Inc. launched an initiative to collaborate on testing of core

technologies for the creation of a high-quality digital cinema system. At yearend, Kodak completed the acquisition of Lumisys, Inc., a leading provider of
desktop computed radiography systems and x-ray film digitizers.
c. CAMEDIA C -700 Ultra Zoom

Launched in 2001, the CAMEDIA C-700 Ultra Zoom (2001) belongs to this solid
series Ultra Zoom. Agency has been fitted with a solid, high-achieving 10x
optical lens zoom bright. This 2.1 megapixel compact digital camera is made of
high power zoom photography easy. Olympus continues to awaken this series.
Including additional higher resolution, they form a more solid, and functioning
better film.
b) Mobile phone

Integration into mobile phones increased greatly; sexting by teenagers also became a
controversial social issue, with teenagers and even in one case a school administrator who
investigated a sexting case being arrested.
a. Nokia
Nokia 3310 is one of the best-selling phone of all time. Between 2000 and 2005
Nokia sold 126 million phones are the same and 3330.
As of 3210 it was effectively replaced, the 3310 is a mobile user with a bias
towards younger than the market was 12 to 25: teenagers and young
21

professionals. Texting is very popular, but 3310 introduces new chat function
allows people to chat online with text.
You can customize your new baby into the Xpress Nokia with new covers, picture
your own screen and voice activated dialing. The mobile phone has become a part
of you. Just how much can a mobile phone means to individual revealed a sad
story of a man who hanged himself after losing his Romanian Nokia 3310.
Nokia 3310 gradually lost status but gained popularity. When Tesco launched its
own mobile phone service, a joint venture with O2 in 2003, 3310 is the cheapest
mobile phones, retailing at 44.99. By the end of 2003, Nokia 3310, already
considered old hat, is among the phones collected will be refurbished and
redistributed to the Third World.
There are still used today Nokia 3310s. As a phone that is reliable and foundation
can make calls and send and receive text, you can not beat it.
c) Graphic cards became powerful enough to render ultra-high-resolution (e.g. 2560x1600)
scenes in real time with substantial detail and texture.
a. NVIDEA Vanta LT

Nvidia Vanta LT released in 2000. Cards have Vanta LT AGP 4X interface and
comes with a core clock speed up to 80MHz. Best Specifications Vanta LT 8MB
maximum supported memory clock speed of 110MHz. The maximum memory
bandwidth is 0.8GB / s. Nvidia Vanta LT supported DirectX 6 and OpenGL
version 1.1.

22

d) Flat panel displays began displacing cathode ray tubes. This was a dramatic change
during the decade, as very few flat panels were sold through the mid-2000s (decade) and
the majority of stores sell only flat panel TVs by the end of the decade.
Cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron gun (a source
of electrons or electron emitter) and a fluorescent screen used to view images. It has a
way to accelerate and deflect the electron beam (s) to the screen to create the images.
These images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television,
computer monitor), radar targets and others. CRT has also been used as a memory device,
in which the visible light emitted from the fluorescent material (if any) are not intended
to have meaning to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube face may
cryptically represent the stored data).
CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope large, deep (i.e. the length of the front panel to the
back), it's quite heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of security, the face is usually
made of lead glass that is shatter-resistant thick and to restrict the emission of X-rays,
especially if the CRT is used in consumer products.
CRT has largely been replaced by newer display technologies such as LCD, plasma
displays and OLED, which has a lower manufacturing cost, power consumption, weight
and bulk.

e) Handheld projectors entered the market and were then integrated into cell phones.
A Handheld projector (also known as a pocket projector, portable projector, pico
projector or mini beamer) is the technology used in the image projector handheld devices.
It is a response to the emergence / development of compact portable devices such as
mobile phones, personal digital assistants, and digital cameras, which have sufficient
storage capacity to handle presentation materials but little space to accommodate the
23

display screen attached. Handheld projectors involve miniaturized hardware and software
that can project digital images to any nearby viewing surface

f) The digital switchover started to be enforced for television.

Digital television transition, also known as digital or analog switches shift-off, is the
process in which analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital
television. This mainly involves the conversion of analog to digital terrestrial television
land. However, it also involves the conversion of analog cable to digital cable, and analog
to digital television.
In many countries where the service operates simulcast broadcast available to viewers in
both analog and digital at the same time. As digital becomes more popular, it is likely that
the existing analogue services will be removed. In some cases this has already happened,
where broadcasters are offering incentives to viewers to encourage them to switch to
digital. In other cases, government policies were introduced to encourage or force this
transition process, especially with regard to terrestrial broadcasts. Government
intervention usually involves providing some funding for broadcasters and, in some cases
financial assistance to the audience, to allow the transition to occur in a given deadline.
The transition for individual countries varies; in some countries it is being implemented
in stages, such as in India and the United Kingdom, where each region has a separate date
for switching off. In others, the entire country is turning on a date, such as the
Netherlands, which turned off all analog services on December 11, 2006. Few countries
have different switches off stay dates for each channel, such as China, where CCTV
channels 1-5 will be switched off first.

g) The introduction of Digital video recorders (DVRs) allowed consumers to modify content
they watch on TV, and to record TV programs and watch them later, leading to problems
as consumers could fast-forward through commercials, making them useless, and save
TV shows for later viewing, causing a decline in live TV viewing. However, these
problems were already present with video tapes.
24

A digital video recorder (DVR), sometimes referred to by the trade term personal video
recorder (PVR) is a consumer electronics device or application software that records
video in a digital format for disk drives, USB flash drives, SD memory cards, SSD or
other other local mass storage device or network. The term includes set-top boxes (STB)
with direct to disk recording facility, portable media players (PMP) with recording,
recorders (PMR) as camcorders that record onto Secure Digital memory cards and
software for personal computers which enables video capture and playback to and from
the hard drive. A television set with a built-in digital video-recording was introduced by
LG in 2007, followed by other manufacturers.
h) Internet usage surpassed TV viewing in 2004. Satellite TV and cable TV (with the
exception of digital cable) lost ratings as network television ratings gradually increased.
Satellite television is a system delivering television programs with the means of
communication satellite. The signal received by an outside antenna, usually a parabolic
reflector is generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is
concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite
tuner module built into the television set. Satellite television tuner is also available as a
card or USB peripherals to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the
world satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas
that are not served by terrestrial or cable providers.

Direct broadcast satellite television comes to the general public in two distinct ways analog and digital. This requires either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital
satellite receiver. Analog satellite television is being replaced by digital satellite
television and the latter becoming available in a better quality known as high-definition
television.

25

Cable television is a system of distributing television programming to paying subscribers

through radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted via coaxial cable or pulses of light
through fiber optic cables. This contrasts with traditional broadcast television, where
television signals are transmitted through the air by radio waves received by a television
antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, phone
service, and non-identical television can also be provided through this cable.

i) TV networks started streaming shows online.

Web Television (TV short web) is produced original television content for broadcast over
the World Wide Web.
Web and television content including web series such as husbands (2011-present), my
roommate Gay; The original miniseries like Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog (2008);
animated shorts like those Homestar Runner; and exclusive video supplement
conventional television broadcast.
Some of the leading distributors of television website as YouTube, Netflix, Newgrounds,
Blip.tv, and Crackle.
Some examples of television production companies website is: Next New Networks,
Vuguru, Revision3, and Generate LA-NY.
In 2008, the International Academy of Web Television (an organization headquartered in
Los Angeles) was established with the mission to organize and support a web television
writer, actor, producer, and executive. This organization administers the selection of
winners for riverine Award.
In 2013, Netflix made history for the first income Primetime Emmy Award nominations
web television web series House of Cards, Arrested Development, and Hemlock Grove at
the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards.
26

Online Streaming
A broadband began to increase in speed and availability, to deliver high quality video
over the Internet into reality. Center Web TV, YouTube, Dailymotion and YouTube
launch their services to deliver original video. Shows like Rocketboom emerge and
network video post-dot-com-bust as ManiaTV!, ISTATION TV and Digital
Entertainment launched the cooking network. In 2003, The Spot executive producer and
head writer Stewart St. John is on the brand to an online audience with new actors, and
create a separate mobile series to air on the Sprint PCS Vision-enabled phone. [10] St.
John and partner Todd Fisher produced more than 2,500 videos per day American soap
first mobile phone, driving the story line across the platform to a web counterpart, spot
(2.0). By 2005, St. John-Fisher created and launches online drama of the first half-hour
script, California Paradise.

j) There was an increase in usage of online DVD rental services such as Netflix.
Netflix was founded in 1997 in Scotts Valley, California by Marc Randolph and Reed
Hastings, who previously worked together at Pure Software. Randolph is a co-founder of
a company by the name of the computer mail order Micro Warehouse. Later he was
employed by Borland International as Vice President of Marketing. Hastings, once a
math teacher, was founded Pure Software, which was recently sold for $ 700 million.
Hastings is investing $ 2.5 million in cash to start Netflix. The ideas of Netflix coming to
Hastings when he was forced to pay $ 40 in fines outstanding after the return of Apollo
13 even after the due date. Netflix website was launched on August 29, 1997with only 30
employees and 925 works can be rented and taken, the more traditional model of online
pay-per-hire (U.S. .50 c per hire U.S. postage; late fee applied). Netflix introduced the
monthly subscription concept in September 1999 and then dropped a single model hire in
early 2000. Since then the company has built a reputation in the business model of flat
fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or daily
rental fee title.
k) DVDs, and subsequently Blu-ray Discs, replaced VCR technology as the common
standard in homes and at video stores, although inexpensive VCRs and videocassettes
could still be found at some thrift stores and discount stores.

27

DVD (sometimes described as "digital video disc" or "digital versatile disc") is a digital
optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and
Panasonic in 1995. DVDs can be played in many different types of players, including
DVD players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the
same dimensions.
Pre-recorded DVDs are mass using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the
DVD. Such discs are known as DVD-ROM, because data can only be read and not
written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and DVD + R) can be recorded
once using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM. DVD Rewritable (DVDRW, DVD + RW and DVD-RAM) can be recorded and erased multiple times.
DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and audio formats DVDAudio consumer digital, and also to write a DVD disc in AVCHD format written
specially for holding high definition (often in conjunction with a camcorder AVCHD
format). DVDs containing other types of information can be referred to as DVD data
discs.

28

Blu-ray Disc (BD) is an optical disc storage digital data format designed to supersede the
DVD format, because it is capable of storing high-definition video resolution (1080p).
Plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.
Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-ray contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50
GB) become the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple layer discs (100
GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL drive re-writer. The name
Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be
stored at a greater density than is possible with long-wavelength red laser used for DVDs.
The primary application of the Blu-ray is as a medium for film and video material such as
physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
Other hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats.
The format allows the option of video and audio to be stored by definition larger than the
DVD.
High definition video can be stored on a Blu-ray with up to 1080p resolution (1920
1080 pixels) at up to 60 (59.94) fields per second. Older DVD discs have a maximum
resolution of 480p (NTSC, 720 480 pixels) or 576p (PAL, 720 576 pixels).
The format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers
of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Sony launched its first
prototype Blu-ray in October 2000.

Video cassette recorder, a VCR, or video recorder is an electromechanical device that

records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other sources on,
videocassette magnetic tape, and can play back the recording. Use a VCR to record
television programs to play back at a more convenient time is usually referred to as time
shifting. VCR can also play back a prerecorded tape. In the 1980s and 1990s, until the
VCR was replaced by the DVD player and PVR, prerecorded video tapes are widely
available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold for the recording.

29

3. Evolution of video technology in the third decade (2010s)

A lot happened in 2010 as far as new technology. New developments make it difficult to
imagine how we used to survive in the pre-2010
2010 is great in terms of technology. Mobile applications are king, upstaging mobile
hardware. Google Android goes from strength to strength, even pleasant big iPhone.
Tablet was completely reinvented as a handheld device. People began to read books on
electronic devices. Cloud storage becomes a viable data backup destination. And
throwing birds at pigs round puffed a favorite pastime of over 50 million people!
In what was a very energetic, this is part of the development of the greatest when it
comes to technology, and the best tool is launched.
Smartphones become smarter
Apple iPhone 4
It came, it saw and it conquered. That follows Apple that people are actually starting to
wonder if they were holding the phone wrong all these years. The iPhone 4 comes with a
face completely redone and new iOS4 operating system. Although it was not officially
enter the country again, that does not stop people from buying at a substantial premium
from the gray market.
Google Nexus S
Android is great now. Many Android phones are expected to be crowned 'phone of the
year'. But, in the nick of time, Google launched the Nexus S, the first phone with Android
2.3 (Gingerbread). Also, since this is Google's baby, no OEM customizations to the OS,
no skin and no application has been installed. Not available in India officially, but you
can still get it for about Rs 32,000.
30

Blackberry Torch
The combination of touch screen, QWERTY keyboard and the new OS6 Blackberry is
supposed to bring the fight back against soaring popularity of iPhone and Android. The
second handset with OS6 (BlackBerry Bold 3) has been launched at a price of Rs 27 990.
HTC Desire HD and HTC Desire Z
Desire HD is a serious upgrade to the Desire and Desire Z brings QWERTY to complete
touch experience.
The Mobile OS Battle
The battle for mobile OS supremacy has been an interesting one. No one is leaving no
stone unturned to offer the best experience to the user. Apple unveiled iOS4 (parallel
with the launch of the iPhone 4), followed by the arrival of the first Symbian ^ 3 phone?
Nokia N8.
Blackberry OS6 launched revamped with more social features. Google, meanwhile, was
the most active with Android. They went from Android 2.1 to 2.2 with a few number of
features including the ability to share a data connection via Wi-Fi. Android 2.3 was
launched with the Nexus S, and now we're hearing about Android 3.0, which arrives next
year.
The Tablet has landed
If 2009 was the year of netbooks, tablet ownership in 2010. Not only the poor netbook
advanced as much as expected, but came up against a new enemy - the tablet. Apple
pulled out of form factors from obscurity, gave it some new functionality, add some
powerful applications and take the tech world by storm with the iPad.
Seeing the popularity rocketing, everyone jumps to bangwagon tablets, including
Samsung, Dell, BlackBerry, Motorola, ViewSonic and hundreds of unnamed Chinese
manufacturers. Safe to assume, 2010 is 'Year of the Tablet'.

Apple iPad
As of this writing, Apple has sold between 8-9000000 iPads since its launch in 2010.
Acceptance rate was the fastest ever in tech circles, surpassing even that of the original
31

iPhone in 2007. Though not officially launched in India, the people who want to have
found ways to get products from overseas or gray market.
Samsung Galaxy Tab
Samsung Galaxy Tab arrived this year to grab a piece of the tablet pie. Seen as the first
real competitor to the iPad, the Galaxy Tab does not slouch. Importantly, India is one of
the market launch of the Tab key. Originally priced at Rs 38,000, the market price has
fallen to Rs 32,000 with further drops likely before the iPad officially hits.
Dell Streak
Somewhere in between the phone and the tablet, this device has been carving out a sub
category for itself. We like to think of it more like a mini-tablet. It has a 5-inch screen
and Android 2.2. But cheap is not exclusive; you have to pay Rs 36,000 to the minitablet/mega-phone device. And you'll be sure to turn some heads when you have pressed
against your ear during a call!
olive Olivepad
Striking the best balance between usability and value, Pass Olive has Android 2.2 for less
than Rs 25,000. Like the Galaxy Tab, it can act as a phone, but do not have a gun and
glamor.
ViewsonicViewPad 7 and 10
ViewPad 7 has a 7-inch screen and bears more than a passing resemblance to the Olive
Pad. Android 2.2 all the same features and similar design to Rs 32,000. ViewPad 10
Meanwhile, a 10-inch screen, is powered by Intel Pine Trail processor and two boot
between Android 1.6 and Windows 7. Though Aero works fine in Windows 7! Cost Rs
38000.
Cloud Computing & Cloud OS
Imagine the scenario when your PC is not PC. You can access all your files, folders and
documents you store on a traditional hard drive. You can still run all the programs that
you are used to, play multimedia files, browse the web. PC boot up time will be a few
seconds.
All your files will be stored virtually, accessible wherever you go, without you having to
physically carry the machine around. This is the operating system of the future. Google
recently showed off Chrome OS to the world, and the idea does not seem so strange
anymore! It will take time to catch on, with broadband penetration (or lack thereof) is a
problem in many developing countries. But 2011 will see further tweaks to this concept.
32

Advanced Motion Game

Nintendo Wii introduced us to him in 2005. But 2010 is where the big guns come out in
the form of Sony's PlayStation Move and Microsoft Kinect. Motion Games not only add
a new dimension to how we play the game, but also can add that little dose of good health
and family fun to experience!
Microsoft Kinect has opened up an important point here; introduce advanced hardware in
a down-to-earth price. With many Kinect hacks doing the rounds at the end of 2010, it is
not surprising that the game turned out to be a precursor to an advanced graphical
interface. It can mean the beginning of the end of the computer mouse.
E-book readers
Many people have flirted with the idea of reading a book on your PC and mobile phone.
But 2010 was the year when e-book readers are really getting popular. The ability to buy
books anytime, anywhere, thanks to the connected e-book reader and the ability to carry
hundreds of books in a device that weighs about 300 grams. Amazon Kindle rules the
roost here, and is available directly from Amazon. Others like Wink E-Reader and
Infibeam Phi is a significant competitor.
4. Conclusion

2.0

Introduction about DV

With increasing access to technology for people every day, things began to get digitalized:
digital camera, digital cable, digital sound, and digital video. It's no longer a case where the
video production can only be done for specific studio. The existence of multiple, inexpensive
user-friendly tool to move image reject individual computer owners.
Digital video refers to the capture, manipulation, and storage of moving images that can be run
on a computer screen (The Lycos Tech Glossary, 1999). This requires that moving images will
33

be digitally controlled by a computer. Digital word refers to a system based on discontinuous

events, as opposed to analog, an ongoing event. Computers are digital systems; they do not
process the image the way the human eye does.
Before the Digital Era, to display analog video images on a computer monitor, the video signal is
first converted from analog forced into digital form. A special video digitalizing board overlay or
hardware on the motherboard had to be installed on your computer to take the video signal and
convert it into digital information (Vaughan, 1998).
To do this, however, requires a very powerful computer to be able to read and digitalized every
frame repeatedly. So the next step in the evolution of digital video is to eliminate analog video
tape. Thus, the entire procedure, including video capture, is in form. First digital cameras and
microphones to capture images and sound of a video session and sends an analog signal to the
adapter board video capture. Only capture half the board the number of frames per second of
film used to reduce the amount of data to be processed. Second, there is a chip analog-to-digital
converter on a video capture card adapter, and it converts the analog signal (wave) to the digital
pattern (0 and 1s). Third, the chip compression / decompression of data or software to reduce the
minimum level necessary to create a video signal (White, 1999). In this procedure, there is no
analog is involved, making the process more efficient.
3.0

Analysis of the first popular DV format used in video technology

5 Most Common Video File Formats:

AVI (Audio Video Interleave)

Developed by Microsoft and introduced to the public in November 1992 as part of
its video for Windows technology, AVI format is one of the oldest video formats.
It is widely accepted that many people consider it the de facto standard for storing
video and audio information on a computer. Due to the simple architecture, AVI
files can be run on several different systems, such as Windows, Macintosh, Linux;
also supported by all popular browsers. AVI files to store data that can be
encoded by several different codecs, even the most familiar with the M-JPEG or
DivX codec. This means that all AVI files, while they may look the same on the
outside, differ significantly from one another on the inside.

FLV (Flash Video Format)

FLV video files are encoded in the Adobe Flash, usually with codecs following
the Sorenson Spark or VP6 video compression formats. They can be played by
Adobe Flash Player web browser plug-in or one of several third-party programs.
Because nearly everyone has a player installed on their browser, it has become a
34

platform to watch online videos are most commonly used on the Web today.
Because almost all video-sharing sites like Youtube video streaming in Flash,
practically all browsers support and is compatible with Flash Video format and
can play videos with ease. In addition to being an online video view formats,
Flash video format is also what a lot of video sharing sites to convert video from
formats that have been uploaded by their users in something other than Flash.
This is because the video in FLV format to remain in high quality even after
compression for smaller file sizes, which means that the burden of a video on the
Web quickly and will not spend a lot of time using the bandwidth. Some notable
users of the Flash Video is YouTube, Yahoo! Video, VEVO, Hulu and Myspace
among others

WMV (Windows Media Video)

Developed by Microsoft, WMV originally designed for web streaming
applications, as a competitor to Real Video, but it can now meet more specific
content. WMV file is the smallest video files on the Web, their file size decreased
significantly after compression, which results in poor video quality. However, one
advantage of a small file size is that it may be the only video file format which
allows users to upload and share their videos via e-mail. For Microsoft, Windows
Media Player is the main application used to play WMV files on all Microsoft
Windows operating system, but there are also players available for free WMV to
Macintosh operating systems.

MOV (Apple QuickTime Movie)

Developed by Apple. Inc., the QuickTime file format is a popular video sharing
and viewing format among Macintosh users, and is often used on the Web, and to
store movies and video files. In recent years, Apple came up with a new version
called QuickTime X, is now available in Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Lion and
Mountain Lion. MOV files most often reached through the Apple QuickTime
Player for Macintosh Operating System. However, MOV files are not just limited
to being played on an Apple computer, as there is a free version of QuickTime
player is available for Windows Operating System among many other players.
Considered one of the best looking file format, high-quality MOV files and are
usually large in file size.

MP4 (Moving Picture Experts Group 4)

35

MP4 is short term for MPEG-4 Part 14, a standard developed by the Motion
Pictures Expert Group which is responsible for setting the industry standard of
digital audio and video, and is commonly used for sharing video files on the Web.
First introduced in 1998, MPEG-4 video format uses separate compression for
audio and video tracks; video is compressed with MPEG-4 or H.264 video
encoding; and audio compressed using AAC compression. MP4 file format is also
another large format file sharing to the Web, the MP4 file size is small but the
quality is still high even after compression. Standard MP4 is also becoming more
popular than FLV for sharing videos online, as it is compatible with both
browsers and mobile online and also supported by the new HTML5.

4.0

Analysis of the second popular DV format used in video technology

Shockwave Flash Movie

Animation created with Adobe Flash; may contain text as well as both vector and
raster graphics; also may include interactive actions written in Action Script; play
in a web browser that has the Flash plug-in installed.
Flash was originally developed by Macromedia, which was acquired by Adobe
Systems in 2005. Consequently, Macromedia Flash is now called Adobe Flash.

3GP
Audio and video container format developed by the project of the 3rd Generation
Partnership (3GPP); designed as a multimedia format to transmit audio and video
files between 3G cell phones and over the Internet; commonly used by mobile
phones that support video capture.

MPEG Video File

Common digital video format standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group
(MPEG); typically incorporates MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video
compression; often used for creating movies that are distributed on the Internet.

3GPP2 Multimedia Files

The format audio / video developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
(3GPP2); designed to transmit multimedia files through the Internet; basically the
latest version .3 GP format used by mobile phones to store video files.

36

5.0

Analysis of the third popular DV format used in video technology

Advanced System File Format

Media files stored in the Advanced Systems Format (ASF), a proprietary video
and audio container format; developed by Microsoft especially for streaming
media; contains audio and video data and metadata are optional, such as title,
author, and copyright bibliographic data.
ASF files to determine the structure of an audio or video stream, but not the
encoding method. They often contain Windows Media Audio (. WMA) or
Windows Media Video (. WMV) data. They can be compressed using a variety of
video codecs.

Microsoft ASF Redirector File

Multimedia playlist or shortcut to an audio/video file (often an .ASF file);
references one or more URLs that point to the locations of the audio and video
files; used for storing multimedia playlists.

Real Media File

Media file used by RealPlayer, an audio and video playback and streaming
program; contains audio or video data or a link to a streaming media file, which is
played back as it is downloaded; commonly used for Internet radio and Internet
videos.
Some Real Media files can be played using VLC media player, which provides
partial support for RM files.

SubRip Subtitle File

Text file containing subtitles used by various video playback programs; supported
by DivX, DVD, and other video formats; includes the time each subtitle should be
displayed followed by the text of the subtitle.
Subtitle files are often named according to the language of the subtitles, i.e.
"moviename.eng.srt" for English and "moviename.ger.srt" for German subtitles.

37

6.0

Students own analysis about DV formats used in video technology.

AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
Developed by Microsoft and introduced to the public in November 1992 as part of
its video for Windows technology, AVI format is one of the oldest video formats.
It is widely accepted that many people consider it the de facto standard for storing
video and audio information on a computer. Due to the simple architecture, AVI
files can be run on several different systems, such as Windows, Macintosh, Linux;
also supported by all popular browsers. AVI files to store data that can be
encoded by several different codecs, even the most familiar with the M-JPEG or
DivX codec. This means that all AVI files, while they may look the same on the
outside, differ significantly from one another on the inside.

MPEG Video File

Common digital video format standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group
(MPEG); typically incorporates MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video
compression; often used for creating movies that are distributed on the Internet

AVI (Audio Video Interleave)

Developed by Microsoft and introduced to the public in November 1992 as part of
its video for Windows technology, AVI format is one of the oldest video formats.
It is widely accepted that many people consider it the de facto standard for storing
video and audio information on a computer. Due to the simple architecture, AVI
files can be run on several different systems, such as Windows, Macintosh, Linux;
also supported by all popular browsers. AVI files to store data that can be
encoded by several different codecs, even the most familiar with the M-JPEG or
DivX codec. This means that all AVI files, while they may look the same on the
outside, differ significantly from one another on the inside

MP4 (Moving Picture Experts Group 4)

MP4 is short term for MPEG-4 Part 14, a standard developed by the Motion
Pictures Expert Group which is responsible for setting the industry standard of
digital audio and video, and is commonly used for sharing video files on the Web.
First introduced in 1998, MPEG-4 video format uses separate compression for
audio and video tracks; video is compressed with MPEG-4 or H.264 video
encoding; and audio compressed using AAC compression. MP4 file format is also
another large format file sharing to the Web, the MP4 file size is small but the
quality is still high even after compression. Standard MP4 is also becoming more
38

popular than FLV for sharing videos online, as it is compatible with both
browsers and mobile online and also supported by the new HTML5.
7.0

Conclusion

39

8.0 Reference: Wikipedia. (2014) Digicam History. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from
http://www.digicamhistory.com/1990.html

Wikipedia. (2014) DVD as a delivery system for Hollywood films. Retrieved 12

July, 2014, from
https://www.academia.edu/6834933/DVD_as_a_delivery_system_for_Hollywood_films

Wikipedia. (2014) Digital Camera. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera

Wikipedia. (2014) 1990s_in_science_and_technology. Retrieved 12 July, 2014,

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_science_and_technology

Wikipedia. (2014) Large-screen_television_technology Retrieved 12 July, 2014,

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-screen_television_technology
Wikipedia. (2014) untitled-prez. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

http://prezi.com/swzje0isp69k/untitled-prezi/

Wikipedia. (2014) standards-for-analog-video-part-ii-the-personal-computerdisplay-interfaces-part-2/. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from http://what-whenhow.com/display-interfaces/standards-for-analog-video-part-ii-the-personal-computerdisplay-interfaces-part-2/

Wikipedia. (2014) hdtv_information.shtml. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

http://www.hdtv.biz/hdtv_information.shtml

Wikipedia. (2014) about_5152489_history-usb-flash-drives.html. Retrieved 12

July, 2014, from http://www.ehow.com/about_5152489_history-usb-flash-drives.html
Wikipedia. (2014) Netflix. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix

Wikipedia. (2014) MSN_TV. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_TV
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_laptops

Wikipedia. (2014) Digital_video_recorder. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder

Wikipedia. (2014) Satellite_television. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television

Wikipedia. (2014) Cathode_ray_tube. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube

Wikipedia. (2014) Handheld_projector. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_projector

Wikipedia. (2014) Digital_switchove. Retrieved 12 July, 2014, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_switchover
40