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Sin
Cos
Secx
1
Cosx
Co sec x
Cotx
1
Sinx
1
Tanx
2
2
Sin Sin Sin 2
Using the new functions outlined above and the fact that Cot
this becomes:
1 Cot 2 Co sec2 .
Therefore:
Sin 2 Cos 2
1
2
2
Cos Cos Cos 2
Tan 2 1 Sec2 .
Cos
Sin
The three identities will be used time and again. Try to remember them
but you should also be able to derive them as outlined above.
Sin 2 Cos 2 1
1 Cot 2 Co sec2
Tan 2 1 Sec2
Example 1
Solve for 0 360 the equation
5 tan2 sec 1 ,
giving your answers to 1 decimal place.
You should have come across questions of this type in C2 using the
identity cos2 sin2 1 . The given equation has a single power of sec
therefore we must use an identity to get rid of the tan 2.
tan2 1 sec2
So the equation becomes:
5 sec2 5 sec 1
5 sec2 sec 6 0
We now have a quadratic in sec so by factorising:
5 sec2 sec 6 0
(5 sec 6)(sec 1) 0
sec =
-6
5
sec 1
cos=
-5
6
cos=1
146.4 ,213.6
0 ,360
graphical terms is its reflection in the line y = x). The domain of the
original trigonometric function has to be restricted to ensure that it is
still one to one. It is also worth remembering that the domain and range
swap over as you go from the function to the inverse. ie in the first case
the domain of sinx is restricted to
range of the inverse function.
y=arcsinx
Domain
1 x 1
Range
arcsin x
2
2
Example
Find
arcsin0.5 = y
Simply swap around
Siny = 0.5
y = /6
y=arccosx
Domain
1 x 1
0 arccos x
Range
y=arctanx
Domain
Range
arctan x
2
2
Addition Formulae
A majority of the formulae in C3 need to be learnt. Ones in red are in
the formula book.
Sin (A B ) SinACosB CosASinB
Cos (A B ) CosACosB SinASinB
Tan (A B )
TanA TanB
TanATanB
4
12
and that Cos B =
where A is obtuse and B is
13
5
b)
Cos (A B)
c)
Cot (A B)
5
. The angle B is slightly more tricky. We
13
are told that B is reflex but we know that Cos B is positive. Therefore B
must be between 270 and 360 and so Sin B is negative.
Hence Sin B =
3
.
5
12
13
Cos A =
5
13
Sin B =
3
5
Cos B =
4
5
b)
c)
Sin (A + B) =
12 4 3 5
13 5
5
13
Sin (A + B) =
33
65
5 4 12 3
13 5 13 5
Cos (A B) =
56
65
1
1 TanATanB
The graphs above show the range of values that A and B lie within so we
need to consider the Tan graph at these points.
13
12
B
5
Therefore
Tan A =
3
12
since for obtuse angles the tan graph is
5
negative and:
Tan B =
So finally
4
for the same reason.
3
Cot (A B) =
1 TanATanB
TanA TanB
12 4
5
3
Cot (A B) =
12 4
5
3
63
63
15
Cot (A B) = 16
16
15
1
The above example may appear to be a little mean by being non calculator
but it is an opportunity to really start thinking about the angles and
graphs involved.
Double angle Formulae
The Addition Formulae are used to derive the double angle formulae.
In all cases let A=B, therefore:
Sin A SinACosA
Cos A Cos A Sin A
Tan A
TanA
TanA
- Sin2 Cos2
Cos 2 2Cos 2 1
Cos
Cos
Please note that this derivation has been tested on a C3 past paper.
Example
Given that sin x =
3
, use an appropriate double angle formula to find the
5
1
Cos 2 x
1
and hence
Cosx
Therefore:
Cos 2 1 2 Sin 2
and
Sec 2 x
1
1 2 Sin 2
1
3
1 2
5
5
7
cot x,
(x
n
,n
2
).
AB
AB
Cos
2
2
AB
AB
Sin
2
2
AB
AB
Cos
2
2
AB
AB
Sin
2
2
2tan x
1 tan2 x
1
2tan x
2 1 tan2 x
1 tan2 x 4 tan x
tan2 x 4 tan x 1 0
Using the quadratic formula to solve a quadratic in tan:
tan2 x 4 tan x 1 0
tan x
4 42 4
2
tan x
4 20 4 2 5
2
2
tan x 2 5
Example 3
(i)
cos 30 =
3 cosx = -2sinx
tan x = (ii)
(a)
3
2
Prove that
1 cos 2
= tan .
sin 2
3
2
sin2
2sin cos
sin
tan
cos
(b)
(c)
2
sin2
Example 4
Find the values of tan such that
2
2 sin - sinsec = 2sin2 - 2.
Remembering that sec
equation becomes:
1
and the double angle formulae, the
cos
sec2 1 tan2
tan = 2
Example 5
(i)
3
, use an appropriate double angle formula to
5
1
cos2x
1
1
2
cos2x cos x sin2 x
(ii)
16 9
25 25
25
7
Prove that
cot 2x + cosec 2x cot x,
(x
n
, n
2
).
4
5
sin2x sin2x
using cos2x 2cos2 x 1 and common denomenator of sin2x
2cos2 x
2cos2 x
cos x
cot x
sin2x
2sin x cos x sin x
R Formulae
Expressions of the type aSin bCos can be written in terms of sine or
cosine only and hence equations of the type aSin bCos c can be
solved. The addition formulae outlined above are used in the derivation.
In most you cases you will be told which addition formula to use.
Example 6
Given
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
Rcos = 14
Rsin = 5
= 19.7
Using Pythagoras
R = (142 + 52) = 14.9
Therefore
b)
Example 7
a)
b)
c)
a)
Therefore:
3 = Rcos. Because the sin2x is being multiplied by the
and 7 = Rsin
tan =
By Pythagoras
Therfore:
b)
7
3
= 1.17c
c)
Using the right hand side this is a sine curve of amplitude 7.62,
it has also been translated 7 units up. Therefore its maximum
value will be 14.62.
Questions of the type Rcos(x ) or Rsin(x ) are definitely going to
be on a C3 paper. Other trig questions require a little bit of proof and
the use of identities.
Example 8
Solve, for 0 < < 2,
3
,
2 2
2sin + 2cos - 6 = 0
sin + cos =
Use of Rsin( + )
R = 2
2sin( +
=
6
2
=
6
)=
4
2
5
,
12 12