International Journal of Electronics,

Communication & Instrumentation

Engineering Research and Development (IJECIERD)
ISSN(P): 2249-684X; ISSN(E): 2249-7951
Vol. 4, Issue 5, Oct 2014, 17-28
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A RETROSPECTIVE FRAMEWORK FOR MEDICAL CBIR SYSTEM

SIMRAT KHOKHAR1 & K. S. MANN2
1
2

M. Tech Scholar, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Professor, Department of IT, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT
Medical domain in the digital phase has increased its use of medical images from its defined limits to use in the
diagnosis and the optimal treatment of the patients. The medical image retrieval approaches are reaching the extended
versions. The present research work also has extended its active operation of feature vector by developed geometric
approaches and calculated Edge Density in the concern of X-rays of five different human body parts. The intense analysis
for the edge density has relate the relevant image for the query image with precision rate of 87.5% in contrast to 82.5 %
achieved in the case of nearest neighbor and 85% in the Five nearest neighbor. It also covers the comparison with the
techniques involving either single feature or multiple feature in the related researches for the retrieval of medical images to
its geometric feature vectors used in the more appropriate or most relevant retrieval image for the system

KEYWORDS: Medical Images, Edge Density, Geometric Feature Vector, Content Based Image Retrieval
INTRODUCTION
The Medical Images are the proven parameter for the successful extension of Medical Treatment to its next level.
Image Analysis and evaluation has fortunate the medical organization to penetrate deep in the cause and the effects of
diseases or disorder for the effective treatment of the patient. For proving the respective performance, diagnosing a correct
medical image plays a significant role for the medical treatments or experiments. Relaying on the correct Image in the
world of digitization, where generally databases are larger, bulkier and complex, there have many systems and methods for
the successful precision of accurate medical image from such bigger database. Traces of Content Based Image Retrieval
systems impact can be seen in the field of Histology, Pathology, Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Digital
Scans and X-Rays. In Medical image features are broadly classified under Color, Shape and Texture. These features have
many used by many researchers and developers with ensure intense results. Color is the one of the most working area for
the researchers where the systems objective is the visual feature dependant. Color histograms have their specification in
the retrieval of medical image. Categorization and classification of textured region in medical images has been successful
research over the texture feature of the image [18] [30]. Similarly shape of the image provides the system the concept of
edges in the identification of objects from non-objects [31]. Also mathematically edge density can be calculated for the
precision of result [32]. Moreover, summarizing the visual features for the medical image can enhance the multiple
learning for the objective [39].
This Research work includes the geometrical parameters for the identification of edges and its edge density.
It also focuses on retrieving and classifying medical image more accurately. This paper also aims at providing overview of
the proposed system with the entire procedure of intensifying the image, its extracted feature vectors, including the
comparisons and the final retrieval of the image from the database.

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Simrat Khokhar & K. S. Mann

RELATED RESEARCHES
Tracking of right medical image throughout the big sized medical database contributes the system proficiency.
The features of an image have been the fundamental priority for any retrieval system. Color serves its R, G, B component
in the system proposed by vibha et. al. [3] to achieve feature vector of the system. Many retrieval systems has made its
mark in the medical domain working on the color, texture and shape of an image [14]. Retrieval System also work on
automatic derived all features proposed by [1]. Furthermore, Edges enhances the working features of the image.
It demonstrates the hidden Feature Vector (FV) in various researches which has proven the results in retrieving
the image, a system extracting feature vector using shape of the image through edge histogram has been developed by [18].
Working on the edges again navesh et. al. has also given a system with calculated edge density of each feature vector
[32].The working over features of image when collaborate with Neural Network become capable of producing the result
with higher efficiency and precision rates. Arvind Nagathan et. al. focused on the system which works on low-level visual
feature extraction having storage in the database for more accurate comparisons with the query images. [24].
Some system also work on the categorization of the images to know where it belongs, specifying the query image
its category [40]. Some researchers also concluded that NN of any kind have its major contribution in every phase of
retrieval system [35]. Neural Networks need well defined compositions of the image to work upon, providing this feature
for a retrieval system has been successfully considered in the edge densities. This feature have make the work of retrieval
more accurate, efficient and less time consuming with higher statically results.
Work Approach of System
Content Based Image Retrieval system proposed in this research paper has been potentially motivated by
Retrieval modeled proposed by [15] [32]. The Key aspect of the proposed system to train the system for retrieving best
match for the query image by multiple comparisons with the feature vector during the phase of preprocessing of the image.
The Developed system can be categorized as includes feature extraction procedure add on few features vectors into the
databases and extracting the query images and choosing the medical image having the closet Euclidean distance and placed
at the top in the precision ranking.

Figure 1: Working Flow of the System

The Pictorial Representation of the proposed System is shown in Figure 1.The System is categorized into five
procedures which includes Preprocessing of image, extraction of images, composition of feature vector,

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.9467

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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A Retrospective Framework for Medical CBIR System

comparison/Precision & retrieval of Medical Images and its ranking. Furthermore, preprocessing subclasses into locating
the edges in the input image, presenting the images with new found edges, enhance the sharpening of the image and
converting into binary image is the resultant of preprocessing. The binary images are further move to the extraction process
where feature are extracted with the help of geometrical rectangular and radii. Each region comes out from these segments
are calculated for the edge density. The Calculated Edge density of the two geometrical functions is stored in the feature
vector database then the two outputs are compared for precision ranking. Higher Ranked precision in both calculated edge
density is finally retrieved as output. Similarity check and Classification is done through Euclidean distance and Nearest
Neighbor Method respectively.

Image Preprocessing
Query Image is independent of any particular format, it becomes the need of the system to get the image under the

defined format of the system to enhance the quality of the image and make it accessible for its feature extraction.
It starts with the sharpening of the edges in the image and transform into Binary image. The approach for the binary
transformation to ensure each pixel of either black or white color. Enhancing the binary image helps in Reducing noise
effects in the image.

Magnification and Segmentation of Image

The Key factor for working of the system is the edges detection within the image. So to obtain the clearer image

with well sharpened edges Laplace filter is used as:-

(1)
Equation 1 will locate the sharpen Edges.
The format of the image that the system uses is the Binary Image. The next process involves the primary
conversion of medical image into binary image. The Binary Image will help the system to detect the edges clearly,
for ensured detection with visible edge Otsu Operation is applied.
2(t)= nb (t)2 b (t) + nw (t) 2w (t)
Where nb (t) =
nw (t) =

(2)

p(i)
p(i)

2b(t) is the variance of the pixels in the background and2w(t) is the variance of the pixels in the foreground and
[0,N-1] is the range of intensity levels.
Otsu operates on the way of the clustering which involves calculating pixels regions of the foreground and background of
the image. In General adaptive threshold is the method that helps the image to get converted into binary format given by
(X, Y) =

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(3)

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Simrat Khokhar & K. S. Mann

Where

is the adaptive threshold value of the image as a result with the intensity of

of the current image with

pixels X, Y.

Figure 2(a)

Figure 2(c)

Figure 2(b)

Figure 2(d)

Figure 2: Images Shows the Results of Medical Images after the Phases of Preprocessing

Feature Extraction
System takes in account two kinds of geometrical feature Vector. Thus the Extraction system will have two

different kinds of factor vectors collection in the FV Database. The strategy of extraction works on two values of image
region. One is global edge density and the other is local edge density. The two feature extraction methods have different
region values in both geometrical feature of extraction

Image Dissection
The Dissection of the image used in the system is done on two aspects. First, it is divided into seven equal

rectangular segments and the other is geometrical radii circular regions. The two dissection method extends along region of
each other.

Rectangular Segments
They are the seven different regions with bounded rectangular shape for each region and can be represented as:UL0 = (0, 0),

LR0 =

(4)

UL1 = (0, 0),

LR1 =

(5)

LR2 =

(6)

LR3 =

(7)

UL2 =

UL3 =

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.9467

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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A Retrospective Framework for Medical CBIR System

UL4 =

LR4 =

(8)

UL5 =

LR5 =

(9)

UL6 =

LR6 =

(10)

UL7 =

LR7 =

(11)

Image has (X1,Y1) and (X2,Y2) are showing image corners for the upper left (UL) corner and lower Right (LR)
corner respectively. Each region of the image is mathematically shown with (4)-(11) equations. The value of i is i=0n,
n=7. The movement of the points has been taken from upper left corner with h height and w width.

Figure 3(a)

Figure 3(c)

Figure 3(e)

Figure 3(g)

Figure 3(b)

Figure 3(d)

Figure 3(f)

Figure 3(h)

Figure 3: Shows the Images into Eight Different Segments with Rectangular Segments
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Simrat Khokhar & K. S. Mann

Circular Segments
Each Circular segment is represented by the radii of the circle taken from the center of the image. These are six

circular segments which as described as:R1 =1

(12)

R2 =R1 + (Rdis)

(13)

R3 =R1 + 2(Rdis)

(14)

R4 = R1 + 3(Rdis)

(15)

R5 = R1 + 4(Rdis)

(16)

R6 = R1 + 5(Rdis)

(17)

Each circle is represented in equation (12) (17). The general expression can be given as:Rn = R1 + n(Rdis) and Rdis =

Figure 4(a)

Figure 4(b)

Figure 4(c)

Figure 4(d)

Figure 4(e)
Figure 4: Shows the Images into Five Segments with Radii Segments
Each circle has been covered full segment around its radius which starts from center and move towards the outer
edges of the image for new radius in every new segment. The Radius maximum goes towards the outermost boundary of
the image which can be expressed as Rn = max {W, H} where H is the height and W is the width of the image.

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.9467

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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A Retrospective Framework for Medical CBIR System

Edge Density
The edge density with upper left and lower right corners with region Ro of the geometric rectangle that is given by
(X1,Y1) (X2,Y2) can be given under the pixels magnitude as d(,)so edge density Ed can be given as:Ed =

(18)

And a = (

(19)

Feature vector extraction from the edges of each region has calculated the edge density for every region.
The Pseudo code for edge density of geometric radii segments can be given as:For i = 1 to i = n-1
no = 1
For j=1 to j= r
if

> Ri and

<Ri+1.
no=no+1;
Else
no= no+0;
End if
F{i}= no;
END FOR.

Feature Vector
The Proposed system consists of thirteen feature vector components. Out of each two components are edge

density of whole image and eleven are the edge densities of the seven rectangular sub regions and five are circular sub
regions. Thus, the feature vector obtained as final from the two feature extraction components are as:FV={V0,V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6,V7,V8,V9,V10,V11,V12,V13}

(20)

Where FV is the feature Vector, V0 and V13 are the global edge densities of rectangular and circular components
respectively, and rest FV are the local edge densities.

Similarity Comparison
The final Retrieval of image has to be pass through a similarity comparison over which the similarity between the

query images and training images of the system are tested on the basis of feature vectors collected during the extraction
process. The Euclidean distance is used to define the similarity Rank obtained from input query image as
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Simrat Khokhar & K. S. Mann

I={I0,I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7,I8,I9,I10,I11,I12,I13}.
And from the training image of NN as
NT={NT0i,NT1i,NT2i,NT3i,NT4i,NT5i,NT6i,NT7i, NT8i,NT9i,NT10i,NT11i,NT12i,NT13i}.
In where i= 1.n and n is the number of the images used in training of neural network with image database.
Calculated least distance of query image to the trained images are ranked to at least five smaller distance ranking and hence
last smallest distance the image have with the trained image is retrieved as the output image for the user. It can be
expressed as:D=

(21)

Here D is the distance for ith entry of which feature vector is to be tested. And n is the dimension for the images
feature vector.

Grouping and Retrieval of Image

System deals with query image for the classification aspect o the attempt of the measurement of distribution of the

image, it has classified in its database. This method is known as Nearest Neighbor method. So, the system received input
image among its relevance other neighbors.
Nearest Neighbor performs the grouping by providing the most relevant image to the query image where as 5NN
provides a class which is group of 5 images and is closest to the query image as the result to the retrieval system.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The System Demonstrate the Retrieval Results for the assessment under the performance of Edge density
calculated from the feature vectors obtained from the two different geometrical dissections arrangement of the image.
Database used in the system consists of 500 images with five groups having different human body parts scans including
hands, pelvis, breasts, skulls and chest.
The precision is calculated from every run team up with ten query images. The number of runs for the system has
been selected to be four and precision obtained can be mathematically expressed as:Precision =
Where

is the number of is is accurate images after retrieval and

(22)
is the total number of images after retrieval.

The precision rate graphically for two Retrieval system for same sets of image are compared in Figure 6 and distinct run
for every five query image each from all five different databases are shown in figure (7) The repetition of run for five set of
query images has been set to four.

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.9467

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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A Retrospective Framework for Medical CBIR System

Table 1: Precision Rate of Query Image during Retrieval

Figure 5: Graphical Comparison of the Different Geometrical Feature Vector Group Retrieval
Also, Classification revels Systems strength in accuracy for the evaluation by the retrieval proficiency in radial
feature vector more than rectangular segments. Two techniques nearest neighbor and five nearest neighbor are used in each
segment. Table 2 shows the classification for the retrieval in both cases of image retrieval with two different FV and the
graphical Precision is shown in Figure 7.
Table 2: Overall Retrieval Result of Different Classified Systems

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Simrat Khokhar & K. S. Mann

Figure 6: Graphical Representation of all Retrieval Systems with Different Approaches

CONCLUSIONS
The research work concludes that consideration of edge density by geometric Radii feature is more useful to
characterize the medical image. Also, it has gained precision ranking by 87.4% opted for the classification success of
nearest neighbor that is 82.5% and five nearest neighbor that is 85%. Also, the technique used covers the aspects of all
working features associated with the shape and texture of the medical image. Edge density with varying geometry
parameters and pattern has well defined comparable results, which can improve the retrieval rate of medical image.
The rate of Precision can be further improved using different more defined edge density regions and locating other new
parametric texture and shape feature.

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