GATE Geotechnical Engineering Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering
For
Civil Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
Syllabus for Geotechnical Engineering

Origin of soils, soil classification, Three-phase system, fundamental definitions, Relationship and
interrelationships, permeability & seepage, Effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction,
shear strength.
Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test.
Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes,
finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing
capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in
sands & clays. Deep foundations - pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in
sands & clays, negative skin friction.
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Geotechnical Engineering)
Year
Percentage of marks
2013
15.00
2012
14.00
2011
18.82
2010
20.00
2009
16.00
2008
16.66
2007
15.33
2006
14.00
2005
16.00
2004
17.33
2003
18.67
2002
13.33
2001
13.33
2000
12.00
Overall Percentage
15.75%
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, KeshavaKrupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
: 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Contents
CONTENTS
#1.
Chapter
Page No.
Three Phase System Fundamental Definitions & Relationship
1 12
#2.
Origin of Soil
Introduction
Water Content Density and Unit Weight
Pyrometer Method
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
1
1
14
45
68
9 10
11
11 12
Index Properties and Soil Classification
13 24
#3.
#4.
Properties of Soil Classification

Particle Size Distribution Curve
Classsification of Soil
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
Permeability and Seepage
Permeability
Discharge Velocity and Seepage Velocity
Determination of Coefficient of Permability
Capallarity Permeability Test
Permeability of Stratified Soil Deposits
Deflection of Flow Line at Interface of Dissimilar Soil
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
Consolidation
Introduction
Consolidation of Laterally Confined Soil
Consolidation Settlement
Determination of Co-efficient of consolidation
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
11 - 14
15 17
17 18
19 20
21 - 22
23
23 24
25 40
25
25 - 26
26 - 27
27 28
29 30
31 32
33 35
36 - 38
39
39 40
41 55
41
41 - 42
42 44
44 46
47 51
52 - 53
54
54 55
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
Page I
Contents
#5.
Compaction
Introduction
Optimum Water Content
Zero Air Voids Line
Comparsion of Standard and Modifical Proctor Test
Factor Effective Compaction
Solved Exampes
Assignnment
Answer Keys
Explanations
56 65
56
56 - 57
57
57 59
59 61
62 63
64
65
65
#6.
Stress Analysis
Introduction
Concentrated Force
Vertical Pressure Under a Uniformaly Loaded Circular Area
Contact Pressure
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
66 74
66
66 68
68 - 69
69
70 71
72 73
74
74
#7.
Shear Strength
Introduction
Mohrs Stress Circle & Coulumb Failure Theory
Effective stress principal
Stress condition in Soil during Triaxial Testing
Unconfined Compression Test
Skemptons Pore Pressure Parameters
Shear Strength of Cohensive Soils
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
75 93
75
75 76
77 - 78
78 79
79 81
81 82
82 - 83
84 88
89 91
92
92 - 93
#8.
Surface Investigations
Introduction
Method of Site Investigation
Type of Site Exploration
Methods of Site Exploration
Boring Methods
Soil samples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
94 105
94
94 - 95
95 96
96
96 98
98 102
103 - 104
105
105
#9.
Earth Pressure
Introduction
Types of Earth Pressure
106 126
106
106 107
Page II
Contents
Rankines Theory
Coulumbs Wedge Theory
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
107 112
112 114
115 121
122 - 123
124
124 126
#10.
Stability of Slopes
Introduction
Stability Analysis
Friction Circle Method
Stability of Slopes of Earth Dam
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
127 138
127
127 131
131 133
133
134 135
136
137
137 138
#11.
Bearing Capacity
Types of Foundation
Definitions
Types of Bearing Capacity Failures
Terzagjs Analysis
Skemptons Bearing Capacity Theory
Settlement Criteria of Footings
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
139 158
139 140
140 - 141
141 142
142 144
144 145
145 146
147 153
154 156
157
157 158
#12.
Pile Foundation
Classification of Piles
Pile Capacity
Felds Rule
Solved Examples
Assignment
Answer Keys
Explanations
159 -172
159
159 162
162 164
165 168
169 - 170
171
171 172
Module Test
Test Questions
Answer Keys
Explanations
Reference Books
173 185
173 178
179
179 - 185
186
Page III
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Three Phase System, Fundamental Definitions and Relationship
Origin of Soil
Soil is complex material produced by weathering of solid rock weathering is caused by physical
agencies and geological cycle followed is weathering transportation, denudation and upheaval.
Residual Soil: Soil which remain in place directly over parent rock.
Transported Soil: are transported by physical agencies like wind, water, etc
Water Transported Soil: are called alluvial, marine or lacustrine.
Lacustrine soil find their origin in lakes
Alluvial soil in flowing water and marine soil in seas
Air blown soil are called aoline
Loess is windblown silt or salty clay.
Accumulation of decaying and chemically deposited vegetable matter under excessive
moisture results in formation of cumulous soil (peat and muck).
Introduction
Soil mass is 3 phase system consisting of solid particles, water and air.
In dry soil, only soil particles and air voids are present. As shown in figure. Figure 1 (a)
shows the element of natural soil and figure 1(b) shows elements separated into 3
phases.
Water
Va
Wa=0
Vw
Ww
VS
Ws
Or
wd
Solids
Figure 1 (a)
Element of Soil
Figure 1 (b)
Three phase system
Water Content, Density and Unit Weights

a. Water Content: Ratio of weight of water to weight of solids, Ws
b. Density of Soil: Mass of soil per unit volume is called density of soil
i. Bulk density: Also known as moist density is total mass M of soil per unit of its total
volume.
Page 1
Chapter 1
ii.
Dry density (d): Mass of solids per unit of total volume (prior to drying)
iii.
Density of Solid (s): Mass of soil solids (Md) per unit volume of solids
iv.
Saturated density: When soil mass is saturated its bulk density is called saturated density
( sat)
Submerged density: Submerged massof solids (Md) sub per unit of total volume.
( )
v.
Unit Weight of Soil Mass

i. Bulk unit weight ( )= Total weight W of a soil mass per unit of its volume V
ii. Dry unit weight: weight of solids per unity of its total volume of soil mass
iii. Unit weight of solids: weight of soil solids is weight of soil solids Wd per unit volume of
solids (Vs)
iv. Saturated unit weight (r sat): When soil mass is saturated its bulk umit weight is called
saturated unit weight.
v. Submerged unit weight: (r1) Submerged weight of soil solids (Wd) sub per unit of total
volume (V) of soil mass.
(
)
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity G is defined as ratio of weight of given volume of soil solids at given
Temperature to weight of equal volume of distilled water at same temperature.
The apparent specific gravity denotes mass of soil to equal mass of water
Void Ratio, Porosity and Degree of Saturation Void Ratio:(
) or void ratio is ratio of volume
of voids to volume of soil solids in given soil mass

Porosity: The porosity n of given soil sample is ratio of volume of voids to total volume of given
soil mass.
Relation between l and n
(
)
Page 2
Chapter 1
Degree of Saturation:
Volume of water to volume of voids is called degree of saturation
for perfectly dry sample, S=0 and for perfectly saturated sample, S=1.
Percentage of air Voids:
Ratio of volume of air voids to total volume of soil mass and is expressed as
Air content: Air content ac is defined as ratio of volume of air voids to the volume of void
Density Index and Relative Comp Active

D.I =
The term density Index is applicable only for cohesion less soil.
Relative compaction: Relative compaction is defined as
,
Where rd, max is obtained from compaction test.

Functional Relationships
i. Relation between l,G and s
The term lw is water void ratio and other symbols have their usual meaning.
ii.
Relation between ,
,
( )(
iii.
Relation between na,n and ac
iv.
Relation between
v.
(
)
Also
Relation between
vi.
Relation between , , ,
Page 3
Chapter 1
(
vii.
viii.
Relation between ,
(
)
Relation between , ,
(
Pyrometer Method
This is also a quick method of determining the water content of those soils whose specific
gravity G is accurately known. Pycnometer is large size density bottle of about 900 ml capacity.
Test Procedure
1.
Take a clean, dry Pycnometer, and find its mass with its cap and washer (M1)
2.
Put about 200g 400g of wet soil sample in the Pycnometer and find its mass with its cap
and washer (M2)
3.
Full the Pycnometer to half its height and mix it thoroughly with the glass rod. Add more
water, and stir it. Replace the screw top and fill the Pycnometer flush with the hole in the
conical cap. Dry the Pycnometer from outside, and its mass (M3).
4.
Empty the Pycnometer, clean it thoroughly, and fill it with clean water to the hole of the
conical cap, and find its mass (M4)
The water content is then calculated from the following expression:
[*
+*
The above expression can be derived with reference to if Md is the mass of soil particles;
the volume of solid particles will be equal to Md/G. Thus, if the solids from (iii) are
replaced with water of mass
, we get the mass M4 indicated in (iv). Thus,
*
,
+
)
Now mass of water Mw in the wet soil sample = (M2-M1)-Md
Page 4
Chapter 1
[*
+*
Page 5

GATE Geotechnical Engineering Engineering

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GATE Geotechnical Engineering Engineering

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Geotechnical Engineering

Syllabus for Geotechnical Engineering

Analysis of GATE Papers

Three Phase System Fundamental Definitions & Relationship

Index Properties and Soil Classification

Properties of Soil Classification

Permeability and Seepage

Water Content, Density and Unit Weights

Unit Weight of Soil Mass

Void Ratio, Porosity and Degree of Saturation Void Ratio:(

) or void ratio is ratio of volume

of voids to volume of soil solids in given soil mass

Density Index and Relative Comp Active

Where rd, max is obtained from compaction test.

Relation between na,n and ac

, we get the mass M4 indicated in (iv). Thus,

Now mass of water Mw in the wet soil sample = (M2-M1)-Md

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