Professional Documents
Culture Documents
There are laws and codes of ethics written for the control of translation as
a profession, regulating the translator's relations with other translators and
with clients that are imposed by government (Poland) or by professional
translating associations (Poland and England).
There is also a debate on whether a legal translator should be required to
have a legal training since in order to produce a legal translation of the
same legal effect as the ST, the translator must be able to understand
what legal effect the text is supposed to have and how to duplicate the
effect in the target language. Since legal translation is a specialised type
of translation, in this paper it is understood that the translator has a legal
understanding in both Polish and English legal nomenclature.
3. LINGUISTIC THEORY
Bringing the reader to the ST would require the TT reader to process the
translation in its original foreign context, which might serve to promote the
ST culture: contracting out certificate (ST, 14) zawiadczenie o
odczeniu si drog umowy (TT, 14) (BT) contracting out certificate
(this concept is unknown to Polish reader, see annotations. While
bringing the writer to the reader would mean domesticating the ST to
the context familiar to the TT readers and thus making it easy to
assimilate by them: laptop (ST, 6) komputer przenony (TT, 6) (BT)
portable computer.
Many scholars insist that full adaptation is not an accepted method of
translation (Koller, 1979: 89) as it results in semantic distortion. Nord
further maintains that a TT cannot be regarded as translation if it is not
bound to the ST (1988: 31).
Eugene Nida proposes theory of formal equivalence that focuses on
gloss translation and resolving all lexical and grammatical differences
between ST and TT remaining as close as possible to the ST:
Staying close to the ST, Jean-Claude Gmar proposes literal translation for
laws, regulations, judgements and international treaties; functional
equivalence for contracts, administrative and commercial forms, wills, etc.
and interpretative translation for scholarly works (1995-II: 163 166). He
does not however explain the difference between functional equivalence
and interpretative translation rendering both to be very similar: Regular
payroll (ST, 5) Wypaty wynagrodzenia zasadniczego (TT, 5) (BT)
Base salary pay.
Functional equivalence is described by Newmark as a procedure that
occupies the universal area between the SL and the TL (2005: 83): Fringe
Benefits Tax (ST, 6) Podatek od wiadcze niepieninych (TT, 6)
(BT) Non cash benefits tax. In his other analysis Newmark (1982: 47)
emphasises the purpose of legal translation when selecting an appropriate
translating method. He suggests that literal translation is advisable when
legal text is created for information purposes such as foreign laws. When
dealing with legal documents concurrently valid in the TL the translator
should focus on communicative approach that is TT orientated.
Vermeer, on the other hand suggests taking into account legal criteria
when selecting the most appropriate translation strategy since the
meaning of legal texts is determined by legal context:
Beaupr agrees with the statement and proposes that legal translation
should formulate two equal versions of the same instrument, which strive
not so much for verbal and grammatical parallelism but for linguistic
purity within the confines of legal equivalence Hence the decision making process of the legal translator is based primarily on legal
considerations (Beaupr in arevi, 2000: 47).
The aforementioned theories have been taken into consideration in the
proposed translation of the Employment Contract. However, as de
Beaugrande warns:
it is inappropriate to expect that a theoretical model of translation should solve
all the problems a translator encounters. Instead, it should formulate a set of
strategies for approaching problems and for coordinating the different aspects
entailed (in Bell, 1991: 23).
TT:
Polish translation of
section
Cze / Fragment / Sekcja
Paragraf
Rozdzia / Dzia
Odcinek
Dzielnica
Sekcja (zwok)
Odcinek/Dzia/Cz
Rozdzia/Paragraf
Przekrj
Dzielnica miasta
Przedzia (w wagonie
sypialnym)
Paragraf
Dzia / Oddzia
Sekcja (zwok)
Sekcja (Cz)
Paragraf
Akapit
Przekrj
Grupa / Druyna
So far, there is no one set rule for translating legal documents that would
bind translators around the world. It is likely that each culture might have
its own way of translating legal texts according to its own criteria.
5.1.1. Legal Translation in Poland Polish Society of Economic,
Legal and Court Translators (TEPIS)
In Poland, there is a requirement for legal translators to be professionally
trained. The better the qualification the better the employment
opportunities. The Polish Court Translator Code and Translating Rules for
Translating Legal Documents are quite strict and must always be obeyed.
5.1.2. United Kingdom: Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) and
Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI)
CIOL and ITI are perhaps the most important linguistic Institutes in the
United Kingdom. Although both of the bodies have their Code of
Professional Conduct: http://www.iol.org.uk/Charter/cls.asp (CIOL) and
http://www.iti.org.uk/indexMain.html (ITI) neither refers to legal translation
in particular.
5.2. Client Requirements
Our clients rely on us to put their case, in the foreign language, as they
would like to see it put, not as we would like to see it put (Kingscott,
1990: 48). In the case of proposed translations there were no client
requirements. Nonetheless, I feel that they have to be mentioned since
they do occur in normal circumstances. First loyalty of legal translators in
such situation should be to their ethics of professional conduct, otherwise
there is a risk of what Teun van Dijk describes as social power abuse. I
therefore disagree with the Kingscotts statement in legal context.
6. THE TRANSLATING PROCESS
The perfect equivalent, which remains in the hart of legal translation, will
have no value change in both: the semantic interpretation of the source
legal text and legal interpretation of the source information. In search for
perfection that often does not exist, legal translators are usually left to
their own devises in making their translating decisions. I based my
decisions mainly on comparative analysis of parallel texts, good legal
understanding supported by professional legal literature, newest editions
(2006) of The Great Dictionary of Law and Economics, Dictionary of Law
and Lexicon of Law Terms.
Following Newmark suggestion:
When extralinguistic reality is wrong in the source text, the translator must say so.
Misstatements must be either corrected or glossed. This responsibility is more
TT:
BT:
Employee is obliged to
The tone of English contracts is also softened by the use of modal verb
shall that is described in more detail in subsection 6.2.1.
6.1.1. Translation function
The function of the translated text is the same as the one of the source
text formal instruction without option (Bell, 1991: 205) influencing
future behaviour. It is a legally binding agreement that will serve as a
normative instrument containing rules of conduct that are concurrently
valid in the TL. Breach of contract is likely to be remedied in the County
Court, the High Court or by an employment tribunal. The text function is
therefore regulatory or prescriptive.
6.1.2. The ST Author
A Human Resources employee or a layer might have written the contract.
In any case, it represents the law.
6.1.3. ST Reader, TT Reader and Ideal TT Reader
The linguistic principle maintains that communication is effective only if
the text author achieve interaction with the text reader. According to
Sager (1980: 210) legal translation aims at conveying communication
between the subject specialists. Thus, the translated texts retained their
professional terminology and legal syntax.
However, it has to be highlighted that the ST reader and the Ideal TT
reader are very likely to be different to the actual TT reader. This is
because they are from different legal systems and thus their system of
reference varies. There also could be certain social meaning differences
particularly in the interpretation of the contract with regard to what one
can or cannot do. This also was taken into consideration in the translated
text.
6.2. Linguistic Implications
6.2.1. Lexis and Syntax
The pronouns, modal verbs and adverbs provided below are not only
characteristic to the documents analysed in this paper but are the integral
part of the entire English legal language and due to their unique and
archaic form they are very problematic to a Polish translator as much as
they can be to a native English speakers. Equally difficult is the syntactic
ambiguity (Holland & Webb, 2003: 115) of the complex and long legal
sentence structure. The Plain English Campaign tries to simplify the legal
language to consistent resistance of lawyers who justly maintain:
technical accuracy is an essential prerequisite of good justice and that if
linguistic precision is watered down to suit the demands of an uncomprehending
majority, legal certainty will all but disappear. (Alcaraz and Hughes, 2002: 5)
hereof
The above is an archaic English legal term that in the context of the
example presented underneath means: of this agreement and as such it
has to be translated into legal Polish language in order to keep its
transparency of meaning. It is worth to notice here that this pronoun is
often wrongly encoded by Polish translators as std, in English here of
or of here. It is because std is often used in Polish legal discourse and
on a surface both terms might look grammatically similar and the context
given might even reinforce this similarity.
ST:
TT:
BT:
The above example also highlights another problem. The target legal
language is similarly to English very conservative in its discourse and thus
many English terms have to be translated into archaic Polish language
such as:
This agreement means niniejsza umowa. Archaic word niniejsza in
modern Polish language is ta and both mean in English this.
b)
hereto
Hereto is an archaic English legal term that in the context of the example
presented underneath means: to this agreement and in this form must be
translated into an archaic legal Polish term:
ST:
TT:
BT:
c)
hereunder
TT:
BT:
d)
The types of pronouns, similarly to the type with here above, are unique
to the archaic English language. Part there of the word refers to
identities, phenomena, people or things outside the document i.e.
agreement and thus based on the context of the examples given
underneath have been translated as of the Employer and with whom
respectively.
ST:
For period of two years after the termination of this Agreement the
Employee shall not solicit or seek business from any customers or
clients of the Employer who were customers or clients thereof at
any time during the six months immediately preceding the
BT:
For period of two years after the termination of this Agreement the
Employee shall not solicit or seek business from any customers or
clients of the Employer who were customers or clients of the
Employer at any time during the six months immediately preceding
the termination hereof and with whom the Employee had material
dealings.
e)
hereby
The above is another archaic English legal term that can be misleading. It
can be often correctly understood as a pronoun. However, in the
particular legal context it is an archaic form of therefore and as such
should be translated into an archaic Polish legal equivalent niniejszym.
Modern and not legal Polish term meaning niniejszym is dlatego or
dlatego te.
ST:
TT:
BT:
b)
the said
This standard legal archaic term is translated into its Polish archaic
functional equivalent rzeczone:
ST:
TT:
Shall
It is not used here to express the future tense of the associated verb but
the undisputed authority and power of the speaker. The modal verb
TT:
BT:
(2).
ST:
TT:
BT:
the
b)
May
It is not used in the legal translation into Polish to express permission but
in the meaning of another modal verb i.e. can:
(1)
ST:
no more than two weeks holiday may be taken at any one time.
(11)
TT:
BT:
no more than two weeks holiday can be taken at any one time.
(2)
ST:
TT:
BT:
Archaisms:
TT:
BT:
In other circumstances, the pronoun can imply that it refers to a place due
to its component where. However, it actually refers to word whose that
reflects an archaic linguistic practice. It also can in certain contexts, albeit
extremely rarely, refer to of which. Grammatically the pronoun often
plays the role of noun declination which is present in Polish language and
absent in English.
6.2.2. Terminology
As discussed in section 6.3. below, each legal system has its own legal
language and legal translators must be able to use language effectively to
express legal actions that achieve the desired legal effects despite the
many terminological incogruencies in the legal context. Legal translation
aims at conveying communication between the subject specialists. Thus,
the terminology must not only be rightly encoded but also rightly decoded.
Full list of legal terminology from the proposed translation is provided in
appendix 4.
Type
Terminological
errors
Example
The word contractor
Translated into Polish is
kontrahent or wykonawca.
Kontrahent or wykonawca is
one of the parties who
undertakes a contact (The
New Dictionary of the Polish
Language, 2003: 353) but of
A different kind than
the permanent employment
contract described in the ST.
Kontrahent often relates to
one off contracts with a set
deadline and clearly defined
purpose i.e. construction of a
building, professional advice
etc. According to the
Dictionary of Law (2003: 38)
word wykonawca means in
Terminological
incongruency
permanent contract in a
professional capacity and also
repetitively uses the term
employee when referring
to Dr. John Smith, I have
broken the aforementioned
golden rule and replaced
kontrahent (contractor) with
pracownik(employee)
providing appropriate
annotation. This way the entire
document becomes coherent in
terms of position offered.
This approach is supported by
Newmark already mentioned in
section 6.
(1)
ST: Fringe Benefits Tax
(6)
TT: Podatek od wiadcze
niepieninych (6)
BT: Non cash benefits tax
(2)
ST: Cafeteria benefits (6)
TT: wiadczenia nie
pienine
(6)
BT: Non cash benefits
(3)
ST: Regular payroll ( 8)
TT: Wypaty wynagrodzenia
zasadniczego (8)
BT: Base salary pay
(4)
ST: an Annual Bonus in
cash
(7)
TT: premia roczna w
rodkach pieninych
(7)
BT: an Annual Bonus paid by
financial means
It is not within the scope of this paper to explain in detail the significant
differences in English and Polish legal systems. It is however important to
highlight that a professional legal translator should be aware of them. One
significant difference relevant to the study is that English contracts have a
long chain of final provisions that in the main are unknown in Polish
contracts. These provisions often use unique Anglo-Saxon legal
terminology that might appear ambiguous at first but it is highly
standardised and thus manageable for an experienced translator. Each
legal system has its own language of law and the main challenge of the
legal translator is the incongruency of legal systems (arevi, 2000: 13).
The terminological incogruencies have already been presented in more
detail in section 6.2.2.
6.4. Cultural Differences
Legal translation, like every translation, concerns exchange between
dissimilar cultures. The proposed translation does not impose a great deal
of differences of social contexts. There is however difference in
understanding responsibilities of director in Polish and English contexts.
The difference is explained in the annotation 4.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed translation of English Employment Contract into Polish
language demonstrates that ideal equivalence in legal texts does not
exists even with good background knowledge, cultural knowledge and
intuitive competence of the translator, simple because the two legal
systems, semantic space, legal concepts and terminology and cultural
perspectives are incompatible.
Legal translation will hardly ever be equal in meaning but it must be equal
in legal effect. Thus, the goal of the proposed legal translation was to
produce legal text that had the same application as the original. The most
successful way to achieve this appeared to be translation based on
functional equivalents.
My translating process and strategy was based on several principles:
preserving the information content, preserving the communicative
function of the translations, which determined to whom the text was
addressed in the target context, situational factors of the particular
communication process, the legal considerations and the legal context.
Especially important was also my personal detachment from the translated
texts since interpretation of the documents should always be left to the
lawyer.
The texts had to respect the rules of the TL since it is the sense that
counts and not the words in isolation. Summarising, in theory the best
legal translation would be the one in which nothing is hidden from the
receiver, all problems are elaborated and all original defects are noted.
In practice however, thoroughly annoted legal translation like the one
analysed here is rarely requested by clients and almost never, based on
my personal experience, offered by translators. Generally, it is required
from a translator to make a decision and spare copious amounts of
explanatory notes since clients value their time.
Bibliography
Oga, E. (2006) The Great English and Polish Dictionary of Law and
Economics. Warsaw: Beck.
APPENDIX 1
[All personal information provided in the document called Employment
Contract is fictional].
EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
1.
2.
BETWEEN
and
3.
4.
This document sets out the terms and conditions of employment which are
required to be given to the Employee under section 1 Employment Rights Act 1996
and which apply at the date hereof.
5.
COMMENCEMENT AND JOB TITLE. The Employer agrees to employ the Employee
from the 20th of August year 2007 in the capacity of Financial Director at
GlobalMedia Ltd. No employment with a previous employer shall be counted as
part of the Employees period of continous employment. The Employees duties
may from time to time be reasonably modified as necessary to meet the needs of
the Employers business.
6.
BASE SALARY AND BENEFITS. The Employer shall pay the Employee a base salary
of 185,000 per year by equal monthly instalments in arrears. The Emploees
Base Salary shall be reviewed on an annual basis by the Compensation
Committee in the discretion of the Board of Directors. The base salary will be
subject to statutory deductions and will comprise a number of elements which
may include:
(A) voluntary pension contribution
(B) cafeteria benefits which the Employee elected to receive as a component of his
base salary that include:
(a) provision of car;
(b) provision of mobile phone;
(c) provision of laptop;
(d) provision of private medical insurance for the Employee and his family
members; and
(e) seasonal football ticket every year.
(C) Fringe Benefits Tax which is payable on the non-cash benefits.
ANNUAL BONUS. In addition to the said Base Salary, the Financial Director shall be
awarded, for each fiscal year ending during the Employment Period, an Annual
Bonus in cash, determined as a percentage of annual Base Salary.
8.
9.
10.
11.
HOLIDAYS. The Employee shall be entitled to twenty five days holiday per
calendar year at full pay in addition to the normal public holidays. Holidays must
be taken at a time that is convenient to the Employer and no more than two
weeks holiday may be taken at any one time.
12.
13.
14.
PENSION. The Employee shall be entitled to join the Employers pension scheme
the details of which are set out in the Employers booklet entitled GlobalMedia
Pension Scheme which is available on request. A contracting-out certificate under
the Pension Schemes Act 1993 is in force in respect of this employment.
15.
17.
18.
DISCIPLINE AND GRIEVANCE. The Employers disciplinary rules and the grievance
and appeal procedure in connection with these rules are set out in the Employers
booklet entitled The Guidelines which is attached hereto.
19.
20.
21.
ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement contains the entire Agreement between the
Parties and supersedes all prior arrangements and understandings whether written
or oral with respect to the subject matter hereof and may not be varied except in
writing signed by both parties hereto.
22.
GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws
of England and Wales and shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
English courts.
23.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have signed this Agreement the day and
year first above written.
24.
SIGNED: _________________________
Signed by or on behalf of the Employer
Name____________________
Address__________________
Occupation_______________
________________________________
Signed by or on behalf of the Employee
________________________
in the presence of (witness)
Name____________________
Address__________________
________________________
DATED_____________________
Occupation_______________
APPENDIX 2
The text below is my translation of the Employment Contract.
UMOWA O PRAC
1.
2.
POMIDZY
Londyn
oraz
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
WYPOWIEDZENIE.
Pracodawca moe wypowiedzie niniejsz umow poprzez
pisemne powiadomienie pracownika w nastpujcy sposb:
(a) z co najmniej tygodniowym powiadomieniem w czasie pierwszych w peni
przepracowanych dwch lat;
(b) z co najmniej tygodniowym powiadomieniem za kady w peni przepracowany
rok, po upywie pierwszych dwch lat, a do w peni przepracowanego
dwunastego roku; oraz
(c) z co najmniej dwunasto tygodniowym powiadomieniem, po upywie w peni
przepracowanych dwunastu lat.
(d) z natychmiastowym skutkiem z zapat w miejsce powiadomienia jeeli
pracownik
zachoruje na schorzenie umysowe (19).
Pracodawca moe wypowiedzie niniejsz umow bez powiadomienia oraz zapaty
w miejsce powiadomienia w wypadku powanych i staych wykrocze subowych
takich jak spowodowanie istotnych narusze zasad dyscypliny pracodawcy.
Pracownik moe wypowiedzie niniejsz umow z tygodniowym powiadomieniem
pracodawcy na pimie.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
CAO UMOWY. Niniejsza umowa obejmuje cao umowy zawartej pomidzy jej
stronami i zastpuje wszelkie wczeniejsze uzgodnienia i porozumienia, czy to
pisemne czy ustne, nawizujce do istoty tematu tej umowy i moe ona jedynie
by zmieniona pisemnie z podpisami obu stron niniejszej umowy.
22.
23.
24.
PODPISANE
_____________________
Podpisane przez lub z ramienia pracodawcy
w obecnoci (wiadka)
Nazwisko i imi ___________
Adres__________________
________________________
Z DAT
_____________________
Zawd_______________
________________________________
________________________
Podpisane przez lub z ramienia pracownika
w obecnoci (wiadka)
Zawd_______________
APPENDIX 3
The numbers in front of my annotations refer to numbers I have put in my
proposed translation into Polish provided in the Appendix 2.
Employment Contract Annotations (ST1)
(1)
In legal English terminology the word agreement is a less formal name for the
word contract and thus must be translated with this connotation in mind in the
context of the ST. It therefore has to be translated as kontrakt (contract) even
The title of doctor, abbreviated as Dr. in the Anglo-Saxon countries is not always
equivalent to the title of doctor in Poland due to differences in the educational
framework. Since it is not the main aspect of the translation and thus there is no
more contextual information available, the title has not been altered in the TT
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
ST word continuous must have been replaced by word biecy (current) in order
to not jeopardise the coherence of the Polish translation of the sentence.
(7)
(9)
The ST1 will comprise a number of elements, which may include while it was
translated as obejmowa ono bdzie czci skadowe do ktrych wlicza si
mog (will comprise elements, which may include). The wording: a number of
has been missed out of the translation especially because it does not suit in this
case grammatically into the Polish sentence, does not contribute any additional
information and the plural elements carries the meaning of a number of rather
than one element.
(10)
Cafeteria benefits is a Human Resources term for non-cash benefits that form
the overall remuneration package of an Employee. Like in Cafeteria shop an
employee may choose what non-cash benefits the best suit his personal needs. It
is rather an informal term and thus can only appear in letter agreements. For
transparency of meaning of the TT I replaced the term Cafeteria benefits with
wiadczenia niepienine (non-cash benefits).
(11)
Term laptop is a relatively new English word for a portable personal computer. It
has been translated as komputer przenony (portable computer).
(12)
Term annual bonus is translated literally into Polish as premia roczna. However,
it has to be highlighted that term premia roczna is more often referred to in
Poland as trzynastka (thirteen [pay]). Since term trzynastaka is unknown in
English culture and premia roczna meaning is equally transparent to a Polish
reader I have chosen the latter as a safer but equally adequate option.
(13)
(14)
9 am and 6 pm are terms originating from Latin meaning before and after noon
respectively. This terminology is not in use in Poland and in addition in the country
operates officially a 24 hour clock. Thus the above was translated as 9 a 18 (9
and 18).
(15)
Lunch is a type of meal that does not have its Polish equivalent. Traditionally, in
Poland there are: breakfast at approx 7 am, second breakfast at 11 am, dinner at
4:30 pm and supper at 7 pm. Even though the word lunch is gradually becoming
recognisable in Polish everyday language, due to the nature of the text I replaced
it by a descriptive phrase popoudniowy posiek (an afternoon meal).
(16)
(17)
In English there are two separate words for: retirement (stop working at elderly
age) and pension (income while retired). In Polish there is one word describing
both emerytura. The ST1 paragraph refers to pension thus I added word
wiadczenie (compensation) at front of emerytura so it retain the meaning of the
original word.
(18)
Contracting-out certificate has been translated literally into Polish even though it
is a legal term familiar only to certain English employees. It refers to an option
(20)
(21)
Similarly to annotations 16 and 19, the problem here relates to differences in style
between the source and the target text cultures. Since Polish style is more direct
and aims at clearly stating what is required it was necessary to replace word non
with word zakaz (prohibition). This stylistic improvement was necessary in order
to obtain the same legal effect.
(22)
Words customer and client have only one Polish equivalent klient. The
translation into Polish is thus easy. It would be more problematic if the translation
was into English since clients are people and institutions that are bided for the
service they receive by contract/agreement letter, while customers are all other
cases.
(23)
(24)
The closest equivalent of the first class post in the United Kingdom is poczta
pioritetowa (priority post) in Poland. Even though it is not entirely the same as
via poczta prioritetowa mail can also be sent overseas, the emphasis in the text
is on the urgency next day delivery, thus poczta prioritetowa the best fulfils the
requirement.
(25)
Severability which allows for some parts of contract only to by annulled does not
have a functional equivalent in Polish legal system. It was thus replaced by a
neutral paraphrase: ROZDZIELNA INTERPRETACJA POSTANOWIE UMOWY
(separate Interpretation of the Contract Provisions [in case of annulment]) that
has the same legal effect as severability.
APPENDIX 4
Terminology Employment Contract
The contract contains legal terminology as well as commercial, human resources
and standard language.
Source Text
Employment contract
Target Text
Umowa o prac
Commencement
Data rozpoczcia
Limited Company
Spk z ograniczon
odpowiedzialnoci
Na podstawie paragrafu
Under section
Job title
Base salary
Tytu subowy
Wynagrodzenie
zasadnicze
Back Translation
Employment contract /
Agreement contract
The date of
commencement
[Private] limited liability
company
(in accordance to) under
section
Job title
Base salary
In the capacity of
Benefits
Compensation
Committee
Na pozycji
wiadczenia
Komisja do spraw
wynagrodze
Cafeteria benefits
Normal hours
wiadczenia nie
pienine
Podatek od wiadcze
niepieninych
Premia roczna w
rodkach pieninych
Wypaty wynagrodzenia
zasadniczego
Podatek pobierany
zaliczkowo
Podstawowe godziny
Holidays
Remuneration
Urlop
Wynagrodzenie
Sickness
Nieobecno [w pracy] z
powodu choroby
Emerytura
Nieobowizkowe skadki
emerytalne
Zawiadczenie o
odczeniu si drog
umowy
Pension
Voluntary pension
contribution
Contracting out
certificate
Employment Rights Act
1996
Under Pension Scheme
Act
Confidentiality
Zgodnie z Ustaw o
Systemach
Emerytalnych
Wypowiedzenie
Zapata w miejsce
(zamiast)
Zachowanie poufnoci
Non-competition
Zakaz konkurencji
Customer / Client
Grievance procedure
Klient
Procedura
rozpoznawania skarg /
Postpowanie
zaatwiania skarg
Procedura apelacyjna
Powiadomienie
Rozdzielna interpretacja
postanowie umowy
Termination
Payment in lieu
Appeal procedure
Notice
Severability
Governing law
Prawo waciwe
As / In the capacity of
Benefits
Compensation
Committee /
Remuneration
Committee
Non cash benefits
Non cash benefits tax
Annual Bonus paid by
the way of finance
Base salary pay
Tax taken in advance
Basic hours / Standard
hours
Leave [at work]
Compensation / Pay /
Remuneration
Sick leave / Sickness
absence [at work]
Retirement / Pension
Non mandatory pension
contributions
Contracting out
certificate
According to / Under
Pension Scheme Act
Termination
Payment instead of
To preserve / keep
confidentiality
Non-competition / Ban
on competition
Customer / Client
Grievance recognition
procedure / Grievance
resolution procedure
Appeal procedure
Notice
Separate interpretation
of agreements
(contract) decisions
The approved law /
Governing law
Jurisdiction
Full force and effect
In witness whereof
The term of
employment
Shall be reviewed
Recovery of damages
Injunction
Apply for an injunction
Held to be invalid
Jurysdykcja /
Prawodastwo
Pena moc prawna
W dowd powyszego
Czas trwania
zatrudnienia
Bdzie przedmiotem
analizy
Otrzymanie
odszkodowania
Nakaz sdowy
Ubieganie si o nakaz
sdowy
Uznane za niewane
Jurisdiction
Full legal force
As a proof for the above
The employment period
It will be the subject of
analisis
Recovery of damages
Injunction
Apply for an injunction
Held to be invalid /
Assessed as invalid
Joanna Harrop MA, DPSI (Law) is a qualified English / Polish translator and
interpreter with over 13 years of work experience gained in FTSE 100
organisations in professional commercial and translating capacities. Her
non linguistic qualifications are in International Business Administration
and Human Resources.