Lecture 6 Flow water through

soils_part2
soils part2
Flow of Water Through Soils (contd)
FlowofWaterThroughSoils(cont
d)
1. Factors affecting permeability
2. Permeability of stratified soil deposits
ii.
ii.

Horizontal
H
riz nt l p
permeability
rm bilit
Vertical permeability

3. Quick Condition & Critical hydraulic gradient

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id l @f
i
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1)

Factors affecting Permeability

Grain size or p
particle size
Properties of pore fluid
Void ratio of the soil
Structural arrange of fabric of the soil particle
Entrapped air & foreign matter
Adsorbed water in clayey soil

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2)

Permeability of Stratified Soil Deposits

In nature, soils may stratified by the

deposition of layers, which possess different
permeability characteristics
g may
y be horizontal,, inclined or
Their bedding
vertical.
The average permeability used by engineer for
represent the whole deposit will depend upon
the direction of flow with relation to the
di ti off b
direction
bedding
ddi planes.
l

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2.1) Horizontal Flow

Parallel to the bedding planes
Head lost between the entry & exit faces will
be
e the
e same
sa e for
o each
eac layer
aye
h 1 = h2 = h3 = h
therefore hydraulic gradient are the same:
therefore,
i 1 = i2 = i3 = i
However the velocity of flow will be different in
However,
different layers since v = ki as k is different

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Based on Figure 1, let

z1, z2, z3, z4 .= thickness of the layers or strata
k1, k2, k3, k4 ..=co-efficient of permeability of the individual
strata
Let kH = average coefficient of permeability to the
bedding plane

Figure1:Horizontalflow
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Hence,
Total discharge
through soil deposit

sum of discharge through

individual layers

q = q1 + q2 + q3+ q4
Or q = kH iz = k1 iz1 + k2 iz2 + k3 iz3 + k4 iz4
Or, kH =

k1 z1 + k2 z2 + k3 z3 + k4 z4
z

Where

z = z1 + z2 + z3 + z4

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2.2) Vertical Flow

Perpendicular to the bedding planes
The rate of flow will be the same for
each
h layer
l
q 1= q 2 = q 3 = q v
However, the hydraulic gradient, i &
head loss, h will be different in different
layers.

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 If h1, h2, h3, h4 are the loss of heads in each layers,

then,
then
Total head loss, h = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4
But, h1 = i1 z1; h2 = i2 z2; h3 = i3z3 and h4 = i4z4
So, h = i1 z1 + i2 z2 + i3z3 + i4z4

Figure2:Verticalflow
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 If kz = average permeability perpendicular to the

bedding plane,
plane we have
v = kz i = kz. h/z
vz
v
v
v
v
Or,
h=

kz

also, i1 =

k1

; i2 =

k2

; i3 =

k3

; i4 =

k4

From head loss, obtained

vz v
v
v
v
= .z1 + .z 2 + .z3 + .z 4
k z k1
k2
k3
k4

kz =

z
z1 z 2 z3 z 4
+ + +
k1 k 2 k3 k 4

Generally,
y, kH > kV
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Worked Example 1:
Astratifiedsoilconsistsapproximatelyofalternatinglayersofsand&silt.The
sandlayersaregenerally150mminthicknessandhaveapermeabilityofk=6.5x101
mm/s,thesiltlayersare1.80mthickandhaveak=2.5x104 mm/s.Assumingthat
withineachlayerflowconditionsareisotropic,determinetheratioofthehorizontal
permeabilitytothatofthevertical.
Solution:
Then,
k = 6.5 10 1 mm/s
1

z1 = 150mm
k 2 = 2.5 10 4 mm/s
z 2 = 1800mm
Horizontalpermeability

kH =

k1 z1 + k 2 z 2 (150 6500) + (1800 2.5)

=
10 4
z1 + z 2
150 + 1800

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Verticalpermeability

150 + 1800
z1 + z 2
kV =
=
10 4
z1 z 2
150 1800
+
+
k1 k 2 6500 2.5
Therefore,ratio

k H (150 6500 + 1800 2.5)(150 / 6500 + 1800 / 2.5)

=
= 186
2
(1.50 + 1800)
kV

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Quick Condition & Critical Hydraulic

Q
y
Gradient
Quick condition is a condition in which the soil
has no shear strength,
strength since the seepage pressure which
created the upward-flowing water reduced the effective
stress to zero.
the
th critical
iti l hydraulic
h d
li gradient
di t is
i hydraulic
h d
li gradient
di t att
which the quick condition occurs.

sat w (Gs + e) w /(1 + e) w Gs 1

ic =
=
=
=
w
w
w
1+ e

Particularly occurs in medium to fine sands (ic 1.0)

A
Arise
i
i alluvial
in
ll i l flood
fl d plains
l i
i
immediately
di t l after
ft
high tide & popular to be known as quicksand.

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Try this problem!

Trythisproblem!
Derive
Deriveanexpressionforthecriticalhydraulic
an expression for the critical hydraulic
gradient,ic of a granular soil in terms of the
grain specific gravity,
gravity Gs and void ratio
ratio, e.
e
What will be the value of ic when Gs = 2.70
and
d e = 0.60?
0 60?

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THANK YOU & PROCEED WITH YOUR TUTO.

TUTO

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