Li cam oan

Li cam oan
Em xin cam oan ni dung ca n ny khng phi l bn sao chp ca bt c
n hoc cng trnh c t trc. Nu vi phm em xin chu mi hnh thc k lut ca
Khoa.
Sinh vin thc hin

Phn chia cng vic trong nhm

Phn chia cng vic trong nhm

Nhm n: 1/ .
2/ .

Sinh Vin
Chng
-Tng quan v truyn thng -Tng quan v truyn thng
Chng 1

hp tc (khc vi sinh vin hp tc (khc vi sinh vin

Nguyn Th Tn)

Nguyn Thanh Nhn)

-Nghin cu phn phn loi - Nghin cu phn cc k

Chng 2

cc k thut phn tp kt hp.

thut phn tp kt hp thng

s dng trong truyn thng
hp tc.

- Nghin cu phn hiu nng - Nghin cu hiu nng ca

Chng 3

ca h thng SR v h thng k thut DSSC trong h thng

IRSR.

Chng 4

SR.

2 Sinh vin cng thc hin.

ii

Mc lc

Mc lc
Li cam oan................................................................................................................. i
Phn chia cng vic trong nhm ...................................................................................ii
Mc lc ...................................................................................................................... iii
Cc t vit tt .............................................................................................................. vi
Li ni u ................................................................................................................viii
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V TRUYN THNG HP TC ...................................... 1
1.1 Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc (Cooperative Communication)......................... 1
1.2.1 Nhu cu pht trin ca truyn thng v tuyn ...................................................... 1
1.2.2 K thut MIMO Multi Input Multi Output ........................................................ 2
1.2.3 Truyn thng hp tc Cooperative Communication .......................................... 3
1.3 M hnh knh chuyn tip v cc giao thc hot ng ca nt chuyn tip ............. 5
1.3.1 M hnh knh chuyn tip v ng dng trong truyn thng hp tc ..................... 5
1.3.2 Cc giao thc hot ng ca nt chuyn tip ....................................................... 8
1.3.2.1 K thut gii m v chuyn tip (Decode-and-Forward: DF) ............................ 8
1.3.2.2 K thut khuch i v chuyn tip (Amplify-and-Forward: AF) .................... 10
1.3.2.3 Cc k thut chuyn tip thch nghi ................................................................ 12
1.3.2.4 Hp tc m ha (Coded Cooperative: CC) ...................................................... 14
1.4 u nhc im ca truyn thng hp tc.............................................................. 16
1.4.1 u im............................................................................................................. 16
1.4.2 Nhc im ....................................................................................................... 17
1.5 Kt lun chng ................................................................................................... 18
Chng 2 TNG QUAN V K THUT PHN TP KT HP ............................ 19
2.1 Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................. 19
2.2 K thut phn tp kt hp ..................................................................................... 19
2.3 Phn loi cc k thut phn tp kt hp ................................................................ 20
iii

Mc lc

2.3.1 K thut kt hp la chn (Selection Combining: SC) ....................................... 20

2.3.2 K thut kt hp chuyn tip (Switched Combining) ......................................... 21
2.3.3 K thut kt hp t s ti a (Maximal Ratio Combining: MRC) ....................... 22
2.3.4 K thut kt hp li cn bng (Equal-gain Combining: EGC) ....................... 23
2.3.5 Mt s dng k thut phn tp kt hp lai ghp khc ...................................... 23
2.4 Cc k thut phn tp kt hp thng s dng trong h thng truyn thng hp tc
................................................................................................................................... 23
2.4.1 K thut kt hp t s ti a phn b (Distributed Maximal Ratio Coombining:
DMRC) ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.2 K thut kt hp la chn phn b (Distributed SelectionCombining: DSC) ..... 25
2.4.3 K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi (Distributed Switch-and-Stay Combining:
DSSC) ........................................................................................................................ 27
2.5 Nhn xt s lc v cc k thut phn tp kt hp ng dng trong truyn thng hp
tc .............................................................................................................................. 27
2.6 Kt lun chng ................................................................................................... 28
Chng 3: K THUT KT HP CHUYN TIP V GI TRONG H THNG
TRUYN THNG HP TC ................................................................................... 29
3.1 Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................. 29
3.2 K thut kt hp chuyn tip (Switched Combining) ........................................... 29
3.3 K thut SSC trong h thng truyn thng hp tc .............................................. 30
3.4 M hnh c bn v nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut DSSC ............................... 31
3.4.1. iu kin xy ra qu trnh chuyn nhnh thu .................................................... 31
3.4.2. Xc sut c la chn ca mi nhnh thu ....................................................... 32
3.4.3. Hiu nng ca h thng s dng k thut DSSC ............................................... 34
3.4.3.1 Xc sut li bit ................................................................................................ 34
3.4.3.2 Xc sut dng ................................................................................................. 35
3.4.3.3 Hiu sut s dng ph..................................................................................... 35
3.5 ng dng k thut DSSC vo h thng la chn chuyn tip .............................. 36

iv

Mc lc

3.5.1 Hiu nng ca h thng Selection relaying network-SR (mng la chon chuyn
tip) ............................................................................................................................ 37
3.5.2 M hnh h thng............................................................................................... 37
3.5.3 nh gi hiu nng ........................................................................................... 40
3.5.3.1 K thut DSSC cho h thng SR ..................................................................... 42
3.5.3.2 K thut truyn gia tng cho h thng SR ....................................................... 47
3.6 Kt lun chng .................................................................................................. 49
Chng 4 M PHNG V NH GI H THNG ............................................... 50
4.1 Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................. 50
4.2 K thut DSSC ng dng cho h thng la chn chuyn tip ............................... 50
4.3 Kt lun chng ................................................................................................... 57
Kt lun v hng pht trin ti ............................................................................. 58
Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................................... 59
Ph lc A: ngha k hiu ......................................................................................... 61
Ph lc B: Mt s code m phng ch yu c s dng trong n. ....................... 63

Cc t vit tt

Cc t vit tt

AF Amplify-and-Forword: K thut khuch i v chuyn tip

BEP Bit Error Probability: Xc sut li bit
BER Bit Error Rate: T s li bit
CC Coded Cooperative: K thut hp tc m ha
cdf Comulative Distribution Function: Hm phn phi tch ly
CSI Channel State Informaition: Thng tin trng thi knh truyn
DF Decode-and-Forword: K thut gii m v chuyn tip
DRPRS Dual-hop Partial Relay Selection: H thng la chn chuyn tip theo chng
DSC Distribution Selection Combining: K thut kt hp la chn phn b
DSSC Distribution Switch-and-Stay Combining: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi
phn b
IRSR Incremental Relaying for Selection Relaying network: K thut truyn gia tng
s dng cho h thng la chn chuyn tip
M-QAM Multi Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: iu ch bin cu phng
nhiu mc
MIMO Multi Input Multi Output: K thut s dng nhiu anten pht v thu
MRC Maximal Ratio Combining: K thut kt hp t s ti a.

vi

Cc t vit tt

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Divition Multiplexing: K thut ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s trc giao
pdf Probability Density Function: Hm mt xc sut
QoS Quality Of Service: Cht lng dch v
SC Selection Combining: k thut kt hp la chn
SEC Switch and Examine Combining: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v kim tra
SER Symbol Error Rate: T s li k hiu
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio: T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SSC Switch and Stay Combining: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi
SSCSR Switch and Stay Combining for Selection relaying network: K thut kt hp
chuyn tip v gi s dng cho h thng la chn chuyn tip

vii

Li ni u

Li ni u

Truyn thng lin lc l mt nhu cu thit yu ca bt k mt x hi pht trin no.

Trong truyn thng v tuyn ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Trong sut 20 nm
gn y, truyn thng v tuyn c nhng bc pht trin vt bc v c d on
s cn tip tc pht trin hn na. Vi s trin khai cc dch v nh truyn thng di
ng, ng dng truyn hnh di ng, chng ta ang chng kin nhu cu ngy cng
tng v tc d liu trong h thng di ng t bo th h th 3 (3G) v iu ny to
nn xu hng tin ln cc th h tip theo. Cng ngh truyn thng hp tc trong
nhng nm gn y c nhng nh nghin cu quan tm v c nhng phng
n trin khai cho cng ngh mi m ny trong tng lai gn. Cng vi cc cng ngh
mi nh v tuyn thng minh, truyn thng hp tc s l nhng c s tt cc nh
sn xut la chn phng thc truyn thng cho cng ngh 5G trong tng lai.
n ny s a ra ci nhn s lc v h thng truyn thng hp tc, k thut
phn tp kt hp v phn trng tm s l i su vo tm hiu k thut kt hp chuyn
tip v gi ng dng rong h thng truyn thng hp tc.
Ni dung n gm c 4 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng truyn thng hp tc
Chng 2: Tng quan k thut phn tp kt hp
Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong truyn thng hp tc
Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

viii

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Chng 1: TNG QUAN V TRUYN THNG HP TC

1.1 Gii thiu chng

Chng u tin ca n ny s a ra ci nhn tng qut v cc khi nim
truyn thng hp tc, nt chuyn tip relay, knh chuyn tip, cng nh cc giao
thc, k thut hot ng ph bin ca nt chuyn tip, mt s u nhc im ca
truyn thng hp tc cng s c nu ln mt cch tm tt.
1.2 Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc (Cooperative Communication)
1.2.1 Nhu cu pht trin ca truyn thng v tuyn
Truyn thng v tuyn c nhng bc pht trin vt bc trong sut 20 nm gn
y v c d on s cn tip tc pht trin hn na. Vi s trin khai cc dch v
nh truyn thng di ng, ng dng truyn hnh di ng Chng ta ang chng kin
nhu cu ngy cng tng v tc d liu trong h thng di ng t bo th h th 3
(3G) v iu ny to nn xu hng tin ln cc th h tip theo.
Mt khc, hiu nng truyn dn ca cc dch v c nhu cu v bng thng k trn
phi i mt vi nhng hn ch c bn do s suy yu tn hiu gy ra bi knh truyn
v tuyn. c bit, khi tn hiu i t pha pht n pha thu, s truyn sng in t phi
chu nh hng ca cc yu t nh phn x, nhiu x v tn x. Thm vo , truyn
a ng gy nn nhng s thng ging nhanh chng ca bin , pha lm tr v
thng dn n hin tng fading. Nhng s suy yu trn c th b p bng nhiu
cch nh tng cng sut pht, m rng bng thng hay s dng cc loi m ha sa sai
ECC (Error Control Coding). Tuy nhin, cng sut v bng thng l nhng ti nguyn
v tuyn c gii hn v kh t . Trong khi , vic s dng cc loi m ha sa
sai s lm hn ch tc truyn dn. V th, vic c c mt lung truyn d liu tc
cao v ng tin cy qua nhng knh truyn v tuyn nhy vi li l mt thch thc
ln i vi vic thit k cc h thng v tuyn.
Page 1

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

t c tc truyn cao hn, tin cy truyn dn cao hn, l hai nhu cu

chnh trong s pht trin ca truyn thng v tuyn. C th t c hai yu t trn m
khng cn phi nng cng sut truyn hay bng thng cn thit, l nh p dng
li phn tp (diversity gain) v li ghp knh (multiplexing gain) bng cch s dng
cc k thut phn tp nh thi gian, tn s, khng gian Trong , phn tp khng
gian c th t c c li phn tp v ghp knh. ng dng tiu biu chnh l k
thut MIMO.
1.2.2 K thut MIMO Multi Input Multi Output
MIMO c xy dng da trn chun 802.11g v 802.11n ca Vin k thut in
v in t (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers - IEEE), thng c s
dng kt hp vi k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (Orthogonal
Frequency Division multiplexing - OFDM). Cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng
hin v ang tiu chun ha MIMO a vo s dng trong cc chun ca mng
3G nh HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access).
Vi h thng MIMO, nhiu anten c s dng ti hai u thu pht ca ng
truyn v tuyn, c th nng cao ng k tc d liu v tin cy ca mng v
tuyn. Vic s dng nhiu anten thu pha pht v thu cho php tn hiu truyn c th
i theo cc ng truyn c lp nhau. Do , nhiu bn sao ca cng mt tn hiu s
cng n pha thu. Cc phin bn ny s c kt hp xc nh tn hiu nguyn thy
truyn i v gp phn chng li nh hng ca fading. Khc vi phn tp thi gian
hay tn s, hiu sut s dng bng thng khng b nh hng, nng lng c chia s
trn cc anten truyn. Dung lng h thng c ci thin bng li ghp knh
khng gian.

Page 2

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Hnh 1.1: H thng MIMO

Mt d MIMO c nhng li ch to ln nh trn, nhng s l rt kh khn khi trin
khai k thut ny trn cc thit b di ng cm tay. Do kch thc gii hn ca nhng
thit b ny (chng ta bit rng t c phn tp khng gian gia cc anten phi c
mt khon cch ti thiu nht nh m bo tnh c lp gia cc knh truyn.
khong cch ny cng ln nu s dng tn s nh v trong mi trng chu nh hng
nghim trng ca tn sc). Ngoi ra cn cc vn v chi ph v s phc tp v phn
cng. v vy vic trin khai nhiu anten trn chng l bt kh thi v khng c tnh thc
tin.
1.2.3 Truyn thng hp tc Cooperative Communication
Ta bit rng, mi thit b di ng thng ch c mt anten v v th khng th ring
r to thnh phn tp khng gian. Tuy vy, nu gi s mt thit b di ng c th nhn
d liu t cc thit b di ng khc, v truyn d liu cng vi d liu ca chnh bn
thn n. V bi knh truyn fading i vi cc thit b di ng khc nhau l c lp
thng k vi nhau, nn vic t c phn tp khng gian l hon ton kh thi. Vic
truyn i nhiu tn hiu s gp phn to nn phn tp, gp phn chng li nh hng
ca fading.

Page 3

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

chnh l tng chnh ca khi nim truyn thng hp tc (Cooperative

Communication), to nn phn tp khng gian bng mt phng thc mi hay cn gi
l h thng cc anten phn tp khng gian o (hay h thng MIMO o). C ngha l
cc thit b di ng ch c mt anten, nhng chng c th chia s anten ca mnh vi
cc thit b khc to thnh h thng anten phn tp khng gian. Khi , d liu ca
mi ngi dng (user) c truyn khng ch bi chnh thit b ca ngi m cn
c truyn bi nhng thit b di ng khc. V th ng nhin l trn quan im
thng k th vic nhn din tn hiu truyn i pha thu s tr nn ng tin cy hn. V
quan trng l nu so vi MIMO truyn thng hp tc khng cn phi quan tm n vn
tch hp nhiu anten vo cc thit b di ng, vn l mt vn i hi chi ph, kch
thc thit b v s phc tp v cng ngh v phn cng. Nh vy, cc ng dng ca
truyn thng hp tc vo cc mng v tuyn nh mng thng tin di ng [2] l cc k
ha hn.

Hnh 1.2: Truyn thng hp tc

Page 4

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

1.3 M hnh knh chuyn tip v cc giao thc hot ng ca nt chuyn tip
1.3.1 M hnh knh chuyn tip v ng dng trong truyn thng hp tc

Hnh 1.3: M hnh knh chuyn tip ba u cui.

c gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1971 bi Van der Meulen, knh chuyn tip
(relay channel) v cc u cui ca n l nhng c s ca vic nghin cu v truyn
thng hp tc. Knh chuyn tip c in l mt knh truyn thng vi ba u cui. c
im d nhn ra ca knh chuyn tip l s xut hin ca thnh phn u cui gi l
nt chuyn tip (node relay). Vi vai tr tip nhn, x l v truyn i cc tn hiu mang
thng tin ci thin hiu nng ca h thng. i vi m hnh knh chuyn tip c
in, nt chuyn tip ch n thun c nhim v duy nht l tr gip cho ng truyn
trc tip gia nt ngun v nt ch. Tuy nhin, khi nim nt chuyn tip trong truyn
thng hp tc c m rng hn:
c th l nhng u cui c nh, khng c thng tin ca ring n truyn
i (hay cn gi l chuyn tip hp tc).
Hoc c th l nhng u cui va c chc nng pht thng tin ca chnh n,
va c chc nng nh mt u cui hp tc truyn thng tin ca cc u cui
i tc ca n hay cn gi l hp tc ngi dng (User Cooperation).
Page 5

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Trong hai loi hnh nt chuyn tip trn, chuyn tip hp tc c ngha thc tin
hn do nt thc hin chuyn tip l c nh. V th, iu kin knh truyn gia n v
nt ch (Trm gc trong thng tin di ng chng hn) l tng i n nh hn so vi
trng hp cn li. Thm vo , khi thc hin chc nng chuyn tip th nt chuyn
tip phi c cc bc x l vi cc d liu nhn c t cc nt khc v th s tiu tn
nhiu nng lng hn. V y li l mt li th ca nt chuyn tip c nh so vi nt
chuyn tip l mt thit b di ng. Mt khc, nu s dng hnh thc hp tc ngi
dung s ny sinh mt s vn phc tp cn phi gii quyt nh: tnh bt thng v s
lng, v tr v tnh cn bng ca cc thu bao di ng.
Ngoi ra, da vo s chng (Hop) gia nt ngun v nt ch ta c th phn loi k
thut chuyn tip hp tc lm hai loi: chuyn tip hai chng (Two-hop relaying) v
chuyn tip a chng (multi-hop relaying). T tn gi trn, ta c th thy r rang v
c im ca chng.
Chuyn tip hai chng: ch c mt nt chuyn tip thc hin vic truyn d liu
ngi dng v nt ch.
Chuyn tip a chng: s nt chuyn tip thc hin vic truyn d liu ngi
dng v nt ch l t hai tr ln. Do quan h phi tuyn gia khon cch v suy hao
truyn, suy hao tn hiu c th gim ng k khi s dng chuyn tip a chng nu so
vi truyn trc tip hay chuyn tip 2 chng.
Ngoi ra, c th phn loi k thut chuyn tip thnh: chuyn tip n hng (Oneway Relay) v chuyn tip song hng (Two-way Relay).
Chuyn tip n hng: h thng n gin ch c mt nt ngun S, nt ch D
v nt chuyn tip R. Do s gii hn v hiu sut s dng ph nn nt chuyn tip ch
c th hot ng ch bn song cng. Ngha l ti mt thi im, nt chuyn tip
ch c th truyn hoc nhn.
Page 6

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Chuyn tip song hng: h thng ny c xem xt [6] khi c hai nt ngun
S1 v S2 cng truyn ng thi n cho nt chuyn tip R khe thi gian truyn u
tin. khe thi gian truyn th hai, R s chuyn tn hiu nhn c n c S1 v S2.
Chuyn tip song hng gip gii quyt vn suy gim hiu sut s dng ph khi s
dng nt chuyn tip.
Ta xt v d n gin v trng hp s dng nt chuyn tip l mt u cui c
nh: nu hai u cui (l nt ngun v nt ch) mun lin lc vi nhau nhng ng
truyn gia chng c cht lng thp th u cui th ba s c xem nh l mt nt
chuyn tip h tr cho ng truyn trc tip (direct communication) gia hai u
cui kia. Nt ngun s truyn qung b (broadcasd) bn tin ti cho tt c cc nt ch
v nt chuyn tip. Cn nt chuyn tip s x l theo mt phng thc nht nh v
chuyn tip thng tin nhn c ( qua x l) t nt ngun ti nt ch qua ng
truyn chuyn tip (Relaying Transmission).
Thc t l cc nt chuyn tip khng th thu v pht cng lc do s khng th trnh
khi ca hiu ng coupling gia mch pht v mch thu. iu ny dn n gii hn
half-duplex, v y chnh l nguyn nhn chnh m s truyn dn t nt ngun qua nt
chuyn tip n nt ch trong truyn thng hp tc c chia thnh hai pha thi gian
truyn. Ngha l chng ch c th hot ng ch bn song cng, ch yu thc hin
qua hai giai on truyn:
giai on th nht, mi nt gi thng tin v nt ch v ng thi thng tin
ny cng c nhng ngi dng khc tip nhn. y l nh tnh cht qung b ca
knh v tuyn.
giai on th hai, cc nt chuyn tip s chuyn tip thng tin m n nhn
c t cc nt khc ti nt ch.

Page 7

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Mi nt c th gii m thng tin nhn c v chuyn tip i, y l k thut gii

m v chuyn tip (Decode-and-Forward, vit tt l DF). Hoc n gin l khuch i
v truyn i, y l k thut khuch i-v-chuyn tip (Amplify and Forward, vit tt
l AF). V nh vy, truyn thng hp tc chu mt s suy gim trong hiu sut s dng
ph tng qut vi h s khi so snh vi truyn thng im-im truyn thng.
1.3.2 Cc giao thc hot ng ca nt chuyn tip
Cc k thut hay cch thc hot ng ca nt chuyn tip l cch thc m nt
chuyn tip x l thng tin tip nhn t nt ngun v chuyn tip v pha nt ch cn
gi l cc k thut chuyn tip. Hai k thut chuyn tip ph bin thng c s dng
nhiu trong cc h thng truyn thng hp tc:
K thut gii m-v-chuyn tip (Decode-and-Forward hay DF).
K thut khuch i-v-chuyn tip (Amplify and Forward hay AF).
1.3.2.1 K thut gii m v chuyn tip (Decode-and-Forward: DF)
K thut chuyn tip ny cn c bit n nh l k thut chuyn tip ti to, c
bn n thc hin nhng phng thc x l s tn hiu. m hnh ny, nt chuyn tip
hot ng nh l mt trm lp (repeater) thng minh v gii m/ gii iu ch tn hiu
nhn c t nt ngun khe thi gian truyn th nht hay pha truyn th nht. Qu
trnh ny s loi b s hin din ca nhiu. C th v cch thc hot ng ca k thut
DF nh sau:
pha thi gian truyn th nht, nt ch da vo bn cht qung b ca knh
truyn v tuyn truyn bn tin n nt ngun v c nt chuyn tip.
Tn hiu thu

nt ch:

Tn hiu thu

nt chuyn tip:

,
+

Page 8

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

pha thi gian truyn th hai, nt chuyn tip thc hin gii m bn tin nhn
c t nt ngun. Sau ti gii m v chuyn tip v pha nt ch. Tn hiu thu
nt ch:
,

nt ch, my thu s tng hp cc phin bn ca cng mt tn hiu v c gng

xc nh li tn hiu gc c pht ra bi nt ngun.
Vi:

l bn tin pht,

l cng sut pht ca nt ngun v nt chuyn tip,

, , ,

tng ng l h s knh truyn gia nt ngun v nt ch,

nt ngun v nt chuyn tip, nt chuyn tip v nt ch.

tng ng l nhiu trn cc knh truyn gia nt ngun v

nt ch, nt ngun v nt chuyn tip, nt chuyn tip v nt ch.

Tuy nhin, qu trnh x l s nt chuyn tip chu nh hng nhiu ca hiu nng
truyn dn hng nt ngun nt chuyn tip. Nu m CRC khng c s dng
vic gii m tn hiu thu t nt ngun s khng t hiu qu tt nht. S l rt kh
nt chuyn tip c th gii m tn hiu m khng xy ra li v li s c tch ly nu
qua nhiu chng, nh hng hiu nng ca k thut chuyn tip v li phn tp.
gii quyt vn k trn, ngi ta xem xt gii php l nt chuyn tip ch
nn tr gip hp tc vi nt ngun nu n c kh nng gii m hon ho tn hiu m n
nhn c t nt ngun. S lng li c th c kim tra ti nt chuyn tip, s dng
m kim tra CRC. Gii php ny c gi l giao thc DF thch nghi. Ni cch khc,

Page 9

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

tn hiu c truyn n nt ch ch bng nhng nt chuyn tip m p ng c yu

cu rng t s SNR ca tn hiu n nhn t nt ngun phi t trn 1 ngng nht nh.
Bi v c nhiu nt chuyn tip trong mng, ch nn la chn nhng nt chuyn tip
cho hiu qu truyn tt nht.

Hnh 1.4: K thut DF

1.3.2.2 K thut khuch i v chuyn tip (Amplify-and-Forward: AF)
m hnh ny nt chuyn tip ch n gin l khuch i nhng g n nhn c t
nt ngun. Qu trnh khuch i tng ng vi 1 bin i tuyn tnh xy ra ti nt
chuyn tip. AF cn c gi l m hnh chuyn tip khng ti to v c bn l n
thc hin nhng phng thc x l tng t cho tn hiu. C th v cch thc hot
ng ca k thut AF nh sau:
pha thi gian truyn th nht, nt ch da vo bn cht qung b ca knh
truyn v tuyn truyn bn tin n nt ngun v cc nt chuyn tip.
Tn hiu thu

nt ch:

Tn hiu thu

nt chuyn tip:

,
+

Page 10

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

pha thi gian truyn th hai, nt chuyn tip thc hin khuch i bn tin nhn
c t nt ngun (vi h s khuch i G) v chuyn tip v pha nt ch. Tn hiu
nt ch:

thu

nt ch my thu s tng hp cc phin bn ca cng mt tn hiu v c gng

xc nh li tn hiu gc c pht ra bi nt ngun.
Vi:

l bn tin pht,

l cng sut pht ca nt ngun v nt chuyn tip,

, , ,

tng ng l h s knh truyn gia nt ngun v nt ch,

nt ngun v nt chuyn tip, nt chuyn tip v nt ch.

tng ng l nhiu trn cc knh truyn gia nt ngun v nt

ch, nt ngun v nt chuyn tip, nt chuyn tip v nt ch.

Khi so snh vi nhng phng thc chuyn tip khc, AF l phng thc n gin
nht. Tuy nhin, AF l m hnh chu nhiu nh hng ca nhiu truyn hn c . Do
qu trnh nt chuyn tip thc hin khuch i ngay c nhiu cng c khuch i
theo.

Page 11

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Hnh 1.5: K thut AF

1.3.2.3 Cc k thut chuyn tip thch nghi
Cc k thut AF v DF n thun c gi l cc k thut chuyn tip c nh
(fixed relaying). Bi v nt thc hin chc nng chuyn tip lun lun tham gia vo
qu trnh truyn thng hp tc cho d iu kin knh truyn c ra sao i na. Thc t
l khng phi lc no qu trnh truyn thng hp tc cng mang li li ch. V d nh
do nh hng ca ch truyn bn song cng. Tc truyn d liu v vic s dng
DOF (degree of freedom) s b gim st. iu ny ni ln rng, xc nh khi no nn
s dng truyn thng hp tc l mt iu quan trng.
gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta s dng ch la chn (Selection Mode), hoc
ch truyn gia tng (Incremental Mode) cho cc nt chuyn tip.
Ch la chn: so snh cc c tnh truyn dn ca knh truyn gia nt ngun
nt chuyn tip vi mt ngng cho trc. Ch khi cc c tnh knh truyn t yu
cu (tt hn ngng cho) th mi ng dng truyn thng hp tc vi nt chuyn tip
ny. Cha kha quan trng ca ch la chn chnh l cht lng ca knh truyn
gia nt ngun nt chuyn tip. Tng ng vi ch ny, ta c:
AF ch la chn (SAF),
DF ch la chn (SDF).
Page 12

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Tuy vy, ch la chn ph hp vi m hnh DF hn. Bi v ch la chn ch

ch n cht lng knh truyn gia nt ngun nt chuyn tip. Nhng i vi m
hnh AF, knh truyn gia nt ngun nt chuyn tip v nt chuyn tip nt ch
u quan trng bi v nt chuyn tip ch thc hin qu trnh khuch i ch khng
phi gii m.
Ch chuyn tip gia tng: thng tin phn hi t nt ch s cho bit cht
lng ca ng truyn t nt ngun n nt ch. Nu cht lng ng truyn
khng tt, nt chuyn tip s tham gia vo qu trnh truyn hnh thnh qu trnh
truyn hp tc. Cha kha ca qu trnh ny chnh l cht lng ca knh truyn gia
nt ngun v nt ch. Trong khi , ch la chn ch ch n cht lng knh
truyn gia nt ngun v nt chuyn tip. Nhng trong m hnh DF, li s b tch ly
v s gy nh hng xu n h thng nu knh truyn gia nt ngun v nt chuyn
tip khng c m bo. nhng m hnh c nh v ch la chn, nt chuyn
tip lp li vic chuyn tip bn tin nhn t nt ngun, vic ny c th dn n suy
gim vic s dng DOF (Degree Of Freedom), trong khi ch truyn gia tng,
truyn thng hp tc ch c s dng khi cn thit, tuy nhin i hi phi c knh
truyn ring bit cho qu trnh hi tip thng tin t nt ch. Tng ng vi ch
ny, ta c:
AF ch chuyn tip gia tng (IAF),

DF ch chuyn tip gia tng (IDF).

Tuy vy, ch la chn ph hp vi m hnh AF hn.

Xt v kha cnh tin cy v hiu nng, IAF cho kt qu tt nht. V kha cnh
phc tp ca thut ton, AF l n gin nht v c th t c y li phn tp,
SDF cng c th lm c nh vy nhng n phc tp hn so vi AF.

Page 13

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

1.3.2.4 Hp tc m ha (Coded Cooperative: CC)

M hnh ny s tch hp qu trnh hp tc vo qu trnh m ha knh. Cc phn
khc nhau ca nhng t m ca mi nt c gi i trn nhng knh fading khc nhau.
Mi nt thc hin gii m chnh xc thng tin m n nhn c t nt m n hp tc,
sau thc hin ti m ha ri chuyn tip i. Vi nhng bt thng tin c truyn lp
i lp li trn nhng knh truyn khc nhau th hiu nng ca h thng s c nng
cao. Nu mt nt khng th thc hin gii m c thng tin m n nhn c t nt
khc n s chuyn v ch khng hp tc.
hnh 1.6, thit b di ng s m ha thng tin cn truyn dng m CRC. Trong
sut qu tnh truyn hp tc, cc bit thng tin c m ha s c chia thnh 2
phn cha cc bit thng tin N1 v N2 ( di ca t m nguyn thy l N1+N2 bit) v
s dng 2 khe thi gian truyn i N1 v N2.

Hnh 1.6: K thut CC

khe thi gian truyn th nht, mi thit b di ng s truyn i cc bt
N1 ca ring chng v c gng thc hin vic gii m c bt thng tin
c truyn i bi i tc ca chng.

Page 14

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

Nu qu trnh gii m trn thnh cng (c kim tra bi CRC), thit b

di ng s truyn i cc bit thng tin N2 ca i tc khe thi gian
truyn th 2. Nu thit b di ng khng th gii m chnh cc thng tin
t i tc n s truyn i cc bit thng tin N2 ca ring n, ngha l
truyn ch khng hp tc.
Ni chung, bng cch ny mi thit b di ng lun truyn i bn tin gm N1 + N2
bit 2 khe thi gian truyn. Cui cng, pha thu s tin hnh gii m khi thng tin
m n nhn c. Ngoi cc m hnh chuyn tip ph bin k trn cn c cc k thut
chuyn tip khc:
Nn v chuyn tip (Compress-and-Forward: CF): nt chuyn tip s thc hiu
nn tn hiu nhn c t nt ngun v chuyn tip v pha nt ch. M Wyner-Ziv
thng c dng ti u ha vic qu trnh nn (Wyner-Ziv l mt dng m ha
ngun phn tn distributed source coding).
Hp tc m ha khng gian thi gian (space-time coded Cooperative: STTC):
im khc bit c bn gia STTC v CC l STTC cho php cc thit b u cui ng
thi truyn d liu trn nhng knh a truy cp ca ring n v ca i tc.Trong khi
i vi k thut CC, thit b u cui ch c th truyn d liu trn knh truyn ca
ring n.
Hp tc m ha mng (Network-Coded Cooperative: NCC): kt hp m ha
mng (Network Coding) vo k thut CC. M ha mng l cng ngh multicast,
tng ct li ca m ha mng l mt nt trung gian s khng cn thc hin chc nng
lu tr v chuyn tip (store-and-forward), m thc hin m ha v chuyn tip thng
tin m n nhn c, iu ny s lm tng dung lng v tin cy cho ton mng.
Trc y, khi nim ny thng c dng trong mng hu tuyn. Nhng tnh cht
qung b ca knh truyn v tuyn rt thch hp cho vic ng dng m ha mng trong

Page 15

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

mng v tuyn, v s tng tc v thng tin gia cc nt v tuyn c th t c

thng tin qua m ha mng. V vy, vic kt hp truyn thng hp tc vi m ha
mng s c ci thin hiu qu v hiu nng ca h thng truyn thng v tuyn.
1.4 u nhc im ca truyn thng hp tc
1.4.1 u im
t c li phn tp kt hp: truyn thng hp tc khai thc phn tp khng
gian v thi gian trong mng v tuyn nng cao hiu sut ca h thng. Li ch ca
phn tp kt hp c th c lit k nh sau:
Gim thiu cng sut truyn cn thit.
Nng cao thng lng
Nng cao tin cy ca truyn dn, nng cao vng ph sng ca mng [5].
Cn bng cht lng dch v QoS: i vi nhng h thng truyn thng, nhng
ngi dng ti ra vng ph sng ca mng hoc nhng ngi dng thuc vng chu
nh hng ca hin tng shadowing s phi chu gii hn dung lng. Tuy nhin,
truyn thng hp tc c th vt qua c s khc bit v QoS v cung cp QoS ng
u cho nhiu ngi dng.
Tit kim c s h tng xy dng mng: truyn thng hp tc c th lm n
gin ha vic trin khai mt h thng khi khng c c s h tng cn thit. Chng
hn nh, ti mt vng b thin tai, truyn thng hp tc c th c s dng cho vic
lin lc khi m h thng thng tin di ng t bo hay cc h thng lin lc khc khng
th hot ng c na.
Gim thiu chi ph: truyn thng hp tc c th l gii php gim thiu chi ph
xy dng, cung cp cc dch v mng trong nhiu trng hp. V d, trong mng thng

Page 16

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

tin di ng t bo, ngi ta ch ra rng chi ph cung cp 1 mc QoS cho tt c

ngi dng s c gim thiu nu c s dng truyn thng hp tc.
1.4.2 Nhc im
S dng truyn thng hp tc s tiu tn nhiu ti nguyn v tuyn hn so vi
truyn trc tip. C th , ti nguyn v tuyn y l khe thi gian, bng tn, m tri
hay m khng gian thi gian. Cc ti nguyn ny cn c ch nh cho cc lu lng
chuyn tip. Nu khng c s phn b nng lng hp l th ng truyn chuyn
tip hp tc s gy ra nhiu, lm gim hiu sut ca h thng.
Mt h thng truyn thng hp tc i hi cc yu cu cao hn v iu khin
truy nhp, ng b, lp lch, cc bin php bo mt so vi cc h thng truyn thng
truyn thng. Ngoi ra cn phi xem xt n vn truyn thng hp tc c th gy
xuyn nhiu n ng truyn trc tip.
Truyn thng hp tc thng bao gm bc tip nhn v x l gi tin ti nt
chuyn tip trc khi n c truyn i tip. Khi xt ti nhng dch v nhy vi tr
nh thoi, nhng dch v truyn thng a phng tin ph bin hin nay th tr ti cc
bc x l nt chuyn tip r rng khng c li.
Vic lp lch phc tp: trong h thng truyn thng hp tc, khng ch c lu
lng t nt ngun m c lu lng t nt chuyn tip cng cn phi c lp lch. V
th, vic lp lch s tr nn phc tp hn v s cng phc tp hn nu nh c nhiu
ngi dng v nhiu nt chuyn tip tham gia trong mng.

Page 17

Chng 1: Tng quan v truyn thng hp tc

1.5 Kt lun chng

chng ny chng ta c mt ci nhn tng qut v khi nim truyn thng
hp tc, cc thnh phn ca mt h thng truyn thng hp tc. Quan trng nht chnh
l thnh phn nt chuyn tip relay cng nh cc vn lin quan n nt ny nh cc
giao thc, k thut hot ng ca n. Mt s u nhc im ca truyn thng hp
tc cng c nu ra mt cch tm tt. Truyn thng hp tc tht s l mt bc tin
mi, l mt cng ngh ha hn trong tng lai khng xa trong lnh vc truyn thng v
tuyn ni ring cng nh trong lnh vc truyn dn ni chung. Cng vi cc cng ngh
mi nh v tuyn thng minh, truyn thng hp tc s l c s tt cc nh sn
xut la chn phng thc truyn thng cho cng ngh 5G trong tng lai.

Page 18

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

Chng 2 TNG QUAN V K THUT PHN TP KT HP

2.1 Gii thiu chng

chng ny, ta s tm hiu mt cch tng qut v k thut phn tp kt hp, s
phn loi ca n cng nh mt s v d v s ng dng ca k thut ny trong h
thng truyn thng hp tc.
2.2 K thut phn tp kt hp
Nhng nh thit k h thng truyn thng v tuyn lun phi i mt vi vn
knh truyn fading, vn khin bin v pha ca tn hiu lun thay i bt thng
theo thi gian. V th, cc nh thit l i ph vi vn ny bng cch s dng cc
k thut phn tp. K thut phn tp l k thut s dng ngun ti nguyn thng tin
(tn s, khe thi gian) nhiu hn mc ti thiu cn thit cho vic thu v pht tn hiu
m bo cht lng ca h thng thng tin. C nhiu dng phn tp, in hnh l:
Phn tp khng gian: tn hiu c truyn trn nhiu ng khc nhau. Trong
truyn dn hu tuyn, ngi ta truyn trn nhiu si cp. Trong truyn dn v tuyn
ngi ta hay s dng phn tp anten. Chng hn nh phn tp pht (transmit diversity)
/ phn tp thu (receive diversity) l phn tp trn nhiu anten pht / anten thu. Nu cc
anten t gn nhau khong vi bc sng th gi l phn tp gn (microdiversity).
Nu cc anten t cch xa nhau th gi l phn tp xa (macrodiversity).
Phn tp thi gian: tn hiu c truyn i nhng thi im khc nhau.
Phn tp phn cc: tn hiu c truyn i bng cch dng nhng sng phn
cc khc nhau.
Phn tp tn s: tn hiu c truyn i trn nhiu tn s khc nhau, hoc trn
mt ph tn rng b tc ng ca fading la chn tn s.

Page 19

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

K thut phn tp kt hp (Diversity Combining): l k thut ng dng kt hp

nhiu tn hiu nhn c pha thu s dng phn tp thu c c mt tn hiu cht
lng tt hn. Phn tp kt hp l mt cng c tuyt vi c th c ng dng trong
h thng truyn thng v tuyn lm gim bt nh hng ca fading, ch ra phng
thc m tn hiu t cc nhnh phn tp c kt hp. Phn tp kt hp i hi mt s
lng cc phin bn ca cng mt tn hiu truyn n t pha thu. Tt c u mang ni
dung nh nhau nhng tri qua nhng knh fading c lp nhau. Phn tp kt hp c
nhng c im chnh sau y:
Nhn nhng phin bn ca cng mt tn hiu mang thng tin, nhng phin bn
ny i trn t nht l 2 knh fading c lp vi nhau.
Kt hp nhng phin bn vi nhau theo mt s phng php nht nh
nng cao t s SNR nhn tng qut v gim t s BER pha thu.
Khi nh gi hiu nng ca mt h thng phn tp kt hp, ngi ta thng quan
tm n cc thng s nh sau:
SNR trung bnh sau khi qua qu trnh phn tp kt hp.
BER trung bnh hay SER (t s Symbol li) trung bnh.
Xc sut dng.
Thi gian xy ra gin on lin lc trung bnh.
2.3 Phn loi cc k thut phn tp kt hp
Phn tp kt hp c th c chia thnh cc k thut phn tp khc nhau nh sau:
2.3.1 K thut kt hp la chn (Selection Combining: SC)
Trong N tn hiu thu c t cc nhnh, tn hiu c cht lng tt nht (c t s
SNR tc thi cao nht) s c la chn. K thut ny d thc hin nhng khng ti
Page 20

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

u v n khng s dng ht tt c cc tn hiu thu c t cc nhnh. Thm vo , k

thut ny i hi vic phi thng xuyn theo di cht lng trn tt c cc nhnh thu.
Trong thc t, rt kh o t trc tip c SNR, thng th cng sut tng cng
cao nht (c tn hiu v nhiu) s c dng lm thc o [9].

Hnh 2.1: k thut SC

2.3.2 K thut kt hp chuyn tip (Switched Combining)
K thut ny cn c gi l k thut phn tp qut (scanning diversity). Cc tn
hiu thu c t cc nhnh thu s c qut theo th t cho ti khi tm c 1 tn hiu
c cht lng vt qua 1 ngng cho trc. Tn hiu ny s tr thnh tn hiu c
chn. Cho ti khi cht lng ca n gim di ngng th tin trnh qut tm tn
hiu c cht lng vt ngng li c khi ng. K thut kt hp la chn chuyn
tip l k thut phn tp kh n gin v c th c phn loi thnh 2 dng:
K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi (Switch-and-Stay Combining: SSC): khi
cht lng ca nhnh thu hin ti gim xung di 1 ngng cht lng c nh
trc, h thng s chuyn sang mt nhnh thu khc v gi nhnh thu (bt chp
cht lng ca nhnh thu va chuyn sang c t trn mc ngng quy nh hay
khng) cho n thi im chuyn tip tip theo.

Page 21

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

K thut kt hp chuyn tip v kim tra (Switch-and-Examine Combing: SEC):

s khc bit ca SEC so vi SSC l nu nhnh thu va chuyn sang c cht lng thp
hn ngng th n s ngay lp tc chuyn sang nhnh thu khc (hoc tr li nhnh thu
ban u, nu h thng ch c 2 nhnh thu). V c th h thng s thc hin chuyn tip
nhanh lin tc cho n khi tm c nhnh thu t cht lng trn mc ngng. Trong
k thut SEC, b thu c gng s dng nhnh thu c cht lng (chp nhn c) bng
cch kim tra cng nhiu nhnh cng tt.
2.3.3 K thut kt hp t s ti a (Maximal Ratio Combining: MRC)
Cc tn hiu nhn c t cc nhnh c nh gi v gn trng s t l da theo t
s SNR ring r ca chng v sau c cng li (cc tn hiu ny phi c lm cho
ng pha trc hi thc hin qu trnh cng). K thut ny to ra tn hiu cso t s SNR
trung bnh l tng ca cc SNR ring r ca tn hiu thu t cc nhnh khc nhau. Nh
vy, ta c th t c t s SNR chp nhn c ngay c khi khng c tn hiu t
nhnh no c SNR t tiu chun. y l phng php kh ti u nhng i hi phi
bit cc thng s ca cc knh truyn (CSI ca knh truyn).

Hnh 2.2: k thut MRC

Page 22

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

2.3.4 K thut kt hp li cn bng (Equal-gain Combining: EGC)

Tng t nh k thut MRC, ngoi tr vic cc trng s t l c t bng nhau
i vi tt c cc tn hiu t cc nhnh thu khc nhau. Hiu qu ca k thut ny c th
thy l khng cao nhu i vi k thut MRC. C k thut EGC v MRC u l nhng
k thut kt hp tuyn tnh, cc tn hiu t cc nhnh s c gn trng s t l v cng
li theo cng thc:
=
i vi k thut EGC th cc trng s u bng nhau, v bng vi:

, vi

l pha ca tn hiu nhn c. Vi k thut MRC th cc trng s s t l vi SNR

thu c ti mi nhnh. Nu cng sut nhiu l bng nhau th vic xc nh trng s s
da theo cng thc:

, vi

ln lt l bin v pha ca tn hiu

thu c. Do vy, MRC i hi s c lng fading trong knh truyn v pha ca tn

hiu. V y l phng php ti u do c th thu c tn hiu c t s SNR ti a.
2.3.5 Mt s dng k thut phn tp kt hp lai ghp khc
K thut kt hp la chn tng qut (Generalized Selection Combining: GSC).
K thut kt hp chuyn tip v kim tra tng qut (Generalized Switch-andExamine Combining: GSEC).
2.4 Cc k thut phn tp kt hp thng s dng trong h thng truyn thng
hp tc
Mt im li ln ca truyn thng hp tc l s dng h thng cc anten phn
tn, nhng anten ny thuc v nhng u cui chuyn tip c lp vi nhau. iu ny
cho php vic nghin cu v thit k h thng truyn thng hp tc theo mt kha cnh
mi, khi m cc ng lin kt u cui n u cui gia nt ngun v nt ch ng
vai tr l nhng nhnh ca h thng phn tp thu o v phn tn. V nh vy, cc
phng php kt hp thng dng c s dng trong phn tp thu truyn thng c th
Page 23

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

c trin khai bng mt cch thc phn tn. Dn n nhng giao thc chuyn tip
mi l v ni chung l mt cch thc mi tn dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn.
2.4.1 K thut kt hp t s ti a phn b (Distributed Maximal Ratio Coombining:
DMRC)
MRC l k thut kt hp t hiu nng tt nht do n s dng tt c cc nhnh thu
cho php, kt hp da vo SNR tc thi ca chng. MRC s dng phng thc kt
hp cc tn hiu t nhiu nt chuyn tip mt cch tt nht. kha cnh hiu nng
l gn trng s cho chng da vo t s SNR u cui n u cui tng ng. K
thut MRC ng dng trong truyn thng hp tc c gi l MRC phn tn
(Distributed MRC), v n l mt chun mc khi nh gi hiu nng ca cc k thut
phn tp kt hp khc [5].
Ta xem xt mt v d n gin v ng dng ca k thut MRC i vi h thng
truyn thng hp tc. Xt mt h thng gm nt ngun S, nt ch D v nt chuyn
tip R s dng k thut DF. khe thi gian truyn th nht, tn hiu nhn c nt
ch v nt chuyn tip (t nt ngun) c th hin nh sau:
=

(2.1a)

(2.1b)

Gi s rng nt chuyn tip gii m hon ho tn hiu m n nhn c. Sau ti

m ha v chuyn tip tn hiu v pha nt ch khe thi gian truyn th 2. Khi ,
tn hiu m nt ch nhn c t nt chuyn tip th hin nh sau:
=

(2.2)

Trong :

l bn tin pht,
Page 24

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

l cng sut pht ca nt ngun v nt chuyn tip,

, , ,

tng ng l h s knh truyn gia nt ngun v nt ch, nt

ngun v nt chuyn tip, nt chuyn tip v nt ch.

tng ng l nhiu trn cc knh truyn gia nt ngun v nt

ch, nt ngun v nt chuyn tip, nt chuyn tip v nt ch.

Pha nt ch s kt hp c tn hiu nhn c t nt ngun v nt chuyn tip, s
dng k thut MRC. Ng ra ca b kt hp s l:
=

(2.3)

2.4.2 K thut kt hp la chn phn b (Distributed SelectionCombining: DSC)

DSC c bn l k thut SC c ng dng vo h thng truyn thng hp tc. Ta
xem xt mt h thng truyn hp tc gm 1 nt D, 1 nt ngun S v N nt chuyn tip
s dng k thut DF, h tr cho vic truyn dn t nt ch n nt ngun. im mu
cht ca k thut DSC l xc nh ra c nt chuyn tip tt nht mi khe thi gian
truyn lm nhnh thu trong khe thi gian .
Nu ta gi

, vi i =1,,N tng ng l t s SNR tc thi ca cc ng truyn i

qua N nt chuyn tip. Khi t s SNR tc thi ca h thng DSC s c xc nh

bng cng thc:
= max { 1 ,
Nu ta gi

,1

,2

2, ,

(2.4)

tng ng l t s SNR tc thi ca ng truyn gia nt

ngun - nt chuyn tip th i v ng truyn gia nt chuyn tip th i - nt ch.

Theo [1], ta c t s SNR tng ng ca mt knh truyn chuyn tip.
= min {

1,

2,

(2.5)
Page 25

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

i vi knh truyn chu nh hng ca fading Rayleigh phng, cc t s SNR tc

thi ca cc knh truyn l cc bin ngu nhin c phn b m vi hm pdf v cdf
c xc nh nh sau:
1

V do vy,

( ) = exp ( )

(2.6a)

( ) = 1 exp ( )

(2.6b)

cng l nhng bin ngu nhin c phn b m vi hm pdf v cdf d

dng tm c nh sau:
( )=

exp ( )

(2.7a)

( ) = 1 exp ( )

(2.7b)
Trong :
=

1,

. 2,

(2.8)

1, + 2,

c xc nh nh sau:

Theo [1], pdf v cdf ca

( ) = Pr { 1 <

(1)

( )=

< ,,

< }

(1 exp ( / ))

,,

Page 26

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

c mt s nghin cu v ng dng ca k thut DSC trong cc h thng truyn

thng hp tc, [1], mt nh gi v hiu nng ca k thut DSC, nhng thng s hiu
nng ca h thng nh t s li bit, hiu sut s dng ph cng c xem xt. Hay
[7], s so snh v hiu nng ca 2 k thut DSC ring bit c cp, l k
thut DSC da trn nn tng so snh t s li bit RER v k thut DSC da trn nn
tng so snh t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc nghin cu khc v
k thut DSC thng quan tm n k thut DSC da vo s snh t s SNR hn.
chng sau, mt h thng kt hp gia k thut DSSC v h thng SR s c xem xt
n.
2.4.3 K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi (Distributed Switch-and-Stay Combining:
DSSC)
K thut ny s c xem xt vo chng sau cho mt s trng hp c th.
2.5 Nhn xt s lc v cc k thut phn tp kt hp ng dng trong truyn
thng hp tc
V hiu nng: k thut DMRC cho hiu nng ti u nht trong s cc k thut
phn tp v thng c ly lm tiu chun so snh cho cc k thut khc.
V phc tp: hai k thut DMRC v DSC i hi vic pha thu phi gim st
cht lng knh truyn trn tt c cc nhnh thu, dn n cc k thut ny tng i
phc tp khi trin khai.

Page 27

Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut phn tp kt hp

2.6 Kt lun chng

chng ny, khi nim v k thut phn tp kt hp c cp. Phn tp kt
hp l mt cng c tuyt vi c th c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn thng v
tuyn lm gim bt nh hng ca fading, ch ra phng thc m tn hiu t cc
nhnh phn tp c kt hp. Cc phn loi ca k thut phn tp kt hp nh k thut
kt hp la chn, k thut kt hp t s ti a, k thut kt hp chuyn tipcng
c cp n. Ngoi ra, mt s v d ca cc k thut trn khi s dng trong h
thng truyn thng hp tc cng c nu ra. chng tip theo, k thut kt hp
chuyn tip v gi v cc ng dng ca n trong mt s h thng truyn thng hp tc
s c xem xt k lng hn.

Page 28

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Chng 3: K THUT KT HP CHUYN TIP V GI

TRONG H THNG TRUYN THNG HP TC

3.1 Gii thiu chng

chng ny, m hnh c bn ca k thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi s c xem
xt cng vi mt s ng dng ca k thut ny trong cc h thng truyn thng hp tc
(h thng la chn chuyn tip (Selection Relaying) v h thng la chn chuyn tip
theo chng (Partial Relay Selection)). Cc nh gi v hiu nng ca h thng s dng
k thut ny s c dn ra.
3.2 K thut kt hp chuyn tip (Switched Combining)
K thut SC v MRC ( cp chng 2) i hi vic phi gim st thng xuyn
SNR ca cc nhnh thu, yu cu k thut phc tp. C mt dng k thut kt hp n
gin hn, l k thut kt hp chuyn tip (Switch Combining) (hay cn gi l k
thut kt hp s dng ngng-Threshold Combining) , k thut ny trnh c nhc
im k trn ca k thut SC. K thut kt hp chuyn tip s thc hin qut trn cc
nhnh thu theo th t v chn thu t nhnh c SNR vt mt mc ngng T cho trc.
Mt khi chn c nhnh thu, h thng s s dng nhnh thu cho n khi SNR
ca nhnh gim xung di mc ngng T, khi h thng s chuyn sang nhnh thu
khc. Tuy vy, c nhiu tiu chun h thng la chn chuyn sang nhnh thu
no. Cch n gin nht l chuyn ngu nhin sang mt nhnh bt k no . Nu ch
c hai nhnh thu phn tp th iu ny tng ng vi vic h thng s chuyn sang
nhnh thu cn li khi SNR ca nhnh thu ang c s dng thp hn T. Phng php
ny cn gi l k thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi (Switch and Stay Combining: SSC)
[10].

Page 29

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Phn loi k thut kt hp chuyn tip:

K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi (Switch and Stay Combining):
khi cht lng ca nhnh thu hin ti (SNR) gim xung di mt mc cht lng
c nh trc, h thng s chuyn sang mt nhnh thu mi v gi nhnh thu
(bt chp vic cht lng ca nhnh thu chuyn sang c t trn mc ngng quy nh
khng) cho n thi im chuyn tip tip theo.
K thut kt hp chuyn tip v kim tra (Switch and Examine Combining
(SEC)):
S khc bit ca SEC so vi SSC l nu nhnh thu va chuyn sang c cht lng
thp hn ngng th ngay lp tc chuyn sang nhanh thu khc (hoc tr li nhnh thu
ban u, nu h thng ch c hai nhnh thu), v c th h thng s chuyn tip nhanh
lin tc cho n khi tm c nhnh thu t cht lng trn mc ngng.
3.3 K thut SSC trong h thng truyn thng hp tc
Do tnh cht phn b (distributed) ca h thng truyn thng hp tc nn k thut
SSC trong truyn thng hp tc c gi l k thut chuyn tip v gi phn b
(distributed Switch-and-stay combining (DSSC). Ni chung, tng chnh ng sau
vic ng dng k thut chuyn tip trong DSSC l chuyn t mt nhnh thu end-to-end
n mt nhnh khc nu nhnh ang c s dng hin ti c SNR gim xung thp
hn ngng cho php. Tuy v tnh ti u th DSSC khng bng k thut DSC, nhng
phc tp ca n gim i nhiu, nguyn nhn l ti mt thi im ch cn kim tra
SNR ca mt nhnh thu end-to-end, cng l nhnh ang c thu hin ti (trong khi
, h thng s dng DSC ti mt thi im phi tin hnh kim tra SNR ca nhiu
nhnh thu c th xc nh nhnh thu c cht lng tt nht). K thut SSC thng
c s dng kt hp vi cc k thut phn tp kt hp khc pha thu nh k thut
SC hay MRC. c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v k thut SSC trong h thng
Page 30

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

truyn thng hp tc, v d nh, [11], mt h thng truyn thng hp tc vi mt nt

chuyn tip ng dng k thut DSSC c xem xt, v [12], mt h thng vi
DSSC 2 nt chuyn tip cng c tho lun cng vi s kt hp k thut MRC
pha thu.
3.4 M hnh c bn v nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut DSSC
M hnh n gin nht ca k thut DSSC bao gm 1 nt ngun, 1 nt ch v 1 nt
chuyn tip s dng k thut hot ng AF hoc DF. M hnh h thng nh vy gi l
DSSC-mt nt chuyn tip. Mt m hnh nh th c trnh by trong [11].
Xem xt mt nt ngun S truyn dn n 1 nt ch gi l D, vi s tr gip ca mt
nt chuyn tip n nht, c gi l nt R. Vi m hnh nh vy, nt ch c th nhn
tn hiu t ng truyn trc tip (t nt ngun S) hoc gin tip thng qua ng
truyn o S R D. Hai ng truyn k trn c th gi l nhnh trc tip v nhnh
chuyn tip, k hiu l nhnh D v nhnh R, vi t s SNR tc thi tng ng ca
chng c k hiu l D v R.
3.4.1. iu kin xy ra qu trnh chuyn nhnh thu
im khc bit gia h thng DSSC v h thng truyn thng hp tc thng thng
s dng mt nt chuyn tip l vic xc nh nhnh thu hot ng (active branch)
tng khe thi gian truyn bng vic so snh t s SNR thu tc thi ca h thng vi
ngng chuyn nhnh T . C th l, mt khe thi gian truyn no , t s SNR tc
thi ca nhnh ang c thu (gi s l nhnh truyn trc tip D) s c em so
snh vi mc ngng chuyn nhnh T. C hai trng hp c th xy ra:

Page 31

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Hnh 3.1: S minh ha k thut DSSC 1 nt chuyn tip vi nt ngun S, nt

chuyn tip R v nt ch D.
D T: cht lng tn hiu ca nhnh thu hin ti gim di mc cho php,
qu trnh chuyn nhnh thu s xy ra, nhnh thu hin ti chuyn v nhnh chuyn tip
R, khng quan tm n vic cht lng ca nhnh ny c bo m khng? Mt tn hiu
hi tip t nt ch s bo v cho nt ngun v nt chuyn tip bit v qu trnh ny.
D > T: cht lng tn hiu ca nhnh thu hin ti vn m bo ln hn mc
ngng, qu trnh chuyn nhnh khng xy ra, nhnh D vn l nhnh thu ca h thng.
3.4.2. Xc sut c la chn ca mi nhnh thu

Hnh 3.2 : M hnh Markov 2 trng thi D v R

Page 32

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

mi khe thi gian truyn, s c xc sut mt nhnh nht nh c pha thu la

chn thu tn hiu. suy ra c hai xc sut la chn trong trng hp s dng 1
nt chuyn tip, ta p dng hnh chui Markov n vi hai trng thi D v R (tng ng
vi s kin nhnh D v nhnh R c chn lm nhnh thu). Vi cc xc sut chuyn
trng thi:
T D sang R: khi c s chuyn trng thi t D sang R, ngha l gi tr SNR tc
thi trn ng D gim di mc ngng T, v vy xc sut chuyn trng thi t D
sang R l xc sut m gi tr SNR tc thi trn ng D gim di mc ngng T,
ngha l F (T ) .
D

T R sang D: tng t nh vy, xc sut chuyn trng thi t R sang D l F (T ) .

R

V vy:
Xc sut ca trng thi D, xc sut ca ng D c chn lm nhnh thu l:
pD Pr {B=D}=

F R (T )

(3.1)

F D (T ) F R (T )

Xc sut ca trng thi R, hay xc sut ca ng R c chn lm nhnh thu l:

pR Pr {B=R}=

F D (T )
F D (T ) F R (T )

(3.2)

Ngoi ra, ta c th da vo cc biu thc sau suy ra c xc sut ca mi nhnh:

pD pD Pr ( D T ) pR Pr ( R T )
pR pR Pr ( R T ) pD Pr ( D T )

Page 33

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Thm vo :
pD pR 1

3.4.3. Hiu nng ca h thng s dng k thut DSSC

3.4.3.1 Xc sut li bit
Khi h thng ang thu t ng D (xc sut ca s kin ny l pD ). C hai s
kin c th xy ra tng khe thi gian truyn:
-SNR tc thi ca ng D gim di mc ngng T (xc sut s kin ny l
Pr ( D T ) ), khi s xy ra qu trnh chuyn nhnh thu sang ng R, xc sut li khi

l xc sut li xy ra trn ng R, hay Pr { |B=R} .

-SNR tc thi ca ng D vn ln hn mc ngng T (xc sut s kin ny l
Pr ( D T ) ), xc sut li khi l xc sut li xy ra trn ng D, hay
Pr { |B=D, D >T} .

Khi h thng ang thu t ng R (xc sut ca s kin ny l pR ). C hai s

kin c th xy ra tng khe thi gian truyn:
-SNR tc thi ca ng R gim di mc ngng T (xc sut s kin ny l
Pr ( R T ) ), khi s xy ra qu trnh chuyn nhnh thu sang ng R, xc sut li khi

l xc sut li xy ra trn ng D, hay Pr { |B=D} .

-SNR tc thi ca ng R vn ln hn mc ngng T (xc sut s kin ny l
Pr ( R T ) ), xc sut li khi l xc sut li xy ra trn ng R, hay
Pr { |B=R, R >T} .

Page 34

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Li ca h thng bng tng s li ca hai trng hp nhnh thu hin ti l D v

R.
p dng lut tng xc sut, ta suy ra c cng thc sau:
Pr { }=pD [Pr ( D T ) Pr { |B=D, D >T} Pr ( D T ) Pr { |B=R}]

(3.3)

pR [Pr ( R T ) Pr { |B=R, R >T} Pr ( R T ) Pr { |B=D}]

3.4.3.2 Xc sut dng

Xc sut dng (Outage Probability) l xc sut m cht lng tn hiu trn knh
truyn gim di mt mc ngng cht lng quy nh, c th l khi SNR ca tn
hiu gim di mc SNR cho php hay khi t s bit li BER vt qu t s BER cho
php ca h thng.
Cng tng t nh xc sut li bit, da vo nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut
DSSC, ta c c xc sut dng cho h thng DSSC mt nt chuyn tip nh sau:
Pr {O}=pD [Pr ( D T ) Pr {O|B=D, D >T} Pr ( D T ) Pr {O|B=R}]
pR [Pr ( R T ) Pr {O|B=R, R >T} Pr ( R T ) Pr {O|B=D}] .

(3.4)

3.4.3.3 Hiu sut s dng ph

Hiu sut s dng ph tn (hay cn gi hiu sut s dng bng thng), l t s gia
tc s liu vi rng bng tn v c o bng bit/s/Hertz.
Nu ng D c h thng chn lm nhnh thu (xc sut ca s kin ny l pD
), khi dng ph l r.
Nu ng R c h thng chn lm nhnh thu (xc sut ca s kin ny l p R
), khi hiu sut s dng ph ca h thng l ch r/2, do nt chuyn tip ch c th

Page 35

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

hot ng ch bn song cng, vic truyn tn hiu qua ng chuyn tip phi qua
n hai khe thi gian truyn (gp i so vi ng truyn trc tip D) nn tc
truyn d liu trung bnh trn ng truyn chuyn tip R gim 1/2 nu so vi ng
truyn D. V vy hiu sut s dng ph ca n l r/2.
Suy ra, hiu sut s dng ph trung bnh ca h thng l R p D r p R r / 2 . R
rng, s dng k thut DSSC nh s c mt ca ng truyn trc tip, s cho hiu
sut s dng ph cao hn so vi cc k thut ch n thun s dng ng truyn
chuyn tip m b qua ng truyn trc tip.
3.5 ng dng k thut DSSC vo h thng la chn chuyn tip
Phn ny s cp n hiu nng ca k thut DSSC cho h thng mng la chon
chuyn tip (Selection relaying network-SR). Vi s ng dng ca k thut DSSC, h
thng ny cn c vit tt l SSCSR (Switch-and-Stay Combining for Selection
Relaying Network).
Ta xem xt h thng trong trng hp n c trin khai qua knh truyn c s
hin din ca fading phng v chm c m hnh ha bi phn b Rayleigh. Mt biu
thc y cho xc sut li bit BEP v xc sut dng ca s nu trn vi s nt
chuyn tip ty cng c a ra. Ngoi ra, mt h thng kt hp k thut truyn gia
tng v mng la chn chuyn tip (gi tt l IRSR) cng c cp so snh vi
h thng SSCSR. Cc kt qu tnh ton th hin bng cc m phng cng ch ra rng
s trn cho BEP thp nht cc t s SNR ln khi so snh vi h thng SR [1] v
vi gi s cho rng khng c k thut phn tp kt hp no khc DSSC cho h thng
SR.

Page 36

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

3.5.1 Hiu nng ca h thng Selection relaying network-SR (mng la chon

chuyn tip)
H thng la chn chuyn tip[1] l h thng bao gm mt nt ngun S, mt nt
ch D v K nt chuyn tip R (relay). y l h thng ch s dng cc nt chuyn tip
chuyn tip thng tin, khng s dng ng truyn trc tip. Mi thit b u cui
c trang b mt anten duy nht v hot ng ch bn song cng. Vic truyn tin
t nt ngun n nt ch c thc hin qua 2 khe thi gian. Trong khe thi gian th
nht tn hiu c truyn t nt ngun n cc nt chuyn tip. H thng s la chn
nt chuyn tip tt nht. V khe thi gian th hai, nt chuyn tip tt nht c chn
ny s chuyn tip tn hiu thu c nt ngun n nt ch.
Xc sut li bit ca h thng SR:

(1)(

1
,,

= (1 2 )

Vi:

j
k

(1)[k.2

j 1

/ M]

j 1

k.2 j 1 / M 1/ 2

1+

= (2 + 1) . 3

M log 2 M

[ /(2

2)]

3.5.2 M hnh h thng

Xem xt mt mng v tuyn bao gm:
-Mt nt ngun S.
-Mt nt ch D.
-N nt chuyn tip Ri vi i = 1,2,3N hot ng theo giao thc DF.

Page 37

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

H thng c trin khai qua knh truyn chu nh hng ca fading Rayleigh. Mi
nt c trang b mt anten v hot ng ch bn song cng. Tt c cc ng
truyn dn c cho l trc giao c v mt thi gian ln tn s. thun tin trong
vic m t giao thc, ta cho rng mt giao thc phn chia v thi gian (time divition
protocol) c s dng.
Gi hSD, hSRi, hRiD tng ng l h s knh truyn gia nt ngun-nt ch, nt
ngun-nt chuyn tip th i, v nt chuyn tip th i-nt ch. Do nh hng ca
fading Rayleigh, cng sut knh truyn, th hin bi a0 =| hSD | , a1,i =| hSRi | , a2,i =
| hRiD | l nhng bin ngu nhin c lp, c phn b m vi k vng ln lt l 0 ,
1,i , 2,i. Cng sut pht trung bnh ca nt ngun v cc nt chuyn tip c biu
th bi Ps, khi , t s SNR tc thi cho cc ng truyn c th hin nh sau:
-ng truyn S D: 0 PS 0 .
-ng truyn S Ri:

1,i PS 1,i

-ng truyn Ri D:

2,i PS 2,i

.
.

Khc vi mng la chn chuyn tip c gii thiu [1], vn ch s dng cc

ng truyn chuyn tip, b qua kt ni trc tip gia nt ngun-nt ch, m hnh
mng SSCSR xem xt n kt ni trc tip gia nt ngun-nt ch bng cch s
dng k thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi. pha nt ch, mng SSCSR c xem
nh l h thng phn tp hai nhnh chuyn tip, vi hai nhnh ng vo l ng kt
ni trc tip D v ng kt ni chuyn tip R vi cc t s SNR tc thi tng ng l
D v R. C th l, tn hiu t nt ngun n nt ch thng qua ng truyn trc
tip t nt ngun v ng truyn gin tip thng qua nt chuyn tip tt nht . Bt
c lc no ng truyn chuyn tip c kt ni n nt ch, qu trnh truyn c
chia lm thnh hai khe thi gian truyn con, ngha l nt chuyn tip tt nht s gii
Page 38

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

m, gii iu ch tn hiu nhn c t nt ngun khe thi gian truyn con th nht,
sau chuyn tip tn hiu c ti m ha v iu ch v n nt ch khe thi
gian truyn con th hai.
Trong mi khe thi gian truyn, ch c mt nhnh c chn kch hot lm
nhnh thu. xc nh nhnh mt khe thi gian truyn nht nh th n, pha nt
ch s so snh SNR ca nhnh c kch hot khe thi gian truyn lin trc l n
-1 (c th bng vi D hoc R, ty vo nhnh c kch hot khe thi gian truyn
th n 1) vi mt mc ngng T c cho trc. Qu trnh chuyn nhnh s xy ra
khi SNR ca nhnh c kch hot gim di mc ngng T, v khi qu trnh s
din ra bt chp vic SNR ca nhnh c thay th c p ng c mc ngng T
hay khng. Qu trnh chuyn nhnh tr nn c hiu lc trong sut khe thi gian truyn
nh vo mt tn hiu hi tip cng c gi t nt ch n nt ngun v tt c cc
nt chuyn tip. Thm vo , fading c cho l chm ng bao fading ca
mi tn hiu coi nh l hng s khng i trong sut hai khe thi gian truyn lin tip.

Hnh 3.3: M hnh h thng SR

Page 39

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Hnh 3.4: M hnh h thng SR s dng k thut DSSC.

3.5.3 nh gi hiu nng
phn ny, ta nh gi hiu nng ca h thng SR s dng k thut DSSC, c s
so snh vi h thng SR s dng k thut truyn gia tng, cng nh h thng SR thun
ty khng s dng thm cc k thut khc.
Ta gi B th hin nhnh thu ang kch hot (nhnh ang c pha nt ch thu)
mt khe thi gian truyn no . V d, nt ch ang thu tn hiu t ng truyn
chuyn tip, ngha l ta c B = R. Nh c qu trnh la chn chuyn tip, mi khe
thi gian truyn, mt nt chuyn tip c xc nh l nt chuyn tip tt nht, c t s
SNR tc thi cao nht c la chn chuyn tip thng tin t nt ngun v ti nt
ch (nu khe thi gian truyn , ng truyn chuyn tip ang c la chn lm
nhnh thu). Bi v iu ch khng m ha c s dng, nt chuyn tip trang b k
thut DF khng th pht hin bt c li no, v v vy, c kh nng n s chuyn tip
cc tn hiu gii m khng chnh xc v pha nt ch. Do , tng t vi [1], t
s SNR tc thi hai chng ca nt chuyn tip tt nht pha nt ch c th c xc
nh xp x trong vng t s SNR cao nh sau:

Page 40

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

(3.5)

R max i
i 1,2.. N

trong :
i min( 1,i ; 2,i )

i E ( i ) [(PS 1,i )1 +(PS 2,i ) 1 ]1

E{.} biu th cho k vng.

Cho rng cc knh truyn l c lp vi nhau, hm mt xc sut lin hp ca
R c cho bi:
N

f R ( ) (1)i 1
i 1

i e i

(3.6)

n1 ,.., ni 1
n1 ...ni

Trong :
i

i l 1 nl

T (3.6), ta c hm phn phi xc sut cdf tng ng ca R:

F R ( ) f R ( )d (1)i 1
i 1

(1 i e i )

(3.7)

n1 ,..,ni 1
n1 ... ni

Trong knh truyn fading Rayeigh phng, pdf v cdf ca D c xc nh nh

sau:

1 D
f D ( )
e
D

(3.8a)

Page 41

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

F D ( ) 1 e

Trong :

(3.8b)

D E ( D ) PS D

3.5.3.1 K thut DSSC cho h thng SR

m t hiu nng ca mng SSCSR, da theo c ch hot ng ca k thut kt
hp chuyn tip v gi. u tin, chng ta phi xc nh xc sut c la chn ca
mi nhnh. Vn ny c cp phn trc.
pD Pr {B=D}=

pR Pr {B=R}=

F R (T )

(3.9a)

F D (T ) F R (T )
F D (T )

(3.9b)

F D (T ) F R (T )

trong F (T ) c th d dng thu c bng cch xc nh F ( ) ti = T vi z {

Z

D , R }.
Xc sut li bit u-cui ca s SSCSR c th thu c bng cch s dng lut
tng xc sut c iu kin nh sau:
Pr { }=pD [Pr ( D T ) Pr { |B=D, D >T} Pr ( D T ) Pr { |B=R}]
pR [Pr ( R T ) Pr { |B=R, R >T} Pr ( R T ) Pr { |B=D}]

(3.10)

Trong :
Pr ( Z T ) 1 Pr ( D T ) F R (T )

Page 42

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

t z { T , 0 }, hm pdf c iu kin ca Z | (Z > z) c th thu c bng cch

s dng xc sut c iu kin nh sau:
z
z

0
f Z |( Z z ) ( )
f Z ( ) / [1-F Z (z)]

(3.11)

Nhc li rng:
Pr { |(B=Z)}=Pr { |(B=Z, >0)}

Xc sut li trung bnh c iu kin ca lin kt S D qua knh truyn fading

Rayeigh, s dng iu ch M-QAM (M = 4m , m = 1,2) v m Gray, c th c th
hin di dng tng qut nh sau:
vj

log 2 M

Pr { |(B=D, >Z)}= (
0

erfc(
j 1

(3.12)

k ) f D |( D z ) ( ))d

k 0

Trong :

v j 1 2 j

j
k

(1)[k.2

j 1

M 1 , k 2k 1 3log 2 M / 2 M 2
/ M]

j 1

k.2 j 1 / M 1/ 2

M log 2 M

Ta nh ngha . v erfc (.) tng ng l hm floor v hm li b. Thay (3.11)

vo (3.12) (xt Z = D) v ly tch phn theo bin , ta c c xc sut li bit BEP
c iu kin trung bnh ca lin kt S D nh sau:
z log M
2

Pr { | ( B D, D z )} e D .

vj

I
j 1

k 0

j
k

, k , D , z

(3.13)

Trong , I(.) c nh ngha theo [3] nh sau:

Page 43

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

I (a, b, c, z ) a.erfc

z
a e c erfc

1c e

bc
erfc
(1 bc )
1 bc
c

bz

(3.14)

Tip theo, ta xem xt xc sut li bit c iu kin trung bnh cho ng truyn chuyn
tip. Tng t, t (3.6) v (3.7) v (3.11), ta c:
Pr | ( B R, R z )
vj

log 2 M

j 1

k 0

i 1

1
i 1

n1 ,..,ni 1
n1 , ... ni

, , , z
j

(3.15)

1 F R ( z )

Bi v SNR trung bnh tin v v cc v c nhiu hn mt nt chuyn tip c s

dng trong truyn dn hp tc, ngha l N > 1, ta c:
Pr ( ) Pr ( R T ) Pr | ( B R, R T )
log 2 M

vj

i 1

1
j 1

k 0

i 1

n1 ,..,ni 1
n1 ,... ni

, , , T
j

(3.16)

Ta nhn thy (3.16) c suy ra trc tip t (3.10) bng cch vn dng thc t l
nhng t s SNR ln v ni N > 1, Pr ( z T ) 0 v
( )
( )dn n kt qu
l pR 1 pD 1 .
Da vo xc sut c la chn ca cc nhnh, hiu sut s dng ph c th t
c ca s c th hin nh sau:
R pR r / 2 pD r

(3.17)

Page 44

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Trong r l hiu sut s dng ph mong mun ca ng truyn trc tip t nt

ngun v ch.
Xc sut dng, nh trnh by phn trc, xc sut dng c xc nh bng
cch da vo nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut DSSC v vn dng quy lut tng xc
sut, c th nh sau:
Pr {O}=pD [Pr ( D T ) Pr {O|B=D, D >T} Pr ( D T ) Pr {O|B=R}]
pR [Pr ( R T ) Pr {O|B=R, R >T} Pr ( R T ) Pr {O|B=D}]

(3.18)

trong :
Pr ( Z T ) 1 Pr ( Z T ) F Z (T )

Z {D, R}
Gi z

{ 0 ,T }, cc xc sut dng c iu kin c xc nh nh sau:

Z
F
F Z z

th
Z

Pr O | B Z , z z
1 F Z z

Trong

= 2 - 1 v

=2

z
z

Z
th

(3.19)

Z
th

- 1 l mc SNR ngng xc nh iu kin

xy ra s kin dng ( outage event ), v r l hiu sut s dng ph mong mun trong
trng hp ng truyn trc tip.

Page 45

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Cc mc ngng SNR trn c suy ra t nh l Shanon:

Vi ng truyn trc tip D, hiu sut s dng ph mong mun la r, B l bng
thng knh truyn, C l tc bit truyn qua knh m vn m bo mt t s tn hiu
trn nhiu SNR

( hay mc ngng ). Ta c nh l Shanon c th hin nh sau:

C B.log 2 1

D
th

D
th

D
C
log 2 1
th
B

2r 1

(3.20)

Vi ng truyn chuyn tip R, tng t, nhng hiu sut s dng ph ca ng

truyn ny ch l r/2, do vic truyn dn qua ng truyn chuyn tip phi tri qua hai
khe thi gian truyn ( thay v mt khe nh ng trc tip ) nn tc bit truyn v
hiu sut s dng ph ch bng mt na so vi ng truyn trc tip D.
Gi tr ti u ca mc ngng chuyn nhnh T
Vic xc nh gi tr ca mc ngng ca chuyn nhnh T ng vai tr quan trng
n hiu nng hot ng ca h thng. Nu:
Mc ngng T c chn qu thp, tn sut chuyn nhnh thu s b hn ch, v h
thng c th ri vo trng hp phi thu c nh t mt nhnh, nhng cht lng ca
nhnh khng cao.
Mc ngng T c chn qu cao, qu trnh chuyn nhnh thu s xy ra lin tc
vi tn sut cao, tuy nhin, vic ny cng khng bo m hiu nng ca h thng bi
v h thng c th s thng xuyn xy ra tnh trng chuyn t nhnh thu c cht lng
Page 46

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

cao sang nhnh thu c cht lng thp, v h thp xc sut m nhnh thu c cht lng
cao hn c la chn (do mc ngng chuyn nhnh qu cao ).
Bi v xc sut dng Pr {O} ca h thng c nu ra trn l mt hm lin tc
ca gi tr mc ngng chuyn nhnh T, ta c th xc nh gi tr T lm cho xc sut
dng ca h thng l cc tiu i vi mt gi tr r xc nh. Gi tr gi l gi tr ti
u ca T, T* v s l nghim ca phng trnh sau:
r

{ }

|T=T* = 0

(3.21)

Qu trnh tnh ton xc nh nghim ca phng trnh trn kh phc tp, tuy
nhin, vic ny c th c n gin ha bng cch ng dng hm fminbnd trong
Toolbox chun ha ca phn mm Matlab.
3.5.3.2 K thut truyn gia tng cho h thng SR
Tng t vi giao thc truyn gia tng s dng mt nt chuyn tip c cp
[11], nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng IRSR nu ra nh sau: ti mi khe thi
gian truyn, cht lng (t s SNR tc thi) ca ng truyn trc tip D c em so
snh vi mc ngng T. C hai s kin c th xy ra:
Nu cht lng ca ng truyn trc tip vn bo m, ngha l D >T (xc sut
ca s kin ny l Pr ( D T ) ), h thng quyt nh khng cn s tr gip ca ng
truyn chuyn tip, tc l khng xy ra qu trnh chuyn nhnh thu.
SNR tc thi trn ng truyn trc tip D thp di mc ngng T (xc sut ca s
kin ny l Pr ( D T ) ), h thng quyt nh cn n s tr gip ca ng truyn
chuyn tip ( thng qua nt chuyn tip tt nht c la chn mi khe thi gian
truyn ), qu trnh chuyn tip nhnh thu xy ra.

Page 47

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

Hnh 3.5: M hnh h thng SR s dng k thut truyn gia tng.

Da vo nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut IRSR v quy lut tng xc sut, xc sut
li bit BEP ca h thng IRSR (khng s dng thm k thut phn tp kt hp khc)
c xc nh nh sau:
Pr ( ) Pr ( D T ) Pr | ( B R ) Pr ( D T ) Pr | ( B D, D T )

(3.22)

Mc ngng chuyn nhnh T thng rt nh nu so snh vi SNR trung bnh

min SNR cao, v u tin ca (3.22) s b trit tiu v Pr ( D T ) 1 exp( T / D ) 0 ,
dn n biu thc xp x ca (3.22) min SNR cao c th hin nh sau:
log 2 M

Pr ( )

vj

I
j 1

k 0

j
k

, k , D ,T

(3.23)

Vi vic s dng c ng truyn trc tip v cc ng truyn chuyn tip, h

thng IRSR s cho mt hiu sut ph nh hn r v ln hn r/2. C th, hiu sut ph
ca IRSR thu c nh sau:
R Pr ( D T ) r / 2 Pr ( D T ) r r / 2[1 exp( T / D )]

(3.24)

Page 48

Chng 3: K thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi trong h thng truyn thng hp tc

3.6 Kt lun chng

chng ny, nguyn l hot ng ca k thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi
c nu ra mt cch c th vi tng s dng mt mc ngng chuyn tip T.
Thm vo , cc cng thc nh gi hiu nng (xc sut li bit, xc sut dng v hiu
sut s dng ph) ca mt h thng truyn thng hp tc (h thng la chn chuyn
tip v h thng la chn chuyn tip theo chng) ng dng k thut DSSC c a
ra. Cc kt qu tnh ton theo l thuyt v m phng ca cc h thng trn s c
cp n chng sau.

Page 49

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

Chng 4 M PHNG V NH GI H THNG

4.1 Gii thiu chng

Chng ny s th hin cc kt qu l thuyt (c m phng t cc cng thc
chng 3) v kt qu m phng (s dng phn mm Matlab) cc nh gi v hiu nng
ca k thut DSSC ng dng trong cc h thng truyn thng hp tc.
4.2 K thut DSSC ng dng cho h thng la chn chuyn tip
Cc kt qu m phng c thc hin vi cc h thng la chn chuyn tip c cc
thng s sau:
-S nt chuyn tip s dng: N=1 v N=3 (N l s nt chuyn tip), s dng k
thut chuyn tip DF.
-Gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut knh truyn fading Ralyleigh phng {
{

= 2,

=3

-M phng BEP: iu ch 4-QAM v 16-QAM c s dng cho ng truyn

trc tip v ng truyn chuyn tip.
-M phng xc sut dng v hiu sut s dng ph: iu ch 16-QAM c s
dng cho ng truyn trc tip v ng truyn chuyn tip.
-Gi tr mc ngng chuyn nhnh thu T=5.

Page 50

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

SSCSR (1 relay) Analysis

IRSR (1 relay) Analysis
SR (1 relay) Analysis
SSCSR (3 relays) Analysis
SSCSR (3 relays) Approximately
IRSR (3 relays) Analysis
IRSR (3 relays) Approximately
SR (3 relays) Analysis

10

-1

10

-2

Bit Error Probability

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

-7

10

-8

10

10

15
20
25
Average SNR [dB]

30

35

40

Hnh 4.1: Xc sut li bit l thuyt cho h thng SSCSR, IRSR, SR

Page 51

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

10

SSCSR (1 relay) Analysis

IRSR (1 relay) Analysis
SR (1 relay) Analysis
SSCSR (3 relays) Analysis
IRSR (3 relays) Analysis
SR (3 relays) Analysis
Simulation

-1

10

-2

Bit Error Probability

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

-7

10

-8

10

10

15
20
25
Average SNR [dB]

30

35

40

Hnh 4.2: Xc sut li bit m phng h thng SR ng dng k thut DSSC, so snh vi
cc h thng ISRS v SR.
Hnh 4.1 trnh by s so snh v xc sut li bit (BEP) cho 3 h thng: h thng
la chn chuyn tip kt hp k thut DSSC (hay vit tt l SSCSR), h thng la
chn chuyn tip kt hp vi k thut truyn gia tng (hay vit tt l IRSR) v h
thng la chn chuyn tip n thun, khng s dng thm cc k thut kt hp khc
(vit tt l SR).
Ta c th thy l i vi h thng SR, trng hp s dng 3 nt chuyn tip, kt
qu vng SNR cao khc bit hn so vi vng SNR thp. c bit, vng SNR thp,

Page 52

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

ngha l SNR 18dB, SR c BEP cao nht, trong khi IRSR c BEP thp nht trong s
cc h thng vng SNR ny.
Vi trng hp s dng mt nt chuyn tip, hiu nng ca IRSR v SSCSR l gn
nh bng nhau min SNR thp (u tt hn SR). Nhng min SNR cao, IRSR li
t BEP tt nht.
Hiu nng ca SR v SSCSR tng khi N tng ti min SNR cao. Ngc li, ng
cong th hin hiu nng ca IRSR c cn trn l mc gii hn quy nh bi cht lng
truyn dn ca ng truyn trc tip S D. iu ny c th c gii thch rng: ti
min SNR cao, h thng IRSR rt t khi cn s tr gip ca nt chuyn tip. V vy, t
s li bit BEP u cui n u cui gn nh l b chi phi hon ton bi cht lng
ng trc tip S D. Mt khc, i vi knh truyn c SNR thp, cht lng truyn
dn ng truyn trc tip thng khng tt. V c nhu cu ln cn n s tr gip
ca ng truyn i qua nt chuyn tip.
Cc kt qu xp x t (3.16) v (3.23) cng c th hin so snh vi biu thc
y t (3.10) v (3.22) cho cc trng hp SSCSR v IRSR. Ta d dng quan st
thy rng cc kt qu xp x v chnh xc l tng ng nhau min SNR cao.
Hnh 4.2: Trnh by kt qu m phng xc sut li bit (BEP) cho h thng
SSCSR, so snh vi hai h thng IRSR v SR. y ta thy c s tng ng gia kt
qu l thuyt v kt qu m phng. Vic ng dng k thut DSSC vo h thng la
chn chuyn tip mang li mt xc sut li bit tt hn hn so vi mt h thng SR
thun ty.

Page 53

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

2
Direct Transmission
SR
SSCSR (1 relay) Analysis
SSCSR (3 relays) Analysis
IRSR Analysis
Simulation

1.8

Spectral Efficiency

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4

10

15
20
25
Average SNR [dB]

30

35

40

Hnh 4.3: Hiu sut ph ca h thng SSCSR, IRSR v SR.

Hnh 4.3 trnh by hiu sut ph ca 3 h thng trn.
Khi so snh vi SR, mt u im ca IRSR v SSCSR l s ci thin hiu sut ph
bng cch s dng kt hp c ng truyn trc tip.
Ti min SNR cao, hiu sut ph ca SSCSR vi 3 nt chuyn tip tin ti bng vi
ca SR. V hiu sut ph ca n tt hn ca SR. iu ny c th c gii thch l:
Tri ngc vi SR, h thng SSCSR c s tham gia ca ng truyn trc tip S D,
v min SNR cao, nt ch hu nh ch thu t ng truyn chuyn tip.

Page 54

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

SSCSR (1 relay) Analysis

SSCSR (1 relay) Simulation
SR (1 relay) Analysis
SR (1 relay) Simulation
SSCSR (3 relays) Analysis
SSCSR (3 relays) Simulation
SR (3 relays) Analysis
SR (3 relays) Simulation

10

-1

10

-2

Outage Probability

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

-7

10

10

15

20
25
Average SNR [dB]

30

35

40

Hnh 4.4: Xc sut dng m phng cho h thng

Hnh 4.4 trnh by xc sut dng m phng so snh gia hai h thng la chn
chuyn tip s dng k thut DSSC (SSCSR) v h thng la chn chuyn tip n
thun (SR). Ta cng c th thy c s tng ng ln gia kt qu l thuyt v m
phng. Vic ng dng k thut DSSC vo h thng la chn chuyn tip mang li xc
sut dng tt hn hn.

Page 55

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

Ps =10 dB (Analysis)

10

Ps =10 dB (Simulation)
Ps =15 dB (Analysis)
Ps =15 dB (Simulation)
Ps =20 dB (Analysis)

-1

10

Outage Probability

Ps =20 dB (Simulation)

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

1.5

2.5

3
Threshold T

3.5

4.5

Hnh 4.5: Xc sut dng m phng cho h thng SSCSR vi gi tr T thay i (r=1
bit/s/hertz)
Hnh 4.5 th hin xc sut dng m phng ca h thng SSCSR vi gi tr mc
ngng chuyn nhnh thu T thay i. Ta nhn thy, ti T = 3 = (2

1), xc sut

dng ca h thng t cc tiu. V gi tr T = 3 l gi tr mc ngng chuyn nhnh ti

u i vi r = 1bit/s/hertz.

Page 56

Chng 4: M phng v nh gi h thng

4.3 Kt lun chng

chng ny, cc kt qu l thuyt v m phng c so snh nh gi v
hiu nng (xc sut li bit, xc sut dng v hiu sut s dng ph) ca mt s h
thng truyn thng hp tc ng dng k thut DSSC. K thut DSSC tuy khng phi l
k thut mang li hiu nng ti u nht nu so vi cc k thut kt hp khc nhng k
thut ny c nh gi cao tnh n gin, d trin khai. Ti mt thi im, pha thu
khng cn phi gim st cht lng ng truyn ca tt c cc nhnh thu.

Page 57

Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

Trong n tt nghip ny, v c bn hon thnh cc mc tiu theo cng

ng k
-Gii thiu s lc v truyn thng hp tc.
-Tm hiu v k thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi v ng dng ca k thut ny
trong cc h thng truyn thng hp tc. Xy dng cc biu thc nh gi hiu nng
ca cc h thng truyn thng hp tc ng dng k thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi
(xc sut li bit, xc sut dng...).
-Xy dng chng trnh m phng trn phn mm Matlab m hnh ha h thng
ng thi kim chng tnh chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton.
Mt s hng pht trin c th m rng ca ti ny:
- Tm hiu bi ton v tr ti u ca nt chuyn tip.
-Tm hiu v k thut kt hp chuyn tip v gi kt hp vi k thut iu ch thch
nghi.

Page 58

Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu tham kho

[1] T. Q. Duong and V. N. Q. Bao, Performance analysis of selection decode-andforward relay networks, Electron. Lett., vol. 44, no. 20, pp. 1206-1207, Sep. 2008.
[2] T. Q. Duong, On Cooperative Communications and Its Application to Mobile
Multimedia. Blekinge Institute of Technology Publisher, Apr. 2010.
[3] V. N. Q. Bao and H. Y. Kong, Distributed switch and stay combining for selection
relay networks, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 914-916, Dec. 2009.
[4] M. Janani, A. Hedayat, T. E. Hunter, and A. Nosratinia, Coded cooperation in
wireless communications: space-time transmission and iterative decoding, IEEE
Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 362-371, Feb. 2004.
[5] K. J. R. Liu, A. K. Sadek, W. Su, and A. Kwasinski, Cooperative Communication
and Networking. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[6] B. Rankov and A. Wittneben, Spectral efficient protocols for half-duplex fading
relay channels, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 25, no. 2, p.
379-389, Feb. 2007.
[7] A. B. Sediq and H. Yanikomeroglu, Performance analysis of selection combining
of signals with different modulation levels in cooperative communications, IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1880-1887, May 2011.
[8] T. Eng, N. Kong, and L. B. Milstein, Comparison of diversity combining
techniques for rayleigh-fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, no. 9, pp.
1117-1129, Sep. 1996
[9] E. A. Neasmith and N. C. Beaulieu, New results on selection diversity, IEEE
Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 695-704, May 1998.
[10] A. Goldsmith, Wireless communications. Cambridge university press, 2005.
[11] D. S. Michalopoulos and G. K. Karagiannidis, Distributed switch and stay
combining (dssc) with a single decode and forward relay, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol.
11, no. 5, pp. 408-410, May. 2007.
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Ti liu tham kho

[12] D. S. Michalopoulos and G. K. Karagiannidis, Two-relay distributed switch and

stay combining, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 56, no. 11, p. 1790-1794, Nov. 2008.

Page 60

Ph lc

Ph lc A: ngha k hiu

,,

Ta s a ra v d c th minh ha cho ngha ca k hiu ny. Nu t:

( )
,,

Th khi ta c:
=

( )

Vi iu kin
<
< . Ngha l khi
= 2 th
ch c th nhn cc gi tr 3
hoc 4, tng t nh vy cho . V nh th ta c cc trng hp sau:
n = 1, n = 2 v n = 3, khi A = f(x),
n = 1, n = 2 v n = 4, khi A = f(x),
n = 1, n = 3 v n = 4, khi A = f(x),
n = 2, n = 3 v n = 4, khi A = f(x),
V:

= 4 ( ).

Ta cn c th hiu k hiu ny theo mt cch khc. C th nu ta gi

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Ph lc

( )
,,

Th ta c:

( )=

!
!(

)!

( ).

Theo cch hiu ny th vi v d nu trn, ta c:

=

( )=
,

( )=

4!
( )=4 ( )
3! (4 3)!

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Ph lc

Ph lc B: Mt s code m phng ch yu c s dng trong n.

phn ph lc ny, mt s code Matlab dng cho qu trnh m phng s c trnh

by c ci nhn s lc v tng m phng.
Khi to chui bit pht, knh truyn, cc bc iu ch, gii iu ch.
Khi to chui bit pht
x=(round(rand(n_bits,1)));

Qu trnh iu ch y s dng iu ch M-QAM, vi Ps l cng sut pht ca nt

ngun v nt chuyn tip.

x=(round(rand(n_bits,1)));
Ps=10^(PsdB/10);
kR=log2(MR);
hR=modem.qammod(MR);
hR.inputtype='bit';
hR.symbolorder='gray';
yR=modulate(hR,x);
EbR=mean((abs(yR)).^2)/kR;
sigmaR=sqrt(EbR/(2*Ps));

Thit lp knh truyn, tn hiu sau khi i qua knh truyn (v d cho ng truyn
chuyn tip). y cc gi tr lamdal1 v lamdal2 chnh l k vng ca cng sut knh
truyn gia nt ngun chuyn tip v gia nt chuyn tip nt ch.

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Ph lc

w=sigmaR*(randn(n_bits/kR,1)+1i*randn(n_bits/kR,1));
hf=sqrt((lamda1*lamda2)/(lamda1+lamda2))*(1/sqrt(2))*(randn(n_b
its/kR,1)+1i*randn(n_bits/kR,1));
r1=hf.*y+w;

Qu trnh gii iu ch

r=r3./(hf);
h=modem.qamdemod(MR);
h.outputtype='bit';
h.symbolorder='gray';
h.decisiontype='hard decision';
z=demodulate(h,r);

M phng k thut DSSC cho h thng la chn chuyn tip

Code matlab m t qu trnh xc nh xc sut li bit cho k thut DSSC s dng
trong h thng la chn chuyn tip vi 3 nt chuyn tip s dng k thut chuyn tip
DF, mc ngng chuyn tip T, iu ch M-QAM c s dng cho c ng truyn
trc tip v cc ng truyn chuyn tip.

ultimate=zeros(n_bits,1);
groupbit=k;
group=n_bits/groupbit;
checkvalue=T/Ps;

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Ph lc

active=0
comparesD=[1,2];
for i=1:group
compares1=(abs(hf1(i)))^2;
compares2=(abs(hf2(i)))^2;
compares3=(abs(hf3(i)))^2;
comparesD(1)=(abs(hfD(2*i-1)))^2;
comparesD(2)=(abs(hfD(2*i)))^2;
array=[compares1 compares2 compares3];
maxcompares=max(array); %Lua chon relay tot nhat
if(maxcompares==compares1) maxz=z1;
elseif(maxcompares==compares2) maxz=z2;
else maxz=z3;
end
if(active==1)
if(comparesD(1) < checkvalue)
for q=(i*groupbit-groupbit+1):(i*groupbitgroupbit+2)
ultimate(q)=maxz(q);
end
active1=0;
else
for q=(i*groupbit-groupbit+1):(i*groupbitgroupbit+2)

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Ph lc

ultimate(q)=zD(q);
end
active1=1;
end
if(comparesD(2) < checkvalue)
for q=(i*groupbit-groupbit+3):(i*groupbit)
ultimate(q)=maxz(q);
end
active2=0;
else
for q=(i*groupbit-groupbit+3):(i*groupbit)
ultimate(q)=zD(q);
end
active2=1;
end
active=active1*active2;
else
if(maxcompares <= checkvalue)
for q=(i*groupbit-groupbit+1):(i*groupbit)
ultimate(q)=zD(q);
end
active=1;
else
for q=(i*groupbit-groupbit+1):(i*groupbit)

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Ph lc

ultimate(q)=maxz(q);
end
active=0;
end
end
end
biterror =(n_bits-sum(x==ultimate));
ber=biterror/n_bits;

M phng xc sut dng:

groupbit=k;
group=n_bits/groupbit;
checkvalue=T/Ps;
checkvalueR=TR/Ps;
checkvalueD=TD/Ps;
active=1;
Outage=0;
for i=1:group
compares1=(abs(hf1(i)))^2;
compares2=(abs(hf2(i)))^2;
compares3=(abs(hf3(i)))^2;
comparesD=(abs(hfD(i)))^2;
array=[compares1 compares2 compares3];
maxcompares=max(array); %Lua chon relay tot nhat

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Ph lc

if(active==1)
if(comparesD <= checkvalue)
active=2;
if(maxcompares<=checkvalueR) Outage=Outage+1;end
else
if(comparesD<=checkvalueD) Outage=Outage+1;end
active=1;
end
else
if(maxcompares <= checkvalue)
if(comparesD<=checkvalueD) Outage=Outage+1;end
active=1;
else
if(maxcompares<=checkvalueR) Outage=Outage+1;end
active=2;
end
end
end
OutPr=Outage/group

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