Air Handling System

Control Applications

SECTION OF ENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL 77-1100

Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 3

Requirements For Effective Control ............................................................................................................ 4

Applications-General ............................................................................................................ 6

Valve and Damper Selection ............................................................................................................ 7

Symbols ............................................................................................................ 8

Ventilation Control Processes ............................................................................................................ 9

Fan System Start-Stop Control ........................................................... 9
Fixed Quantity of Outdoor Air Control ................................................. 11
Outdoor Air Fan Control For Multiple AHU’s ........................................ 12
Mixed Air Control ................................................................................. 13
Economizer Cycle Decision ................................................................. 15
Economizer Cycle Decision—Outdoor Air Dry Bulb Control ............... 15
Economizer Cycle Decision—Outdoor Air Enthalpy Control ............... 16
Economizer Cycle Decision—Outdoor Air/Return Air
Enthalpy Comparison ....................................................................... 18
Economizer Cycle Decision—Outdoor Air/Return Air Dry Bulb
Temperature Comparison ................................................................. 19
Mixed Air Control With Economizer Cycle (Ventilation System Only) .. 20
Economizer Cycle Control of Space Temperature With Supply Air
Temperature Setpoint Reset ............................................................ 22

Heating Control Processes ............................................................................................................ 23

Control From Supply Air ...................................................................... 23
Control From Space With Supply Temperature Reset ......................... 24
Outdoor Air Temperature Reset of Supply Air Temperature ................ 25
Space Temperature Control of Zone Mixing Dampers and
Reset of Hot Deck Temperature ....................................................... 26

Preheat Control Processes ............................................................................................................ 28

Preheat Control With Face and Bypass Dampers ............................... 28
Control From Preheat Leaving Air ....................................................... 30
Multiple Coil Control From Outdoor and Supply Air ............................. 31
Year-Round Heat Recovery Preheat System Control ......................... 33

® U.S. Registered Trademark

Copyright © 1998 Honeywell Inc. • All Rights Reserved 77-1130-1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

Humidification Control Process ............................................................................................................ 35

Control of Modulating Humidifier ......................................................... 35

Cooling Control Processes ............................................................................................................ 36

Control of Modulating Chilled Water Coil Three-Way Valve ................. 36
Two-Position Control of Direct Expansion Coil System ....................... 37
Two-Position Control of Direct Expansion Coil System—Modulating
Face and Bypass Damper ................................................................ 39
Cold Deck System With Zone Damper Control ................................... 41

Dehumidification Control Processes ............................................................................................................ 43

Direct Expansion or Water Coil System Control .................................. 43
Water Coil Face and Bypass System Control ..................................... 44

Heating System Control Process ............................................................................................................ 46

Space Control of Heating, Free Cooling, and Humidification .............. 46

Year-Round System Control Processes ........................................................................................................... 48

Heating, Cooling, and Economizer ...................................................... 48
Multizone Unit ...................................................................................... 50
Heating, Cooling, Humidification, and Dehumidification Control
Without Deadbands .......................................................................... 52
VAV AHU, Water-Side Economizer, OA Airflow Control ...................... 55
VAV AHU With Return Fan and Flow Tracking Control ........................ 58

ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts ............................................................................................................ 61

77-1130—1 2
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION
This section describes control applications for air handling
systems commonly found in commercial buildings. The basic
processes such as heating, cooling, humidification,
dehumidification, and ventilation are presented individually
then combined into typical air handling systems. A discussion
covering requirements for effective control is also included to
provide guidelines for the design of the actual air handling
systems with the related controls. Examples are based upon
digital control systems. These digital control strategies may
not be practical with other forms of control, and may not be
possible with all digital controllers or by all digital controller
programmers.
Psychrometric aspects are included for most applications.
They are shown in abbreviated form. Unabridged copies of
ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts No. 1 and No. 2 are included
at the end of this section for reference. For further understanding
of the basics of psychrometric charts refer to the Psychrometric
Chart Fundamentals section.
For additional detailed information on air handling systems,
refer to the ASHRAE 1996 HVAC Systems and Equipment
Handbook.

Also throughout the section, dashed lines indicate interlocked

links and solid lines functional relationships between control
items.

ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations are used throughout this section MA — Mixed Air
in the text and drawings. Refer to Definitions in the Control MAT — Mixed Air Temperature
Fundamentals section and the Psychrometric Chart N.C.1 — Normally Closed
Fundamentals section for further details. N.O.2 — Normally Open
OA — Outdoor Air
AHU — Air Handling Unit
OAT — Outdoor Air Temperature
BCMS — Building Control Management System
P — Proportional
cfm — Cubic feet per minute
PI — Proportional-Integral
DB — Dry Bulb
PID — Proportional-Integral-Derivative
DDC — Direct Digital Control
RA — Return Air
DP — Dew Point
RAT — Return Air Temperature
EA — Exhaust Air
RH — Relative Humidity
EPID — Enhanced PID
SA — Supply Air
F — Fahrenheit
VAV — Variable Air Volume
IAQ — Indoor Air Quality
WB — Wet Bulb
1 Applies to valves and dampers that are actuated to fail in the closed position in the event of loss of motive force.
2 Applies to valves and dampers that are actuated to fail in the open position in the event of loss of motive force.

3 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE CONTROL
Effective control system performance requires careful design
of the mechanical system and selection of components.
Consideration needs to be given to the following by the
mechanical system designer and the control engineer:
1. PROPERLY DESIGN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TO
DELIVER AIR TO THE SPACE.
a. Extend ductwork to all parts of the space.
b. Insulate ductwork if it runs through a space
where the temperature is considerably different
from that of the air within the duct or if the
space dew point is likely to be above the supply
air temperature.
c. Locate outlets only where the air in the duct is
well mixed.
d. Locate RA grilles where they will aid in
distribution and eliminate short circuiting of the
supply air.
2. PROPERLY SELECT DIFFUSERS AT OUTLETS TO
THE SPACE.
a. Do not have low ceiling diffusers blow directly
downward.
b. Use several small diffusers rather than one large
one.
3. PROPERLY SIZE AND SELECT HEATING COILS.
a. Size coils to meet their maximum loads. Avoid
oversized coils for best control.
b. Use multiple inline coils where the required
temperature rise is high.
c. Select coils for even distribution of the heating
medium at light loads to prevent surface
temperature gradients and accompanying
stratification.
d. Furnish preheat coils with a maximum
temperature rise of 30 to 35 degrees.
e. Provided multiple low-temperature controls to
protect large coils. Provide one for every twenty
square feet of coil face area with the element
location favoring where cold air is more likely to
be.
4. PROPERLY SIZE AND SELECT COOLING AND
REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT.
a. Consider dividing the cooling capacity among
several coils.
b. Consider some form of reheat if
dehumidification is required.
c. Prevent short cycling of compressors under light
load by:
1) Installing multiple compressors where large
capacity sequencing is needed.
77-1130—1
2) Providing means of loading and unloading a
compressor under light load.
3) Sizing the refrigeration equipment
accurately.
4) Providing minimum on and off time delays.
5) Providing a hot gas bypass.
5. CONSIDER SEPARATE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
FOR AREAS IF THEIR HEATING OR COOLING
LOADS DIFFER GREATLY FROM THE OTHER
AREAS.
6. ELIMINATE STRATIFICATION IN THE DUCTS.
a. Use mixing chambers or other mechanical
devices where mixing is critical.
b. Use the system fan to mix the air. A single inlet
fan mixes air more effectively than a double
inlet fan.
c. Arrange steam coils so that the supply header is
on the longest dimension if possible.
NOTE: No one of these methods provides a
complete answer to the stratification
problem. They should be used in
combination where needed.
7. PROVIDE PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO PERMIT SUITABLE
LOCATION OF SENSING ELEMENTS.
a. Furnish sufficient spacing between coils to
permit installation of sensing elements.
b. Provide ductwork downstream from a coil or
other components to allow placement of the
sensing element in an unstratified mixture of
exiting air.
8. PROPERLY LOCATE THE SENSING ELEMENT.
a. Locate sensing elements where they will
measure the variables they are intended to
control.
b. Locate space sensing elements on an interior
wall where they can measure a condition
representative of the whole space.
NOTE: Space sensing elements can sometimes
be located in the RA duct as close to
the space as possible if another suitable
location cannot be found.
c. Locate duct sensing elements in an unstratified
air mixture.
d. Locate air pressure and flow pick-up elements
away from immediate fan discharges and
provide with capacity tanks where necessary to
eliminate surges and pulsations.
4

e. Locate humidifier leaving air humidity sensors
no less than eight and no more than thirty feet
downstream of the humidifier.
9. CONSIDER THE PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF
HUMIDITY SYSTEM COMPONENTS.
a. Locate humidifiers downstream from a source of
heat.
b. Locate reheat coils downstream from cooling coils.
c. Provide unlined ductwork downstream of
humidifiers, and straight for a minimum of ten feet.
10. PROPERLY SIZE AND SELECT THE CONTROL
VALVES.
a. Do not oversize modulating control valves.
Refer to the Valve Selection and Sizing section.
b. Select control valves that position properly upon
HVAC shutdown and upon loss of motive force.
(Refer to Table 1.)
11. PROVIDE THE AIR HANDLING SYSTEM WITH
LOW TEMPERATURE PROTECTION WHERE
FREEZING TEMPERATURES ARE POSSIBLE.
a. For steam coils, give consideration to:
1) Providing vertical tubes.
2) Pitching coils properly to the trap.
3) Providing vacuum breakers.
4) Providing traps of proper type, size, and
location.
5) Providing adequate drip and cooling legs.
6) Locating steam valve at high point.
7) Providing face and bypass type coils.
b. For hot and chilled water coils, give
consideration to:
1) Providing coil pumps to assure flow through
coils during periods of subfreezing
temperature.
2) Using antifreeze solutions.
3) Operating all water pumps when OA is
below 35°F.
4) Draining idle coils and lines.
c. For control applications, give consideration to:
1) Providing low temperature limit controllers
for all systems to enable one or a
combination of the following:
NOTE: Ensure that temperature sensing
elements are exposed to coldest
portion of airstream.
a) Opening valves to provide full flow to
coils.
b) Starting pumps.
c) Closing OA dampers.
d) Starting fan to circulate RA.
e) Stopping fan if 100 percent OA system.
5 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
f) Initiating low temperature alarms.
g) Stopping fan if steam is not present.
2) Providing failure alarms for pump, coils, and
other heating systems components.
12. ALLOW AIR HANDLING AND CONTROL SYSTEM
DESIGN TO PROVIDE ENERGY CONSERVATION.
a. Use space sensors, rather than OA sensors, to
determine reset schedules. For example, use the
damper signal from space PI control loops to
reset multizone unit hot and cold deck
temperature controller setpoints.
b. Do not permit air handlers to introduce OA to a
building area which is unoccupied or during the
warm-up period unless required for night purge
or IAQ.
c. Use PID control where elimination of control
offset conserves energy or increases comfort.
13. PROVIDE HVAC VENTILATION SEQUENCES THAT
COMPLY WITH CURRENT IAQ CODES AND
STANDARDS.
14. NETWORK DIGITAL CONTROLS FOR BUILDING-
WIDE ENERGY AND COST PERFORMANCE.
a. Share points such as OA temperature among
controllers.
b. Have chiller strategies address fan system
demands.
c. Have pumping system strategies address control
valve demands.
d. Have fan system strategies address space
terminal unit demands.
15. SEE THAT CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGNERS FULLY
UNDERSTAND THE COMPLETE BUILDING HVAC
SYSTEM.
Refer to HVAC system components
manufacturers recommendations for application
requirements and guidelines.
16. HARD-WIRE SAFETIES IF HAND-OFF-AUTO
SWITCHES ARE PROVIDED
a. Hard-wire all temperature low limit, fire, and
pressure safeties if the system can be easily
operated manually. In cases where a PC operator
monitoring station is provided, the safeties are
also usually monitored by the local digital
controller.
b. If override switches are not provided, and
system operation is always dependent upon the
digital control system, safeties may be wired to
the digital controller for control and monitoring,
thus saving duplicate wiring.
c. The real value of the safeties is achieved by
proper mounting, testing, and maintenance of
such devices.
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
17. PLACE CONTROL VALVES ON THE LEAVING SIDE
OF WATER COILS.
Control valves on the leaving side of water coils
leaves pressure in the coil when the valve is
closed, thus aiding in eliminating air through the
air vent on the leaving side of the coil, and also
prevents the possibility of air being induced into
the system through the vent if the pump produces
a negative pressure in the coil return line.
APPLICATIONS-GENERAL
The following applications are presented in a DDC format
using notation from the Symbols in this section. In some cases
the degree and complexity of control shown is not practical in
other forms of control.
Suggested microprocessor data points are shown as they could
appear on a color graphic display of a PC operator workstation.
In some cases data points, other than those required for control
and operation, are shown to help an operator understand the
loading and performance of the HVAC system and related
control loops. If a PC station is not required, the data points
required for control and operation should still be specified for
the operator by listing the points or including a graphic sketch.
Values, setpoints, gains, timings, etc. shown in these examples
are general, and actual values should be determined on a project-
to-project basis.
77-1130—1
18. CONSIDER THE ABILITY OF THE HVAC SYSTEM
OPERATOR TO UNDERSTAND THE SYSTEM
WHEN DESIGNING GRAPHICS FOR THE
OPERATOR INTERFACE.
The following applications were selected for this section on
Air Handling System Control Applications. Caution should be
used in simply combining any of these applications together as
a control solution for a more complex system. Application
variations may be required depending on the heating, cooling,
and pumping configurations, the building use and occupants,
the ability of control vendors and related control systems, the
ability of local operating and maintenance persons, codes, and
weather.
Lines connecting inputs, outputs, values, and control
functions have been added to aid in understanding. In many
cases these lines would create unacceptable clutter on an actual
system graphic display. Graphic display and management
function (alarms, records, etc.) concepts are discussed further
in the Building Management System Fundamentals section.
Although the control solutions presented are good general
recommendations, other solutions are acceptable, and in some
cases, may better depending on the job objectives.
6
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

VALVE AND DAMPER SELECTION

Pneumatic valve and damper actuators are shown in these outlines general actuator selection. The table indicates
examples. If actuators are electric, certain ones need not actuator positioning desired on system shutdown and loss
be spring return unless a specific reason exists. Table 1 of motive force.

Table 1. Valve and Damper Actuator Selection Guide.

Pneumatic Actuators Electric Actuators
System System Loss of
Actuator Application Shutdown Loss of Air Shutdown Electricity
Dampers
Outdoor air Closes Closes Closes Closes
Relief air (to outdoor)
Return air Opens Opens Opens Opens 1
VAV fan inlet vanes Closes Closes Closes Closes
VAV box Owner Perference Opens Owner Perference Owner Perference
Multizone hot deck, cold areas Opens Opens Opens
Multizone hot deck, hot areas Closes Closes Closes Closes
Valves
AHU chilled water Closes Opens Closes Stays same
Terminal reheat
Preheat in OA below 35F Opens 2 Opens 2 Opens
Preheat in OA above 35F Closes Closes
Other hot water Closes 2 Closes 2 Stays same
AHU steam heating Closes Closes
Steam humidifier Closes Closes
1 Return air dampers need no springs if the associated fan is delayed upon start-up to allow the RA damper to properly
position to assure that the fan does not start with both RA and OA dampers closed.
2 If a duct temperature sensor is located near a hot water or steam coil, leaving the coil under control (with a setpoint of
80°F to 100°F) during equipment shutdown can provide added freeze alarm protection. If variable flow hot water
pumping is provided and a duct low temperature control senses freezing conditions, hot water valves may be
positioned approximately 25% open if a temperature sensor is not available.

7 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

SYMBOLS
The following symbols are used in the system schematics following. These symbols denote the nature of the device, such as a
thermometer for temperature sensing.

CONTROLLER, TEMPERATURE FAN

SENSOR, TEMPERATURE

LOW LIMIT PRESSURE CONTROLLER,

HIGH LIMIT CUT-OUT,
MANUAL RESET
HIGH LIMIT

MANUAL RESET NOTATION

PRESSURE SENSOR
56 INSERTION TEMPERATURE SENSOR 1.8

56 TEMPERATURE SENSOR,
COOLING COIL
AVERAGING

NORMAL
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER,
MANUAL RESET, SAFETY LOW LIMIT

HEATING COIL

MANUAL MULTI-STATE
AUTO COMMAND (ON-OFF-AUTO)

STATUS POINT
ON
FILTER

63 VALUE POINT (% LOAD)

74 COMMANDABLE VALUE
PUMP

3-WAY VALVE WITH ACTUATOR

SOLENOID VALVE

2-WAY VALVE WITH ACTUATOR SMOKE DETECTOR

(NFPA SYMBOL)

DAMPER WITH ACTUATOR

PROPELLER EXHAUST FAN

M10437

77-1130—1 8
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

VENTILATION CONTROL PROCESSES

The following applications show various ways of controlling
ventilation in an air conditioning system.

FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION SPACE

PROPELLER TEMPERATURE 10
3 EXHAUST 74
13 FAN
ON
11
60 OFF
EA SETPOINT STATUS
RA ON 14
UNOCCUPIED
LOW LIMIT
63
PERCENT 17 FAN SYSTEM
LOAD SCHEDULE AND
CONTROL PROGRAM AUTO
6
RA
1 7
4
2
NORMAL ON WARM-UP MODE
STATUS

OA SA OFF
15

63
PERCENT 16 5
UNOCCUPIED OVERRIDE
LOAD
8 OFF 60 9
OA 12
TEMPERATURE 63 DURATION
STATUS
MINUTES
M10438

Item
No. Function
1 Supply fan starts and enables return fan start 8 Occupant override switch provides after hours
and system controls. operation when pressed.
2 SA smoke detector stops supply fan when 9 Duration of operation for override request.
smoke detected. 10 Space temperature (perimeter zone) inputs to
3 RA smoke detector stops supply fan when optimum start-stop, unoccupied purge, and
smoke detected. low limit programs.
4 Controller stops fan when low temperature 11 Setpoint at which unoccupied low-limit
detected. program executes.
5 SA high static pressure control stops fan when 12 OA temperature input to optimum start-stop
unsafe pressure exists. program.
6 Automatic fan system control subject to 13 Return fan operation enables exhaust fan
commandable ON-OFF-AUTO software control program.
point. 14 Exhaust fan status (operator information).
7 Control program turns supply, return, and 15 Warm-up mode status (operator information).
exhaust fan on and off dependent upon 16 Supply fan load (VAV type systems-operator
optimized time schedule, unoccupied space information).
temperatures, and occupant override requests. 17 Return fan load (VAV type systems-operator
information).

9 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
1. Smoke, low temperature, and high static pressure safety
shutdown (hard-wired).
2. Optimized start-stop control of supply, return, and exhaust
fans.
3. Proof of operation interlocking and alarming on supply
and return fans.
4. Software on-off-auto system command.
5. Zero ventilation/exhaust during preoccupancy operational
periods.
6. May be modified for night purge and prepurge operation.
7. After-hours operation function; duration is operator
adjustable.
8. Positions valves and dampers properly during off modes.
9. Night low temperature operation.
10. See Smoke Management Fundamentals section for smoke
control considerations.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. See REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE CONTROL.
2. Proper hardware and software interlocks with heating,
cooling and terminal equipment.
3. To protect the AHU housing and ductwork, the high
pressure cutout must be hard-wired and located with a
minimum of tubing to prevent delays of operation.
Modulating limit control is not recommended since the
problem causing the high pressure is rarely a control loop
malfunction, but a physical one (smoke damper slamming
shut, sensor tubing cut or failed, vane actuator linkage
failure, etc.).
77-1130—1
LIMITATIONS
1. Heating and cooling equipment must be available to
operate.
2. On large 100% OA systems and systems where OA and
RA dampers both close upon fan shutdown, dampers
should be enabled prior to fan start, and the fan should
start only after damper end switches prove dampers are
in safe positions.
SPECIFICATIONS
Air handling system shall be under program control, subject
to SA and RA smoke detectors, SA high pressure cutout, and
heating coil leaving air low-temperature limit control; and shall
be subject to system software on-off-auto function.
Supply fan shall be started and stopped by an optimum start-
stop seven day time schedule program, an unoccupied low space
temperature limit program, or by an occupant via push button
request. The push button shall be integral with the space
temperature sensor. Any push button request shall provide sixty
minutes (operator adjustable) of full system operation.
Return fan shall operate anytime the supply fan proves flow
(via a current sensing relay).
The exhaust fan shall operate during scheduled occupancy
periods and during occupant requested after-hour periods
anytime the return fan proves flow.
Heating/cooling plant (based upon fan system demands),
temperature, humidity, pressure, and ventilation controls shall
be enabled to operate anytime the fan system operates. Unless
otherwise specified, during fan off periods, N.O. heating and
cooling valves shall position closed, N.C. steam valves shall
position closed, N.C. humidifier valves shall position closed,
N.C. outdoor and relief dampers shall position closed, and N.O.
RA dampers shall position open.
10
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

FIXED QUANTITY OF OUTDOOR AIR CONTROL

Functional Description Example, calculate the mixed air temperature of a 10,000 cfm
fan with 25% OA at 5°F. RA is 75°F.
2500
MAT = 75 + (5 - 75) = 57.5°F
RA 10,000
or:
MAT = (75 x 0.75) + (5 x 0.25) = 57.5°F

OA MA SA SPECIFICATIONS

2 The operation of the OA damper shall be two-position. The

OPEN 1 ON OA damper shall open when the fan is on and close when the
CONTROL fan is off.
PROGRAM M10445

PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
Item
No. Function The proportions of OA and RA admitted are constant at all
OA temperatures.
1 Control system energizes when fan is
In the following chart it is assumed that:
turned on.
2 Damper opens on fan startup, closes on fan 1. One-third OA and two-thirds RA are admitted.
shutdown. 2. RA condition is 78°F DB and 62.5°F WB.
3. OA condition is 40°F DB and 35°F WB.
4. MAT = (2/3 x 78) + (1/3 x 40) = 65.3°F.
FEATURES

1. A fixed quantity of OA is admitted when the fan is

operating.
2. This system is composed of a minimum of ventilation
and control equipment.
RA 78°F DB, 62.5°F WB

2
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION MA
1
OA
1. The system provides the desired proportions of OA and 40°F DB, 35°F WB
RA (a manual RA damper, shown, is usually required). C2544-1
2. The system is designed so that coils are not subject to
freezing. The following results are obtained:

Item
LIMITATIONS No. Explanation

The MA temperature varies as a function of OA temperature. 1 MA condition at 40°F DB OA condition.

The equation is: 2 As OA temperature rises, the MA temperature
OA (cfm) moves to the right of the initial MA
MAT = (OAT - RAT)
Total (cfm) temperature.
or:
MAT = (RAT x %RA) + (OAT x %OA)

11 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

OUTDOOR AIR FAN CONTROL The OA fan loading shall be under EPID (see Control
Fundamentals section) control with a start value of 25% and a
FOR MULTIPLE AHU’S ramp duration of 250 seconds.
NOTE: EPID was selected (and designed specifically) for this
Functional Description type of application because of the start-up nature of
VAV fans. The problem is the large PID error signal
(the difference between the actual duct pressure and
OA SA
duct pressure setpoint) that exists at the start moment.
At startup the duct pressure is zero and the setpoint of
the VAV supply fans is usually over one inch of water,
1 ON 63 3
4
5
at which point the proportional element of PID calls
PERCENT 0.21 0.25 for heavy loading, and the integral element adds to
LOAD
2 AUTO MAXIMUM that. Over half the time the real fan start-up load is
SETPOINT
minimal since the building is not warm and the VAV
6
boxes start at or near their minimum airflow setpoint.
CONTROL
PROGRAM M10446 It is therefore very predictable that the fan will
accelerate rapidly, the duct pressure will rise rapidly
(and, with PID, will overshoot), and unsafe conditions
Item may occur.
No. Function
Recognizing this, EPID starts the fan at a minimum
loading, senses the error, and ramps the error slowly
1,2 Fan runs under building system control, and linearly into PID control usually over a 30 to 90
subject to software on-off-auto function. second period (adjustable to any value). Thus the fan
3-5 Fan loads to maintain duct static pressure loads quickly to 20 or 25%, then loads slowly
setpoint. Static pressure setpoint varied by thereafter. As the error is fed into PID, the fan loads
AHU OA damper positions to maintain to remove the error (and does remove it as it is
minimum pressure to satisfy all operating received), and the setpoint is reached in a very orderly
AHU fan OA damper positions. and controlled manner with no overshoot. During
6 Control program coordinates fan start-stop startup, EPID control runs the motor at a speed high
and loading. enough to prevent overheating and to reach a load level
to prove operation to any monitoring BMCS; however,
the speed is lower than that necessary to meet the VAV
FEATURES boxes minimum airflow demand.

With pneumatic proportional control, branch line

1. OA fan provides minimum OA for multiple AHUs, which
are usually stacked one above the other in a tall building.
Each AHU has a minimum airflow OA damper and
airflow station.
2. Duct pressure (and fan loading) optimized to satisfy AHU
with greatest demand.
3. Pressure increased during night purge and ventilation
prepurge modes to accelerate cycles.
4. OA filter reduces AHU filter burden, reduces OA fan
maintenance, reduces air flow station maintenance, and
prevents OA airflow from dropping as filter loads.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. Control network, software, and programming advises OA
fan of AHU damper demands.
2. The system is designed so that coils are not subject to
freezing conditions.
SPECIFICATIONS
restrictors are often placed in the air line to the inlet
vane actuator (or to the variable fan drive transducer
line) to slow this loading (a check valve can be
installed around the restrictor such that unloading is
instantaneous). PI control, can have “integral windup”,
which accumulates during times that a P error is
allowed to exist. The integral wind-up raises the P
setpoint so the fan starts with full capacity and can
overpressure the supply ducts. The restricted branch
line allows the branch signal to increase slowly.
Anytime all AHUs operating in the occupied mode have OA
dampers less than 80% open, the OA fan duct static pressure
setpoint shall be decremented at the rate of 0.1 inches of water
every 60 seconds. Anytime any AHU is operating in the
occupied mode and the OA damper is full open, the OA fan
duct static pressure setpoint shall be incremented at the rate of
0.1 inches of water every 60 seconds up to a maximum value.
The decementing and incrementing values shall be verified
during commissioning. Anytime any AHU operates in the night
purge or prepurge modes, the OA fan duct static pressure
setpoint shall be equal to the maximum setpoint.

The OA fan shall start anytime any AHU operates in the

occupied, night purge, or prepurge mode, subject to a software
on-off-auto function.

77-1130—1 12
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

MIXED AIR CONTROL

Functional Description

EA RA

6 83 3 ON

NORMAL

OA MA
69
9
5 63 ON
1
4 60
CONTROL 60
PROGRAM 7

22 8

OA MINIMUM
SETPOINT M10447

Item
No. Function
1-3 Control system energizes when fan is turned
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL).
4 MA temperature maintained by modulating
mixing dampers.
5,6 OA and EA dampers close and RA damper
opens when fan is off, and modulate for
temperature control when fan is on.
7 Setpoint for MA temperature control.
8 Damper control and setpoint for minimum
ventilation damper position.
NOTE: This is not 22% OA or OA damper
open 22%, it is the control program
output value necessary to position
the OA damper such that the design
OA airflow is maintained.
9 OA temperature, operator information.
FEATURES
1. The proper proportions of OA and RA, above minimum
OA setting, are admitted to prevent the MA temperature
from dropping below the desired MA temperature.
2. A minimum quantity of OA, determined by the setting
of the minimum position signal is assured at all times.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. Adequate mixing of OA and RA, which may be obtained
using a special mixing chamber.
2. The temperature sensor is located where the air is
thoroughly mixed. The discharge of the fan in a blow-
through system usually provides adequate mixing.
LIMITATIONS
1. If the manual positioning value is set to admit a large
quantity of OA, and the OA temperature falls below the
temperature at which MA temperature controls require
only minimum OA, a source of heat may be necessary to
maintain the MA temperature.
2. During periods of high OA temperature, 100% OA may
be undesirable.

13 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS

See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.

60°F DB MA
Anytime the supply fan runs, the OA, EA, and RA dampers CONTROLLER SETPOINT

shall be modulated by an MA PID control loop to satisfy the RA 75°F DB, 59.5°F WB
MA temperature setpoint down to a minimum ventilation 2
position. 3
MA
OA 1
40°F DB, 35°F WB
C2545-1
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
The following results are obtained:
In the following chart it is assumed that:
Item
1. The manual positioning value is set for one-third No. Explanation
minimum OA.
2. RA condition is 75°F DB and 59.5°F WB. 1 As OA temperature varies between 30°F and
3. OA condition is 40°F DB and 35°F WB.
60°F, the MA condition lies on the 60°F DB
4. The MA controller is set at 60°F.
5. The desired MA temperature can be maintained until the line.
OA temperature falls below the temperature at which only 2 As OA temperature rises above 60°F DB, 100
minimum OA is admitted and until the OA is greater percent OA is admitted, and the MA condition
than 60°F. will lie to the right of the 60°F DB line.
3 As OA temperatures fall below 30°F DB, one-
third OA (set by the manual positioning
switch) is admitted, and the MA condition
will lie to the left of the 60°F DB line.

77-1130—1 14
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

ECONOMIZER CYCLE DECISION
Where 100% outdoor air economizer cycles are included with air
handling systems, the decision of when to switch to the economizer
mode is usually made automatically based upon the following criteria:
— The outdoor air conditions.
— The return air conditions or assumed conditions.
— The size and geographical location of the AHU.
— Cost.
— The users ability to understand control strategy and maintain
the humidity sensors.
The economizer decision does not enable or disable chiller periods
of operation. Chillers are generally enabled anytime chilled water valves
open. At economizer changeover, the OA (containing less heat than
the RA) is intended to reduce the load on the cooling coil until no
chilled water is required.
The OA sensors should generally be located at least six feet above
the ground in the shade (North side) in a perforated enclosure away
from exhausts.
Following are several popular strategies with guidelines of when
each is appropriate.

ECONOMIZER CYCLE DECISION—OUTDOOR AIR DRY BULB CONTROL

Functional Description

EA RA

83
6
1

49 OA MA

5 83 OTHER INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

CONTROL 22 4
7 PROGRAM

OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
(NOTE: THE TEST AND BALANCE INITIAL
ECONOMIZER VALUE FOR PROPER VENTILATION IS 22)
ON 3
STATUS

1
2
ECONOMIZER MODE SELECTOR

1 = AUTO BASED UPON OA DB

BELOW 72.0 DEGREES.

2 = MANUAL, ECONOMIZER ON.

3 = MANUAL, ECONOMIZER OFF.

M10454

Item
No. Function FEATURES

1 OA sensor senses OA temperature.
2 Economizer decision mode selector, including OA
temperature setpoint below which the economizer
decision is invoked, and command options.
3 Economizer decision status (operator information).
4 Setpoint for minimum OA damper position.
5 Actuator positions OA and RA dampers.
6 Actuator positions EA dampers.
7 Control program coordinates occupancy,
temperature, smoke, and ventilation controls.
1. Outdoor air is used for cooling (or to supplement the chilled
water system) anytime the OA temperature is below the
economizer setpoint.
2. Stable, accurate, simple, electronic OA temperature sensor
makes reliable economizer decision.
3. Economizer decision may be global and broadcast over the
digital system network to other AHU systems.
4. Operator options for overriding the basic decision.
5. The test-and-balance minimum OA damper position initial
value is provided as text. If the operator adjusts the minimum
OA damper value, there is no longer a point of reference as to
what it should be without this note.

15 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION SPECIFICATIONS

Local weather data analysis needed to determine the optimum A global economizer function shall be provided to switch allAHUs
changeover setpoint. The analysis need only consider data when the from OA cooling to minimum OA based upon an OA temperature
OA is between approximately 60°F and 78°F, and during the occupancy setpoint. Software shall also be provided to allow the user to override
period. the decision from being based upon OA dry bulb (with an appropriate
commandable setpoint), to manually lock the system into or out of the
NOTE: The dry bulb economizer decision is best on small systems economizer mode.
(where the cost of a good humidity sensor cannot be
justified), where maintenance cannot be relied upon, or
where there are not frequent wide variations in OA RH
during the decision window (when the OA is between
approximately 60°F and 78°F).

ECONOMIZER CYCLE DECISION—OUTDOOR AIR ENTHALPY CONTROL

Functional Description

EA RA

8
83

OA MA
1 2

OTHER INPUTS
83 7 AND OUTPUTS
49 52
CONTROL 22
16.8 3 6
PROGRAM
ENTHALPY
9 OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
BTU PER POUND ECONOMIZER
STATUS
ON 5 (NOTE: THE TEST AND BALANCE INITIAL
VALUE FOR PROPER VENTILATION IS 22)

ECONOMIZER MODE SELECTOR

4
1

1 = AUTO BASED UPON OA

ENTHALPY BELOW 27.0 BTU PER POUND
2 = AUTO BASED UPON OA DB
TEMPERATURE BELOW 72.0 DEGREES NOTE: THE SYSTEM IS LOCKED OUT OF
THE ECONOMIZER MODE ANYTIME
3 = MANUAL, ECONOMIZER ON. THE OA DRY BULB IS
4 = MANUAL, ECONOMIZER OFF. ABOVE 81.0 DEGREES. M10455

Item
No. Function

1 Sensor senses OA temperature. 5 Economizer decision status (operator

2 Sensor senses OA humidity.
3 OA enthalpy calculated from OA temperature
and humidity.
4 Economizer mode decision selector, including
OA enthalpy setpoint below which the
economizer decision is invoked, and command
schedule.
information).
6 Setpoint for minimum OA damper position.
7 Actuator positions OA and RA dampers.
8 Actuator positions EA dampers.
9 Control program coordinates occupancy,
temperature, smoke, and ventilation controls.

77-1130—1 16

FEATURES
1. Outdoor air is used for cooling (or to supplement the
chilled water system) anytime the OA enthalpy is below
the economizer setpoint.
2. OA enthalpy considers total heat and will take advantage
of warm dry low enthalpy OA and will block out cool
moist OA, thus saving more energy than a dry-bulb based
economizer loop.
3. Economizer decision should be global and broadcast over
the digital system network to other AHU systems.
4. Operator options for overriding the basic decision and
for selecting OA DB economizer changeover during
periods of humidity sensor maintenance or failure..
5. The test-and-balance minimum OA damper positioned
value is provided as text. If the operator adjusts the
minimum OA damper value, there is no longer a point of
reference as to what it should be without this note.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. A high quality RH sensor with at least 3% accuracy
should be selected.
2. Periodic maintenance of the humidity sensor is provided.
3. An estimate of the typical return air enthalpy is needed
to determine the optimum changeover setpoint.
NOTE: This OA enthalpy changeover decision is
generally recommended unless the system
falls into the range where OA dry bulb or OA/
RA enthalpy comparison should be
considered.
LIMITATIONS
A high dry-bulb limit setpoint should be included to prevent
the enthalpy decision from bringing in air too warm for the
chilled water coil to cool down.
SPECIFICATIONS
A global economizer program function shall be provided
to switch all AHUs from OA cooling to minimum OA
based upon an OA enthalpy calculation setpoint, except
the system shall be locked out of the economizer mode
anytime the OA DB is higher than 81°F. Software shall
also be provided to allow the user to switch, with an
appropriate commandable setpoint, the decision to be
based upon OA dry bulb or to lock the system into or out
of the economizer mode.
NOTE: The preceding graphic is an example of a
major benefit of digital control systems. This
graphic implies several enhancements over a
simple economizer decision. It gives the user
four economizer control software selectable
options; an automatic OA enthalpy based
economizer decision, an automatic OA dry
bulb based economizer decision (for use if the
17
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
OA RH sensor is bad), a manual economizer
ON command (for use if the chiller plant is not
ready to run for any reason), and a manual
economizer OFF command (for use if the
outdoor air is poor or a sensor malfunctions in
the summer).
This enhanced scheme has the same program
inputs (OA temperature, OA humidity) and the
same output (the economizer decision status) as a
basic OA enthalpy decision program. The
enhancements are all software. After initial
development and testing of the program (including
the graphic development) this program can be
cataloged, selected, and subsequently loaded on
other projects for no appreciable additional cost
over the basic program.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
1. The following chart shows a comparison between an OA
enthalpy and an OA DB economizer decision. For
comparison, the enthalpy changeover setpoint is 29 Btu
per pound of dry air (Line 3), and the dry bulb setpoint is
75°F (Line 4).
2. If the changeover decision is based upon enthalpy, the
system will be in the economizer mode anytime the
outdoor air lies in the area below Line 3 and to the left of
Line 6.
3. If the changeover decision is based upon dry bulb
temperature, the system will be in the economizer mode
anytime the outdoor air lies to the left of Line 4.
4. Area 1 contains high enthalpy, low temperature air that
would be used for free cooling if the decision was based
upon OA dry bulb. This excess enthalpy would burden
the chiller unnecessarily.
5. Area 6 contains low enthalpy, high temperature air that
would be not used for free cooling if the decision was
based upon OA dry bulb. This low enthalpy would reduce
the chiller load.
6. Line 3 represents the dry bulb value, to the right of which
the cooling coil could not handle the sensible load, no
matter how dry the air is. This is the high temperature
economizer cutout line used with the enthalpy and OA/
RA enthalpy comparison economizer decision.
ENTHALPY
CONTROL
SELECTS RA
3
4
5
75°F DB, 54% RH
1
ENTHALPY ENTHALPY
CONTROL CHANGEOVER
SELECTS OA LINE, 29 BTU/LB
6
2
HIGH OA DB
CUT-OUT
OA DB 7
CONTROLLER
OA DB
SELECTS OA C2565-1
CONTROLLER
SELECTS RA
77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

ECONOMIZER CYCLE DECISION—OUTDOOR AIR/RETURN AIR

ENTHALPY COMPARISON

Functional Description
ENTHALPY
BTU PER POUND

29.0 6

78 45

4 5

EA RA

83 10

OA MA
1 2

OTHER INPUTS
83 9 AND OUTPUTS
49 52
CONTROL 22
16.8 3 8
PROGRAM
ENTHALPY
11
BTU PER POUND OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
(NOTE: THE TEST AND
BALANCE INITIAL
ECONOMIZER MODE SELECTOR
VALUE FOR PROPER
1 VENTILATION IS 22)

1 = AUTO BASED UPON OA/RA

ENTHALPY COMPARISON.

2 = AUTO BASED UPON OA DB

7
BELOW 72.0 DEGREES

3 = MANUAL, ECONOMIZER ON.

4 = MANUAL, ECONOMIZER OFF.

NOTE: THE SYSTEM IS LOCKED OUT OF THE ECONOMIZER

MODE ANYTIME THE OA DRY BULB IS
M10456
ABOVE 81.0 DEGREES.

Item
No. Function

1 Sensor senses OA temperature. 7 Economizer mode selector and command

2 Sensor senses OA humidity. schedule.
3 OA enthalpy calculated from OA temperature 8 Setpoint for minimum OA damper position.
and humidity. 9 Actuator positions OA and RA dampers.
4 Sensor senses RA temperature. 10 Actuator positions EA dampers.
5 Sensor senses RA humidity. 11 Control program coordinates occupancy,
6 RA enthalpy calculated from OA temperature temperature, smoke control, and ventilation
and humidity. controls.

77-1130—1 18
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

FEATURES SPECIFICATIONS

1. Outdoor air is used for cooling (or to supplement the
chilled water system) anytime the OA enthalpy is less
than the RA enthalpy.
2. Enthalpy considers total heat and will consider variations
in OA and RA moisture content, thus saving more energy
than dry-bulb based and OA enthalpy economizer loops.
3. The OA enthalpy calculation should be global and
broadcast over the digital system network to other AHU
systems.
4. Operator options for overriding the basic decision and
for reverting to an OA DB economizer decision.
5. The test-and-balance minimum OA damper position value
is provided as text. If the operator adjusts the minimum
OA damper value, there is no longer a point of reference
as to what it should be without this note.
An economizer decision function shall be provided to switch
the AHU from OA cooling to minimum OA based upon an
OA/RA enthalpy calculation and comparison. Anytime the OA
enthalpy is below the RA enthalpy, the system shall switch to
the economizer mode, except the system shall be locked out of
the economizer mode anytime the OA DB is higher than 81°F.
Software shall also be provided to allow the user to switch the
economizer mode to an OA dry bulb base (with an appropriate
commandable setpoint), or to lock the system into or out of the
economizer mode.
ECONOMIZER CYCLE DECISION—
OUTDOOR AIR/RETURN AIR DRY BULB
TEMPERATURE COMPARISON

CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION This rarely used economizer decision is similar to the enthalpy
comparison but considers dry bulb temperatures only. This
1. High quality RH sensors with at least 3% accuracy and scheme is best on small systems if return air temperatures vary
long term stability should be selected. significantly when the OA temperatures are between
2. Periodic maintenance of the humidity sensors is provided. approximately 60°F and 80°F.
3. In some cases, only certain AHUs (which have varying
latent loads) need RA enthalpy sensors and calculations,
and others will be perform satisfactorily with OA enthalpy
only. If RA moisture varies similarly on several AHUs, a
single comparison and decision may be globally shared
among them.

NOTE: The OA/RA enthalpy comparison decision is

best on systems where the return air
experiences wide swings in humidity when the
OA temperatures are between approximately
60°F and 80°F. The size of the AHU should
also be considered since savings will vary with
fan airflow.

19 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

MIXED AIR CONTROL WITH ECONOMIZER CYCLE (VENTILATION SYSTEM ONLY)

Functional Description

EA NC RA

6 83 3 ON
2

NORMAL

NO
9
OA NC MA
49

83 1 ON
PERCENT 5 55
12 4
OPEN
CONTROL
PROGRAM 55
ON 7

11
10 ECONOMIZER DECISION. 8 22
REFER TO PREVIOUS
ECONOMIZER OPTIONS
OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
(NOTE: THE TEST AND BALANCE INITIAL
VALUE FOR PROPER VENTILATION IS 22)
M10453

Item 2. A minimum quantity of OA, determined by the software

No. Function adjustable setpoint value, is assured at all times.
3. The OA economizer changeover program returns the OA
1-3 Control system energizes when fan is turned damper to the minimum position when OA is not suitable.
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL).
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
4 MA temperature maintained by modulating
mixing dampers.
1. Adequate mixing of OA and RA. Mixing may be obtained
5,6 OA and EA dampers close and RA damper
using a special mixing chamber. The temperature sensor
opens when fan is off and modulate for should be in the fan discharge when possible. The fan in
temperature control when fan is on. a blow-through system usually provides adequate mixing.
7 Setpoint for MA temperature control. 2. An MA averaging element sensor is used on draw-through
8 Setpoint value for minimum ventilation units.
damper position.
9 Determines when OA is suitable to assist in
cooling. LIMITATIONS
10 Control program coordinates MA, minimum
ventilation, and economizer control of mixing If the manual positioning value is set to admit a large quantity
dampers. of OA and the OA temperature falls below the temperature at
which only minimum OA is required for MA temperature
control, a source of heat is necessary to maintain the MA
FEATURES temperature.

1. The proper proportions of OA and RA are admitted to

maintain the desired MA temperature during economizer
operation periods.

77-1130—1 20
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS

See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.

80°F DB OA
Anytime the supply fan runs, the OA, exhaust, and RA CONTROLLER
OA SUMMER
dampers shall position to a minimum ventilation position and SETPOINT
100°F DB, 74°F WB
4
shall be further modulated by an MA PID control loop to 55°F DB MA
maintain the MA temperature setpoint. Anytime the OA CONTROLLER MA SUMMER
SETPOINT
conditions rise above the economizer setpoint, the MA 3
RA SUMMER
80°F DB, 65.5°F WB
temperature control shall be disabled. RA WINTER
1 75°F DB, 59.5°F WB
MA WINTER

OA WINTER 2
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS 35°F DB, 29°F WB
C2546-1

In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. The manual positioning setpoint value provides 25
percent minimum OA.
2. The MA controller is set at 55°F.
3. The OA controller closes the OA damper to the minimum
position when OA temperature is 80°F.
4. RA condition is 75°F DB and 59.5°F WB for winter;
80°F DB and 66.5°F WB for summer.
5. OA condition is 35°F DB and 29°F WB for winter; 100°F
DB and 74°F WB for summer.
6. Other components exist in the complete system which
hold the RA at the desired condition.
7. The desired MA temperature can be maintained during
economizer periods until the OA temperature falls below
the temperature at which only minimum OA is admitted
if the OA is less than 55°F.
The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation
1 At OA temperatures below -5°F DB (25
percent OA set by manual positioning setpoint
value), the MA condition lies to the left of the
55°F DB line.
2 As the OA temperature varies between –5°F
and 55°F, MA conditions lie on the 55°F DB
line.
3 As the OA temperature varies between 55°F
and 75°F, 100 percent OA is admitted and the
MA lies in the area between 55°F and 75°F DB.
4 As the OA temperature rises above 80°F DB,
the system operates on 25 percent OA and the
MA temperature varies from 95°F to 85°F DB.

21 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

ECONOMIZER CYCLE CONTROL OF SPACE TEMPERATURE WITH SUPPLY AIR

TEMPERATURE SETPOINT RESET

Functional Description

EA RA
13 74
6 83 3 ON
8 74
2

NORMAL SPACE
TEMPERATURE

OA MA SA MIXED AIR
TEMPERATURE
RESET SCHEDULE

5 83 1 ON SUPPLY AIR SPACE

TEMPERATURE COOLING
14 4 59 SETPOINT DEMAND
7
CONTROL 10
PROGRAM 59 75 0
12
ECONOMIZER DECISION. 9
REFER TO PREVIOUS 55 100
ECONOMIZER OPTIONS 11
22

OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
(NOTE: THE TEST AND BALANCE INITIAL VALUE
M10457
FOR PROPER VENTILATION IS 22)

Item FEATURES
No. Function
1. The system admits only the minimum quantity of OA
1-3 Control system energizes when fan is turned required for ventilation when the OA is unsuitable for
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP cooling assistance.
CONTROL). 2. During intermediate weather the system admits OA for
4 SA temperature maintained by modulating cooling to satisfy the space temperature demands, subject
mixing dampers. to SA temperature schedule setpoints.
3. A minimum quantity of OA, determined by the software
5,6 OA and EA dampers close and RA damper
adjustable setpoint value, is assured at all times.
opens when fan is off and modulate for
ventilation and temperature control when fan
is on. CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
7 Setpoint for SA temperature control.
8 Space temperature demand resets SA 1. Adequate mixing of OA and RA. Mixing may be obtained
temperature setpoint. using a special mixing chamber. The temperature sensor
9,10 Calculates SA temperature setpoint (7) based should be in the fan discharge when possible. The fan in
upon space temperature cooling demand. a blow-through system usually provides adequate mixing.
11 Setpoint value for minimum ventilation 2. A satisfactory schedule of all settings must be determined.
damper position.
12 Determines when OA is suitable to assist in
cooling. LIMITATIONS
13 Space temperature setpoint and PID function.
PID output (0 - 100) inputs to reset schedule. If the manual positioning value is set to admit a large quantity
of OA and the OA temperature falls below the temperature at
14 Control program coordinates space
which only minimum OA is required for SA temperature
temperature, SA temperature, minimum control, a source of heat is necessary to maintain the SA
ventilation, fan interlock, and economizer temperature.
control of mixing dampers.

77-1130—1 22
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS 75°F as the space temperature PID loop cooling demand varies
from 100 to 0%. Anytime the economizer program is invoked,
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL. the SA temperature control shall be enabled.

Anytime the supply fan runs, the OA, exhaust, and RA

dampers shall position to a minimum ventilation position and
shall be further modulated by an SA PID control loop to
maintain the SA temperature setpoint. The SA temperature
setpoint shall be varied from no less than 55°F to no more than
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
For the psychrometric aspects of this application, refer to
MIXED AIR CONTROL WITH ECONOMIZER CYCLE. The
psychrometric aspects of the two applications are the same.

HEATING CONTROL PROCESSES

The following applications show various ways to control
heating in an air conditioning system.
CONTROL FROM SUPPLY AIR
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. A multiple inline coil arrangement should be used if a
high temperature rise is required.
2. Heating medium and flow must be available.

Functional Description
SPECIFICATIONS
2
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
NORMAL
Anytime the supply fan runs, the hot water valve shall be
modulated by an SA PID control loop to maintain the SA
MA SA temperature setpoint. The hot water valve shall close upon fan
shutdown and open upon loss of motive force.
5
N.O.
1 ON
00 3

PERCENT
75 PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
6
OPEN CONTROL
PROGRAM 75 4
1. The SA temperature remains constant until the entering
M10458 air temperature exceeds the desired SA temperature.
Item 2. In the following chart it is assumed that the SA PID
No. Function control loop is set at 75°F.

1-2 Control system energizes when fan is turned

on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL). 75°F COIL DISCHARGE
CONTROLLER SETPOINT
3,5 SA temperature maintained by modulating the
1
hot water valve.
4 Setpoint for SA temperature control. MA
6 Control program coordinates temperature
control and fan interlock.
C2549-1

FEATURES The following results are obtained:

1. Air is discharged at a minimum temperature. Item

2. Valve opens upon loss of motive force (electricity or No. Explanation
compressed air) and closes upon fan shutdown.
1 Coil discharge is 75°F DB until MA exceeds
75°F DB, above which the coil valve is
closed, no heat is added, and SA condition is
equal to MA.

23 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

CONTROL FROM SPACE WITH SUPPLY TEMPERATURE RESET

Functional Description
8 72

2 9 72
NORMAL SPACE
TEMPERATURE
SUPPLY AIR
MA SA TEMPERATURE
RESET SCHEDULE

SUPPLY AIR SPACE

3 1 ON 4 TEMPERATURE HEATING
00 SETPOINT DEMAND
N.O. 95
10
CONTROL 7 100 100
PROGRAM 95
5
6 55 0
CURRENT SUPPLY AIR
TEMPERATURE SETPOINT M10459

Item 1. Anytime the supply fan runs, the hot water valve shall be
No. Function modulated by an SA PID control loop to maintain the SA
temperature setpoint. The SA temperature setpoint shall
1-2 Control system energizes when fan is turned be reset from no lower than 55°F to no greater than 100°F
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP as the space temperature PID demand for heating varies
CONTROL). from 0% to 100%.
2. The N.O. hot water valve shall close upon fan shutdown.
3 Hot water valve modulates heating medium.
4,5 SA temperature controlled to maintain
setpoint. PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
6,7 SA temperature setpoint determined by space
heating load. The supply condition of the air depends on the condition of
8,9 Space temperature is compared to space the entering air and the temperature rise needed to satisfy the
temperature setpoint to determine SA space heating requirements.
temperature setpoint.
10 Control program coordinates temperature In the following chart it is assumed that:
control and fan interlock.
1. The space temperature control loop is set at 75°F.
2. MA condition is 50°F DB and 48°F WB.
FEATURES 3. A space heating load exists which is large enough to
require 95°F DB SA to meet the design condition heat
1. Air is supplied at a temperature necessary to make up the loss.
sensible heat loss in the space.
2. The SA temperature will not fall below a desired
minimum or rise above a desired maximum (unless
heating coil entering air rises). SPACE
75°F 2

SA 95°F DB
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION MA 1
50°F DB, 48°F WB

A multiple inline coil arrangement if a high temperature rise

is required. C2548-1
The following results are obtained:

SPECIFICATIONS Item
No. Explanation
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
1 The heating of the MA to the supply temperature
occurs along a line of constant moisture content.
2 Space air picks up moisture from the
occupants and contents of the space.

77-1130—1 24
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

OUTDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE RESET OF SUPPLY AIR TEMPERATURE

Functional Description OA 2

74 NORMAL

5
MA SA

1 ON
00
75 3
7 8
CONTROL
PROGRAM

6 RESET SCHEDULE

OUTDOOR SUPPLY AIR

AIR SETPOINT
4
60 60
60
5 100 SETPOINT
M10460

Item
No. Function PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS

1,2 Control system energizes when fan is turned on
(See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL).
3,4 SA temperature setpoint, as adjusted by reset
schedule, maintained by modulating hot water
valve.
5,6 OA temperature resets the SA temperature setpoint
according to a reset schedule.
7 Hot water valve modulates flow, opens upon loss
of motive force, and closes upon fan shutdown.
8 Control program coordinates SA temperature,
valve, and fan interlock control.
The SA condition depends on the entering air condition and
the temperature rise needed to satisfy the space heating
requirements.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. The MA system is set to maintain 60°F DB MA
temperature.
2. The OA temperature reset controller increases the setpoint
of the discharge PID control loop linearly from 60°F to
100°F DB as OA temperature falls from 60°F to 5°F DB.

FEATURES

The SA temperature rises as the OA temperature falls

according to a predetermined reset schedule. ENTERING
AIR

CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION 1 2 4 3

Use multiple inline coil arrangement should be used if a high

C2550-2
temperature rise is required.
The following results are obtained:

SPECIFICATIONS Item
No. Explanation
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
1 MA temperature.
Anytime the supply fan runs, heating control shall be enabled. 2 SA at the beginning of the reset schedule.
A SA PID control loop shall modulate the hot water valve to 3 SA heated to 100°F at outdoor design
maintain the SA temperature setpoint. The SA temperature temperature.
setpoint shall be reset from 60°F to 100°F as the OA temperature 4 Between 0°F and 60°F OA temperature, SA
varies from 60°F to 5°F. temperatures are between points 2 and 3.

25 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

SPACE TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF ZONE MIXING DAMPERS AND RESET OF HOT

DECK TEMPERATURE
% SPACE
SETPOINT
Functional Description OPEN TEMP.
4
74 74 HALL
46 LOBBY

10
74 74 EAST
CONTROL 62 OFFICE
PROGRAM

74 74 WEST
83 OFFICE

SETPOINT 90 6
5 33
3
NO 2
8 NORMAL 90 PERCENT
72%
7 OPEN TO
56 HOT DECK
HOT
DECK ZONE
MA ON MIXING SA
DAMPERS
1
9

AS THE DEMAND FOR HEAT FROM THE ZONE WITH

THE GREATEST DEMAND FOR HEAT VARIES FROM

ZERO TO 15 %, THE HOT DECK TEMPERATURE

SETPOINT SHALL VARY FROM THE MIXED AIR

TEMPERATURE TO 80 DEGREES.

AS THE DEMAND FOR HEAT FROM EACH ZONE VARIES

FROM 15 TO 55 %, ITS HOT DECK

DAMPERS SHALL MODULATE FROM CLOSED TO OPEN.

AS THE DEMAND FOR HEAT FROM THE ZONE WITH

THE GREATEST DEMAND FOR HEAT VARIES FROM

55 TO 100%, THE HOT DECK TEMPERATURE

SETPOINT SHALL VARY FROM 80 TO

105 DEGREES.
M10461

Item
No. Function

1-2 Control system energizes when fan is turned 8 MA temperature determines hot deck reset
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP schedule start point.
CONTROL). 9 Dynamic graphic sequence display permits
3-4 Zone mixing dampers modulate to maintain the operator to adjust program setpoints.
zone temperature setpoint. Program adjusts hot deck temperature based
5-7 Hot water valve modulates to maintain hot upon operator inputs.
deck temperature setpoint. 10 Control program coordinates load reset,
temperature, and fan interlock programs.

77-1130—1 26

FEATURES
1. A motorized zone mixing damper and space temperature
PID control loop for each zone provides zone control.
2. A single coil or group of coils in the hot deck furnishes
heat for the entire system.
3. The hot deck temperature is reset by the zone with greatest
load which provides efficient control when used in
conjunction with a cold deck coil/control.
4. A reasonably constant volume of air is delivered to each
room or zone.
5. A dynamic sequence-of-operation graphic display. This
not only clearly explains the sequence but also allows
easy program modification.
NOTE: Except for low-leakage OA dampers, measurable
leakage usually exists through “closed” dampers.
Given this leakage, as the zone heat demand increases
from zero to 15%, the hot deck temperature setpoint
is raised from the mixed air temperature to 80°F before
any zone damper movement. Zone heating demand
from 15 to 50% then modulates the zone dampers from
zero to 100% open to the 80°F hot deck. Further zone
heating demand from 50 to 100% raises the hot deck
temperature setpoint from 80°F to the upper limit of
105°F. A major objective of this strategy is to minimize
heat leakage to zones requiring no heat.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. A hot water coil on units having full flow at all times
provides uniform hot deck temperatures. This can be
accomplished with a three-way valve and coil pump.
Resetting hot water temperature also helps.
2. All zones are connected to load the reset program to
satisfy total load requirements. In large systems good
practice dictates connecting only selected diverse zone
loads. Zones that may be allowed to go out of control
(storage rooms, etc.) should not be connected to the load
reset program.
3. Each zone duct should have a balancing damper following
the mixing dampers to ensure design volume to each zone.
NOTE: See the Microprocessor-Based/DDC
Fundamentals section for a description of the
load reset program.
LIMITATIONS
1. If only selected zones are connected to the load reset
program, the load requirements of unconnected zones
may not be satisfied.
2. Reduced steam flow may cause temperature gradients
across the face of the coil.
27
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime the supply fan runs, heating control shall be enabled.
Each zone mixing damper shall be modulated to maintain
zone space temperature setpoint. The hot water valve shall be
modulated to maintain the hot deck temperature setpoint.
The hot deck temperature setpoint shall be reset from the
MA temperature to 80°F as the heating demand from the zone
with the greatest heating demand varies from 0 to 15%.
Zone mixing dampers shall modulate from 0 to 100% open
to the hot deck as their respective zone demands for heating
vary from 15 to 55%.
The hot deck temperature setpoint shall be reset from 80°F
to 105 °F as the heating demand from the zone with the greatest
heating demand varies from 55 to 100%.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. MA temperature is 55°F DB.
2. The zone with the greatest heating load requires a hot
deck temperature of 90°F DB.
3. The zone depicted requires 75°F DB SA to meet its load.
1
HOT DECK
MA 90°F DB
75°F DB
55°F DB SA FROM MIXING
DAMPER TO ZONE
C2551-1
Item
No. Explanation
1 Heating of MA to the hot deck temperature
occurs along a line of constant moisture
content. Individual zones obtain any needed SA
temperature along this line with the coldest
zone controlling the hot deck temperature and
getting 100 percent hot deck air.
77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

PREHEAT CONTROL PROCESSES

The preheat process heats the air in preparation for subsequent
conditioning. Preheat is sometimes necessary when high
percentages of low temperature OA must be handled by the
system. Considerations before a preheat component is installed
in an air conditioning system are:
1. Preheat coils are often exposed to subfreezing
temperatures. Provision to prevent freezing the coils must
be made.
2. Accurate sizing of preheat coils is important. They should
be sized so it is possible to allow OA for cooling yet not
overheat the space.
In most of the following illustrations, preheat is shown in the
OA preceding the mixing of OA and RA. In complete HVAC
systems, the final preheat coil leaving air temperature setpoint
should be dictated by demands for heating or cooling.

PREHEAT CONTROL WITH FACE AND BYPASS DAMPERS

Functional Description

11

CONTROL
PROGRAM RA
9 50
8

3 44 PERCENT
OPEN 50
OPEN
TO COIL 10

N.O.
OA N.C.
MA SA
N.C.

4 1 ON
N.O.
40 NORMAL
66 5
2
7

VALVE POSITION
SCHEDULE
OUTDOOR VALVE
AIR PERCENT 6
TEMPERATURE OPEN
CONTROL
50 0 PROGRAM

35 100
M10462

Item
No. Function

1-2 Control system energizes when fan is turned 6 Control program coordinates fan interlock and
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP valve control.
CONTROL). 7 Valve position determined by OA
3 OA damper opens on fan startup, closes upon temperature.
fan shutdown (in some cases the OA damper 8-10 Face-and-bypass dampers controlled to
may be part of a mixed air system). maintain face-and-bypass leaving air
4 OA temperature determines valve position. temperature setpoint.
5 Valve controls heating medium flow to coil. 11 Control program coordinates fan interlock and
face-and-bypass damper control.

77-1130—1 28
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

FEATURES
1. Preheat coil conditions large quantities of low temperature
OA before it enters the system.
2. Bypass damper controls temperature of air leaving the
face-and-bypass section without endangering the preheat
coil which operates in full valve open mode during
freezing conditions.
3. Upon fan shutdown, valve controls at 100°F leaving air
temperature in freezing weather and positions closed upon
fan shutdown in non-freezing weather.
CAUTION: If steam (or very hot water) valves
position full open during off periods, air
temperatures may melt fire damper
linkages.
The heating coil valve shall position from 0 to 100% open as
the OA temperature varies from 50°F to 35°F. The face-and-
bypass dampers shall modulate to maintain an average face-
and-bypass leaving air temperature of 50°F.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. The coil has a 50 Fahrenheit degree temperature rise with
full air flow 0°F air and a 70 Fahrenheit degree
temperature rise with reduced air flow as in the example.
2. The coil water flow modulates from closed to open as
OA temperature drops from 50°F to 35°F.
3. OA temperature is 30°F DB.

CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION

1. Preheat coil sized to raise a maximum quantity of OA

from outdoor design temperature to 50°F.
2. Averaging element sensor positioned in face-and bypass
air to sense average air temperature. 2
3. Bypass air well mixed with face (and return) air prior to AIR LEAVING
entering down-stream water coils (additional low PREHEAT
1
AIR LEAVING
SECTION HEATING COIL
temperature controls may be required for down-stream 100°F DB
OA AND AIR
water coils). LEAVING BYPASS C2552-2
4. On large 100% OA systems the OA damper opens prior SECTION 30°F DB

to fan start up to protect ducting from collapse.

5. The setpoint of air leaving the preheat section is usually The following results are obtained:
dictated by the downstream AHU temperature controls.
Item
No. Explanation
SPECIFICATIONS
1 Heating of OA occurs along a line of constant
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL. moisture content from 30°F to 100°F.
2 The PID control loop maintains the
Anytime the supply fan runs, heating control shall be enabled,
temperature of the preheat section leaving air.
and the OA dampers shall open for ventilation requirements.

The heating coil valve shall open upon loss of actuator motive
force, shall close upon fan shutdown if the OA temperature is
above 35°F, and shall control to maintain 100°F leaving air
temperature upon fan shutdown if the OA temperature is below
35°F.

29 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
CONTROL FROM PREHEAT LEAVING AIR
Functional Description
7
CONTROL
PROGRAM
4
3 OPEN
N.O.
OA N.C.
2 1
NORMAL
Item
No. Function
1-2 Control system energizes when fan is turned
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL).
3 OA damper opens on fan startup, closes upon
fan shutdown.
4-6 Heating valve modulates to maintain heating
coil leaving air temperature setpoint.
7 Control program coordinates fan interlock and
valve control.
FEATURES
1. A preheat coil conditions large quantities of low
temperature OA before it enters the system.
2. A fixed amount of OA for ventilation is delivered
whenever the fan is on.
CONDITION FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. The temperature is limited to a value low enough to have
the coil valve full open at freezing temperatures.
2. Water temperature reset and/or a recirculating pump is
very helpful in keeping high flow at varying OA
temperatures. If a large temperature rise is required, use
an arrangement of multiple inline coils.
3. The control network sends a command to start the hot
water system anytime the hot water valve is not closed.
NOTE: If a variable flow hot water system exists, it may be
preferable to have the hot water valve position to
approximately 25% open (rather than full open) upon
fan shutdown in freezing weather. This saves pump
energy and often prevents the need for multiple pumps.
77-1130—1
6
56 RA
56
5
MA SA
ON
M10463
LIMITATIONS
If too high a temperature rise is used, the valve may short cycle
or slow down the water in the coil and allow the coil to freeze.
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime the supply fan runs, heating control shall be enabled,
and the OA dampers shall open for ventilation requirements.
The heating coil valve shall be modulated by a PID control
loop to maintain the coil leaving air temperature setpoint.
The heating coil valve shall open upon loss of actuator motive
force, shall close upon fan shutdown if the OA temperature is
above 35°F, and shall control at a leaving air temperature
setpoint of 100°F upon fan shutdown if the OA temperature is
below 35°F.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
The coil discharge and MA conditions can be distributed over
considerable area on the psychrometric chart depending on the
entering air condition and the temperature rise through the coil.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. The preheat coil has a 35 degree Fahrenheit temperature
rise.
2. The preheat coil valve modulates to maintain leaving
air temperature.
3. RA condition is 75°F DB and 62.5°F WB.
4. The MA is composed of 50 percent preheated air and 50
percent RA.
5. OA condition is 35°F DB and 29°F WB (design).
30
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

The following results are obtained:

Item
No. Explanation
RA 75°F DB, 62.5°F WB

1 Heating of OA occurs along a line of constant

2 MA moisture content from 35°F to 70°F.
MA
1 2 This condition represents the mixing of
PREHEAT AIR
OA 35°F DB, 29°F WB 70°F DB preheated air and RA supplied to the system.
C2553-1

MULTIPLE COIL CONTROL FROM OUTDOOR AND SUPPLY AIR

Functional Description

OA VALVE 1
TEMPERATURE PERCENT
OPEN
13
9 40 0
CONTROL 64 SA
6
35 100 PROGRAM 64
5

3
100 60 11 2
7
8 11
10 OPEN V1 V2 4 V3 NORMAL
N.O. N.O. N.O.

OA COIL COIL COIL

N.C. ON
NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3

VALVE 2 10 14
PERCENT COIL 1 37 58
OPEN TEMPERATURE

12 0 40

100 35 M10464

Item
No. Function

1,2 Control system energizes when fan is turned on 10-12 Coil #2 is under open loop control by coil #1
(See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL). leaving air temperature.
3 OA damper opens when fan runs. 13 Control program coordinates temperature,
4-6 Supply air PID control loop modulates the coil #3 ventilation, and fan interlock control.
valve to maintain constant supply temperature. 14 Coil #2 leaving air temperature is for operator
7-9 Coil #1 is under open loop control by OA information (unless alarm monitoring is desired).
temperature.

31 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
1. The multiple inline coil system heats below-freezing air
with little danger of freezing the coils or overheating the
space.
2. The supply temperature is constant (or may be dictated
by other HVAC controls).
3. In this sequence, individual Coil 1 and 2 Valves are
opened fully just before freezing air enters to prevent
freezing.
4. The low temperature control (Item 2) is intended to
protect the coils from freezing due to the loss of heat.
Low temperature controls cannot be installed in the
leaving air of Coils 1 and 2 because leaving air
temperatures below freezing may be normal. If water flow
is lost through Coils 1 or 2, they could freeze without
detection by the low temperature control (Item 2).
Differential temperature (software) monitor points across
Coils 1 and 2 could be added to detect the loss of heating.
If a Building Management System is included, the
monitor could be two-stage to send an alarm warning
message if the coil entering air temperature is less than
32°F and the differential temperature is less than 22
Fahrenheit degrees, and shut the system down if the
differential temperature is less than 18 Fahrenheit degrees.
If the hot water temperature is reset, or if the design OA
temperature is less than 0°F, the two differential
temperature alarm values should increase as the coil
entering air temperature decreases. Temperature sensors
in the coils leaving water may also detect freezing danger.
The numbers “22” and “18” are arbitrary and must be
carefully determined if protection is to be achieved.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. Heating Coils 1 and 2 should provide approximately the
same temperature rise and keep the air entering Coil 3
above freezing. Do not oversized any of the coils . The
rise for Coils 1 & 2 (which are full open at 35°F entering
air temperature) should be selected to produce no more
than the maximum leaving air temperature that can be
tolerated.
2. Coil 3 should be sized for the balance of the heating load.
3. Follow good piping practices to avoid freezing steam
coils.
4. On large systems, fan start signal should open the OA
damper, and a damper end switch should start the fan (to
prevent the ductwork from collapsing before the damper
can open).
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime the supply fan runs, heating control shall be enabled
and the OA dampers shall open for ventilation requirements.
77-1130—1
The heating Coil 1 valve shall open upon loss of actuator
motive force, shall close upon fan shutdown if the OA
temperature is above 35°F, and shall open upon fan shutdown
if the OA temperature is below 35°F. Heating Coils 2 and 3
valves shall open upon loss of actuator motive force and shall
close upon fan shutdown.
The Heating Coil Valve 3 shall be modulated by a PID control
loop to maintain the leaving air temperature setpoint.
The valve to Coil No. 1 (nearest entering air) shall position
from 0% to 100% open as the OA temperature varies from 40°F
to 35°F.
The valve to Coil No. 2 shall position from 0% to 100%
open as the air temperature leaving Coil 1 varies from 40°F to
35°F.
OPTIONAL: Anytime the Coil 1 valve is full open and the
Coil 1 air differential temperature is less than a
Value V1, an alarm message shall be issued.
Anytime the Coil 1 valve is full open and the
Coil 1 air differential temperature is less than a
Value V2, the fan system shall shut down until
manually reset. The Value V1 shall vary from
20 to 24 as the OA temperature varies from
30°F to -10°F. Value V2 shall equal V1 minus
4. A similar monitor and alarm function shall
be provided for Coil 2.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
This application is of greatest use in a 100 percent OA system.
The SA conditions can lie anywhere along the line of the desired
DA dry-bulb temperature.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. The system handles 100 percent OA.
2. The supply air PID control loop is set at 70°F.
3. Design OA temperature is –20°F.
4. Temperature rises through coils: Coil 1 = 30 Fahrenheit
degrees; Coil 2 = 30 Fahrenheit degrees; Coil 3 = as
required for the balance of the heating load.
5. OA temperature is 35°F DB.
OA 35°F DB
DISCHARGE OF COIL NO. 1
DISCHARGE OF COIL NO. 3
1 3
2 C2556-1
32
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

The following results are obtained:

Item
No. Explanation

1 Coil No. 1 is providing 100 percent capacity 2 Coil No. 2 valve is closed.
raising the entering air from 35°F to 65°F. 3 Coil No. 3 is modulating and provides a 5°F
temperature rise to the desired supply
temperature.

YEAR-ROUND HEAT RECOVERY PREHEAT SYSTEM CONTROL

Functional Description

10

11 79 2 75
OPEN
12 4 ON

PUMP START SETPOINTS: N.C. EXHAUST

EA COIL RA
COOLING SETPOINT = ANYTIME OA
TEMPERATURE IS 6 DEGREES
ABOVE RA TEMPERATURE. ON PUMP PERCENT OPEN
TO SUPPLY COIL
5
HEATING SETPOINT = ANYTIME OA 100 SETPOINT
TEMPERATURE IS 3 DEGREES 82 8 55
7 N.C.
BELOW SA TEMPERATURE SETPOINT 86
6
C 9 82
N.O.
DETERMINED BY SUPPLY
SUPPLY FAN
SYSTEM CONTROL.

OA SUPPLY
N.C.
COIL SA

1 ON
OPEN 3

HEATING SETPOINT DETERMINED

BY SUPPLY SYSTEM CONTROLS.
M10474

Item
No. Function
1,2 Fans start and enable pump control upon
HVAC demand for ventilation (See FAN
SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL).
3,4 Dampers close upon fan shutdown.
5 Pump runs when temperature conditions are
suitable for beneficial results.
6,10 The OA and RA temperature difference
determines when pump operation is beneficial.
7 Mixing valve prevents too much RA heat
from being transferred such that the SA
temperature exceeds that demanded by the
HVAC control system. Mixing valve also
keeps water entering the exhaust coil from
dropping below freezing to prevent the coil
from frosting.
8,9 HVAC system SA temperature setpoint
determines valve position in winter.
11 Operator information.
12 Dynamic graphic sequence display permits
the operator to adjust program setpoints.

33 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
1. Use of the heat recovery system makes it energy efficient
to use 100 percent OA by transferring heat from RA to
supply air during heating operation and transferring
cooling from RA to supply air during cooling operation.
2. This system can be used to preheat air for an MA system
or as a 100% OA system.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. A non-freezing medium should be circulated between
coils.
2. Heat recovery pump should be shut down during periods
when low OA and RA differentials exist and when the
HVAC system demands for free cooling are not exceeded
by cool OA.
3. Improved control under heating light load conditions may
be obtained with an SA PI control loop and a three-way
valve. Since the exhaust temperature is never low enough
to satisfy the cooling demand, the valve should not bypass
the coil during cooling operation.
4. Entering air to each coil may require filtration to keep
heat transfer coefficients high.
5. Building exhaust must be centralized.
6. If, after heat recovery, the SA is still below setpoint, a
heat exchanger may be added to increase water
temperature to the supply coil.
NOTE: This reduces the recovery system efficiency by
lowering the differential temperature between
the water and OA.
SPECIFICATIONS
OA and exhaust fans shall start, their OA dampers open, and
the water flow and temperature controls shall be enabled
anytime the HVAC system requires OA.
In the cooling season, the recirculating pump shall run with
full flow in the coils anytime the OA temperature is greater
than six degrees above the RA temperature.
77-1130—1
In the heating season, the recirculating pump shall run
anytime the OA temperature is less than three degrees below
the supply fan SA temperature setpoint.
A pump inlet mixing valve shall be modulated during heating
operation if necessary to prevent the supply fan DA temperature
from rising above it’s setpoint (determined by the HVAC system
demands). The mixing valve shall also modulate to prevent the
exhaust coil entering water temperature from falling below 32°F
to prevent the coil from frosting.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. The three-way valve is full open to the coil because the
exhaust air heat does not exceed the supply coil heat
requirements.
2. The heat recovery pump is operating.
3. Heating RA condition is 75°F DB and 62.5°F WB.
4. OA temperature is 35°F DB and 29°F WB.
HEATING RA CONDITIONS
EA 1 75°F DB, 62.5°F WB
1
SA FROM SUPPLY FAN
OA 35°F DB, 29°F WB
C2555-1
The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation
1 Temperature rise of the SA coil and
temperature drop of the EA coil are a function
of system design, flow rates, and component
efficiency. A 15 Fahrenheit degree rise is
shown as an example.
34
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

HUMIDIFICATION CONTROL PROCESS

Humidification is a process of adding moisture to air. The
most commonly used humidifier type is the steam jet.
Humidifier requirements vary; check manufacturers
recommendations.
Although steam jet humidifiers are depicted, other modulating
types control similarly. On-off humidifiers require a differential
in addition to a setpoint.
Generally, humidifiers should be locked off during periods
of mechanical cooling.

CONTROL OF MODULATING HUMIDIFIER

Functional Description
3 4
7
45 88
CONTROL 5 SA
PROGRAM 52
52
2
52
6
N.C.
RA

OA ON

M10468

Item CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION

No. Function
1 Control system energizes when fan is turned
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL).
2,3 Space humidity PI control modulates the
humidifier to maintain the minimum space
relative humidity setpoint.
4,5 Humidifier leaving air humidity high limit
proportional control modulates humidifier off,
if necessary, to prevent relative humidity from
exceeding the setpoint.
6 Humidifier is off whenever the fan is off.
7 Control program coordinates digital control
loops and fan interlock.
FEATURES
1. Moisture is added with only a slight increase in dry bulb
temperature (steam humidifier).
2. Humidification is turned off when the fan is stopped to
prevent accumulation of moisture in the ducts.
3. Duct humidity high-limit keeps air below saturation
moisture-condensing point.
1. The steam pressure to the valve is kept at a constant value
between 5 and 12 psig.
2. The air passing through the humidifier is warm enough
to absorb the required amount of moisture. The best
humidifier location is after a heating coil.
3. The high-limit humidistat is set relatively high, about 90
percent relative humidity.
4. If the digital controller is in a network and the OA
temperature value is available, the comfort humidification
system is disabled when the OA temperature is above a
summer value (65°F).
5. Check recommended applications for specific humidifier
furnished.
6. Where humidifiers have a separate steam jacket, a separate
valve may be added to shut down the jacket steam during
prolonged off periods to minimize heat loss. The jacket
keeps the humidifier hot so when humidification is required,
the humidifying steam does not condense inside the
humidifier and enter the duct as water.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. The humidifier shall be modulated by a space humidity
PI control loop to maintain the humidity setpoint.
2. A humidifier leaving air humidity high limit control loop
shall disable the humidifier if the humidity rises above
the high-limit setpoint.
3. The humidifier shall be off upon loss of actuator motive
force and when the fan is off.

35 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS Item

No. Explanation
The steam humidification process is almost isothermal.
1 RA and dry OA mix and enter a heating coil.
In the following chart it is assumed that: 2 Heating coil leaving air; air gains
sensible heat.
1. Space conditions are 72°F and 45% RH. 3 Humidifier leaving air; air gains mostly
2. Mixed air (entering the heating coil) is 60°F and 42°F latent heat.
DP.
4 RA; cooled via heat loss and humidity reduced.
3. Additional moisture required to maintain space conditions
is 0.0014 lbs per lb of dry air.
STEAM HUMIDIFICATION PROCESS
DETERMINES SLOPE OF THIS LINE

ENTHALPY
=
HUMIDITY RATIO

RA 72°F DB,
45% RH
4 3 SA 77°F DB,
60°F WB

MA 2 COIL
1 DISCHARGE
OA
40°F DB, 35°F WB
C2557-1

COOLING CONTROL PROCESSES

The following are common control arrangements for cooling.

CONTROL OF MODULATING CHILLED WATER COIL THREE-WAY VALVE

Functional Description Item

No. Function
3
5 1 Control system energizes when fan is turned
80 on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL
80
PROGRAM CONTROL).
2, 3 Space temperature PID control loop
2
50 modulates the three-way valve to maintain
4 SA space temperature setpoint.
4 Chilled water valve directs flow through or
1 around coil as needed to furnish proper
amount of cooling.
5 Control program coordinates temperature
MA ON control and fan status.
SUPPLY
FAN

M10469
FEATURES

1. Chilled water is supplied to the coil at a constant

temperature and varying volume.
2. A reasonably constant flow is maintained through the
entire piping system.

77-1130—1 36
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

CONDITION FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION

The water must be supplied at a reasonably constant pressure. 1 OA 95°F DB,

2
75°F WB
MA
RA 78°F DB,
LIMITATIONS SA 55°F DB 50% RH

Modulating water flow through a constant air volume chilled

water coil usually causes a rise in space RH because the coil
leaving water temperature rises significantly.
The following results are obtained: C2558-2

SPECIFICATIONS
The flow of chilled water through the cooling coil shall be
controlled by a three-way valve modulated by a space
temperature PI control loop. The valve shall close to the coil
upon fan shutdown and open to the coil upon loss of actuator
motive force.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
The temperature, and often moisture content, of leaving air
increases as the sensible cooling load lightens.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. Desired space and RA condition is 78°F DB and 50%
RH (65°F WB).
2. Design OA temperature is 95°F DB and 75°F WB.
3. Air entering the system is from the ECONOMIZER
CYCLE DECISION application. This system operates
on 35 percent OA during the cooling cycle.
4. Coil discharge temperature is 55°F.
Item
No. Explanation
1 Mixed air temperature at cooling design
condition.
2 Air entering the coil is cooled along a line of
constant moisture content until saturation is
approached. Near saturation the moisture
content is reduced as the air is cooled. This
process involves both latent and sensible
cooling.
NOTE: Condition of coil leaving air will change with the
cooling load in the space. As the cooling load
decreases, the three-way valve will provide less chilled
water flow to the coil and the discharge air temperature
will rise (approximately along Line 2).

TWO-POSITION CONTROL OF DIRECT EXPANSION COIL SYSTEM

Functional Description
7 TO COMPRESSOR
START CIRCUIT
2.5
RELAY 6
TEMPERATURE CONTROL 3 76
DIFFERENTIAL (DEGREES) COMPRESSOR
VOLTAGE MONITOR
2 76 CONTROL
PROGRAM 9
COMPRESSOR
(MINUTES) RELAY SA
MINIMUM MINIMUM 4 5
ON TIME OFF TIME

8 10
OPEN 1
8

MA ON
SUPPLY
FAN

M10470

37 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
Item
No. Function
1 Control system energizes when fan is turned
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL).
2 Space temperature inputs to control program.
3 Setpoint determines refrigerant on mode.
4 Refrigerant solenoid valve closes when
fan is off.
5 Relay controls liquid line solenoid valve.
6 Relay enables compressor start control system.
7 Temperature differential determines
compressor off mode.
8 Compressor minimum on and minimum off
times prevent short cycling.
9 Control program coordinates cooling, safety,
and fan interlock control.
FEATURES
1. The refrigerant liquid line solenoid valve is closed and
the compressor cannot be energized when the supply fan
is off.
2. Software time delays for compressor protection.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
The differential timers are set wide enough and the software
timers are set high enough to prevent short cycling of the
compressor under light load.
LIMITATIONS
1. Direct expansion coils are difficult to control from leaving
air due to the large and rapid temperature drop when
energized.
2. Compressor operating and safety controls must be
incorporated into the control system.
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
The DX control system shall be enabled anytime the fan
operates.
Cooling system shall be cycled by a temperature control loop
with a 2.5 degree (adjustable) differential to maintain the space
temperature setpoint. When the system is commanded on by
the control program, it shall remain on at least eight minutes,
and when it is commanded off (or drops off during power
interruptions) it shall remain off at least ten minutes.
77-1130—1
On a rise in space temperature to the setpoint, the refrigerant
liquid line valve shall open and a relay shall enable the
compressor to start under it’s controls.
When the space temperature drops to a value equal to the
space temperature setpoint minus a differential, the liquid line
solenoid valve shall close, and the compressor shall continue
to operate until shut down by it’s low-pressure cutout.
Refrigerant system control and interlock wiring shall be as
recommended by the compressor manufacturer.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
With on-off control, either cooled air or mixed air is supplied
into the space.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. Desired space and RA condition is 78°F DB and 50%
RH (65°F WB).
2. Design OA temperature is 95°F DB and 75°F WB.
3. Air entering the system is from the ECONOMIZER
CYCLE DECISION application. The system operates on
a minimum of 35 percent OA during the cooling cycle.
4. Coil leaving air temperature is 55°F.
1 OA
2 95°F DB,
75°F WB
RA 78°F DB,
MA
50% RH
3
SA
55°F DB 4
C2559-1
The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation
1 Mixed air temperature at cooling design
condition.
2 Air entering the coil is cooled along a line of
constant moisture content until saturation is
approached. Near saturation the moisture
content is reduced as the air is cooled. This
process involves both latent and sensible
cooling.
3 When the space thermostat has the DX cooling
energized, coil leaving air is at this value.
4 Air supplied to the space will alternate
between Point 1 and Point 3 as determined by
the space thermostat.
38
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

TWO-POSITION CONTROL OF DIRECT EXPANSION COIL SYSTEM—

MODULATING FACE AND BYPASS DAMPER

Functional Description
FACE DAMPER SOLENOID
PERCENT OPEN POSITION

TO COMPRESSOR
5 80 OPEN
START CIRCUIT

8 30 CLOSED
RELAY
COMPRESSOR
3 76 (MINUTES)
CONTROL
PROGRAM MINIMUM MINIMUM
2 76
10 ON TIME OFF TIME
RELAY
6
81 8 10
SA
4 9
1

MA ON
SUPPLY
FAN

OPEN

7 M10471

Item FEATURES
No. Function
1. The proportions of air passing through and around the
1 Control system energizes when fan is turned coil are varied by modulating face and bypass dampers.
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP 2. Lowering air velocity through the coil lowers the moisture
CONTROL). content of air leaving the coil, thus producing lower space
2,3 Space temperature sensor inputs to PID RH than systems that only cycle the refrigeration at a
control loop to maintain setpoint. constant air volume.
4 Face and bypass damper modulates for
cooling control. CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
5 Damper position determines compressor mode.
6,7 Refrigerant liquid line solenoid valve cycles 1. Capacity control of refrigeration provided to avoid icing
for cooling. under light load.
8 Relay energizes compressor.
9 Timers protect compressor from short cycling.
10 Control program coordinates temperature, LIMITATIONS
compressor, and fan interlock control.
1. Direct expansion coils are difficult to control from SA
due to the large and rapid temperature drop when
energized.
2. Compressor operating and safety controls must be
incorporated into the control system.
3. The system may be controlled from SA if necessary, but
only if the sensor is located far enough downstream of
the coil to ensure complete mixing of the air and software
timers are provided to prevent compressor short cycling.
Hot gas bypass may be required.

39 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS 3. Air entering the system is from the ECONOMIZER

CYCLE DECISION application. The system operates on
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL. 25 percent OA during the cooling cycle.
4. Coil leaving air temperature is 55°F.
The DX control system shall be enabled anytime the fan
operates.

Space temperature PI control loop shall modulate DX coil

face and bypass dampers to maintain setpoint. OA
2 1 95°F DB,
MA 75°F WB
Anytime the face damper modulates up to 80% open, the
RA 80°F DB,
refrigerant valve shall open and a relay shall enable the 4 SA 66.5°F WB
3
compressor to start under compressor controls. When the
DX COIL
compressor system is commanded on, it shall remain on at least DISCHARGE
eight minutes and when it is commanded off (or drops off during 55°F DB

power interruptions) it shall remain off at least ten minutes.

C2560-2

Anytime the face damper modulates down to 30% open, the
refrigerant valve shall close and the compressor relay shall open.
When the solenoid valve is closed, the compressor shall
continue to operate until shut down by it’s low-pressure cutout.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
Cooled air from the coil is mixed with bypass air to provide
the necessary DA temperature.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. Desired RA condition is 80°F DB and 50% RH
(66.5°F WB).
2. Design OA condition is 95°F DB and 75°F WB.
The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation
1 Mixed air temperature at cooling design enters
the cooling system.
2 Air enters the coil and is cooled along a line
of constant moisture content until saturation
is approached. Near saturation the moisture
content is reduced as the air is cooled. This
process involves both latent and sensible
cooling.
3 When the space thermostat calls for DX
cooling to be energized and the face damper
greater is than 30% open, air leaving the DX
coil is at this value.
4 Supply air will vary between Point 3 and
Point 1 as the space thermostat positions the
face and bypass dampers.

77-1130—1 40
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

COLD DECK SYSTEM WITH ZONE DAMPER CONTROL

Functional Description

AS THE DEMAND FOR COOLING FROM THE ZONE

VARIES BETWEEN ZERO AND 50 %, ITS COLD
DECK DAMPERS MODULATE BETWEEN CLOSED AND OPEN.

AS THE DEMAND FOR COOLING FROM THE ZONE WITH THE

GREATEST DEMAND FOR COOLING VARIES BETWEEN
50 AND 100%, THE COLD DECK TEMPERATURE
SETPOINT VARIES BETWEEN THE MIXED AIR
TEMPERATURE AND 55 DEGREES.
9

ZONE
MA MIXING SA
COLD DAMPERS
DECK

78 ON 6
2
7 1 55 4 3
5
76 76 HALL
66 46 LOBBY

76 76 EAST
8 46 OFFICE
CONTROL
PROGRAM WEST
76 76
46 OFFICE

PERCENT SPACE
SETPOINT
OPEN TEMPERATURE
M10475

Item FEATURES
No. Function
1. A mixing damper and temperature sensor for each zone
1 Control system energizes when fan is turned provides individual zone control. (Three zones shown).
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP 2. A single cooling coil or group of coils furnishes cooling
CONTROL). for the entire system.
2-4 Zone mixing dampers modulate to maintain 3. A constant volume of air is delivered to each zone.
space temperature setpoint. 4. Cold deck temperature is maintained just low enough to
5,6 Chilled water valve modulates to maintain satisfy the zone requiring the greatest amount of cooling
which provides efficient operation when used in conjunction
cold deck temperature setpoint.
with a hot deck coil/control multizone system.
7 Mixed air temperature determines cold deck
temperature setpoint at zero cooling load.
8 Control program coordinates zone demand,
temperature, and fan interlock control.
9 Dynamic graphic sequence display permits
the operator to adjust program setpoints.

41 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION

1. All zones are connected to load analyzer program to

satisfy total load requirements. In larger systems only OA
2
selected diverse zone loads are connected. Zones that may 95°F DB,
75°F WB
be allowed to go out of control (storage rooms, etc.) 1 MA
5
should not be connected to the load analyzer program. 3 4 RA 78°F DB,
2. Each zone duct has a balancing damper following the 50% RH
COOLING
mixing dampers to ensure design volume to each zone. COIL ZONE
DISCHARGE SUPPLIES
55°F DB

C2561-2
SPECIFICATIONS
The following results are obtained:
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Item
Anytime the supply fan runs, cooling control shall be enabled.
No. Explanation
Each zone cold deck mixing damper shall be modulated to
maintain zone space temperature setpoint. 1 Mixed air temperature at cooling design
condition.
The chilled water valve shall be modulated to maintain the 2 Air entering the coil is cooled along a line of
cold deck temperature setpoint. constant moisture content until saturation is
approached. Near saturation the moisture
Zone mixing dampers shall modulate from 0 to 100% open content is reduced as the air is cooled. This
to the cold deck as their respective zone demands for cooling process involves both latent and sensible
vary from zero to 50%. cooling.
3 This condition represents the air leaving the
The cold deck temperature setpoint shall be reset from the
cold deck and air supplied to the zone calling
mixed air temperature to 55°F as the cooling demand from the
zone with the greatest cooling demand varies from 50 to 100%. for full cooling.
4 This condition represents the SA to a zone
with partial call for cooling. Both cooling and
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS bypass dampers are partially open.
5 This condition represents the SA to a zone
In the following chart it is assumed that: with a partial call for cooling but less than
that at Point 4.
1. RA condition is 78°F DB and 50% RH (65°F WB).
2. Design OA condition is 95°F DB and 75°F WB.
3. Air entering the system is from the ECONOMIZER
CYCLE DECISION application. The system operates on
35 percent OA during the cooling cycle.
4. One zone is calling for full cooling.
5. Other zones require partial cooling.
6. Coil leaving air temperature is 55°F.

77-1130—1 42
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

DEHUMIDIFICATION CONTROL PROCESSES

The following applications show various methods of CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
controlling dehumidification in air conditioning systems.
1. If a chilled water coil is used, the water supply is cold
DIRECT EXPANSION OR WATER enough to produce the lowest required dew point.
COIL SYSTEM CONTROL 2. The cooling coil valve should be two-position controlled
for the dehumidification cycle for quick and maximum
dehumidification. A space RH differential is required for
Functional Description
two-position control, such as dehumidification on a rise
3 to 60% RH and off on a drop to 55% RH. Modulating
6 dehumidification control of a chilled water valve, which
COOL 76 9
55 delays moisture removal until the chilled water flow gets
2 74 CONTROL high enough to cause condensation, is also satisfactory.
PROGRAM 55 3. Hot water flow is available for reheat or the space will
HEAT 72 5 get very cold and humid during periods when
4 dehumidification is demanded and the cooling load is
100 light.
32
8 7
SA
N.O. N.O. SPECIFICATIONS

1 See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.

MA SUPPLY
ON 1. Anytime the supply fan runs, control system shall
FAN be enabled.
M10472
2. The chilled water valve and hot water valve shall be
modulated as required to maintain their separate heating
and cooling space temperature setpoints.
Item 3. Anytime the space relative humidity rises above it’s
No. Function setpoint, the cooling valve shall position full open for
maximum dehumidification. In this mode, the heating
1 Control system energizes when fan is turned space temperature setpoint shall be midpoint between the
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP heating and cooling setpoints, and the hot water valve
CONTROL). shall be modulated to prevent the dehumidification cycle
2-4 Space temperature PI control loops have heat from overcooling the space.
and cool setpoints with deadband. 4. The dehumidification cycle shall be disabled anytime
5,6 Space humidity sensor and setpoint enable there is no hot water flow or temperature.
dehumidification.
7,8 Heating and cooling valves position for heat,
cool, and dehumidify cycles. The valves close PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
when the fan is off.
In comfort air conditioning, dehumidification is typically
9 Control program coordinates cooling, heating,
required when the OA is cool and moist and the solar load is
dehumidifying, and fan and hot water too low to demand enough cooling for dehumidification. The
interlock control. space relative humidity is maintained at or below a desired
value, depending on the moisture content of the air entering
the cooling coil.
FEATURES

1. This application uses two-position control of a direct

expansion or chilled water coil for dehumidification.
2. This application controls both space temperature (with a
dead band) and dehumidification.
3. Dehumidification cycle is disabled if hot water flow is
not available.
4. Heating setpoint raised slightly during dehumidification
cycle to reduce cooling (dehumidifying) energy.

43 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

In the following chart it is assumed that: The following results are obtained:
1. Desired space condition is 76°F DB and a maximum of
50% RH. Item
2. OA condition is 80°F DB and 78°F WB. No. Explanation
3. Air entering the system is from the ECONOMIZER
CYCLE DECISION application. The system operates on 1 Mixed air temperature at cooling design
25 percent OA during the cooling cycle. condition.
4. Cooling coil leaving air temperature is 55°F. 2 Air entering the cooling coil is cooled along a
line of constant moisture content until
OA 80°F DB, saturation is approached. Near saturation the
78°F WB
moisture content is reduced as the air is
cooled. This process involves both latent and
2
MA 1 sensible cooling.
3 RA 76°F DB,
3 The final leaving air temperature necessary to
5 50% RH satisfy space requirements will be maintained
COOLING COIL 4
DISCHARGE by reheating along a constant moisture line.
55°F DB
4 Heating coil discharge.
5 This process line represents the increase in
C2562-2 temperature and humidity that occurs due to
the sensible and latent heat gains in the space.

WATER COIL FACE AND BYPASS SYSTEM CONTROL

Functional Description
3
6
COOL 76 11
50 10

2 74 CONTROL COOL OR
PROGRAM 50 DEHUMIDIFIER CHW FACE
HEAT 72 5
DEMAND VALVE DAMPER
4
0 0
70
32 60 100
7 SA
8
10 0

1 100 100

MA SUPPLY
ON
FAN

M10473
90 9

Item
No. Function

1 Control system energizes when fan is turned 7-9 Heating and cooling valves and face and
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP bypass dampers position for heating, cooling,
CONTROL). and dehumidifying cycles.
2-4 Space temperature PI control loops have heat 10 Stages chilled water and face-and-bypass
and cool setpoints with deadband. damper loading.
5,6 Space humidity sensor and setpoint enable 11 Control program coordinates cooling, heating,
dehumidification. dehumidifying, and fan and hot water
interlock control.

77-1130—1 44

FEATURES
1. Better dehumidification by having the chilled water flow
sequence slightly ahead of the face damper opening to
keep a low dew point temperature.
2. This application controls heating, cooling (with a dead
band), and dehumidification.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. If a chilled water coil is used, the water supply is cold
enough to produce the lowest required dew point.
2. To prevent frosting the coil under light load, if direct
expansion coil is used, proper valve cut-in, staging, and
cut-out settings related to the face and bypass damper
position are determined.
3. Hot water flow is available for reheat or the space will
get very cold and humid during periods when
dehumidification is demanded and the cooling load is
light.
4. During some chilled water coil loadings, the coil leaving
water temperature may drop quite low. If this is
undesirable to the chiller plant, a coil leaving air
temperature low limit PID loop will reduce the effects.
5. If a DX coil is used, the liquid line solenoid valve is staged
with the damper position and software timers are provided
to prevent frosting the coil and to prevent short cycling
the refrigeration system.
NOTE: The balance of this discussion is for a chilled
water coil system.
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime the supply fan runs, the control system shall
be enabled.
The hot water valve shall be modulated as required to
maintain the heating space temperature setpoint. Anytime the
chilled water valve is full open, because of a demand for
dehumidification, the actual heating space temperature setpoint
shall be midpoint between the heating and cooling setpoints.
As the space temperature cooling PI loop or the space
humidity high limit PI loop demand (whichever demand is
greater) for cooling varies from 0 to 60 percent, the chilled
water valve shall position from closed to open. As the space
temperature or the humidity PI loop demand (whichever demand
is greater) for cooling varies from 10 to 100 percent demand
the face and bypass dampers shall position from closed to open
to the coil face.
The dehumidification cycle shall be disabled anytime the hot
water pump is off or the hot water temperature is inadequate.
45
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
The space relative humidity is maintained at or below a
desired value depending on the moisture content of the air
entering the coil.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. Chilled water (not DX) is used
2. Desired space condition is 80°F DB and 50% RH.
3. Outdoor air condition is 80°F DB and 75°F WB.
4. Air entering the system is from the MIXED AIR
CONTROL WITH ECONOMIZER CYCLE application.
The system operates on 25 percent outdoor air during
the cooling cycle.
5. Cooling coil leaving air temperature is 55°F.
OA 80°F DB,
75°F WB
2
1
COOLING COIL 3 4 RA 80°F DB,
50% RH
DISCHARGE
55°F DB
C2564-1
The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation
1 Mixed air temperature.
2 Air entering the cooling coil is cooled along a
line of constant moisture content until
saturation is approached. Near saturation the
moisture content is reduced as the air is
cooled. This process involves both latent and
sensible cooling.
3 This point represents air entering the heating
coil which is a mixture of cooling coil leaving
air through the face damper and the mixed air
through the bypass damper. If the cooling or
dehumidification load decreases, air entering
the heating coil will move toward the mixed
air condition. If the cooling or
dehumidification load increases, air entering
the heating coil will move toward the cooling
coil leaving air condition.
4 As the cooling sensible load decreases, the
heating coil valve will open and Point 4
moves on a constant moisture line from
Point 3.
77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

HEATING SYSTEM CONTROL PROCESS

SPACE CONTROL OF HEATING, ECONOMIZER (FREE COOLING), AND HUMIDIFICATION

Functional Description
4
SPACE 45
3
52
7 15
88 COOL
CONTROL SA 76
PROGRAM 52
6
8
9 74
56
NC 12 72
5 HEAT
RA 10
28

N.O. 1

OA N.C. ON
SUPPLY AIR SPACE
TEMPERATURE HEATING
83 NORMAL SETPOINT DEMAND

17 2 105 100
00
13 14 55 0 11

CONTROL
PROGRAM SUPPLY AIR SPACE
ECONOMIZER DECISION. TEMPERATURE COOLING
CONTROL
REFER TO PREVIOUS SETPOINT DEMAND
ECONOMIZER OPTIONS PROGRAM 22
19
20 55 100
18

80 0 16
OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
(NOTE: THE TEST AND BALANCE INITIAL
VALUE FOR PROPER VENTILATION IS 22) M10476

Item
No. Function

1,2 Control system energizes when fan is turned 13 Hot water valve modulates to maintain SA
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP temperature setpoint.
CONTROL). 14 Control program coordinates space and SA
3-5 Space humidity PI loop controls humidifier heating control and fan interlock.
valve if space humidity falls to setpoint. 15,16 Space temperature cooling PI loop inputs to
6,7 SA humidity high limit PI loop throttles SA temperature cooling reset schedule.
humidifier valve if duct humidity rises above 17 Mixing dampers modulate to maintain SA
setpoint. temperature setpoint.
8 Control program coordinates space and 18 Economizer decision program determines
humidifier leaving air humidity control and when OA is suitable to assist with cooling
fan interlock. demand.
9-11 Space temperature heating PI loop inputs to 19 Mixing dampers minimum ventilation value.
SA temperature heating reset schedule. 20 Control program coordinates space and supply
12 SA temperature PI loop inputs to heating and cooling control, ventilation control, and fan
mixed air control programs. interlock.

77-1130—1 46
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

FEATURES PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS

1. The outdoor air quantity is modulated from a minimum
to take advantage of free cooling based on space
temperature demand.
2. The SA temperature will not fall below a set minimum.
3. Air is supplied at the temperature necessary to make up
the sensible heat loss of the space.
4. Space relative humidity is maintained at a minimum value
by a space humidity controller controlling the humidifier.
5. Separate setpoints for heating and cooling.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
Design Load
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
In the following charts it is assumed that:
1. Design outdoor air condition is 0°F DB and 50 percent
relative humidity.
2. SA condition at design load is 90°F DB and 0.0066 pound
of moisture per pound of dry air.
3. Light load outdoor air condition is 55°F DB and 52.5°F
WB.
4. SA condition at light load is 75°F DB and 0.0066 pound
of moisture per pound of dry air.
5. Minimum outdoor air is 25 percent.
6. RA condition is 74°F DB and 35% RH.

1. An appropriate schedule of settings.

2. The low temperature limit controller located to respond
to the lowest temperature in the duct.
RA 74°F DB,
OA 35% RH
0°F DB, HUMIDIFY 4
LIMITATIONS 50% RH MA 54°F DB, MIX SA 90°F DB,
45.5°F WB
0.0066 LB H2O/LB DRY AIR
1
This application used in applications that do not require 2 HEAT 3 89.5°F DB,
60.5°F WB
mechanical cooling.
C2566-1
DESIGN LOAD
The following results are obtained:
SPECIFICATIONS
Item
Anytime the supply fan runs, control system shall be enabled. No. Explanation

Anytime the space relative humidity drops below the setpoint,
the space humidity PI loop shall modulate the humidifier,
subject to an SA humidity high limit override set at 88%.
As the space heating load varies from 0 to 100%, the SA
heating PI loop setpoint shall be reset from 55°F to 105°F. The
hot water valve shall be modulated as required to maintain the
SA temperature setpoint.
1 Design outdoor air condition is 0°F DB and 50
percent relative humidity.
2 Mixed air condition is 54°F DB and 45.5°F WB.
3 Heated air condition is 89.5°F DB and 60.5°F
WB.
4 SA condition is 90°F DB and 0.0066 pound of
moisture per pound of dry air.

Anytime the fan runs, the mixing dampers shall position to a Light Sensible Load
minimum ventilation setting.

As the space cooling load varies from 0 to 100%, the SA

cooling PI loop setpoint shall be reset from 80°F to 55°F. The
outdoor and return (and relief if applicable) air dampers shall MA 59°F DB, 53°F WB
be modulated as required to maintain the SA temperature
SA 75°F DB, 59.5°F WB
setpoint. 6 0.0074 LB H2O/LB DRY AIR
5
OA RA 72°F DB, 56°F WB
Cooling damper control shall be returned to minimum 55°F DB,
position anytime the economizer mode is disabled. 52.5°F WB

LIGHT SENSITIVE LOAD C2567-1

Separate space heating and cooling setpoints shall be
provided. The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation

5 Mixed air condition is 59°F DB and 53°F WB.

6 SA condition is 75°F DB, and 0.0074 pound of
moisture per pound of dry air.

47 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

YEAR-ROUND SYSTEM CONTROL PROCESSES

HEATING, COOLING, AND ECONOMIZER

Functional Description 8
SPACE TEMPERATURE 76
CHILLED WATER COOLING
SETPOINT = FREE COOLING SETPOINT
SETPOINT PLUS
76
10 2.0 11
(1.5 MINIMUM)
9
FREE COOLING
SETPOINT 74
EA NC RA
HEATING SETPOINT = FREE SETPOINT
COOLING SETPOINT MINUS
100 12 2.0 72
3 ON
13
5 (1.5 MINIMUM)

15
SA
2 SUPPLY AIR SPACE
TEMPERATURE HEATING
NORMAL 59 SETPOINT DEMAND
NO 1
14 100
105
OA NC ON
SUPPLY 0
FAN 55 0
PERCENT 20
21 OPEN
100
64 4 64 19 16
SUPPLY AIR FREE
TEMPERATURE COOLING
36 0 SETPOINT DEMAND

22 17 75 0
100
CONTROL 57 100
PROGRAM
ECONOMIZER DECISION.
REFER TO PREVIOUS
ECONOMIZER OPTIONS SUPPLY AIR CHW
TEMPERATURE COOLING
7 6 SETPOINT DEMAND
22
18 75 0
OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
96
(NOTE: THE TEST AND BALANCE
INITIAL VALUE FOR PROPER 55 100
VENTILATION IS 22)

M10478
Item
No. Function

1-3 Control system energizes when fan is turned 8 Space temperature dictates heat and cool
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP demands.
CONTROL). 9-13 Free cooling setpoint and heat/cool deadband
4-6 Mixing dampers modulate to maintain values determine the SA temperature setpoint
minimum ventilation value and free cooling for hot and chilled water control setpoints.
SA temperature setpoint. Software has a minimum 1.5 Fahrenheit
7 Economizer enables free cooling when OA is degree heating and cooling deadband.
appropriate. 14 Heat demand varies SA temperature setpoint.
15,16 Hot water valve modulates to maintain SA

77-1130—1 48

temperature setpoint.
17 Free cooling demand varies SA temperature
setpoint.
18 Chilled water cooling demand varies SA
temperature setpoint.
19 Chilled water valve modulates to maintain SA
temperature cooling setpoint.
20 MA temperature sensor for operator
information.
21 OA temperature sensor for operator
information.
22 Control program coordinates space and supply
cooling, heating, and ventilation control, and
fan interlock.
FEATURES
1. Use of space control resetting SA temperature control
adds stability. The MA sensor is required to prevent
freeze-up if the free cooling setpoint is lowered in freezing
weather.
2. SA temperature is maintained only as high or low as
required to meet space requirements.
3. Free cooling cycle selection determined by the
economizer control program to minimize load on
mechanical cooling system.
4. Optimum comfort temperature provided during free
cooling cycle with energy conserving deadbands for
heating and cooling.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. Sensor locations must be selected to measure
representative air conditions.
2. SA temperature control loops should provide PID control
to assure stability with minimum offset.
NOTE: In cold climates this unit would most often have
the heating coil ahead of the cooling coil and the
low temperature switch after the heating coil.
Control would not change. In the configuration
shown, it would be possible to add a
dehumidification cycle with reheat (software) at a
later time.
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime the supply fan runs, control system shall be enabled,
and mixing dampers shall position to minimum ventilation
position during scheduled occupancy periods.
Anytime the economizer decision program determines that
OA is suitable to assist in cooling, the temperature controls
shall be enabled to override the dampers minimum ventilation
49
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
position for free cooling as required.
The space temperature shall have a free cooling PID loop
setpoint selected to provide optimum occupant comfort
temperature. The space temperature shall have a chilled water
cooling PID loop setpoint adjustable to no lower than 1.5
degrees (minimum) above the free cooling setpoint. The space
temperature shall have a heating PID loop setpoint adjustable
to no higher than 1.5 degrees (minimum) below the free cooling
setpoint.
As the space heating load varies from 100 to 0%, an SA
heating PID control loop setpoint shall vary from 105°F to 55°F.
The hot water valve shall modulate to maintain the heating SA
temperature setpoint, except that anytime the space temperature
is greater than one degree above the free cooling space
temperature setpoint, the hot water valve control PID setpoint
shall be 52.5°F.
As the space free cooling load varies from 0 to 100%, an SA
free cooling PID control loop setpoint shall vary from 75°F to
57°F. The mixing dampers shall modulate to maintain the free
cooling SA temperature setpoint.
As the space chilled water cooling load varies from 0 to 100%,
an SA chilled water cooling PID control loop setpoint shall
vary from 75°F to 55°F. The chilled water valve shall modulate
to maintain this cooling SA temperature setpoint.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. OA condition is 64°F and 53% RH.
2. System is in the economizer mode.
The following results are obtained:
Item
COOLING COIL
DISCHARGE 59°F
3 SPACE
76°F DB, 38% RH
2
1
COIL
100% OA
COOLING
64°F DB, 53% RH
LOAD
No. Explanation M10465
1 100% economizer air is entering the cooling
coil.
2 The chilled water coil cools the entering air
to its 59°F setpoint (removing little moisture
because the water flow is low and the OA
moisture content is not high).
3 Space temperature is 76°F and 38% RH.
77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

MULTIZONE UNIT

Functional Description
6 5 7

THE ZONE WITH THE GREATEST HEATING DEMAND 74 74 HALL

46 LOBBY
RESETS THE HOT DECK TEMPERATURE FROM
55 TO 97 DEGREES AS REQUIRED TO 74 74 EAST
MAINTAIN ITS SPACE TEMPERATURE 62 OFFICE

2.0 DEGREES BELOW SETPOINT.

74 76 WEST
THE ZONE WITH THE GREATEST COOLING DEMAND 100 OFFICE

RESETS THE COLD DECK TEMPERATURE FROM

PERCENT
78 TO 55 DEGREES AS REQUIRED TO OPEN TO
SETPOINT
SPACE
COLD TEMPERATURE
MAINTAIN ITS SPACE TEMPERATURE DECK
2.0 DEGREES ABOVE SETPOINT.

11

00 77
78
10
2 8
RA
22 3 NORMAL
PERCENT
OPEN
OA ON SA
1

ECONOMIZER DECISION.
REFER TO PREVIOUS 77 15
ECONOMIZER OPTIONS 14
00
57
4 12
OA MINIMUM SETPOINT 22 13
(NOTE: THE TEST AND
BALANCE INITIAL
VALUE FOR PROPER
VENTILATION IS 22)
16
CONTROL
PROGRAM
M10479

Item
No. Function

1,2 Control system energizes when fan is turned 10,11 Hot deck valve modulated to maintain hot
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP deck temperature setpoint.
CONTROL). 12,13 Cold deck valve modulated to maintain cold
3,4 Mixing dampers position to minimum deck temperature setpoint.
position during occupied fan operation and 14 Economizer enables free cooling when OA is
modulate for cooling. suitable.
5-8 Zone mixing dampers modulate to maintain 15 Fan leaving air temperature for operator
space temperature setpoint. information.
9 Zone with greatest cooling demand 16 Control program coordinates cooling, heating,
determines cold deck temperature setpoint, ventilation, and fan interlock control.
and zone with greatest heating demand
determines hot deck temperature setpoint.

77-1130—1 50

FEATURES
1. This application uses zone control of heating and cooling.
2. Deck temperatures dictated by zones with greatest heating
and cooling demand and with a deadband.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
All zones should be connected to load analyzer program to
satisfy total load requirements. However, in larger systems it
may be good practice to connect only selected diverse zone
loads. Zones that may be allowed to go out of control (storage
rooms, etc.) should not be connected to the load analyzer
program.
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime the supply fan runs, control system shall be enabled,
and mixing dampers shall position to minimum ventilation
position during scheduled occupancy periods.
Each zone space temperature PI loop shall modulate its zone
mixing dampers to maintain its space temperature setpoint.
The zone with the greatest temperature deviation below
setpoint shall reset the hot deck temperature setpoint from 55°F
to 97°F as required to maintain the zone space temperature 2
degrees below setpoint.
The zone with the greatest temperature deviation above
setpoint shall reset the cold deck temperature setpoint from
78°F to 55°F as required to maintain the zone space temperature
2 degrees above setpoint.
The hot deck PID loop shall modulate the hot deck hot water
valve to maintain the hot deck temperature setpoint.
The cold deck PID loop shall modulate the OA/RA mixing
dampers in sequence with the cold deck chilled water valve to
maintain the cold deck temperature setpoint.
Anytime the economizer decision program determines that
OA is unsuitable to assist in cooling, the OA/RA mixing
dampers shall be returned to their minimum ventilation position.
PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
In the summer, zone space temperature is maintained by
mixing air from the hot deck with cold deck air (the temperature
of which is dictated by the zone with the greatest demand for
cooling). The zone with the greatest demand for cooling gets
100% cold deck air.
51
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
In the winter, zone space temperature is maintained by mixing
air from the cold deck with hot deck air (the temperature of
which is dictated by the zone with the greatest demand for
heating). The zone with the greatest demand for heating gets
100% hot deck air. The zone with the greatest demand for
cooling (assuming a zone space temperature rises two degrees
above setpoint and demands cooling) gets 100% cold deck air
and dictates the cold deck temperature maintained via the
economizer cycle.
In the following chart it is assumed that:
1. Desired space condition is 75°F DB.
2. Outdoor air condition is 75°F DB and 80% RH.
3. The mixed air is 25 percent outdoor air during the
cooling cycle.
4. Coil leaving air temperature is 55°F (at least one zone
demands full cooling).
1 OA 75°F DB, 80% RH
3 2
MA AND HOT DECK
4 RA 75°F DB, 60% RH
6 7
5
COLD
DECK
55°F DB
M10466
The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation
1 OA temperature at example time.
2 Mixed air is 25% OA and 75% RA. This is
also the hot deck air, assuming no zone
temperature has dropped two degrees and
demanded heating.
3 This line represents the cooling process of the
cold deck air. The zone demanding the most
cooling dictates how far the process goes from
Point 2 to Point 4.
4 55°F DB is the minimum cold deck setpoint
set up in the program, set by a zone requiring
full cooling.
5 Discharge air to a zone requiring half cold
deck air and half mixed air.
6 The space cooling process line.
7 Return air is 75°F DB and 60% RH (humidity
rises because humidity is high outdoors and
only partial supply airflow is dehumidified).
77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

HEATING, COOLING, HUMIDIFICATION, AND DEHUMIDIFICATION CONTROL

WITHOUT DEADBANDS

Functional Description 20 52
24

SA 52 21 50
SPACE
EA N.C. RA
11 74
88
83 3 ON 25 12 74
5
56 13 35
2
SUPPLY AIR
16
NORMAL TEMPERATURE COOLING
SETPOINT DEMAND
N.O. 1

OA ON 105 0
N.C. REHEAT 14

55 40
7 9 10 15 SUPPLY
PERCENT 18 FAN
83
49 OPEN 60 55 75 45
4 26 OA
0 27 CW
100 11 0 55
17
100

28 COOL COIL
LEAVING AIR HUMIDI-
CONTROL TEMPERATURE FICATION
SETPOINT DEMAND 50
PROGRAM
ECONOMIZER DECISION. 22
REFER TO PREVIOUS 55 0
ECONOMIZER OPTIONS 19

8 6
70 45
22
OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
(NOTE: THE TEST AND HUMIDIFIER
BALANCE INITIAL VALVE POSITION
VALUE FOR PROPER
VENTILATION IS 22) 0 55
23

100 100

M10480

Item
No. Function

1-3 Control system energizes when fan is turned
on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP
CONTROL).
4-6 Manual positioning value determines
minimum ventilation mixing damper position.
7 Operator information, outdoor air
temperature.
8 Economizer enables free cooling when OA is
suitable.
9 Operator information, MA temperature.
10,27 Heating coil valve modulates to keep reheat
coil entering air from getting too low.
11-16 Space temperature PI loop resets setpoint of
reheat coil SA PI loop to maintain constant
space temperature.
17,18 Chilled water valve modulates in sequence
with mixing dampers as required to maintain
SA PI setpoint.
19 Chilled water coil leaving air temperature
lowered if required for dehumidification.
20-26 Space humidity PI control loop modulates
humidifier valve to maintain space relative
humidity, subject to an SA high limit
humidity PI loop.
27 Control program coordinates ventilation,
heating, cooling, humidification,
dehumidification, and fan interlocks.

77-1130—1 52

FEATURES PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
1. The system admits outdoor air for cooling based upon
the economizer decision.
2. Space relative humidity is maintained by controlling both
humidification and dehumidification.
3. Reheat prevents subcooling on dehumidification cycle.
4. Constant temperature and humidity control. (Do not use
this where deadband temperature or humidity control is
acceptable.)
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. Heating is available during dehumidification cycle.
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
1. Anytime the supply fan runs, control system shall be
enabled, and mixing dampers shall position to minimum
ventilation position during scheduled occupancy periods.
2. Anytime the economizer decision program determines
that OA is suitable to assist in cooling, the OA/RA mixing
dampers shall be under control of the SA PI loop.
3. The space humidity PI loop shall modulate the humidifier,
subject to a humidifier leaving air high limit humidity PI
loop setpoint, to maintain the space humidity PI loop
setpoint. Humidifying control shall be disabled anytime
the chilled water valve is modulating or the fan is off.
4. The space humidity PI loop shall override the temperature
controls to modulate the chilled water valve open for
dehumidification if required to maintain the space
humidity PI loop setpoint. The dehumidifying control
loop shall be disabled anytime there is no hot water flow
or temperature.
5. As the SA PI cooling demand varies from 100 to 45%,
the cooling SA PI loop setpoint shall vary from 55°F to
75°F.
6. As the SA PI cooling demand varies from 40 to 0%, the
reheat coil hot water valve SA PI loop setpoint (chilled
water and economizer) shall vary from 52°F to 105°F.
7. The heating coil hot water valve shall modulate to prevent
the cooling coil leaving air temperature from dropping
below 52°F.
53
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
For cooling conditions it is assumed that:
1. Design outdoor air condition is 95°F DB and 79°F WB.
2. RA condition is 76°F DB and 65°F WB.
3. System operates on 25 percent minimum outdoor air.
4. Space temperature setpoint is set at 74°F.
5. Space humidity control is set at 50 percent.
6. Coil leaving air temperature is at 55°F.
OA 95°F DB,
79°F WB
2
1 MA
4
RA 76°F DB,
62.5°F WB
3 SPACE
74°F DB 2F
55°F DB
COOLING C2572-2
The following results are obtained:
Item
No. Explanation
1 Mixed air temperature at cooling design
condition.
2 Air entering the coil is cooled along a line of
constant moisture content until saturation is
approached. Near saturation the moisture
content is reduced as the air is cooled. This
process involves both latent and sensible
cooling.
3 Cooling coil leaving air temperature will be
as low as required to satisfy either the space
temperature controller or the space humidity
controller whichever is calling for the greatest
cooling. If dehumidification cools discharge
temperature below setpoint, the heating coil
provides reheat.
4 The space temperature is 74°F DB and the
RA temperature is 76°F DB. The 2°F DB rise
is an example of sensible cooling load which
may occur in ceiling, space, and RA ducts.
The rise will be a function of system,
building, and lighting arrangement.
77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

For heating conditions it is assumed that: The following results are obtained:

1. Design outdoor air condition is 0°F DB and 30 percent Item

relative humidity. No. Explanation
2. RA condition is 76°F DB and 56°F WB.
3. System operates on 25 percent minimum outdoor air. 1 Heating coil leaving air temperature will be as
4. Space temperature is set at 74°F. high as required to satisfy the space
5. Space humidification control is set at 50 percent. temperature controller.
2 Humidification will be provided to satisfy
space humidification requirements.
3 The space heating and humidifying load
varies with people and weather.
4 The 2°F DB RA rise is discussed in the
cooling example.
4
RA 76°F DB, 62.5°F WB
SPACE 2F
3 2 HUMIDIFIER
74°F DB
DISCHARGE
MA 1 HEATING COIL
OA DISCHARGE
0°F DB
HEATING C2573-1
30% RH

77-1130—1 54
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

VAV AHU, WATER-SIDE ECONOMIZER, OA AIRFLOW CONTROL

Functional Description

WARM-UP MODE INVOLVED AT OPTIMUM

START TIME IF PERIMETER SPACE 14
TEMPERATURE IS LESS THAN 70 .
WARM-UP ENDS WHEN RETURN
AIR REACHES 74 . PROPELLER
21 PERIMETER
EXHAUST
ZONE
FAN
WARM-UP
MODE
75
ON OFF 12
SPACE
RA 13
90 55
24 11 ON
77 17
SUPPLY AIR 7
1.8 TEMPERATURE SETPOINT

8 72 2
1
20
3
83 NORMAL ON NORMAL

SA TO VAV
OA BOXES

9
CFM 2306 63
19

4 PERCENT 1.8
62 16 18 LOAD 15 56
6 5
2300 00 76
1.8
10 MAXIMUM
SETPOINT

22

CONTROL
PROGRAM
23

ANYTIME ALL VAV BOX DAMPERS ARE LESS THAN 90% OPEN, DECREMENT THE AHU
DUCT STATIC PRESSURE SETPOINT 0.1 INCHES EVERY 4.0 MINUTES.

ANYTIME ANY VAV BOX DAMPER IS FULL OPEN, INCREMENT THE AHU DUCT STATIC
PRESSURE SETPOINT 0.1 INCHES EVERY 4.0 MINUTES.
M10477

Item
No. Function
11-14 When perimeter temperature is low at startup,
1-3 Control system energizes when supply fan is SA temperature setpoint is warm until RA
turned on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP temperature rises.
CONTROL). 15-16 Heating valve maintains SA temperature
4-6 Supply fan loads to maintain duct static setpoint during warm-up.
pressure. 17-18 Cooling valve maintains SA temperature
7-10 During occupied periods, exhaust fan runs and setpoint during occupied periods.
OA airflow is controlled. 19-20 OA and MA temperatures are operator
information.

55 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
21 SA temperature setpoint switches from cooling
to heating value during warm-up modes.
22 Control program coordinates temperature
control, ventilation, and fan interlock.
23 Control program optimizes duct pressure
setpoint.
24 OA shaft static pressure point shared from OA
fan control system for this graphic (not a
physical point as shown) and provided here
for operator information.
NOTE: This system is often found on each floor of a building,
and often includes an outdoor air fan (preferably with
filtration to protect the AHU OA air flow elements)
and shaft, and a water-side economizer. The water-
side economizer provides chilled water year round (in
cold weather the cooling tower provides chilled water
via heat exchangers without the need for the chillers).
Dual equal sized chillers and boilers (non-redundant)
are assumed.
FEATURES
1. Supplies constant temperature variable volume (energy
conserving) air to VAV boxes.
2. Provides constant airflow of OA with varying supply
airflow.
3. Provides 100% RA dur ing war m-up periods
(preoccupancy purge may be required for IAQ).
4. Perimeter boxes provide space heat when required during
occupied periods.
5. AHU provides heating during warm-up periods, and
when OA temperatur e effects cause low SA
temperatures. If boxes have electric heat and the AHU
hot water is from lower cost gas/oil-sourced heat, box
heaters may be disabled during warm-up periods.
6. Duct static pressure setpoint is lowered anytime all VAV
box dampers are less than 90% open (If this strategy is
used, the duct static pressure pickup need not be at the
end of the longest run, but may be at any location where
the air is not too turbulent. The maximum setpoint is
higher than if the pickup had been at the end of the run
because of the pickup location).
7. Reduced fan airflow is provided during warm-up, night
purge, and cool-down periods to reduce fan energy,
which varies with the cube of the fan airflow.
8. Reduced fan airflow and staged AHU startup during cool-
down periods requires only one chiller and keeps the
chiller pull-down ahead of the AHU cooling demands
such that AHUs get cold (not cool) water for effective
cooling and dehumidification, and allows the chiller to
operate at an efficient loading (less than 100%).
77-1130—1
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. Airflow element and transducer must be kept clean and
calibrated.
2. OA fan must provide adequate OA shaft pressure.
Alternatively, if there is no OA fan, the OA airflow
setpoint may be maintained by modulating the RA
damper which would have to be added.
3. A controller network and adequate software and
programming provided to support communication
between the box controllers and the fan controller to allow
static pressure reset and to position the box dampers
properly during night purge, warm-up, and cool-down
periods.
4. If any VAV box whose damper position is a program input
can never satisfy its space cooling demand for any reason
(and its damper is always open), the duct static pressure
reset program will not lower the duct static pressure
setpoint. The duct static pressure reset program works
best when there are no more than thirty monitored VAV
boxes per fan system (with great quantities of boxes, it is
likely that at least one box damper will always be full
open).
For example, if an interior zone is always under a full
cooling load, static pressure reset will not occur unless
that zone (and similar zones) is oversized. The oversized
zone would then throttle back when the building is at
full load when the duct static pressure is at design.
5. All AHUs must be near the same normal occupancy
schedule or the cool-down start-up specification edited.
6. Boiler, chiller, pumping system, and OA fan controls
carefully networked into the AHU control schemes to
assure smooth and efficient building operations.
7. All specified values and setpoints are tuned to specific
project requirements.
SPECIFICATIONS
NOTE: A set of 16 similar sized AHUs are assumed.
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime any AHU starts in the optimum start cool-down
mode, three to four AHUs shall start and the remaining AHUs
shall stage on at five minute intervals (unless they similarly
start under their optimum start programs). Any time any AHU
operates in the night purge, warm-up, or cool-down modes of
operation, all associated perimeter VAV boxes shall operate at
60% of their maximum airflow setpoint, and all associated
interior VAV boxes shall operate at 25% of their maximum
airflow setpoint, unless the OA temperature is less than 15°F
in which case the perimeter VAV boxes shall operate at their
maximum airflow setpoint.
56
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

During unoccupied periods, anytime the top floor west zone building. Reducing the AHU airflow and increasing the OA
perimeter space temperature is greater than 77°F and the OA airflow should result in the supply airflow being a significant
temperature is less than 72°F and the OA dew point is less than proportion OA. If IAQ requirements dictate a prepurge cycle,
60°F, the night purge program shall start. When the night purge this operational mode should suffice then also, but would be
program starts, AHUs 9 through 16 (provided their west zone staged by time rather than temperature.
space temperatures are greater than 74.5°F) shall start, and the
OA and exhaust fans shall start. When an AHU runs in the
night purge mode, its OA damper shall position full open. When PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS
the OA fan runs in the night purge mode, its duct static pressure
setpoint shall be reset to a value 50% above the normal In the following chart it is assumed that:
maximum setpoint. AHU fans running in the night purge mode
shall stop when their noted space temperature drops to 74.5°F. 1. Outdoor air condition is 95°F DB and 79°F WB.
2. RA condition is 78°F DB and 57.5°F WB.
Anytime the night purge program runs for one minute and 3. Coil leaving air temperature 50°F.
any of AHUs 9 through 16 are off, AHU’s 8 through 1 shall 4. 80% RA.
start respectively on a one-for-one basis (provided their west
zone space temperatures are greater than 74.5°F). Anytime all
fans shut down in the night purge mode, the night purge program OA 95°F DB,
mode shall end. 79°F WB

Anytime the supply fan runs, the return fan shall start and
the control system shall be enabled. Also, anytime the supply 2 COOL
fan runs during scheduled occupancy periods the exhaust fan 1 81.4°F DB
shall start. SPACE LOAD
RA 78°F DB,
3 4 57.5°F WB
At the scheduled occupancy time, each AHU OA damper COIL DISCHARGE
50°F DB, 47°F WB
control loop shall be enabled under EPID control with a start
value of 50 and a ramp duration of 400 seconds. Each AHU C2578-1

OA damper shall modulate to maintain its OA airflow setpoint. The following results are obtained:
The supply fan loading shall be under EPID control with a Item
start value of 20% and ramp duration of 150 seconds. The supply
No. Explanation
fan shall load to maintain the duct static pressure setpoint.

The SA temperature shall be under EPID control with a start 1 RA mixes with 20 percent (minimum
value of 50% (at which point the hot and chilled water valves position) outdoor air to obtain mixed air
are both closed) and a ramp duration of 120 seconds. The hot condition.
and chilled water valves shall be modulated in sequence to 2 Air entering the coil is cooled along a line of
maintain the SA temperature setpoint. constant moisture content until saturation is
approached. Near saturation the moisture
Anytime the optimum start perimeter zone space temperature content is reduced as the air is cooled. This
sensor is less than 70°F at start-up time, the SA temperature process involves both latent and sensible
setpoint shall be 90°F until the RA temperature rises to 74°F, cooling.
at which time the SA temperature setpoint shall be lowered 3 Mixed air is cooled and dehumidified by
to 55°F. The EPID shall be invoked at the switching of the
cooling coil to obtain cooling coil leaving air
setpoint to 55°F with a start value of 50 and a ramp duration
of 180 seconds. condition.
4 Reheat coils and/or space internal load heats
EXPLANATION: air to 78°F DB and 57.5°F WB.
With VAV fan systems, operation during unoccupied periods
should be based on minimum energy cost (not minimum on-
time). Ideally, for a dual chiller building, the VAV box airflow
would be regulated to run one chiller at its most efficient
operating point. At this point the AHU fan would draw a small
portion of its full-load amperage, good dehumidification would
occur, and pumping energy may be reduced. In the night purge
mode of operation, the objective is to supply a maximum amount
of OA to the AHUs, and to direct it to the warm areas of the

57 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

VAV AHU WITH RETURN FAN AND FLOW TRACKING CONTROL

Functional Description
ZERO
CALIBRATION
EXHAUST
76 EXHAUST 360
FAN "ON"
30 FAN DIFFERENTIAL 14
CFM SPACE
PRESSURIZATION
2700 DIFFERENTIAL
EA ON CFM
RA 13
5 1300
83 ON 58 9 9600 12
CONTROL
20 4 PERCENT 10 PROGRAM 31
LOAD
22

17
18
21 58 1
11
2 3
83 NORMAL ON NORMAL 13610

SA
OA
16

63 PERCENT 27
7

00 LOAD
49 23 6 55 1.8
-0.24 25
26
24 8
76
-0.24 1.8

17 19

CONTROL 32 SA
ECONOMIZER DECISION. PROGRAM WARM-UP TEMPERATURE OA
REFER TO PREVIOUS MODE SETPOINT TEMPERATURE
ECONOMIZER OPTIONS ON OFF

29
55 40
22 90 55
61 -5
15 28

OA MINIMUM SETPOINT
(NOTE: THE TEST AND BALANCE INITIAL
VALUE FOR PROPER VENTILATION IS 22)
M10467

Item
No. Function 15 Manual positioning value determines
minimum summer ventilation mixing damper
1-5 Control system energizes when supply fan is position. This position is fixed for the OA and
turned on (See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP relief air dampers; but is a minimum position
CONTROL). for the return air damper, the value of which
6-8 Supply fan loads to maintain duct static will be overridden to maintain a constant
pressure at the end of the longest run. mixing box negative static pressure and thus a
9-14 Return fan loads to track supply airflow constant OA airflow.
minus exhaust airflow minus airflow for 16 OA determines SA temperature setpoint.
pressurization. 17 Economizer enables free cooling when OA
is suitable.

77-1130—1 58

18 Mixed air temperature is for operator
information.
19 SA temperature setpoint is reset based upon
OA temperature.
20-22 Mixing dampers modulate for free cooling.
23,24 Mixing box static pressure maintained
constant during noneconomizer mode by
modulation of the RA damper during
minimum ventilation periods to maintain
constant OA airflow.
25-27 Hot water valve, mixing dampers, and chilled
water valve modulated in sequence to
maintain SA temperature setpoint.
28,29 SA temperature setpoint switches from cooling
to heating value during warm-up modes.
30 RA temperature determines end of warm-up
mode.
32 Control program coordinates return fan
airflow setpoint, loading, exhaust fan control,
and fan interlock.
33 Control program coordinates temperature
control of mixing dampers, control valves,
and fan interlock.
FEATURES
1. The system admits outdoor air for cooling based upon
the economizer program decision.
2. Supplies constant temperature variable volume (energy
conserving) air to VAV boxes during cooling mode.
3. Provides constant airflow of OA in summer with varying
supply airflow.
4. Return fan airflow varies with supply fan airflow
dependent upon exhaust and pressurization requirements.
5. Provides 100% RA during warm-up periods.
6. Perimeter boxes provide heat when required.
7. SA temperature setpoint is reset based upon OA
temperature.
NOTE: This function has no hardware cost. The setpoint
parameters are easily adjusted and can be nulled by
setting the -5°F OA SA setpoint the same as the 40°F
OA SA setpoint.
CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
1. Skilled HVAC technicians required for pressure and
volumetric setup.
2. Test and balance OA damper minimum position value
and mixing box static pressure setpoint value.
3. OA and RA dampers maintained and provided with
proper actuators (with positioners if pneumatic).
4. Airflow elements and transducers kept clean and calibrated.
59
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
See FAN SYSTEM START-STOP CONTROL.
Anytime the supply fan runs, the return fan shall start and
the control system shall be enabled. Also, anytime the supply
fan runs during scheduled occupancy periods, mixing dampers
shall position to minimum ventilation position and the exhaust
fan shall start.
Anytime the economizer mode is enabled, the temperature
controls shall be enabled to override the AHU mixing dampers
minimum ventilation setpoint for free cooling as required.
During non-economizer occupied periods the RA damper
shall be modulated to maintain a constant mixing box negative
static pressure.
The supply fan loading shall be under EPID control with a
start value of 20% and ramp duration of 150 seconds. The supply
fan shall load to provide design static pressure at the end of the
longest duct.
The return fan loading shall be dependent upon the supply
fan airflow. When in the recirculating mode, the return fan
airflow setpoint shall equal the supply fan airflow plus a
positive or negative value for calibration (of flow elements
and transducers) so as to provide a neutral space static pressure.
Anytime the OA dampers are not closed completely, the return
fan airflow setpoint shall equal the supply fan airflow minus a
value necessary to maintain a slightly positive (0.05 in. wc)
space static pressure. Anytime the exhaust fan operates, the
return fan airflow setpoint shall be further reduced by additional
airflow value equal to the exhaust airflow (this exhaust value
shall be determined by observing the space static pressure as
the exhaust fan starts and stops).
The SA temperature shall be under EPID control with a start
value of 33 (at which point the hot and chilled water valves are
closed and the mixing damper override signal is zero) and a
ramp duration of 120 seconds. The hot and chilled water valves
and the mixing dampers shall be modulated in sequence to
maintain the SA temperature setpoint.
Anytime the optimum start perimeter zone space temperature
sensor is less than 70°F at startup time, the SA temperature
setpoint shall be 90°F until the RA temperature rises to 74°F, at
which time the SA temperature setpoint shall be lowered to the
cooling SA setpoint. The SA EPID shall be invoked at the
switching of the setpoint to cooling with a start value of 33 and
a ramp duration of 180 seconds. The cooling SA setpoint shall
rise from 55°F to 61°F as the OA temperature drops from 40°F
to -5°F.
77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

PSYCHROMETRIC ASPECTS The following results are obtained:

In the following chart it is assumed that: Item

No. Explanation
1. Outdoor air condition is 95°F DB and 79°F WB.
2. RA condition is 75°F DB and 57.5°F WB. 1. RA mixes with 20 percent (minimum
3. Coil leaving air temperature 50°F. position) outdoor air to obtain mixed air
4. 80% OA. condition.
2. Air entering the coil is cooled along a line of
constant moisture content until saturation is
OA 95°F DB, approached. Near saturation the moisture
79°F WB
content is reduced as the air is cooled. This
process involves both latent and sensible
cooling.
2 COOL
1
3. Mixed air is cooled and dehumidified by
81.4°F DB
SPACE LOAD
cooling coil to obtain cooling coil leaving air
3 4
RA 78°F DB, condition.
57.5°F WB
COIL DISCHARGE
4. Reheat coils and/or space heats air to 75°F
50°F DB, 47°F WB DB and 57.5°F WB.
C2578-1

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 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS

ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1.

61 77-1130—1
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 2.

77-1130—1 62
 AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONS

63 77-1130—1
Home and Building Control Home and Building Control Honeywell Asia Pacific Inc.
Honeywell Inc. Honeywell Limited-Honeywell Limitée Room 3213-3225
Honeywell Plaza 155 Gordon Baker Road Sun Hung Kai Centre
P.O. Box 524 North York, Ontario No. 30 Harbour Road
Minneapolis MN 55408-0524 M2H 3N7 Wanchai
Hong Kong
Honeywell Latin American Region Honeywell Europe S.A.
480 Sawgrass Corporate Parkway 3 Avenue du Bourget
Suite 200 1140 Brussels
Sunrise FL 33325 Belgium

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