Integumentary System

Youtube channel #1: slackerbiz

Function of the Skin
>Protection
>Synthesizes Vitamin D
-exposure to UV light causes skin to make Vitamin D
-Liver and kidney turn Vitamin D into calcitriol
-Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphorus production
>Sensory Reception
>Temperature Regulation
-sweat glands
-evaporative cooling
Layers of the Skin
3 major layers:
-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Subcutaneous
Epidermis
-epi on top od
-derm- skin
-outer layer
-thin
-divided into 2 layers
1. Stratum Germinativum
-superior to dermis
-produce cells for epidermis
2. Stratum Corneum
-tough upper layer of epidermis
-protects body from water loss and gain
Dermis
-region of connective tissue
-under epidermis
-contains collagenous elastic fibers (these are flexible but also resilient)
-sensory nerces (take nerve impulses from skin)
Subcutaneous
-fatty layer (adipose tissue)
-energy storage
-insulation
-protection
-can result in obesity
Other parts:
Hair
-project follicles in the dermis
-smooth muscles attached to hair root
Nails
-grow from nail root
-visible part of nail is nail body
-cuticle covers nail root
2 major glands:
1. Sweat glands

-found in all regions of the skin

-evaporative cooling
2. Sebaceous glands
-secrete oil into the hair follicle
-waterproofing
Youtube channel #2: John Croteau
Skin largest organ
-contains all form of the various tissue types (Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve)
6 Functions:
1. Maintenance of Body Temp
2. Protection
3. Perception of Stimuli
4. Excretion/Secretion
5. Synthesis of Vitamin D
6. Non-Specific Immunity
Skin Structure
3 Layers
Epidermis stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis support layer
Hypodermis or Subcutaneous
Epidermis
-Stratified Squamous
-approximately 20 layers thich (up to 1mm)
-top 10 layers are dead cells with a KERATIN
-bottom layer is one layer of living and actively dividing cells called STRATUM BASAL
-MELANOCYTES create melanin pigment
Layers of Epidermis
Stratum Corneum dead cells filled with keratin
Stratum Ludcidum
Stratum Granulosum grains called keratohyalin
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale actively divinding cells
>desmosome help connect neighboring cells
>Keritonization cells from the bottom to top layer of the skin
-replaces the cytoplasm of the cells with the protein, keratin
Thick skin has an extra layer of Epithilium called Stratum Lucidum
-found on the palm side of the hand and the soles of the feet
-Starum Lucidum has the protein keratohyalin for added toughness
-calluses thickening of the stratum lucidum layer
-thick skins have no hair
-thick skins has dermal ridges (prints) from taller papilla fingerprint
Epidermal Derivatives
-derived from something else epithelial in origin
1. Nails heavily keratonized epithelial cells (squamous)
-dead skin root at the dermal layer
2. Hair portion of hair above the skin is the hair shaft
-portion of hair below the skin is the hair root
Glands in the Dermis
2 Types
1. Sebaceous Glands

-Oil Glands
-always associated with the hair
-simple cuboidal epithelial cells
-product: sebum or oil
2. Suderiferous Gland or Sweat Gland
-independent of any hair
-sweat excretion of excess water and salts
2 types of suderiferous glands
1. Eccrine secrete just sweat and respond to elevated body temperatures
2. Apocrine more active at puberty and they are stimulating hormones
-provide pheromone (sexually attracting in the animal kingdom)
Dermis
-made of collagen fibers for toughness
-elastin fibers for elasticity
-capillaries for nourishment
-highly vascular in contrast to epidermis (avascular)
-Suderiferous glands and Sebaceous gland
-hair for protection and sense reception
-sense receptors (sensory neurons)
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous
-primary tissue: Adipose (fat) storage for:
Stored energy
Padding
Insulation
Youtube channel #3: Kathy Webb
Combining forms of fat
>Adip/o
-Lip/o
-Steat/o
>Combing forms for skin
-cutane/o
-dermat/o
-derm/o
>Combining forms for sweat
-hidr/o
-sudor/o
Pathology
-the appearance and condition of the skin may help provide clues to body conditions and dysfunctions
Lesions
-pathologically altered tissue that may appear flat, elevated, or depressed
>primary (elevated)
>secondary (depressed)
Papule, Nodule (elevated)
-treated by cauterization
Cauterization
-destruction by:
cryosurgery
fulguration (electricity)

laser (heat)
chemicals
Vesicle and Bulla (elevated and circumscribed)
-second degree burn
Pustule (elevated)
-small, raised lesion suppurative (contains pus)
Fissure (depressed)
Ulcer (depressed)
-third degree burn /scar
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Youtube channel #4: mrfox218
Epidermis
-outermost
-dead cells with keratin
-melanin pigment that has natural sun block
Dermis
-Sensory neuron keeps in touch with envi.
-Sweat gland
-Oil gland waterproof
-Hair follicle where new hair cells are made
-Blood vessels
Subcutaneous layer fatty layer
-produce vitamin D
Skin cancer damaged DNA uncontrolled cell division
4 different symptoms
1. Asymmetry mole
2. Border irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined border
3. Color brown, black, sometimes, white, red or blue
4. Diameter larger than 6mm (pencil eraser)