TABLE OF CONTENT

Content
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF TABLE
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
DATA TABULATION
RESULT
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
APPENDIX

Page

List of Figures
FIGURE

PAGE

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 12

List of table
TABLE

Table 1
Table 2
Table 3

Table 4

PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
A heat exchanger is an equipment in which heat exchange takes place between two fluids that
enter and exit at different temperatures. The main function of heat exchanger is to either
remove heat from a hot fluid or to add heat to the cold fluid. The direction of fluid motion
inside the heat exchanger can normally categorized as parallel flow, counter flow and cross
flow. In this experiment, we study only the parallel flow and counter flow. For parallel flow,
also known as co-current flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the same direction. Both
the fluids enter and exit the heat exchanger on the same ends. For counter flow, both the hot
and cold fluids flow in the opposite direction. Both the fluids enter and exit the heat
exchanger on the opposite ends. In this experiment, we focused on the shell and tube heat
exchanger. Examples in practice in which flowing fluids exchange heat are air inter cooler
sand preheaters, condensers and boilers in steam plant, condensers, condensers and
evaporators in refrigeration units, and many other industrial process in which a liquid or gas
is required to be either cooled or heated. There are three main types of heat exchanger.

I.

II.

III.

Recuperator : Fluids exchanging heat are on either side of a dividing wall

Regenerator : Hot and cold fluids pass alternatively a sink and a source for heat flow

Evaporative Type: A liquid is cooled evaporative and continuously in the same

space as the coolant. An example of the latter type is the cooling tower. Very often
when term heat exchanger is used it refers to the recuperative type, which is by far the
most commonly used in engineering practice. The main purpose of heat exchanger is
to remove the heat from the hot.

2.0 OBJECTIVE
In this experiment, the objective is to demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on
the performance characteristics of a counter flow and parallel flow concentric tube heat
exchanger.
3.0 THEORY/BACKGROUND
The way that a heat exchanger works is hot water and cold water enter the exchanger,
where the process of cold water gaining some heat and the hot water losing some takes place,
before they both exit the exchanger. What is actually happening is, the hot water is heating
either the inside or the outside of the tubes in the exchanger, depending on where it is
flowing, by what is known as convection.
Then the heat is conducted through the tubes to the other side, either the outside or the
inside, where it is then convection back into the cold water raising its temperature.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer that involves motion of some fluid that either absorbs
heat from a source or gives heat to some surrounding. Conduction is a mode of heat transfer
in which the heat is moving through a stationary object or fluid. For a heat exchanger that
flows parallel or counter current then the coefficient of heat transfer is called the overall
coefficient of heat transfer. It is calculated using the log mean temperature difference, which
is found two different ways, depending of whether the flow is parallel or counter.
A heat exchanger is a device by which thermal energy is transferred from one fluid to
another. The types of heat exchangers to be tested in this experiment are called single-pass,
parallel-flow and counter-flow concentric tube heat exchangers. In a parallel-flow heat
exchanger, the working fluids flow in the same direction. In the counter flow exchanger, the
fluids flow in parallel but opposite directions.

Figure 1: Concentric Tube Heat Exchangers

The variables that affect the performance of a heat exchanger are the fluids physical
properties, the fluids mass flow rates, the inlet temperature of the fluids, the physical
properties of the heat exchanger materials, the configuration and area of the heat transfer
surfaces, the extent of scale or deposits on the heat transfer surfaces, and the ambient
conditions.
The equations for calculating the performance characteristics: power emitted, power
absorbed, power lost, efficiency (); logarithmic mean temperature difference (
overall heat transfer coefficient (U).

), and

The efficiency for the cold medium is:

Tc ,out Tc ,in
Th,in Tc ,in

100

The efficiency for the hot medium is:

Th,in Th,out
Th,in Tc,in

100

The mean temperature efficiency is:

mean

c h
2

The power emitted is given below (where Vh is the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid):

Power Emitted Vh h C ph Th,in Th,out

The power absorbed is given below (where Vc is the volumetric flow rate of the cold fluid):

Power Absorbed Vc c C pc Tc,out Tc,in

The power lost is therefore:

Power lost Power Emitted Power Absorbed

The overall efficiency () is:

Power Absorbed
100
Power Emitted

The logarithmic mean temperature difference (Tm) is:

Tm

T1 T2 Th ,in Tc ,out Th ,out Tc ,in

T1
Th ,in Tc ,out

ln
ln

T2
Th ,out Tc ,in

The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is:

Power Absorbed
As Tm

where the surface area (As) for this heat exchanger is 0.067 m2.

Figure 2 : Graph of Parallel flow

Figure 3 : Graph of Counter Flow

Figure 3 : Schematic Diagram of Parallel

Figure 4 : Schematic Diagram of Counter

Flow

Flow

Figure 5 : Calculation Temperature of

Figure 6 : Calculation Temperature of

Parallel-Flow

Counter-Flow

4.0 EQUIPMENT

Figure 7: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger

Figure 9: Stopwatch

Figure 8: Boiler

5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1.

The heat exchanger is configure to counter-flow set up operation.

Figure 10: Counter-flow set up

2.

The required hot water inlet temperature is set up to

switch.

Figure 11: The temperature indicator

60

with the decade

3.

The cold water volumetric flow rate ( is set up to run at constant 2000

/min.

Figure 12: Flow rate indicator

4.

While the cold water volumetric flow rate

hot fluid volumetric flow rate
4000

5.

is kept constant at 2000

/min, the

is repeated using 1000, 2000, 3000 and

/min.

Initially, the hot fluid volumetric flow rate is set to 1000

/min. After 5 minutes the

data is taken. The readings of the temperature is recorded and tabulated in the table.
6.

The values for density ( and

) and constant pressure specific heat (

the cold fluids at a temperature of

and

) for

and for the hot fluids at a temperature of

are checked from the properties table to be used in calculation.

7.

The whole process is repeated but the flow is configure to parallel flow set-up.

8.

By using the data recorded earlier, the following heat exchanger performance factors:
power emitted, power absorbed, power lost, efficiency ( ), logarithmic mean
temperature difference (

) and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) are

calculated and recorded in the table.

9.

The results is analyzed by comparing the comparing the volumetric flow rate of the
hot fluid on each of these heat exchanger performance factors.

6.0 DATA TABULATION:

Counter flow:
Vh

Vh

(cm3/min)

(m3/sec)

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

1000

16.667x10-6

59

50

46

25

28

32

2000

33.333x10-6

59

51

49

26

30

35

3000

50x10-6

57

52

50

26

31

36

4000

66.667x10-6

56

52

51

26

32

37

Table 1: Counter-flow heat exchanger temperature reading

T1

T2

Tm

(%)

( )

( )

( )

-80.514

109.027

27

21

23.874

607.917

1251

124

90.97

24

23

23.470

795

1441.545

1388.728

52.817

96.336

21

24

22.466

922.607

1373.299

1527.6

111.236

19

25

21.863

1042.85

Vh

Power

Power

Power

Efficiency

(cm3/min)

Emitted

Absorbed

Lost

()

(W)

(W)

(W)

1000

891.884

972.398

2000

1375

3000
4000

154.301

Table 2: Heat exchanger performance factors

U
W/(m2.

Parallel:
Vh

Vh

(cm3/min)

(m3/sec)

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

1000

16.667x10-6

57

49

46

27

31

32

2000

33.333x10-6

58

51

49

27

32

35

3000

50x10-6

57

51

51

27

33

36

4000

66.667x10-6

56

51

51

27

34

37

Table 3: Parallel-flow heat exchanger temperature reading

Vh

Power

Power

Power

Efficiency

T1

T2

Tm

(cm3/min)

Emitted

Absorbed

Lost

()

( )

( )

( )

(W)

(W)

(W)

(%)

1000

755.11

694.158

60.952

91.928

25

19

21.863

473.886

2000

1235.239

1110.653

124.586

89.914

23

22

22.496

736.883

3000

1235.61

1249.485

-13.875

101.123

21

24

22.467

830.063

4000

1373.306

1388.316

-15.01

101.093

19

24

21.403

968.142

Table 4: Heat exchanger performance factors

U
W/(m2.

7.0 RESULT
SAMPLE OF CALCULATION:
Counter flow:
3
Vh = 1000 (cm /min)

Changed it to unit of (m3/s) = 16.667x10-6 m3/s.

Refer table A-9 properties of saturated water:

At T = 59 :
= 983.68 kg/
= 4184.6 J/kg.K
At T = 25
= 997.0 kg/
= 4180 J/kg.K
1. Power Emitted Vh h C ph Th,in Th,out
= (16.667x10-6) x (983.68) x (4184.6) x (59-46)
= 891.884 watt
2. Power Absorbed Vc c C pc Tc,out Tc,in
= (33.333x10-6) x (997) x (4180) x (32-25)
= 972.398 watt
3. Power lost Power Emitted Power Absorbed
= 891.884 972.398
= -80.514 watt
4. Overall efficiency,

Power Absorbed
100
Power Emitted

x 100

= 109.027%

5.

= 59 32
= 27
6.

= 46 25
= 21
7. The logarithmic mean temperature difference,
Tm

T1 T2 Th ,in Tc ,out Th ,out Tc ,in

T1
Th ,in Tc ,out

ln
ln

T2
Th ,out Tc ,in

=
= 23.874
8. The overall heat transfer coefficient, U
U

Power Absorbed
As Tm

=
= 607.917 W/(m2.
*all the formula that used in this calculation are given in the lab sheet.
*area of the surface already given in this lab sheet: As= 0.067m2

8.0 DISCUSSION

9.0 CONCLUSION

10.0 REFERENCES

1. Books

Heat and Mass Transfer : Fundamentals and Applications, Fourth Edition in SI

Units, Cengel and Ghajar, 2013 publish by Mac Graw Hill Education.

2. Internets

Concentric tube heat exchanger 2014, Retrieved From,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_tube_heat_exchanger

Heat Exchangers 2009, Retrieved From,

http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node131.html

Concentric tube heat exchanger, Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved From,

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/130908/concentric-tube-heatexchanger

Calculation Of Concentric Tubes Heat Exchangers, Universitat Politcnica de

Catalunya, Retrieved From,
http://epsem.upc.edu/~intercanviadorsdecalor/angles/calcul%20general%20do
ble%20tub.html

3. Others

Lab Sheet ( Thermalfluids Lab : Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger ), MEC

554 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Technology Mara
(UITM).

11.0 APPENDIX