Professional Documents
Culture Documents
II
Anu:
(y - --q-
x----E --o).
( -s
o ?)
---
Anu:
y---oC?)
( J F...
(
h-o. px --
- -- ?)
-x--- 91
lesson
question tags
sentences
1. aren't we?
2. didn't she? 3. aren't I?
4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc.
aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc.,
question tags
form
question tags....
1. aren't I?
2. am I?
sentences:
1) I am giving the party, aren't I?
rule
stem 'I am giving the party'
verb, am
giving
question tag
am,
n't (stem
not
I
question tag, amn't I?
aren't I
I?)
I
begin
sentence
verb, am+
not
question tag
aren't I?
amn't I?
question tag English
stem
not
question tag
am I?
( I am not making the arrangements, am I?
stem
not
- - 2 ----J 2006
v-E --...
-El.
Ox
- hO.N
. h
*a
N o
--o
v
\
d,
E y
d), E y *a,
L .
h
(d E hC. C
E \
u
u-i N.
, -,
p
C.
,
Sx
\
C)
f) might..., - mightn't?
g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...?
h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...?
(pron:
j) should..., shouldn't ...?
k) would..., wouldn't...?
stem
not
verbs
subject
example
1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he?
b) Sachin could not play well, could he?
2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he?
b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she?
(id) .
Fd)
(d...?)
(d?)
u ?
h.
p,
l.
(C _N. _O,
-J-*
--o. p-xFo y h-o
?)
(h-o.
L ?)
Suma:
_ s B-
( s a d---- ---)
as long as- so long as = C J---,
l-A.so long as - 'not' o-p
-. As long as p-j -a.
Suma & Anu: Thank you.
(y - Ev--h, )
(y ?)
(O
10 , y -u
Ev--a, ?)
But our school started at 7.30, didn't
it? so I got used to getting up early.
school 7.30
(
C ? E -----C.)
Get used to = ----. I have got
used to the hot weather here = (\
-- --). Sx h--
1) 'Get up' Regular doing word verb
not d. Question tag, 'don't
you?' 2) 'Begins' second regular doing
word verb not d, question tag,
'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' past doing word
verb , not d, question tag, 'didn't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - d)
Spoken English
C)
N--N
practice
h M. SURESAN
question tags d form -. Question tags E
- - EKb- C.
(d)
(d?)
books
Revathi:
Jyothi:
Santhi:
u innerwear word --
hC. Innerwear correct --p-
(usage hC), --C n-a. \---C n u- under-
o. x *N.
Underwear
Innerwear
(---) ---.
(--o-) --E ----?2) q -\-p-, -E--x -_ -\-x -v-- ---E 'Q' '-l-A ----
-E -f--. -- Q -~ -v-
\-. --v--E, - --Tx- -~E -- --N-?
-vQ-E-, -Nu--
---:
1) Underwear - (Underware
) -h
- - h- - J
h --d Underwear .
-- -u- -x ---..
1)
1) Spoken English
Answers:
Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie
last night, didn't you.
Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't
I?
Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think
you'd go.
Mahesh: When I say something, I am serious, aren't I?
Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie
matters, am I?
Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie
with my friends, don't I ? Why didn't you come?
Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I am
the fan of the hero of the movie.
Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry I
missed the movie.
Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren't
you?
Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi?
Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I?
Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are
good people.
Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I
don't like jokes at all.
Jyothi: I am interested only in studies,
aren't I ? I don't know how to joke,
do I?
Santhi: You never joke at others? do you?
Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am
always serious.
---:
O O jokes h-o, ?
- -x , Jyothi?
---o.
?
--f, ? O *-x
.
serious type ? -
jokes a.
studies interested, ?
- joke , ?
O- - O jokes u,
?
Jyothi N -L--.
v p serious.
Eo vA y E 2)
--} ?
Mahesh: , h-E p. ?
Ganesh: p-. F y h----.
Mahesh: --
--G- serious
, ?
Ganesh: cinema N- v serious , ?
Mahesh: friends E--h -h ? Eo y ?
Ganesh: Eo - busy o. -y
-Rx- cinema hero fan ?
-E ---o.
1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh,
-v-o: Spoken
---:
l.
O -B-- ?
(E-y--E l. F y
B--o ?)
Dhiraj:
examples
a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem
not
b) I am not an American, am I?
(stem
not
2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I?
(No not in the stem)
b) I am not troubling you, am I?
(Not in the stem)
3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I?
J-Eo
Santhi:
Revathi:
2) Santhi:
Revathi:
Jyothi:
wear.
2)
written english
---- -N--J--.
2) having been - -s- -h-C?
3) Spelling
mistakes
-J-----E
- --y-.
.--.--, -J-T
o--x -
o.
3) Spelling mistakes _- - syllables N->* spelling -*-. _. Syllable a o -.
Construction. Dx con, struc, tion --
- syllables o. devide
E spelling -*-. p
_-.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
[-
II
Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phoned
me last night and asked for a few tips
on acting.
( Eo-vA -d
J# Eo -
-[.)
Ramesh: Oh, did he?
(?)
Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to see
me about a future movie of his.
Unfortunately I am very busy you
know. So I couldn't give him an
appointment.
] 4 J 2006
(J p .
50 -.)
... !?
--- y----.)
Appointment n u. F
appointment \[ N] n =
-E , Eg--[.
Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (I
haven't known) that you
are so great.
(?)
responses
subject
d,
--] sentence E
d form h.
verb
\[
(]l _ v -
d
]-E
Prema: Though she is not healthy, her husband does not help her.
( u --- h
[.)
(, y p--E
L]).
Sujana:
O,
Doesn't
he?
(?)
(-d- p-]
)
Ramesh: Does he? That's news to
me. But I have a doubt,
my dear Sunil.
(u- v
[
E-i
x-[,
)
Sudheer: Did he? (?)
j sentence verb 'fought'.
C Past Doing word d, did
hC. Subject 'actor' ]
'he' hC.
Am, is, are, was, were,
(? C h
N.
C.)
'That's news to me = C -- LE N.
conversation practice .
Sunil: What's it?
(C?)
Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?
(F A-n-N- E.)
mentally sound = A-n-N [[
mentally unsound = #a
Sunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar
and ask him himself.
( F . -d-
\)
Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to be
another fool like you? Come on.
Cut all that stuff about his calling
you and taking your suggestions.
You look a real fool.
(? F ^[E-----? . d F [, F -
B--[- #a [ dd. y E -
o.)
Cut = , d-d , stuff = C, [.
Sunil: Do I? (?)
j -- ] Sunil -
Ramesh responses -E-.
Did he?
Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't
known)
Does he?
Should I?
uj h o v-C-h.)
Prasad: O, do they?
Eo-
(, ? t-u -
a response)
Pramod sentence E verb 'consult'. C 1st
Regular Doing Word- d response 'do'
hC (Ministers ] 'they'). \[
x 92
question tags
.
Charan: I can bat better
than Tendulkar.
Spoken English
Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yesterday in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad was
very cold the whole of yesterday.
Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here.
Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole
day.
Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it
wasn't so bad.
Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so
cold, I had a cold water bath/ a cold
bath.
Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why?
Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was
empty/ The gas was exhausted.
When I called the gas company, they
said it would take two days/ I had to
wait for two days.
Kumar: Don't you have a geiger?
Tarun: Do you?/ Have you?
Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not
so cold here, is it? So we don't
need a geiger, do we?
Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. A
modern construction with all amenities.
Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ What
is the price likely to be?
Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.
M. SURESAN
(?J
o -?)
responses practice .
v]l -Eh responses question
tags . practice
O - form --. v-Ao-.
Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dollar, that is, about Rs. 50/-
Answers:
([-\ o
u --.)
(vx -C o-.)
\[ verb 'are'. d ministers ] they .
( a-u---i N
response hC.)
C F -].
L- Fox o .
? ]-E?
u --C.
h [--V [-]-o.
Kumar: F U ?
Tarun: F?
Kumar: C L-v- ] ?
]-E U - ].
Tarun: Eo ]-E -- o x
y ---o.
Kumar: ? ] a.
Tarun: 20 -.
Tarun:
Kumar:
Tarun:
vo:
It is not
short form it's not/ it isn't.
pronunciation
q-/ d
--a? ? Short forms writing
spelling Jh-h? -
spelling Jhh I would- short
form I'd. He has - He's, I have - I've
Eo j]-- L
C.
Kumar: ? \-[ .
Tarun: Eo y AJ.
Kumar: ? \[ h L
u x ...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
]-j---E a-J-L?
N, _[
: It's not = q not;
It isn't = d -L. d writing - h. N
contracted forms (short forms) N--
a-J-h.
I'd = ; He has = he's =
I've = . Eo contractions ] spoken
forms d writing -C.
---
II
Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you
all happiness.
(h -q F *a
d-E ---o.)
Ramu:
(F --E J)
Laxman: Thank you.
Lessons
May --
Eo-E --o . j
Sentences May - . N
Wishes , Greetings (G---)
. h-o , Laxman,
Ramu wish --p, Ramu, Laxman
wish --p May --o.
-sx May p Sentence
-C, Sentence May
v -C. May v u
sentences, blessings ,
Q-y--- .
-x--- 93
Ravi:
( p)
-- 'May' -A Permission
---E -o . - jn
x permission E, - -N
x permission F -----o-p, May,
question form I/ we .
1) May I sit here?
permission
2) May I use your phone?
phone
permission
3) May I know your name? / May I know who
you are?
(E-\ a-a?)
(O
-a?)
(F h Eo V----a?)
May official/ formal permission y--E-
statement form (you u)
. Superior status o-} C
x x- h- y, OJ xa n May -.
Murthy:
OJ x-a.
(permission
y)
O high
school teacher, Sir. -N-t-Lo -J
----E a.
--y - h-o- --E-. ---
-y- -E-o --- --.p- -h-o-?
-lo?)
( Cl -.
(F h
L. O
.
y -
p -----
(x)
-- 'May' v u sentences Fo wishes -- -E-
. --N ..
u May you live long!
O - @N--E.
(*-@! Q-q )
u May your business prosper!
d V - ----E!
x @N-L.
u May God bless you!
Eo Q-y-C--!
F 'May' - C.
Lessons ---oC. May, probability E -C, -Eo uh-h-E
! a, ---a n.
u 'May' - p l.
Srinath: May I come in? ( E a?)
Ravi:
Please do.
Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your
time?
(O h B-a)
Spoken English
---:
< E-TC, h
*J-TC.. --- ----E
---- (------C,----C, --E -)
-x- -- ---C-- --L----.
-, -\-
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
-- -u- -x ---..
Idioms
Sravan:
Bhavan:
-- ---a. Sx h-.
-- wait -a O.
O front room a.
Interview --y O
x--.
result -L--a?
v O expect
-.
Answers:
Anil:
Good morning sir. You were our
teacher in the high school. I have
come to see you.
Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy to
see/ meet you, though after a long
time. What are you (now)?
Anil:
(I am) going to the states for higher
studies. I got the visa the day before
(yesterday). I've come for your blessings.
Murthy: You have my blessings always. May
you have a happy journey and may
you study well and prosper
there!
Anil:
Today is my birthday too, sir.
Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in
health and happiness!
Anil:
Thank You, sir.
Murthy: You are welcome.
(May you have a happy journey = Wish you
a happy journey; may you live long = Wish
you a long and healthy life)
(j
Anil:
j --
(O, -Lh phone ---a)
-J hpermission y.
Sir.
o,
u- ( E \-{
o visa
) orders y--E statement
*aC. O Qform May .
q
a.
1) You may not leave office before 5
M. SURESAN
(- O * -}-l) Murthy: F Q-q-p . F v
order
JT, y\- CN j -E
2) You may not smoke here
Q-q (May ).
(OJ-\ smoke --) order.
Anil:
V birthday . Sir.
3) You may leave office only after five.
Murthy: . y -- -(O y -x-a) order
-u- -E --o. (May
( x-E order).
).
-Fo May --: -J v- Anil: - thanks, Sir.
l.
Murthy: *C.
1) 'May' expresses probability (J -)
b) Sravan: -L - a?
2) 'May' expresses doubt ()
Bhavan: . a.
Sravan:
E-\- interview attend --E
3) May in the question form, especially with I/
a. Sravan. interWe is used for asking for permission in a very
view p--a?
formal and polite manner.
Bhavan: h--. ... O uo
'May' for permission is used to ask for per - interview C.
mission in a more polite and formal manner
Sravan:
p -o C .
than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will',
interview p a? (May
and 'would' with you (in the question form)
).
Bhavan:
--, -x
o usage o . -
o p, p h-E
o n-E, p o \\
n-E --,
p idiom -C. -- hC
d C usage -C. use .
word sentence use .
O vocabulary, idioms, improve --
Vocabulary O books (Norman Lewis's Word
Power Made Easy N) -- ----. Idioms O active use -
-)
(p)
-N--y v--o O ho
O
-h. C----y
n-E o p
.
-
hC. O-o-p-x
x-.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
---
II
Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva
might be?
(P \--a i )?
Vishnu:
( -L--.
. -E L--a.)
Not in the least= .
.
y)
(. C d-
,
EoN N s E E )
(F
--\--o p--x --o o?Eo -- - -).
(Rx-
. --C --.
x- x --a).
(Try= v-Ao* . : out:
x --; In = x )
Fo might combination o verbs o
sentences . I mean, j --- -EN.
Might combination verbs English ---. -E might combination a verbs -J-* ---
u/ -----.
Might Combination Verbs:
a) Might be ('be' form);
b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know,
might come, might like, etc.
1) Might, present
future
expresses doubt
and uncertainty
F,
F,
F, -F,
()
(-Cl-).
- -a, a E 'a
.
a) Might be - C 'be' form; n: -a.
-v-o:
--Tx-- - --x--- -
--- - --y-.
-.---y-f, -<-
---:
Spoken English
exercises regular
practice
English paper
English story
vA- ho
.
-
. *o *o
-. p x---
ju x- v-Gh.
-v-o: i) --Tx--... consist, collapse, cultivation... -O--E -- --L?
continue
books
-a (),
x-a, Might come = a.
-- sentence -J l.
P \--a o ?
-
phone
. -E L--a.
s A--aE... E .
d) You might be able to contact him there
F- \ --a/ ---a.
e) But they might all be out
- x-a.
d , might, present , future
*a--E N-Eo -E Might
be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)
(-Ep
-a. \. y-Eo \
d--a).
Contact: -/- --J communication
Vishnu:
u-i,
--C.
(J Eo d-- ?)
Get at = ---/- -d--
Vishnu:
(-E
-----a
N-Eo
Might
a) You might try his office phone number if you
are unable to get his home.
Phone
Office phone try
-:
-E
.
O-o
.
-x--- 94
Manager:
Supdt.:
-\-,
in
phone
Supdt.:
, helpline= n x
--E -Lq phone)
Sentences might -/- -- y--E
u - l--x, jn
x --L-y--E u---.
--o, -
a a E --o.
E, O-----, E-x
business \C, sir. \
customers a - C ,
sir.
Manager:
In case of=
-q budget adjust
--a-?
budget prepare -.
O-\-J C - Eg Ba, sir.
Answers:
a)
Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't
we?
v F a.
b) Sunil might come this evening
Sunil -a.
o (b) \.
Sunil may come o- F a \, Sunil might come o-p--o.
2 a) It may rain ({ a) doubtful
Sentence (a)
o.
l--a ?
\- -
Manmohan (Manager):
That might not be much use, sir. Power bills
may be less, but the staff might not work so
efficiently.
current
sir)
Manager, Sr Manager
Might
'What do you think of this method?'
(- --- --a. Ex
a _-- E, sC
-n- E-----a,
-E- .
a
.
u----i
( l-A -J-* O-----o?)
'It might not increase our profits, sir'
(C - ---a).
Now practise the following in English:
a)
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma: Pitch
-V match --o, ?
. { h-?
{ h p- -a ?
a.
iii) Seminar -s-x how can we intro L ---?
duce ourselves?
... --a?
-.-s-, --*-M-o
?
Players help ------:
a--E!
i) consist = - d \ -
Prabhu: bowlers Gopala Rao O
collapse = q \ -
try -a. -E
pitch -cultivation = Ld--- \ -
L--a.
ii) A. How do you go to home J-
How do you go home? - correct.
Home
'to'
B. I go home by rickshaw, ...
iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name)
presenting this paper on... (subject).
My name is..., presenting this paper on...
-u
d-?
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
b)
Manager:
(C
\ u--J-- -u
lx x--, hC :
(OO -----
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
---
II
Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's
every body?
(----C,
o?)
-- 10 ----J 2006
F h --aE -o
Past
----E P. Past
might past --C j
Past -aF, --aF n.
n, Might, may past form. Compare.
a) I think he may help me
a?)
Question English common. bad
manners .
Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book
fair yesterday, but I didn't
(Eo book fair- h v-z y
-x--- 95
u N- o
-- - N-J. p Sx
N-J-ho. Might L. -E-,
h--.
Answers:
Mallesh: F-o-x--*a-\?
(-- h---E -o
Past)
E present N h--op
hC.
b) I thought E past N -L--p
might E past form (May ) h-C-.
c) ----\---h---E -f.
a)
----a--o. F )
b)
I think
may
of May.
Namrata: Eo
Jagan:
(Eo } . V-
. - AJ-a.)
Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yesterday. Look. Here they are. I thought
you might be interested in them.
(Eo Eo h- o. . F
interest --aE B-a)
Charan: When is the fair closing?
(p -hC?)
Dheeraj: It closed yesterday.
(Eo --C)
Charan: I expected it might go on for a few
more days.
(-- -o)
Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it
might go on for a few days after the
date.
(- -J-Eo -V- -T---aE
salesman o)
Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day
itself. But feared that there might be
too much of crowd. Yesterday there
was no crowd, and not many books
either.
( l---o F
\ -E --f. Eo
-, \ h- )
j - might combination o
Verbs -E-. p--- Might -J-* ---oC Might, Present
F, future F uncertainty E/ doubt E
-L---h-E.
a) He might pass = pass a. (Doubt)
b) They might agree to it = } p--a.
- - -u- future.
c) She might be at college now
p college -a. Present.
p j - might combination
verb o sentences l.
1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair.
fair --y ----aE -o Past
Spoken English
might be there.
-uEo x -------E
--f (Past)
3) May , Might - --u-, formal
permission ---E -.
Might I come in?
(More formal than 'May I come in?')
'May I come in?' - - formal , Polite
permission ---E -?
'Might I come in?' - C \ formal ,
polite C, permission ---E.
'Might I use your phone?'
O phone -J -a?
'Might I come a little late tomorrow?'
h late a?
permission ---E -
-. \ May _ T-.
-- ---o-? Can,
Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the question form for asking for permission. p
--o 'Might' too is used with I/ we in
the question form for asking for permission.
But there are differences among them.
Jagan:
Course 15
V---a.
V-- y.
Mallesh: p
-y
x vM. SURESAN
V---a
! ou -Cl--Vx
h-.
Jagan: course --y u------. Course period training
center ---a directors.
Mallesh: W classes --y h?
Jagan: programme course begin
y- -hC. --
F clear p-a.
Mallesh: OK. -- phone touch
.
Jagan: O ou p a?
Mallesh: Eo h- -o. F
phone p. -- v-V
----E.
Jagan: expect , O l-JE V
--aE.
- -u - tense?
-- -n --N-? has come --E --!
I shall have written a letter -- I shall write a letter -E --! ---p- -i -J-* --p--Lq--?
I shall be going -- --N-?
-.--, ---L
---: get , a--, -- x, , ,
etc. got, get past tense and past participle.
He got going - x get - v a. ( English
x---E, --E C -i- v E -L--Lq- ----
.)
Rama has come. Has come \ present tense. ux
C past action, time not stated ( JT, time, day, year
----) *-hC.
Bus is come
-- -u- -x ---..
b)
Namrata: I thought you might take me to the
movie yesterday.
Priya:
-O- -n --N-?
---:
It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor
Consult =
It is better to
- -.-s-, -Q--V-
v-C- .
v-C-
Doctor
------o.
------o.
doctor
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-- j---
Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from here
Livewell Hospital?
Livewell Hospital
(\-o*
x-?)
Strangers h x --J--p-,
Excuse me good manners v
x %dE J{---E
-.
'Excuse me' -s: f o-x h p-----p, h x \
restaurants ,
-\-j a-Lq
*a--p, etc.)
(OJ-\- h-x?)
stranger = h-
(E-\- Jh h)
Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go?
(O -d \---xL?)
Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere
around the Hospital.
Hospital
Vantage
Company
Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go to
thatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take
15M; that takes you directly to the
Hospital. Facing the hospital is this
Vantage Company.
bus
125K, 15M, 62..
15M
Hospital
Hospital
Vantage Company).
Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto.
(Auto
_ o
( --. j x
o.
\. C Ao
---
-C.
B--? ( x-?)
hC. --\-).
-- h v- J --, L--E--J Jp J* E
-h C ? expressions l
p.
- - xL -
C u --i,
C -,
O n \-- x h -? E
u- -.
-v-o: My
---
u -p --o. -E VIth
- beform+pp -E --p. - -v - u d -!
--.%-Dy, -V--
form of verb
---:
E B p
-C n -f DE
n , d C
? D
( -JE, EE E vo
a
v C C
F .
Spoken English
-a.
Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me..
conversation
a)
Nizam college
How do we go to/ get to Nizam College,
please?/
Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/
to get to/ We can go to Nizam college,
please?
b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college,
please?
- u,
.
-- x-?
c)
12 ----J 2006
d)
E - -a.
- ----aE --N-*-p-.
Bus \. Get into the bus,
bus C = get down from/ get off the bus.
\-o* bus/ auto x.
Take a bus/ an auto.
number bus
-
B.
/ x/
Auto
x =
( -j-o).
( x---.
j
---. -o,
--x a-h. -- -E-o\- ---- (-p- -F-\----E?)
(--
-x--- 96
--,
. \
-C.
\,
_
CT Cl h
-Eh-C.)
\
.
uh, x N -
.
-j
C)
N J p--E .
.
Practise the following in English:
Tej:
Lx x? \-o*
?
Nikhil: s . y bus
J Sx h -L.
directions y -J-* .
J p. expressions N ;
O practice :
-.
-j/ -j A-=
-
J--;
= J---x = J--F -F)
catch E -a x/- -x
n, F Eo-- take C best.
D -
Ao x= go straight/ walk straight
d) post office -: walk on upto the
c)
post office.
( x x \- - ?)
2.
(. Rx---o ?)
the east.
b)
( E-o-\- B-x-.
----)
Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me how
to get/ go there. I can go on my own.
busy
on my own
=
Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to the
left and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quite
frequent. Get off at Head Post Office
stop. Walk along in the direction as
the bus goes, turn to the right and
then left. The fourth house on the right
is Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Just
opposite the place is Golconda super
market.
street
Bus
Post Office stop
Bus
road
you can't miss it
=
super market
( -
.
x p. x--.
)
(
. -j A.
-- --
\.
_ C.
x j h *,
j AJT Sx ---j A.
-j -- x -C.
C ----- . -
\
C.
-- -u- -x ---..
C\-j-o, A-=
north, etc. -E-.
turn South.
c) Road
~ -j A--C=
A--C=
bend.
e) Road
building=
hC)
(F
building
E--
bend.
o = a point.
* \- 2 .O.
f) Road
g)
directions p--p h=
land marks .
a)
\- _J h
the nearest land mark to the place.
-J L- h.
O x ----? j h?
Tej:
y B-x-?
Nikhil: --V - - -
busy o.
--E x
\- L.
Tej:
Eo --h
p. - M. SURESAN
\.
Nikhil: ~ -j h Bus stop hC, ?
13 number bus \. \- 6 stop
C. --E-E Gulab Restaurant Stop
. \ 27 bus \. Urdu
School stop _ C. Urdu School
*, p -j, \o* ~ j A. \ F h
- . *
x --C.
Tej:
-C?Nikhil: F 45 E-N--.
Answer:
Tej:
How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/
Malliks place?
Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk
some distance after changing two
buses.
Tej:
Can you take me there?
Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is distant but is easy to find.
Tej:
Give me/ Let me have some land marks.
I'll manage.
Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop,
don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / get
down at the 6th stop from here. That is
the Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Bus
no. 27 there. Get off at Urdu School
stop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is,
walk (to the) east, and then turn South.
There you have a land mark- Hanuman
Temple. The third from the temple is our
friend's.
Tej:
How long will it take?
Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-- j---
II
Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so
early in the day?
(, -- a?)
(, Eo --E, --E
-- V---C-?)
(Eo -J-* -a ?)
Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've
met atleast now, aren't we?
-x--- 97
route
h. x, -
road -j A. x --
. l dC. h -x, - -j
A. \ sales tax office C.
C miss - y. - E
STD booth -C. \--E-*
x Bhushan C.)
-- lesson - J
---E, J p--E -C-*
- ?
\ l: cross roads, behind,
in front of, proceed, go further along.
F
--?
(
Jh J u--- n
-
E _.
hC.)
x/ --x-.
Ao x
p -j x
--O- h
O E-hC.
O --o Building ?
--y--C?
Pavan: Net Centre O -j. --C
-j Building A.
Arjun: C Telephone Engineering Company
xC. x p E \.
-E p C.
Pavan: - -- -\---?
Arjun: -C X--- . Ny-\-o*
x- Nt--- Bus \.
Pavan: bike C.
Arjun: Rx, -j AJ-T y booth -Eh-C. E
- -Ex. E \ building
l . \- _
Maths lecturer x.
Arjun: Net Centre
x
E - h.
--L = DEo
(y-C
Rx-
\ center F, F- .
l?)
chowk D- . center J-.
you can say that/ you can very well say that
2) behind = . DE -u -= y-C correct.
C backside/ at the back side -.
Disturbing Bhushan - Rx- l?
E english backside = buttocks
F Eo trouble --E-E )
(-). back ---, at the
Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far
back of J--C.
off now?
(d E, -p- a J-nA )
Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives close
by, doesn't he?
( -o-? \- _
Rx-x?/--\- _ ?)
Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He moved
to surendranagar.
(C -L-. N
phone - p-.o-p ui N -J-* ---L. ?)
Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have a
bike, haven't you. Drive straight along
the road. At the next cross roads, turn
left. Take the third right turn again.
bike
road
Drive =
Motor
Centre
(pC v-h N. F
C,
?
x. (
- x.) y a
-j A. Sx - j -B)
(y o
--?
h-o. -y-
Spoken English
.)
- --E (
-s-).
DE
C
\ -.
' n, E C
E
.
\
n?
-
n F
E .
a) - - sJ--dC. There is a
x x
- =
(y i \
Jh x
u--- n hC).
a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office beside
'next to' better,
\.
\ d
-j/-- j
next to yours?
.
i) farther: \ .
Mumbai is farther
from
Vijayawada,
than
from
Hyderabad.
M. SURESAN
j j--
- N---- * \ .
ii) further: . I can't walk any further:
-\ () --.
(\ farther= further ?)
b) Don't talk any further: x-.
c) Walk further (farther) along:
-.
- -.
Nv --\--.
Lesson No 96 , Lesson ,
J ----, -- J p-
y---. O conversation
Practice .
-- -u- -x ---..
--E p-
--E--p p-.
(never = p / )
- --op-
--- n -\--?
Helping verbs
helping verb
main verbs tense, helping verb tense
x,
yA
d
d,
(future)
.-A-A, ---
Telephone
work is outdoors
is almost
-- -y
C.
\ -- \ n
--.
Besides = also, , E-- n.
I lost my pen besides my book. Book
pen -d-o)
---:
to
belongs
--E p- (,
E p J-T
week, etc)
I have not told him =
time,
time, date, year,
E p-.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
-- 17 ----J 2006
(jy
Bangalore
IISC
-E)
degree/
Post =
graduate
y-.
graduate
y-.
courses
Post graduate =
(F Congrats. F English -J \ \ a ?)
( -- C. Maths
* Marks a - -
-. course join --p
- -t Maths N-.
exam marks t -L-T- .
Aren't bad either = C -
*aC. English not also .
either hC. Confidence = t; paid
off= * C/ L-T-*C.
Sciences.
Shankar: Studying...?
-x--- 98
= Join a School/
college - join in .
b) course - = studying a course.
\-p taking a course.
( o-O a-. -E \
Jp-.)
School
---o?)
Varun: Bye.
P~ -C/ a--
F
-=
School.
Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experience. Valuable in its own way. The only
problem is food. Where did you do
Intermediate?
interest
. --
MBA -E --C. J y-
Engineering -?)
Spoken English
--C.
C =
(y
FC -L--- ?
p.
J--C.
E -a.
place?
O x -o College -, \
-- join u--?
How come= , purely conversational
expression. O conversation -
:
How come you are here? = --\--o?
---
2 a) School/ College
Inter exams
p-
--.
-E-: K~ n a) give
an exam, b) write an exam E - C
- Ox C- correct .
( o)
Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at
year.
-C *
o
Dinakar: I am a student
b)
(O h- ----a?/
O h-?)
ii)
-----o.
(d- -)
- = be good at studies, clever/
bright at studies (, L-N --.)
- --t \ --a, F
h
--/
--
K~ =
u -
);
-. x--p
b) F class? = what class are you in?/ Which
,
:
class are you studying? what class are you
Nu-|
F,
doing?
F --E ---i u-i
O --. Iam studying in... School/
K~.
College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year
b)
Test: exam F, -F
degree, etc. Studying , doing \
Nu-n subject n -u--J.
o
, -- x subject a E Ega) I year Engineering ---o
-- -u- -x ---..
-q-
B.tech *J -q
K~ hC.
K-~x \ a- get/ score/
secure. O x secure
Cl u -- *C.
M. SURESAN
(\ marks a---/-?)
OR
Why Couldn't you score high?
Why couldn't you get high marks?
( \- a-----?)
OR
Why did you score low? Why did
you get such low marks.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
( --E - V--C.
?)
b) exams
busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writing exams
english
writing
an exam/ exams
lesson
c) exams
exams are fast
approaching = exams
(Approach -
h- x BJ -
v-,
--
Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with my
?)
exams. Thank God, its all over. What a
aho =
relief! No more exam nerves
O--h-o =
(Eo exams x - busy
v
v
\ - =
o. tu --.
/ x)
! K-~ -- -.)
exam nerves = K-~- -C --
Relief = (l Ah O * C*-d)
, , K-~- -.
N-. exam nerves K-~- -)
K-~ * --- get over
Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do in
exam nerves, get over = C--N-.
the exams?
How did you do in the exam?
(! exams?)
exam -? C u -E- L
Suraj: Well, I hope ( E P-h-o)
english exam --E
Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier
'write' E forms -. - -
exams?
, 'do' E forms
( exams marks a) Eo K-~
-a?)
I did well in the exam yesterday.
b) ---J -
I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well
-x--- 99
19 ----J 2006
(-sEo d)
---o E-o
c)
(\x -J-o \ \
Maths Science 100])
( p-/- E- p C,
- K~ B)
Vinod:
(-x 60] Cl \.
papers v 90%
\ -\- -a.)
Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of the
papers? Weren't you saying you had
done well in all the exams?
(--x 60] \ v
--*aC? -E --N ?)
Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marks
I understood I had fared badly in them.
One can never be sure in these matters, you know?
marks
(- -o,
--p
J --E n--C. N-x -D d p-,
)
(J ?/J J A?)
Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfied
with my performance.
( - ---o. %h C)
Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How about
a movie this evening then?
(v E---l?)
Suraj: That's be a real pleasure.
(, -)
-- expressions -E. Fo exams , studies
-C-*- O -Lq s \- . d, -
*a--p-x , practice .
O-Eo-
---- (BJ )
n,
-.
- u
Spoken English
d)
--
He didn't do well at all.
e)
paper --
( -- -- n)
He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam.
He did badly in the exam.
do
-
, K~
-E. O j --
-E---- . ' *a x
'do' E -E . C
practice u.
p--p, K~ n
fare .
...I had fared badly... I had done badly
*v- EJ-*C.
d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie
( ?)
Akash:
Well, I think. I got 97%
Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all.
Congrats.
(vt, - --o-.
h a- = not bad = very
good)
c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure
to fare well
O d *a--p d- K~,
*a- h.
K~ d = Hold an exam/ exams
--C :
i) what about your performance this time
ii) I am satisfied with my performance.
p--p, K~ n performance . C h
u.
a) Eo exam?
How was your exam yesterday?
b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant
exams
brilliant =
--
v----i, A---h.
i (vGu 'vG \---)
- h-o.
Ox u -,
\- -,
h- P-h-o.
-p- ---Eo
O
?/-Eo?
%h--
\ \- F
.
*a-
prepare
--o?
Pranav: K-~- -p , --
.
Subodh: -F F-p * marks h-?
Pranav: * marks h, F
\ marks a---E - J.
Subodh: -J-- J?
Pranav: O class x K-~--p?
Subodh: Eo --.
Pranav: y?
Subodh: , F Chemistry
paper v --d . N
papers 80 j--a. Chemistry
v 60 - -a.
Pranav: O cousin Sucharita - - C?
Subodh: ---. --
exams - - - -C.
Eox 100 , \
v \.
Pranav: F p performance. Girls, -
-----.
Subodh: p-.
Answer:
*v -.
-. h .
a) -- Eo exam?
-- -u- -x ---..
--
o? (-n--
?)
F *
(F \ . \
Mark v \.
-s -F - --G----.
50-- \ -a)
(Above - \-/--a; below=\)
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
100
-x--- W
(E p- -*a English
- . -
x---LT, --LT
- C.
Anand:
OE question form ,
not , not - -a ?
eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc.
statements
x-x )
(
-
h/ --)
C 100 lesson . -s for a
change (*o--p-/ -h ) *o
Language game . j --- E sentences :
I am happy today.
(F--V - o)
Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?
(?)
Anand:
(C
d. F - C, ?)
Anand:
Can he be a leader?
e) We can be
a---E
C,
{-
)
Anand:
(Dh, Cu
x
a---E --%--
-x. p
-,
xx--p
, -
NN --E--p -l.
x p English -
x---. - J---p-x
English x--x)
Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all
pleased with my English. I shall be
happy if I am able to speak and write
better.
Spoken English
S} OE
not
-N.
N.
(To meet me
--
happy
C ---
-C )
b) They were not satisfied with their salaries.
(with their salaries
-x
x @- C x
C -C)
not satisfied
x h-Lh C x ---h--C C )
O 'be' forms --a sentences
-T-- x-a. n v
correct ax - - u.
III game -:
-- O practice sentences
Eo- verb, 'be' form . 'be' form
'action words' \--\ meanings
- -- , ---:
I am happy today
( -, %h .
a---Lq-C - C)
( a--- --% C)
-N.
questions.
I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anxious to learn more; I am not at all pleased;
I am able to speak; I shall be happy.
Anand:
a) He is happy to meet me
sentences -E N
Ox verbs Fo 'be' forms v
? , -- 'be' forms
- T?
p game.
\ sentences 'be' forms (am, is, are,
were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) \
o 'happy' O LT --Eo-E sentences practice
. statements v questions, exclamations practice .
Not, never (p /- ) practice .
-- .
I am happy- \ o 'be' form 'am' \
o happy , j n a-x O
L- .
---, happy , a) sad, sorry,
proud, tall, short - ~--
- L (n--) j o
-a.
b) j %h, N x
n a-x -a ?
-N Eo senO --
\--. \
O questions \
Answers p. l _
L game M. SURESAN
-. O Eo sentences --L-
-. O au hC. ' Eo
sentences --L- E.
O : 'be' forms \ L
C - .
1) , (proud, good, bad, wicked) -L
.
2) (feelings) -L (happy, sad,
tences
jealous, etc).
3)
~-
-L .
%h, } n- a
(Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer,
speaker, etc). --p, singular a/ an -E .
- countable singular p
'a/ an' L .
j -Fo . n O--ox J h, -. p
O -hC O English x---.
I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an
English x-- .
employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc.
II An extension of the game, game h
Sx Ox not/ never L -a -a sentences J-Eo L:
?
eg: He is happy. sentence
I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc .
-Ta ?
-- -u- -x ---..
Rx-\ - L. n 'shall
be' 'be form , 'shall stay' EF, shall remain E --F n .
p sentence They shall stay/ remain
here for an hour.
d) He could be helpful for us:
\ be form
n --J --. Could be 'be' form action
word --- help a .
sentence a-a?
could be
O Eo sentences --
- *a--p-x. - -
Lp--E sentences frame
J-*-- statements v ,
questions ( 'wh' questions,
non 'wh' questions ), Negatives (not,
never) practice .
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
%--, Eo y -E---,
h-o?)
--- Eo
O- Eo
h
-)
Damodar: What game was that? (
Game?)
Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth
lesson of spoken english. It's a simple game - forming sentences, as
many as we can by adding suitable
words after 'be' forms and action
words - sentences to be not only
statements but also questions, both
types, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions,
with not and never too...
Eo Sentences -- .
y j Ja Sentences extend
.
eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college
stores.
2) When did Naresh meet you to give you
the book.
3) She does not like me because I do not
like her.
4) How well Rupa sings that song from the
movie, nuvvu naaku nachau.
5) The teacher never made a joke while
teaching.
practice
they
( h h h-? x
Lq C.)
-x---
101
-- 23 ----J 2006
hC. He,
has to be hC.)
-O--Eo- n L E. C J c
(command) a, NC (duty) a,
necessity (-) a.
they subjects
have to be
*a-- C.
--E/ Duty Join
--E -p -- \-?)
(Have to be \ duty E C.)
Report
L,
present
F,
future
E.
day.
(o xF. 10 EN-x x
L. - o hC)
(9.30 -x \---L- y.
I have to prepare
5.30 L
(F -uT .
\ command.)
has to be
(?
u. OEo
?)
--L-
(\d- F .
Spoken english O books -
practice y English
x- h-E n-iC)
j -- ---od, practice x
confidence -- , English
- x- ----C. vA-W
Friends game practice .
Lesson Cl game
l.
O verbs . -C
'love' N. O -JE, EE vo x , EE -
hC. --E-N - walk (--)
N. -JE -, E-E -
- . J game
verbs sentences . statements v , questions, exclamations , Not/ never O
L--Eo verbs o- Eo.
eg:
1) Vineet bought a book
2) When did Naresh meet you?
3) She doesnot like me (at all)
Spoken English
(Sorry,
exam
prepare
Renuka: I thought of buying the book yesterday, but I had to take mom to hospital,
so I didn't find the time. I must get the
book somehow. Otherwise I'll be
doing very badly in the exam.
book
hospital
N h B-R}-C.
y-E.)
(Eo
-E --o, E
B}Lq
t
*aC. ---. -
h a--L . - x
exam - -------.)
(
V.
(E.
uL.
L, ?)
(--, s dD
-E- --L.)
---L,
(h . -y--L.)
-E sentences -E-.
1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3)
I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) We
must submit 7) The application should have
the signature 8) We must mention.
sentences
verbs: have to + 1st
RDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1st
RDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW
Fo NC,
v, p-E--J
-Lq - .
-- -u- -x ---..
my job.
(J 10
EN-- x M. SURESAN
L. -
serial miss d-.
J?)
Hari:
E. -y--L)
( p v-G-h.
- E ~o -L (\ have to be - necessity). I understand I have to be at
office for atleast 6 hours. (F 6
- office -E
. \ have to be NCE
C .)
Now practice the following in English:
Kranthi:
y F uo
-j \--L, n--?
Shanthi: Yes, Madam. --, -
x \---E madam.
Kranthi: Watchman p, -E-h v-h
L E; pass ox v
--F.
Shanthi: Ok, Madam. -E-\ 8
-E h.
Kranthi: OK. vh. meeting C. \
1.30 L. a J files
Fo ready --L. L-?
Shanthi: Ready , madam.
vA uT 10 * 5 Office L
Answer:
from 10 to 5 (Command)
afternoon, understand?
10-x
office
L.
NC)
station
- L.
-. (C necessity,
- )
train miss
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
}L, L
n)
---oC
a)
j J-n- x -----p,
(x
o.
-----p have to be/ has to be;
---E x Lq *aC.
have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.
o- x .)
eg:
a) Attend = College/ School/ Class
1) I have to be at home by 8.
, functions/ meetings/ marriages
8 -x x L. ( -o --.
p-)
b) attend to = E -d- / u-
2)
He
has to be here by 10. Otherwise we
; 'I am attending to the repairs'.
can't start.
c) Attend on = A---, - -u
(-E-\ 10-x L. -l-)
,
( -x
_---xL.
a) \
V
(
) Eg--o E -o.
-L-?)
(y--L J.
-x---
- -x-F, E--
xF j -Lq--p/
-Lqp had to .
1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour
his father's word.
x-o E--d--E X-
- -x-Lq- -*aC.
2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years
o-x - Lq *aC.
3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driving the wrong way.
102
c) Before you build a house, you should submit the plan for approval.
plan
submit
Should
past form 'had to'
have
to/ has to
sentences
(x d ,
--E
L)
,
. C
a.
Nt-C---x v--
L.
a.
C
9
Lq *aC
C
u -E: E--, ---
--p,
--.)
You have to do it
( q ---a-?
C E o birthday? DE
English .)
Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his
18th birth anniversary.
birthday
AnniversaryMallesh: We are all the same age then, give or
take a few months.
(18 x-L. C E 18
-.
J{-q-)
( ---V h a-L.
h--o.)
b) - -x-F, j E--
( -
-xF (Rules) -Lq--p/ Lq--p have to/ has to .
q o-o-.)
( y AJT a-L.
x * exams E -*. J v College
10 EN- \ 9 -x --L-.)
-- lesson have to be/ has to be
- ? -J h
a-.
a) I, We, You, They subjects have to.
b) He, She, It has to.
c) be form: have to be/ has to be (L
n).
-v-o:
1)
- 'please
n N-J-.
2) --E n
a Tx i
?
>E, -
sound horn'
---:
b)
-- 25 ----J 2006
horn T- E
n. --o , J
-Eo x---, horn
Th, J , --E
JhE p--E h.
2) '- o--
_-
--L-TC 'unassertive'. 'assertive'
Et--- , d, 'unassertive'
- n -a.
Spoken English
Tp
( \
-) L. v h--u-
v-h -. On demand = Tp-]
fees
dL.)
8 Lq *aC, x
h-o d)
(-- C- A N--, Rx
}Lq *aC.)
3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he
had no money, so I had to lend him the
amount.
-- -u- -x ---..
'should'
- l. C
have to/ has to - _ C. DE
'be' form should be = L n;
You have to do it =
OJC L = You
\ you
have to do it , you
should do it o force
\, -
d p.
should do it.
M. SURESAN
p -----L?
Preethi: / 9 --x airport
Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,
L. Passport, visa, docushould know, should do, etc.) = xL,
ments ready --L. -x
L-L/ --L, L, etc. n-)
--- ---L.
should p -Lq j B
Prema: - *x- - -J-*, J Lq EE -J-*
-L . j - a.
C.
Preethi: Airport entrance ticket -\---E O
a) You should be here at 10 everyday.
friends pL y. x lounge
y W -C- -\- ---L.
a-L.
b) He should understand that we are his well
wishers.
Prema: OK.
Answer:
E v-G--- N
n L.
c) You should refer to the dictionary when
you are in doubt.
(N -l---E -
v- airport L.)
flight = N--/ ~ -,
Departure = -l-
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
must
1) The application must be in the candidate's
own handwriting =
2) No column must be blank =
j --
( N-? C p - ho --J )
Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.
( . J-T--C)
Vipula: Is your application for the job ready?
(job
Application
ready
Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have
plenty of time, haven't we?
time
Plenty of =
Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days
are left, you know. You must hurry.
-Lq
?)
?/
( ? --Lq-
)
?
C,
-s
y-h-J L
S --.
L.
--aL.
L.
- C must
pEJE.
Must be - be form = L;
3) We must write =
4) You must enclose =
5) must reach =
xL, L,
- _ C n,
--. j -- N
E--, p-E--J -Lq-O
-Lq-O
-E- . CN .
( x---o?
V C?y--L)
left = NT-LC
Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will
be ready by tomorrow afternoon.
application
ready
( o vA
h. u-o-E-x
C.)
-x---
Jh
Jh
L. (E-)
103
K-~ Nu-n x
a--L. (E-)
Karthik:
lab 9 x L. N
u? s ready C-?
Sravan: x --. t a-
L . a -E K
d pC.
Karthik: - 9 x lab L,
*a-.
x?
Sravan: ----? \ o
PyE. bike O l.
b)
police officer:
time
?
Shopkeeper: 10.30
Police officer: 10.30
shop
Shopkeeper:
C.
x
-u-E
--L--? -u-L- O-J-p.
showcase C. Eo
-dL.
(*o--x x-. O o
(E) N?
uJn y-h-J L. Eo N--
Jh L. column S
--. Jh-E column
j- Does not apply/ Not applicable E L. Dash N
--.)
Candidate (uEf-- u, bank b
u \ -) = uJn particulars (u- \ -, r silent, *J ,
size z ) = N-. blank = --S.
Does not apply/ Not applicable = Jh-.
No... either = 'no' - F, not F also
--. --p, No/ not either
. Column = = Application
--E
l-P-* S n)
(J- J E .
Properly = v-L = J_)
Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too
that you must enclose all the certificates. The application must reach the
office on or before the 31st January.
fill
certificates
Application, office
st Jan
Certificate -
(O o . Eo
--aL.
,
--F L.
31
--- \
-)
Klupta: I must hurry up. ( y-L)
Spoken English
p *o
.
-- --
N-J
OE
N- .
1) x, , -L-/ --,
n.
To go now will be the right thing
p x j-C C.
x-E, -E, ----E n
I want to go = x-E ---o.
3) x--E, --E, -L---E n
2)
a) He is getting ready to go
x--E ----o
she is going out to buy a book
h --E hC.
game. infinitives --T*
sentences form Eo --L-T Eo,
Eo varieties Eo statements &
p
, O-
-E --C
Police officer:
(, p
AJ--h?)
Kuber: Only after 5. Till
then I must be
M. SURESAN
at office. I must
close the accounts before I leave office.
office
Office
accounts
close
kuber, must
duties
(office
(5 y. --
C--,
L.
L)
--
p- --o ?
Lq , -Lq N/
duties) N must -o -
(-x-a?)
(. L Ny-\.
E-*a E Jh y xL
y. --L?)
\ Sandhya Fo commands/ orders
= c. cL-y--E must
.
p --o must uses:
1) Rules (E---) 2) duties (N-)
3) commands/ orders (c-)
Now practice the following in English:
a)
Karthik:
Sravan:
y ready ? -l--?
h . -V V--dL.
-E s a--.
Karthik: d--?
Sravan: * V Rs 10/- J- dLq
C.
-- -u- -x ---..
Sx O shop 10.30 y
* --,
L-?
Shopkeeper: police officer - ---E
a. C h-u-
shop J-* ---E c a,
sir.
Police officer: Governor
shop
*a vA 10.30
d-uL. Ja-.
Answers:
a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start?
Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me
get the money.
Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow?
Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of
Rs.10/- per day.
Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the
delay? You have the money.
Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait
till mother comes back. She has told
me that I must wait till she is back.
Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?
Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is
here. We can go on his bike.
b) Police officer: What is the time now?
Shopkeeper: Past 10.30
Police officer: Don't you know that you must
close shop by 10.30? you must
close it now.
Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I
must keep it in.
Police officer: I must not see the shop open
after 10.30 again; understand?
Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came
here to buy something. He
ordered me to keep the shop
open until his purchases are
complete, sir.
(Purchases =
-)
-u-E *C)
( _ h B---E *aC)
4) Where do you want to go now?
p \- x-E ---o?
5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to
join?
Hemanth: I have come to consult you.
Vasanth: To join our college will be the
best.
Hemanth: But to join your college will be
expensive, won't it?
game
practice
-N
-v-o:
-y --*------E h ---.
'Lest you should forget that I have
reminded you'
Lest
should
u j--L -?
? h
i) pE p F E- -.ii) y ---E .
-O--E Tx- pL?
iii) old boy close friend n -d?
- -, Jz
---: 1. y Ja---E h
DE correct English - I have reminded you
lest you (should) forget.
'That I have reminded you;
2. Start early lest you should be late
u - - y -l.
3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) get
drenched
--- - B\-x.
-a.
B,
-a.
No 1, No 3 sentences
should omit
No. 2
should
lest you be late
Lest = so that not.
i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.
(It is from me =
ii) I knew that you would think so.
iii) Close friend
old boy
correct,
p-E p)
y---.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
( -- train xL,
-- -. -E
l-- train tickets book -.)
L-
B---xL , (
sC )
E-- --, -\ 8
x L)
( v d T-
s B---xL. C vh a dL. Eo-x bank
ATM ---a)
(ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank
card
s - p)
(Fo l o x
---L)
j u--Eox must, necessity (-Eo J-n- vsx - N--, ----N) -C.
u -E--LqC:
Have to/ has to, should, must-
n, --x _-
o .
-F , Rules, duty, commands, necessity express --E
.
all good.
( A--E i B-xL.
Train K )
-- must *a expressions
l.
-x---
p - E--h-.
o kx L.
2) I see prasanth's name on the book.
It should be his.
should.
Must
x Eo-- \ d
hC, commands F, duty F, necessity
F, rules F.
'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or
- O v C. C -Ej
L.
practice the following in English
Kesav:
-E -L.
x--Lq u-i N -C.
I should goGangadhar: x Lp- J. -
xL;
phone h p
-\- x E
Do d p- I have to goKesav:
xL. y h?
d p- I must go.
Gangadhar: N \- B--xO should, have to/ has to, must
C. -xL . N
.
wait h C p-.
should.
We must be careful
-p--- --o
104
must --.
(E-- --
C)
Candidates must report for the interview at
9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006.
(2nd Feb 2006
interview
L)
2) Must expresses commands
must
(c-L-y--E
(OJC Sx --)
3) Must expresses duty.
I must be at office until 5.
(C office L)
Sx j - CN must o expressions
-E-.
a) We must carry enough cash.
cash
train
L *C).
(- x--- x--
*C)
should o, have to/ has to, force \.
d command y--E, N-
E p--E, E-- force --E have to/ has to .
a) I have to take my sister to the hospital
(more powerful
than, 'I should take')...
b) He has to do whatever I want him to do
B---xL. -
B-xL
should
should
(y
L-
V u-n-
xL.
c) We must be careful.
C o u--- C u-Lq.
v-h L.
j ux must, necessity (--Eo)
--C ? sC -,
-- --Eo L--
must .
a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning
of the movie.
y xL,
ning miss .
movie begin-
(-v-E-x -} E Jh---Lq).
b), c) should -a have to/ has to
. have to/ has to force
.
d) He has made mistakes and has to face the
consequences.
(p d L --N--Lq).
x. u Nx v-h
L .
Gangadhar: y -
---L
(u-i N:
N
\- Kesav: Ok. Ok. M. SURESAN
p--E
ho.
K d c--, -L*C.
-C. C C-u-, Answer:
C--Eo ---od -C. - Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently.
u c--, E-- L----
There is an important matter I have to
shall, should T-- good
talk to him about./ I have to talk to him
manners. Must, manners L- --x c-
about something important.
-- - -. Duty, necessity -- Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A short-E -sEo d j -a).
while ago I called him and he told
Should, must-
- ----F *a - N-Eo
---E . N perhaps
(-) opposite.
Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?
(v \--o i ?)
Manoj:
-- -u- -x ---..
(x L J.
---h-o)
Pramod: Who are the guests? ( guests?)
Manoj:
participles
Spoken English
Kesav:
(-J- o -E
-a. Cl V---)
Pramod: That should keep him busy for another two days then.
(-x V
*a- busy )
\
busy-
Fo *a- ---C/
--C - N--. p-E-J -
N-- must, should .
1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on.
She must be quite rich.
J game practice . J
*a game infinitive practice --.
J sentence verb , infinitive u
me, us, you, him, her, it, them d practice
.
eg: a) I want you to go;
b) She wants him to sing
c) What do you want me to do?
d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time.
practice
sentences
-N
Eo
-- .
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
Eo
C?)
( -, )
Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it?
suggest =
Pavan: I leave it to you.
leave it to you =
(--?
*-)
(C F d
ho. F d)
F-C--
(o-p V
-- 31 ----J 2006
*v -
()
Kranthi:
(- p-?)
Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was showing. I just turned on HBO channel and
there it was.
HBO
channel
movie
Pavan: Was it very good?
It is showing in Chitramahal.
(C *v--- -C)
=
theatre
showing
Last week it was showing in Chitradarsini. I
don't know where it is showing now. Some
other movie is showing in Chitradarsini.
*v -
( *v C h Eo-)
(C \ -C?)
Kranthi:
. E p
p- p - x --.
(All time great - p p)
--C
( C *v--Jz-E --C. \
- M. *v--Jz-E movie
--C-p)
*v - Eo-- Qt- B
---v
- v-j --
-L-)
*v -EC A u-i v)
v -)
( M C --h--E -J
Ap.
E--*C)
-x---
( ?)
105
(-y-- v )
Answers:
Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at
home yesterday?
Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going
better to do. (I went to a movie, having
- nothing better to do.)
Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing?
Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi.
Sruthi: Was it good?
Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)!
Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the
cast?
Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The
actors were all great./ The cast included all great actors.
Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/
How did they perform?/ How was their
(Sx-Sx -pa. .)
It ran to packed houses for weeks
together those days
Houseful
( Vx -
-*C)
(--?)
Sravan: The movie features Charlton Heston
as Moses and Yul Brynner as the
Pharaoh.
Charlton Heston, Pharaoh
(Moses
Yul Brynner
MosesPharaoh Egyptian-
;
Jh)
-.
v-
-v-u-?)
(v <
-- E-- -.
E- v --- u
-pd -. movie- v-- -{ .)
(E
--?)
(p-)
E J .
lesson movie -C-* vocabulary
(-) --- ? -- -
; movie, TV -C-*-N.
1. Movie
2. Watch a movie on the TV
3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing
5. turned on
6. ran to packed houses
7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight
English
movie.
Cinema
English
cinema hall,
hall
The cinema
English
film
That cinema is good
hall
- --*v --
--*vJ *v .
E v. --*-vEo
E
a.
- F, -o *v -E
.
See / watch a movie = movie .
( am seeing / is seeing / are seeing a
movie . Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing Lq
h am watching / is watching / are watching
a movie correct)
TV = on the TV. We are watching an interesting programme on the TV. (in the TV )
Spoken English
movie
The movie has run for the past four weeks.
C.
performance?
v -)
Laya: They couldn't
v
@N
act well./They
-.
v
didn't do well.
-Eo E .
u
v
,
Sruthi:
So I need not
p-- 4 C.
-v
see it.
Ey--
J game . M. SURESAN
*a- 100 V -C =
-. I know what to do.
It will certainly run for a hundred days.
movie Ko -J{---
( ) \ O -LqIt's a big draw.
x - O p--L_-Eo sentences
(X-- a---_C.)
a) This movie will be a big draw
p--_. Variety L. , no ,
(Deserve = | LT .
( movie d--h/ C Ko
questions, dialogue form L. n corHe deserves an award
-J{-hC.)
rect L.
( --A |)
(It will run to packed houses)
eg:
a) Hema forgot how to open the box
Comedy = --i-/--u-v---i-
b) *v j Eo- - --p--, C
(box - Ja--C)
/movie /
big draw .
b) She did not know where to sit
Tragedy = --i -/-*-v/-
The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw
(\ a- M-)
a) Missamma is a comedy
(Benhur Eo- u -{.)
c) Do you know when to start?
b) Devadasu is a tragedy
Movie Eo- = sequence (yq) Big
(p -l- ?)
Comic role = u v;
draw, high light n -N = u
sentence pattern -E-:
Tragic role = --J- v
--{.
a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles
Sub. y verb, y 'Wh' Word, y
caste = -, movie /drama.
(u--v- -vt-- v -Cl--)
infinitive . dialogue .
a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in
the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.
EC
(N) v)
--v h.)
u-- =
(O---'-O-\ -
Relangi was a great comedian
comedienne
u- =
(N--),
, O \ \---L.
y Eo v x
?
. - Movie x
\---C?
v
x . *v- u-A.
'Eo x- *v , G-vA
?
vv,
v v.
bore d?
F - E.)
--?
p-- o. F movie *v -- p-x.)
.
*o--v Ep-h.) Sruthi: x ?
Laya: x p -----.
*v Eo- =
Sruthi: -\----o-.
-- -u- -x ---..
Laya =
Sruthi:
movie,
Laya:
Sruthi:
Laya: My God,
Sruthi:
Laya:
(p -l- c ?)
Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.
(. F \---x y p-.)
game practice Eo sentences - .
-v-o-: -Fq --x-O- -
'I PROMiSE
TO PAY THE BEARER THE
SUM OF TWENTY RUPEES'
-E ---C.-D-E -n --N-?
-.--.-. -p-, --u- ---.- Currency notes O
sentence - C N--E T -C. Currency notes K--C
Reserve Bank of India. E C-J Governor
of Reserve Bank of India. C-J -a
O sentence - T- -o -J-j
(bearer) . 20/ (- --)
Lx-h-E.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
(Eo
, ?)
(E-
*vX s)
- \---
u \ -.
( *v N-- -C)
( , * , Lj z-y C N --E )
Priya: The main characters brought out the talent of the lead pair.
(u-i v v vA-
L---a)
Character: ud \ -;
, u u = n
Q/ --/ y. F \ n
, - E- v.
Lead Pair = v -u
/ -/ *v ----.
Divya: They have been a hit pair - chitrakumar
and chitrasri. Their combination has
been successful.
hero,
heroine
hit.
(-o *v 'vN---
x L ho)
Divya: They show themselves at their best
when they are cast opposite each other
(x / ----- h
x vA -h)
N- *v z-
B. DE - Plot
a) His movies have the same basic story but
the story line differs
C flop ? --
-*a v suit -E
G-v.
team up.
b) The movie failed because of its weak story
Srikanth: v-j J--,
The three boys teamed up to decorate the
line
v -- --.
room
/ N-- d--- --x
CE --J---E x _ d b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, Eo TV 'N
C N--iC.
N*v . !
p-f.
c) Weak story line is the cause of most
8) Cast opposite: (-u heroine) Sunitha: C p .
failures
-, j-.
(hero) - h p they are
*v -dE x s-A-Vinitha:
C . hero,
cast opposite each other .
o.
heroine x? Rx-l-J
a) Vikram is cast opposite Sada/ Sada is cast
*v -.
opposite Vikram/ Vikram and Sada are
Sunitha: . x --- *
cast opposite each other in Aparichitudu
vA ---.
-J-*-- Vikram, -/ , Vinitha:
p Rx-l *vx
Nv - / Nv, J -
u
--h-o.
-x--- 106
-.
*v - , F N-
E - / N- x *v
s-AC. Thin \ n weak E.
E n oE/ aE.
4) Character: / -/ *v v.
F- v F- *v
o role E-F part E-F -a.
-, -- *v N-- a)DNTR
played the character/ role/ part of
-y-)
Karna in the drama
Her action in "Aunantara, Kadantara?" is
- NTR g v / -.
really memorable
b) One of the main characters in the movie is
(-, -? *v
Lord Venkateshwara played by Suman
---EC)
*v u-i vx Suman
Divya: Ok. I must be going Priya. Meet you
* --y--yN v.
tomorrow. Bye
c) He played his part well
( xL. -h. Bye)
v -.
Priya: Bye
Play - , \ -.
Lesson --*-v- -C-*
? p J-Eo 5) lead pair= u- -. (the
hero and the heroine)
l. Fo x---o-p
a)
NTR and Anjali Devi are the lead pair in
- Conversational English
Lavakusa
-C. N .
- *v Rx-l-JD u-i
1. Superb 2. A runaway success 3. storyline
s/ = j--
a, p h a, J
/ v/ C-*C -j
s- Superb .
a) It is a superb hattrick by Irfan Pathan =
hattrick. Hattrick
p -C s--i
-- -x - N
Ch, u vx, D Player
, hat-trick .
-F-, uA *v v v-, .
c) They have proved a hit pair
N----i .
6) Hit pair
*v-E N a/ N----i/
v~- G- C (-
hero, heroine v x)
a) They make a hit pair
-, - -u
yJ--i N
a) The movie was a runaway success.
*v N--j N---iC.
b) Missamma was a runaway success.
hero, heroine.
a) They are teaming up again in the next
movie
o *v Sx Rx-l L -h-o.
Nqt A y N----iC
-E KA.
x J -
-h-o.
9) Debut:
d----J G-
u / -- M. SURESAN
-J *vx / ---J -v- (Y %u
v- DEo -v )
Debut- pronunciation - u \
-.
---J -v-
Make a debut/ Have a debut.
a) She made her debut in this movie.
N-- .
u u,
N- \- -. \-J N
- -.
Debut
--- v .
7) Teaming up
s.
Spoken English
(Hero, heroine).
b) The lead pair in the movie is Rajanikanth
and Jyothika
Rx-l-JD N----i . x
-* *v-Fo hits E.
*v p C.
Yasvanth:
- 2 -v--J 2006
Sx x L -h-o.
-- -u- -x ---..
a) Yasvanth: Hi Srikanth,
heroine
F favourite hero,
J N- ?
Srikanth: d-. x
- ?
Yasvanth: y x G--EN . -
-?
Srikanth: y- i
p, -R}-l -L
- d v-i C
*v. Jh s-A-.
Yasvanth: x x *v s-A--E
---o.
Srikanth: -p-. -x-C N- --- i
. x *v -u-i
N C-*C? hero -v --p--* flop C
?
Sunitha:
u heroine *
Jh a-C.
Answers:
a) Yasvanth: Your favourite lead pair has not
been very successful this time,
has it?
Srikanth: The movie has a weak story line.
They have acted well.
Yasvanth: You are their fan. What else can you
say?
Srikanth: Whatever you say- the movie is
atleast that good because they have
acted in it. Otherwise it would have
been an utter flop.
(utter =
Yasvanth: The movie is a flop because of their
action. That's what people say.
Srikanth: I don't agree. They are a hit pair.
Their last movie was a runaway success. The hero hasn't had a failure
since his debut.
Yasvanth: This might be his first flop. I feel that
he doesn't suit the role/ the character.
Srikanth: He suits any role. He can do any
role with ease.
b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, yesterday I watched the
movie, 'Emitivichitram' on the TV.
What a movie it is! / How good it is!
Sunitha: I saw it long ago. I think it was last
month, in Vizag.
Vinitha: Isn't it good? What are the names of
the lead pair, I think they made their
debut in the movie.
Sunitha: Yes. Even in their debut they displayed their talent.
(Display =
Vinitha: They are acting as the lead pair in two
or three movies.
Sunitha: The heroine especially has won
recognition as a good actor/actress.
Jh)
v-Jz-)
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
D-R v. o
- -----J Eo L-. Eo -
o. %-d- -h Eo C-.
Hemanth: So you celebrated it with all enthusiasm. We did too, but we were off the
fireworks by about 10. We were in
bed by 10.30pm
q- ---o--o-.
--o. F --
a 10 - . 10.30 -x
-o.
Enthusiasm - u-.
u \ -.
* ' size z, = q.
fireworks = -/ --
Vasanth: We were enjoying the fireworks till
almost eleven. Dad was liberal this
time. We let off Rs. 800/-work of
crackers sparklers this time.
11
-h o. o
J s a. 800 - a
worth - (bird )= -N- o.
crackers = v
= --, sparklers = px =
L-N (-, y-h etc) let
off = -- a = Let off fire
works)
Hemanth: So it was a grand affair after all.
Some how I feel spending so much
on fire works is a waste
h-O - ---o
.affair, \ = N.
Vasanth: It's just once a year. A few hundred
rupees shouldn't matter much.
-q--E -J .
- u )
- -- -J * M -x-o. -- --o-?)
Lord Rama.
X-o h. xx,
xx, O----xx . -v-u ---o- --M.- --u---. -F- -- --o-? )
-- --- -h.-p, --
-X-- -j--u ---.
Pandal = CJ
--- x--- putup = p -/-E-Jt-
as well =
EN- d-a.)
?
(Green gram = /--p (-p)
jaggery = x
offering = ju
-K..X---N --v- - feast = N / -
-x---
107
-G-@ o
p--\ .)
Charlie: What's Sri Ramanavami, sampy?
What's its significance?
Deepavali,
Chavithi,
Christmas vals.
Vinayaka
Ramzon,
festi-
Fo
- --J -nA.
-h - (x N-Eo) --
C.
mood
Let's not stop him. He is in a celebration
mood
--- - o. E l.
a =
--- Ah =
Ah L-T-)
=
Sparklers, crackers
Let off fireworks
fuse
( Light the fuse =
explode / blow/ go of =
(with a loud sound/noise)
Explode
blow =
'go off' =
Feast =
Dishes =
Chat over the net =
significance =
Significance of a festival =
festivities
a) The festivities of Dasara last for 9 days
l-l -x -.
x x u y.
u --N-?)
-- J--C.
Sampath: It's an important festival for us in
N (--) - N
India. We celebrate the birth of lord
-/ v
SriRama on the occasion.
- -
Hemanth: We had new clothes too and of
(- C u-i
To--q
vu
=
course the feast too. Mom prepared
. X- d V
- vu.
wonderful dishes and delicious
--)
=
sweets.
Occasion = -- \---L.
h d a-o.
-, vision - = s.
- 9 V --.
--E t * -, Charlie: How do you celebrate it?
b) The Festivities are keeping us busy
--?
*---i y-q C.
-- ---Lo -G-@ ---.
Feast / N.
Sampath: We offer worship to Lord Sri Rama
q = The enthusiasm for a fesdishes = (size - z )
by performing Pooja. We do it at
a festival.
C C - *aC.
Now Practise the following:
a)
Sunil:
Anil:
\-o* h-o, E?
X---N CJ *. \
- C.
Sunil: R} ?
Anil: -- h-o?
Sunil: x C. h -p,
Charlie: Well, have a happy time, then call you
B\- .
later.
Anil: . y y CJ * ( - .Sx -- h.)
j -- -J- -. DE - Sunil: -x. .
C-* Eo expressions -J-* --.
b)
= festival
J G-v- xN. N N A ?
Opinion- G-v.
differ - C-h.
- -J-* . -- s expressions Eo --
J.
Festival = , --- = celebrate
-q - C -C/C-
V.
tival
D-R q- --o.
V--
The festival is / falls on a day.
a) This year the festival falls on a Sunday/ is on
a Sunday.
Prem:
Syam:
? F u---C?
Eo -- a-- A LC. E Ah d C.
Prem: L?
Syam: -, x - -. -d
_--h d d.
Prem: ?
Syam: - .
Prem: . N Ao?
Syam: -Fo Ja-.--a-J
vA 12 C.
Answers:
a)
Sunil: Where are you coming from Anil?
Anil: From the Sri Ramanavami pandal. The
decorations are really beautiful.
Sunil: Shall I go and see too.
Anil: What have you been doing so far?
Sunil: We have just finished the puja at home,
come in and have some vadapappu and
panakam.
Anil: Ok. On your way back from the pandal
come to my home.
Sunil: Ok
b)
Prem: Hi Syam, What is wrong with your
hand?
Syam: While letting off crackers yesterday,
one of them went off in my hand. It had
a short fuse.
Prem: Are the burns very bad? (burns =
)
Syam: The palm and two fingures. Doctor
bandaged / dressed the injuries.
Prem: Is it paining a lot?
Syam: Not so bad now.
Prem: It's your right hand. How could you eat?
Syam: I forgot all that in the pain by the time I
came back home it was 12 midnight.
iII
-- j---
(L-. Cu p--.
px hC )
Navya: I called her home. Her mom told me
she was out. Must be busy with
arrangements.
(x Phone . ---Rx-E
xt pC. busy -L
J)
Sreya: Let's ring up Kavya. Divya is taking
kavya's help. So Kavya should be
knowing about Divya. She should be
able to tell us where Divya is.
Phone
(
u
l. Cu, u
B--C. d Cu J* u
L-a. Cu J* -u p--L.)
p Qt L L. (C
Bhavan *a - N)
3) He should be on the way
-- J L. (C *a -
N.)
-sx must, should .
-sx have to/ has to .
p lesson E d-- dialogue
-J . must , should
o expressions.
time
(l--x x---p -J
x---o
h---L.
p o----?)
3) Should be knowing.
4) Should be able to tell us.
-- 6 --v--J 2006
-x--- 108
u L--
L)
(-- ~- p----o. y ?
Apologize = --j \ -.
* ' size Z n ~-
Apology = -> = ~-)
Maithri:
(Sympathy =
Sympathize with =
size
Z
=
A. ' \ - =
-j
-A.
. -A . innocent
- \ - = ---j).
O o x--- y (j
v-h )
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
ENGLISH:
Prabha: Hi Subha, file no. 10
\-C?
-o-. - L-L. Eo
v C table O C.
Prabha:
\?
(y l . Sx
Subha:
5
EN- v Manager C- x.
\ L, t --
\ L J.
x .)
Subha:
(d
Phone
l )
(h . x Phone
h. picnic J-- L
.)
We ought toers
respect elda) Bharat: Why did India lose the match?
(India
( xL J.
--C?)
Bye)
Navya: Bye
n - _ .
2) commands (c), duty
(NC), necessity (-), Obligation
--. warnings (a-J)
--.
3) Must, should *a --o,
- N-- p--E .
Bhavan: Hi Sravan, When are you leaving for
Kashmir?
(a v-)
Bhavan: That's just two days off. You must be
busy making arrangements because
you are going to be there for a few
weeks. Kashmir must be quite cold
now. Carry enough warm clothing.
Pavan is also joining you, isn't he?
( --V. px busy
- *a-; Eo ----o. Qt L -Lp. Pavan F h-o
?)
(Carry enough warm clothing = LEo a d B-x.)
( N vN- .
captain . - L-L.)
Dravid, captain d, N
-o* P-
Kumar: How is the financial position of India?
( . -F N Finance
p---)
uses have to/ has to .
Minister
Maithri:
(---a?)
(F L.)
Regarding? (E N)
Prabha:
x -- t- N-o
?
Subha: F L-L C. t- N-
C y ?
Prabha: F- o?
Subha: Office F, F - L-T-ho.
M. SURESAN
Prabha: Weak E--h-o.
a) ought to be ('be' form) = L
doctor E L y. F u
b) ought to go, ought to respect, ought to
N vh B--L ? O
know- ought to + 1st RDW- action word=
E L
xL, -N-L, ---L, etc.
?
n must, should, have to/ has to Subha: - office J--C.
ought to -. ought to o-p Prabha: Doctor _--- B--xL ?
c, E--, N, ----x Subha: B--h--o.
FA v --- nA, ---
--. jA u- (Moral ANSWER:
obligations).
-- ought to
-. Ought to
o , must,
should , L,
L n hC
.
u-i
C. n
l
(l--x-x -u-
F J .)
You ought to know manners. (F
manners L-L/ y manners
---L.)
j --
ought to
--T* :
y manners ---L.
(L--- -o- P~- F -- jA u.)
2) I ought to be careful how I talk to elders
-J x---o h---L.
(v-h u)
4) I ought to be back early to attend on my sick
mother
s o t ----E y
AJT L. ( jA NC/ u)
Meghana: Yes, I ought to be careful how I talk
Sravan: Yes, He should be on the way because
C ought to -C-* N, Sx
to elders. I ought to respect elders.
he has to be here this evening.
.
(. l--x x---p
(. -vEx \--L
v-h L. l--x - a) l--x -N-L
d J -L.)
You ought to respect elders.
N-L.)
-- Must be, should be
b) --- --A L.
Maithri:
We ought to remember who we talk
Expressions -E-.
You ought to sympathize with innocent peoto when we talk to elders. So what
1) You must be busy = y busy L.
do you want me to do now?
ple.)
(Bhavan *a - N)
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
Dinakar:
J \-x
sweet.
(Eo x \ o?
B o N)
Fresh - . (Opp: Stale/ rotten stale. Ey
o (u -N); rotten - J-T-, Rx--. stale - d, rotten -- Ad- . These rotten movies
(h movies)/ rotten fellow E-E Ad,
NENE N-T-- jokes - stale jokes.
--
oxyzen
-.
-E--- s \--.
- ( L?)
f)
Padma:
_ * u-i -
- (L) . p,
(C ---L) X y -------
Phone -Lq - C.
fruits now?
O-Eo- verb, need/ needs ?
c) Have I to go? X You need not go
Kamala:
y worry -- . Phone
sentences need ---E, j con(-----o? po
(
X \-x)
number
- , \
versation * B sentences (3) and (4)
x -- F?)
[a) You must go - y xL.
C.
Rx x.
need --E l.
Dinakar: Yea. I need some to present to my
b) You must not go - y x--
b) Krupakar: -p -l-L J.
3) You need not go that far
uncle. You bought them at Sarvam
c) You need not go - -}-----
x-\x.
Dayakar: - x-\-x
Super Market, didn't you?
b) , c) . N should ,
4)
You
need
not
spend
so
much
Krupakar: -E?
(. uncle x present
have to/ has to hC.]
a
d
.
Dayakar: o Eo h- t-o.
l----o. N y 'y
Need J* --o points.
h--L-\ o. N
Super Market o ?
1) Need independent \- L
p - .
Madhukar: No. That's very far off. You need
n - hC.
Krupakar:
N
-. . -E
not go that far. If fruits are what you
2) Need + 1 st RDW (- not )
L.
need, there's a good fruit shop
-x--- 109
I RDW p-E -\-x E n.
nearby. I bought them there.
Dayakar: y -\---Cp. .
Madhukar: Why are you asking? Do you need
\ - .
ANSWERS:
3)
( K? dozen 70 -
v o ?)
Madhukar: No. You need not spend so much.
They are quite cheap there.
( d-----. N
shop )
Dinakar:
shop
-h?)
must/ should/
not go
-a.
,
d n
hC)
x-\-x)
C.
Need not spend = a d-\-x
OK, bye
Madhukar: OK.
-a.
-a.
2. I need some
(y }? p?)
( x-\--.
Phone
h .
J . need - -E,
L n a - E.
(F j xL y)
Sumana: No, she need not go tomorrow either
( x--\--)
Fp x --? (?)
2. I need some
Eo -/ L
3. You don't need my help
F----/ \--
j -s--Eo- need -/ L,
'\-- uA--
a) I need your help
F -- (L)
Spoken English
need
p }-Lq - --.
b) She needs to be there at least for an hour
F j \ -.
c) I need to go home now
- x-Lq - C.
h Karuna Phone
Number h? urgent
x--Lq - C .
Kamala: E J*?
Padma: y ----
Kamala: F-- number?
-v-o:
N:
)
have to/ has to uA-
\--. --j R}
\ A. shop --C)
sentences
Dinakar:
4)
(p \ -\-x)
conversation must/ should/ has to
- n j L/ L -E.
Need not be --op- opposite meaning
hC --\-x n-. C u.
-- -u- -x ---..
O o n-Fo.
1) EE -a
- Eo n--o
. Would, could --
Fo .
He might have done the work
O u--? ----a?
He may have done might / would
may n n--o -.
. , L
--:
DE n,
EE
--L-- . E E.
E
Rama has done that work.
2)
, (F )
Rama wouldn't have done it.
-LqC , F
He shouldn't have done it.
- EE --L-- F .
DE
E -LqC (E
-)
Rama should have done that work.
----
Rama could not do it.
-a.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
(E J*?)
Ranjit: About the way we are spending money.
( s a ho N.)
We have to manage with this money till
the month end.
( s - -L.)
We need an extra Rs. 500/- for the
book I need.
(FC - .)
- need J ?
lessons need -- Eo -o. J-Eo l.
Need independent ; verbs
L .I. Need independent , -
--, ---- n hC, ?
1) We need an extra Rs. 500/-
-x---
110
F -C ---.
(y C L)
You need not do it.
(y C --\---)
b) She has to be here at 10.
(10 \ L)
She need not be here
(E, E y
--\--.
u Eo o
-o. - - -V-x
(--s) hC.)
( B--o
dL ?)
--?)
II. Need
verbs
L
. p
verbs L E-------E n. use
\ not hC,
- question form
C.
( u.
h
-E n
F ---E
-L (---Lq- - C).
M. SURESAN
p s --
----.
(verb - need come)
F --
b) She needs some dresses.
-- -u- -x ---..
a) He should do it
b) He should not do it
c) He need not do it
-hC , (a), (b) Commands. (c) opposite of (a). have to/ has to N-
h . Have to/ has to not Jh need
not meaning hC.
y trouble B-Lq - ?
verb- need take.)
III. Need not , must, should, have to/ has
to opposite E --o.
\ L.
She doesn't have to be here
She need not be here
\ --\--.
N-?
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
Varun: Lx- ----Lq - C.
Tarun: ?
Sudheer: Worry --- . - -\E -v
Varun: - _ * information - .
h. Phone h.
Tarun: E J*?
Sumanth: F -\-x-. h.
Varun: a A-A ho. \ z N
ANSWERS:
- help L.
Tarun: E-j- y Lx _---x-\---. \ 1) Tarun: Hi Varun, What news?
E--h-. -F --.
Varun: I need to meet Mallik immediately.
Varun: o ---L ?
(immediately = )
Tarun: y worry -\--. \ F ---i Tarun: Why?
h.
Varun: I need some information from him.
Varun:
Lx _--* Introduction letter Tarun: What about?
B-x--\-- ?
Varun: We are going to Tirupathi next week. We need his help
Tarun: ---. \---Rx--y Eo \- p
in the matter of darsanam.
t \- xL y. Cl d.
Tarun: If it is for that you need not go to Mallik. My uncle works
Varun: ---. .
there. I can help you.
(2) Sumanth: Hi Sudheer, F - . F -Varun: How do I meet him?
o. -y E--.
Tarun: You need not worry at all. He will give you all help you
Sudheer: E J*? F E ---i, p-
need.
h.
Varun:
So I need not take any introduction letter from Mallik.
Sumanth: bike -\-----o. Bike p. second hand -\, hC -\? Tarun: No need. Once you go there you should be and you
should go wherever and whenever he wants you to. He
Sudheer: C F _-o sd C ? y --J-is a bit short tempered.
L-T, h better .
(Short tempered = y p y)
Sumanth: bank loan -, hC -. Loan a-- F -.
Varun: Don't you worry. OK.
Spoken English
--.
y Coffee --\--.
: b) , a)
opposite .
Jh-hC.
- B
Coffee
b)
c)
Command. c) Command
should
-----)
sentences
bination
Questions
L.
Coffee
\ -p- ------.
dresses
y x-----.)
Eo
-\ -p- x --?
(- )
Sanjai: Then stop it. You need to understand
that if you continue to attend tuitions,
you don't have the time to study.
tuitions
time
sentences
( \ --\.)
C -E-.
- -).
= d----/- h-)
J game practice :
He gave me advice sentence
subjects
different verbs
frame
logue form
- E Eo sentences, different
, not , question form , dia Eo
--L-T Eo .
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
Harihar:
(F Jh ?)
Subhakar: Of course. We Went to school
together. We were the same class.
We used to sit on the same bench
too. We were together for three
years at school.
(-L------? school
--o. Classmates.
bench O --x )
Harihar:
(D E. -J
. o--L.)
Harihar:
xL , h.
Subhakar: Bye
dialogue
.
expressions
2) We used to be close
- ---E used to .
j dialogue used to
-E-.
1) He used to help me
3) He used to help me
(p -J-- touch
o. Hyderabad college , E-\ -)
Harihar:
2) We used to be close
6) I used to play
Eo-- -x
- - ( C--
N He used to study well )
( * , ?)
Subhakar: Certainly. We used to be close. He
used to help me in studies, especially in maths. He used to be very
good at studies
(y cricket ---E
p. O school team y
opener --- ?)
Subhakar: Yes. I used to play, but not as well
as Murthy has told you.
(E, --o, Jh
p- )
Harihar:
--E. F ,
J y o
p-- )
- -E
--C--. --C
--? -D-Eo- N- -- h?
2 ) ''Phonetics'' a- - --* h
-*--. . ----, --Mx
J (V )
h-o. n ax,
--N.
j
ques
,
. O used to
-a. J-Eo .
a) --p punctual -
He never used to be punctual?
b)
y - B----?
Did you use to take his help often?
states
expressions Fo used to
-C-*- . p used to
- --.
used to be form used to be;
Action word: used to + 1st Regular Doing
word
e.g: used to play, used to sing, etc.,
--, v p-
o nAE F, u (action) F --C.
used to , - n use
.
Subhakar we used to sit on the same
bench
Ananth:
es a habitual state of
being or action.
Sumanth:
O u -, -x --
O cousins - cousin sister, cousin brother
English . N )
W -
(He used to play every day);
C
They used to quarrel with each other.
-- -u- -x ---..
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
( -C. E. Teachers -C
---.)
Prasanth: I never used to find our Maths
teacher say that. He used to say,
'Isn't it?' quite often.
- y
Ev--?
u y- h-o.
late -E college hours E-NC *
a
- -u --N?
vA - C E. -u
- E. -E -u -E.
u --p--- time uC
_ _ 8 uC.
-v --E. p
C- ho.
j -u - d .
Hi Sumanth, why are you up so
early?
How is it you are up so early?
How is it you got up so early?
( student -,
_- tuition -x--E.)
Hi Sumanth,
ANSWER:
( d--C/ G-
N * teacher)
(x --J- x----x)
gestion.
time J-C
d 'used to' express-
-: - ---C
-a.
Spoken English
opener
--E
--: 1) He
111
Used to
(p - ?)
Harihar:
-x---
5) I used to play
Used to
conversation
tion
not
never
get up =
How is it =
be up. 'be up'
natural)
Ev--
Eo-- simple,
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-- j---
Ii I
Himakar: Who do I see here? Dinakar? Oh
what a surprise! When did you
come?
C
-E-.
expressions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(Eo, d--
o. a)
conversation
Eo
(Eo E - C. . v p- - f
Bangalore C?)
n-, u- (Habitual status of being/habitDinakar: A beautiful city. I went there in the winual actions in the past) -- --E j exprester. I used to find the cold difficult to
sions from 1 to 4 E --- .
bear, but now I am used to it.
1. I used to find the cold difficult to bear
(-i . -\- L--
L d- d E--C.
x. L d-- d C.
2. I used to eat out
-F p -----)
A-o.
Himakar: What about the food?
(- ---?)
Dinakar: No trouble now. I cook for myself. I
used to eat out in the beginning but I
could not get used to the food. I started cooking, and I am happy now.
-x---
(p sC . --o. x x A--E. -F
-- -----. -
--d. p sD .
(Eat out = Restaurants A)
-- 14 -v--J 2006
112
No. 5 to 8 . 5, 7 and 8
5. I am used to it
7. He was used to keeping awake late
8. He will be used to it
5, 7 and 8 expressions used to be
forms (am, was, will be)
-E-.
-, used to y 'be' form F,
Regular doing word F -- .
Used to, y, It F, ing form F h-o
. 5, 7 and 8 C.
'be' form (am/was/willbe) + it/...ing form
(Expressions 1, 2, 3, 4 C. (Used to + be
/ Ist Regular Doing Word)
Used to + be/1st RDW
--E--)
b) He is used to long walks / taking long walks
in the morning
(, - -- -.)
c) Ram: Your boss seems to be an angry man.
(O boss -d -Eph-o?)
Rahim: I just don't bother. I am used to his
anger.
( \--. -----
\ _ -.
4. He used to get up quite late
u -.
C N--E -
any time past,
1) Past v p- o n-, J-T present or future -L-Himakar: He is OK. except for his odd hours of
- v . Present, future h-C.
duty. He has to work late night shifts.
M. SURESAN
p .
(hC , used to +
It's troubling him a bit.
2) Used to y 'be' F, Ist Regular Doing
be/ 1st RDW - past
(--u- --- p o.
Words (used to + go / Walk) Sleep, etc) F
J-N)
-vA ---x -E--- ---Eo --s-C
h. C last lesson --o. a) Kesav: How do you find Delhi in Summer?
---C)
Sx .
(N Delhi C?)
Dinakar: He was used to keeping awake late at
1) -p -E 5 V -C
Eswar: Quite hot. But I have been used to
( o? \ _
-)
Used to
(\ p vA - \ - -E. u
Ev ?)
Himakar: But there he has to get off duty too
late, after 12 mid night, and so he
can get up only after 9 or 10 in the
morning. This is his problem. He
hopes he will be used to it in a course
of time
(F -\ K u.vA 12 y
duty Ev--, -x
9, 10 y Ev , D E
u. -v- --E
P-h-o)
Dinakar: Best of luck for him
_-J h--.
He used to visit me frequently
3)
-o-p d--C
She never used to like him
4)
Eo-p-j sC d ?
Did I ever used to trouble you?
5)
\ --
He used to spend the whole of day being
here.
6)
-- -
C
p j
-* B
-. -P-, --C-\
---: 1) Bear=-; 2) Owl= -(--), 3) yacht= 4) Menace=
('\ -) 5) Cheer=*; Cheers=*.(' size z)
6) Cop= (-- v Ap, ---d)
8) Cheerful='-*- '* \ -. 9) tyrant=j- ('j \
-) 1) 10) martyr= (' \---)11) Chaos=
(' \ -) 12) Career=J ('J\ -)
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
( C. F -x
- f. p C
u ).
( -_o?)
Sekhar: What a question? Weren't we
(were we not) used to carrying
heavier loads of books at school?
( -v-o --C? School -
o -o h-
--- ?)
d be used to - , h
--. be used to y noun form (this
food, the heat, the insults etc) F, '... ing' form
F hC. be used to -s-Eo- d, present,
(-d - C u .)
Sravan: He is so used to her nagging that without it he feels he misses something.
( - -L-A od -- . - -
f)
(is used to -nagging)
Now practise the following:Sekhar:
y *o-p J--h--N ?
p- -----o?
Pramod: office join ---y
C . *o *o -
bike O x ---i---
x, T_C.
Sekhar: p slim N .
Pramod: N-i @N-E---- x
weight J-TC. E.
Sekhar: Bike urgent E -
.
Pramod: ---E . F v-Ao- L.
-C, V h --. , y Delhi
-o ?\ A F ?
Sekhar: u . ----f.
b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, K Sundays
busy -o?
Bharat: --? Busy life ---f. p E--- .
Dishyant: promotion h BJ
C ? p h?
Bharat: p E - -. j
p Eo V u. y E
---.
Dushyant: . Correct o t,
o . p
. business W 8 --
\ E--h.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
(F h
C?)
Cl--V-- -o
C EpEo.
u
hC. -E Eo
h d C)
--
-
.
y p
E,
F,
F h-E.
(F (- jC
-?)
-x---
\ @- E-- x---.
( hO . x- h --Lq-O )
113
-- H-- --x, E @N
-- - ---/ N -E
h/ ---E N s-C o.
I got used to it
Damodar: (I) Can't say anything now. I think I
will get used to it as days pass.
(p p-. V Dl
-------o)
OC-- Q--
L------f-.
\-J, noun ,
is hC.
M. SURESAN
j conversation
get used to , -- be
used to n, --
. 'be used to' -s-Eo-d
j tense form get used to a:
( --o)
Damodar: Once it begins to move I feel very
comfortable riding it. Only when I
have to stand it do I feel the weight
(- -j
C. Eo Stand Lq *a-p --E--hC).
But I enjoy the ride.
( EO --K -
C)
Balaram: Don't worry. You will get used to handling it. Look at Arjun. He is Shorter
than you and his bike heavier than
yours. I See him handling it with
ease. He has got used to holding its
weight.
( --. y y- E - -. b-
F d, bike F E . E Eo
handle h.
- f)
Damodar: Yes That was my Experience of my
cycle too, when I had my First Cycle,
I Was just 7 or 8 years old and the
cycle felt heavy , but I got used to it.
Cycle
Cycle
(
-
. J
op, x E-N-x p
Cycle --E-C. F -
f E -.
( j--
E xL
o
-E-. --
-C-*
N- --o. -- Get
used to -E-:
Spoken English
- 16 -v--J 2006
a)
b)
ivB, C \ h @N?
h E---. --j-C. d F friends --x
Sneha: J O A?
In the beginning I could not adjust to the
Maithri: - h -u C. -C
hostel food, but I got used to it as time went
marketing job ? \ market Bon/but I am now used to it
-o-- - ---. \
hostel food C , F V
market - Jh h.
--Cl --j--C; E Sneha: ? h time
d-a - --E.
----f.
Maithri:
Tx
L-x --O y-.
How long did it take for you to get used to
- Tx- - -.
the climate of Kashmir?
nE - u.
Qt ----E ------E- time Sneha: d--a.
dC F?
y -j C.
\ \-- E----E
--------, ----o job
.
d) People in government jobs find it difficult to
get used to working in private organisations.
private
vy u--x E- x
nx E-E d
C.
j (b), (c), (d) x `be used to' -a.
a.
Eo
ju,
n. \- n -Jo
, -N-, -- ,
y , \----- N:
N boss o (treat )
hO .
-- -u- -x ---..
ANSWER:
Sneha: How is the new life here, Maithri?
Maithri: I don't find it new/ different any more;
especially with friends like you around.
Sneha: What about your husband/ hubby?
Maithri: He finds it a little problem/ He has
some trouble. Hence a marketing job,
isn't it? He hasn't yet got used to/ He
has yet to get used to the trends of the
market here. The market here is
entirely/ completely/ totally new to him.
Sneha: Moreover the language here is different, so he may take (some) time to get
used to it.
Maithri: Where English is known/ Where people know English, he hasn't any problem. He is used to communicating in
English. The problem is with the local
language.
Sneha: At the most he may take a month to
get used to the circumstances/ situation here. That's all.
-v-o: 1. Leave letter h-o-p, (Head mas- -v-o: Am, is, are + V3 = --
ter
address h
--- () - --s-Teachers) Kindly grant me,
- n --? -- -L?
E p, may I
-.-_-, --
request you E cor- ---: am/ is / are + v3 (past participle)
rect -, -.
combination o verb passive voice
C. n ' E hC.
2.Respected --T--a,
Yours sincerely / Yours 1) The poem is written by John = John
faithfully --C ---T--L?
poem --C -E n -L.
The poem has been written/ was written by
-G-.-vQ-E-, -y
John C - better form.
---: 1. correct. May I request you C
am/ is/ are + pp (past participle - v3) - C habith formal.
2. Respected Sir, correct . Sir, E ual action v L. -- action
-Ch . Respected sir j English , has been + pp/ was/ were + pp
. Leave letter - j C--J , time state --, -Eo d.
address --p yours faithfully, p-E-J. 2) He is gone - C He has gone
Yours sincerely J-.
n-. --- p-.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
Jagan: Mohan, when did you last meet kumar?
( p --o, *-?)
Mohan: Just yesterday. He was going home
from office.
office
(Eo.
hop)
(O -?)
Mohan: We used to. Of late, however, we
havent been seeing each other that
frequently. His writing stories for the
magazine keeps him busy.
( --x. u
- - . vA- busy )
Of late = lately = u = recently.
of late/ lately , late n
late = u
(--op- -J- x- Eo )
Mohan: He has a number of admirers.
(-E G--Ex C
o.)
admirers = G--Ex = fans.
Admire = J vA- a--
Jagan: He deserves
verbs
including habits, facts of science, universal
truths
1st column
verbs
I
RDW, II column
verbs
II Regular Doing
Words
( E |)
deserve = | LT
-x---
2)
(p h- -,
---- )
(C-
p )
x p-h W \-?
( h. p
40 , -E- )
50- a -q
Jh h---.
( h-o?)
Mohan: He started writing at the age of 18
itself. He had written for the school and
college magazines before he took to
serious writing
(18 x v-G---.
serious B-
school, college magazines )
Jagan: Any idea of bring out a collection of all
his stories?
( v--- y- E
v-J-hC. June v-J-h--)
(C -
----
h, -E-)
J* Sx Sx
tenses revise
o ,
o \.
p --o -
a) I am reading the paper - p
b) She is singing - p
c) They are walking - p
v-i
--o -
.
---C-o
AP
E v L-hC.
o disturb hC.
o-p disturb .
Prabha: -- ---x phone
C.
Subha: --- -.
Prabha: --E-. N p-
-Cx phone C.
Subha:
ANSWER:
III. have (for, I, we, you and they) + past participle/ has (for, he, she, it) present
perfect tense.
1) for past actions, time not stated
time
2) for action going on from then till now,
DE-E
( JT,
-D-E-E
h.
-C
smoke
He smokes (Habit)
4) The sun rises in the
east - universal truth.
Regular
Regular
actions
Doing Words
M. SURESAN
present simple
Tense.
5) Writing for the magazine keeps him busy.
II. am + ...ing / is + ...ing / are + ...ing for
actions taking place now. This tense is present continuous tense.
tense
3)
( -q- \ C-)
114
v p- J -
.
1) -\- W h
(
Eo C.
o)
today.
Subha: She hasnt called me so far.
Prabha: She has bought a car. She has
phoned about it to me 10 times.
L-E -)
(p* p J-T -)
Spoken English
v, u
--
corrections.
C p. n
. t--i --- x C p .
t--i servant p, Inspite of being
their faithful servant.... j- n hC.
2) Being she is very intelligent - C Wrong construction. Being
: i) a) Being o having been o n ,
verb group of words -. ( group is verb
x, ---x (, u having
C ) \ correctionbeen o-p). h been .
Being very intelligent, she succeeded....
b) being/ having been y verb o group of words .
3) \ , j sentence ,
i) Being : We dont like his being here
ii) Having been: His having been a collector was helpful to us.
( collector -uC )
sentences being p , Having been
E -hC ?
Being / Having been = o--x / x
a) Being weak, he is unable to walk
8. Been/ Being it was very hot sunny they didnot attend the
sentences-
--\ -d -. (being = )
meeting yesterday.
-- o--x, ------o.
b) Having been weak, he was unable to walk
-\-
--d,
-.
6) \ , though / inspite of L.
-h-C.
7) Having been practising the violin for the past six months,...
8) It being a hot / sunny day.....
-- j---
II
Sravan: Hi Bhavan, when do you start for your
class?
class
Bhavan: Usually at 10. Today I am a little late.
(O
y p -l--?)
(- 10 . h u
u)
Sravan: And when does the class begin?
(Class
- p v---C?)
(- 10.30 )
?)
(E.
d)
II (b)
-- 20 -v--J 2006
h-o (p)?
E--
-x---
115
h-o.
(Tomorrow, future ( ----E)
--C ?)
E
p x,
--C.
\ x---o (p)?
(
--)
, time
h.
Past action, time known ( JT
time W, -q,
Lh p actions) Past
doing word
a) He has gone out (has gone- has + pp; --x No time mentioned)
b) He went out an hour ago ( E
time ho d - went - past doing word.
u am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing, future
actions
( d)
M. SURESAN
Look at the following
sentences from the dialogue above.
1) When do you start for college?
2) When does the class begin?
3) You do not have classes on Sundays.
4) The teacher does not hold classes.
5) Does he teach only for 5 days a week?
lesson
I Regular Doing
Words (come, go, sing
I, we, you and
they
II Regular Doing Words
(comes, goes, sings
he, she, it
regular
actionsnot
question
I
Regular Doing Word (I RDW) - do + Ist RDW
II Regular Doing Word (II RDW) does + Ist RDW
conversation
pick up
sentences
1) When do you start? - verb - do start
(Question
start (in a statement)
2) When does the class begin? - verb - does
begin (in a question) = begins (statement
3) You do not have classes on Sundays - verb do have (not
have (not
4) The teacher does not hold classes - verb does hold (not
holds (not
5) Does he teach only for ... ? - verb - does
teach (question
teaches (statement
II Compare the following pairs of sentences:
(compare =
pairs =
I (a) I go to college at 10
b) I am going to college
II (a) The boys come here in the evenings
b) The boys are coming.
III (a) Hemanth plays cricket
b) Hemanth is playing
N,
N),
N,
N) J* --o. OE
v p- J - .
OE ,
--p
-C,
j
-C.
o :
d) =
-)
) =
d) =
a,
sentences
(I (a), II (a), III (a)) verbs, I
RDW and II RDW
regular
actions
I (b) verb - am going - am + ...ing college
action
? N
h.
C
ho, E p --o
--C.
Spoken English
C d
did come)
) =
-o (p)?
did come)
N. Ox
.
DEo
DE -,
?
x
L )
p--C
(x Eo
uEo
)
---:
--, --
Oy u ---o L-?
p - E--.
-J x N F o
p V?
Suman: next monday -l---o.
Pavan: Eo h--L- a. E AJTa---o. o
--.
Suman: EFo-V ------.
Pavan: F ?
Suman: L- . p
o.
ANSWER
Pavan: Have you met Santhan recently/ of
late?
Suman: I saw him about a week ago
Pavan: Did he tell you/ talk to you that day
about his going to the US
Suman: He is leaving next monday.
Pavan: He has given me some books. I want
to return them. He hasnt (has not) met
me for a week.
Suman: I think he is meeting/ is seeing/ will see
you today.
Pavan: How do you know?
Suman: I met him a week ago, didnt I? He told
me then.
game practice
Suneetha gave the book to me.
(F h *aC)
subjects, verbs
,
, dialogue form Eo
---- .
sentences
question
not
-v-o: O Nu-JnE-E.
u -----o. -d
English spell --E Pronunciation
Audio Casettes , Foreign Accent C* --- cassettes J* -L---. q i \x --?
.----J, --@-
---:
C d
C d
-v-o:
Pavan:
Suman:
Pavan:
x
. l
u
N.
N--E-h
O--- --.
h.
-- j---
II
Dinesh: Hi Ramesh, I hear (that) you have
bought a new bike.
bike
(y h
L-C)
o-E No/
Ramesh: Yes, I bought it the day before yesterday. I took it to the temple yesterday, and had the pooja done.
(, o o. Eo
B-R} -)
Had the pooja done = - -
Dinesh: Wish you a happy ride on the new
bike
ride =
bike, scooter
ride
-- 22 -v--J 2006
(
x. ---V- j o
o. -h----o.)
(- -?)
Ramesh: Yes. I showed it to him yesterday
itself. He liked the colour very much.
(-) yK,
- O x
(Eo -. -E
*aC).
Dinesh: Do come down this evening. Let me
have a ride on it.
(o o d
-- J-T
word)
b) I took it to temple yesterday and had the
pooja done
Eo B-R}
-x---
116
(v . J o
--F Eo.)
Ramesh: Oh, certainly. (p-).
O Eo -x
Phone
(O Eo -x
, E h-. F
-l----o.)
Response = p. Phone N -j
h - response
(y-o h
o?)
x)
-----
(
x -E-p---.
y-.
-- C
a--E E---)
PRACTISE
Interviewer:
Candidate
Interviewer:
O Nu-|- N?
(uJn): B.Tech .
O B.Tech degree p B-o?
Candidate: B.Tech exam June 2004
. Result Aug 2004
*aC.
Interviewer: p--*
-- O-?
Candidate: software company
Programmer o.
Interviewer: p- O ox experience?
Candidate: -q--o.
Interviewer: , O- F ----o?
Candidate: O -F job - J
-- C.
Interviewer: Thats OK. O
certificates
a?
Candidate: a.
Interviewer: o -E-y.
Spoken English
(, v
l).
lesson
have +
j -s-x time L-
actions d bought, took, called
doings words .
past
M. SURESAN
THE
Past
FOLLOW-
ANSWER:
Interviewer: What are your qualifications?
Candidate: I have done B.Tech.
Interviewer: When did you take the B.Tech
Degree?
Candidate: I took the B.Tech exam in June
2004. The result came in Aug
2004.
Interviewer: What have you done since
then?
Candidate: I have been a programmer in a
software company.
Interviewer: Howmany years of experience
have you had so far?
Candidate: About a year and a half.
Interviewer: Look here, Why do you want to
change your company?
Candidate: I have had the wish/ desire of
doing a job in your company.
Interviewer: Thats OK. Have you brought
your certificates?
Candidate: Yes, I have.
Interviewer: Let me see them.
p v-i p . j con.
(E-x -p---
) \
p---
J-T
--
-.
(F
- (--
( V- V *
p--- j o o. has been
- be form - state of being -o
n)
doing word.
u So, have + pp/ has + pp- verb form C
b) We have finished our breakfast; We finished
-sx .
1) Past action, time not stated ( JT,
it an hour ago.
time pE E)
( time p, d have
finished. an hour ago, E 2) Action from then till now (p* p-- J-T E)
time ho, d finished.
c) The police have arrested him; They arrested u have + pp/ has + pp (pp- past participle)just, just now, p hhim last week.
- -a.
(\ have arrested (time not stated); a)
-p - x=
time p p C.
-x have seen (have + pp).
yesterday E p--x, saw - past
game
I know that he has gone.
p *aC=
Rx-p -=
p O -LqC.
I know that he has gonesentence model
sentences
Model: sub + Vb + that clause
I Know that he has gone
examples:
She says that she knows Telugu.
He does (not) know that it is mine.
a) questions b) dialogues
practice
B-E Eo
Eo
x-E .
J-Eo
That he has gone= x-E
(that \ n = E.)
That he has passed = pass u
-- j---
II
Gunavanth: Where have you been since the
morning?
l. Let's go
.
Let E F
( * \--o?)
E n C.
Yashwanth: I have been working on the comLet him come = E F.
puter in the next room.
Let me go = o xF... .)
(\ C computer j \ j Conversation sentences :
-o.)
Gunavanth: I have been trying to get you since
the morning.
(l * F x--E vAo-ho.)
Yashwanth: Why didn't you call my cell?
cell
phone
Gunavanth: That's what I did. But I've been
getting the response, 'switched off'
-?)
-E- v-h, \
( C. Eox
'switched off' -hC.)
-x---
(- -?)
L C ? C correct.
a) * p--- : have + PP /
117
has + PP
(N x o.
. v-V- x
x h-o. -Lo-lJo -------o.)
Yashwanth: In fact I've been thinking of meeting him. I want some books from
him.
( -E -------o. _-o* Eo
h- L.)
Gunavanth: Why do you need them?
(--N F--\-L?)
Yashwanth: You know, I've been doing a special course in computers for the
past two weeks. The course has
almost come to an end. I've to
take an exam in it next week.
That's why I need them.
(F , -
computers special course
h-ox. C --C.
a K~. h-
L.)
Gunavanth: Perhaps that's why he has wanted
to meet us
( - Lo
--------o-.)
Yashwanth: I have been enquiring all book
shops here for the books. They
aren't available.
book
shops
(- h- E-\ Eo
--o. N -
.)
(C E E -
.)
Gunavanth: That's O.K. Then let's ring him up
and ask him to see us.
phone
Spoken English
special
course
b)
in
computers.
O-Eox
verb
M. SURESAN
nineteenth year
ing.
(19 * p--- ).
--? --L-. sentence
v ----? D L-.
a), b)
n N.
vu.
b)
continuity
C .
Have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form
verb
Present Perfect Continuous
Tense
C
-C.
E -q--o-
v-i
L-h-C. ---C-o ,
---C .)
j conversation * B sentences
Present Perfect Continuous - -E.
c) I have been getting the response...
(...
response
y-\ ---o?
Nu -@
Govind: - ---o--\?
Krishna: -x
Govind: F marks o?
Krishna: Eo subjects 80] \
score h-o --. Maths
E 90] _-.
Govind: \
y O Lxv
-o?
Krishna: . -o* hostel o.
(Stay )
Govind: friend Ravi q
hostel -o. F
?
Krishna: . -- -
teacher _-J tuition -o.
Govind: --E ---E J--p
* h-o. o-p -?
Krishna: . y blocks .
Krishna:
ANSWER
Govind: Where are you studying?
Krishna: In Suvidya College
Govind: How long have you been studying
there?
Krishna: For the past/ last two years/ for two
years now.
Govind: How are your marks?
Krishna: I have been scoring more than 80% in
all subjects. In Maths, I haven't
scored less than 90% so far.
Govind: Do you live with your parents here?
Krishna: No. From the beginning I have been
staying in the hostel.
Govind: My friend Ravi too has been staying
in the hostel for the past one year. Do
you now him?
Krishna: Yes. I know him (I do). We have been
going to the same teacher for tuition
Govind: I have been visiting him frequently
since he joined there. Haven't you
ever seen me? (ever Krishna: No. We live in different blocks.
p-j)
*, (lEo* ) hC.)
(x
x h-o
v-i, .)
(N _ N oE -*a-
?)
( -
---.)
(-E --------o )
f) I have been enquiring
(N-Jh o p--... )
(-- lesson have + PP (Past Participle)/
has + PP use ? C E ?
1) Past action, time not stated.
2) Action just completed.
3) Action starting in the past and going on till
now.
-- j---
II
Kasturi: Hi Mayuri what's new?
Mayuri: You know what happened to me yesterday? I went home from Charitha,
( N-)
Mayuri: I met Charitha yesterday. She had a
piece of good news. She told me she
had bought a new apartment.
(Eo J-T ? J
_-J-* --x. p-
Office Rx-. Lunch box B--x-. - -*--.)
Look at these sentences picked up from the
conversation above:
1) She told me
-x---
118
---oC:
( pC)
o-E).
past actions. ,
(o-E) p y J-. JT action had bought (had + PP form)
-E-.
had + PP form, past actions
J-T past action .
J-T x, /
J E had + PP .
a) The teacher knew that he had not done the
home work
(y p \* h-o?)
Mayuri: I went to the station to book tickets to
Tirupati. But by the time I reached the
reservation counter, they had closed. I
was late by only five minutes.
( -l--?)
Mayuri: I had some work, and when I finally
went there it was 2 o' clock. You know
that on sundays reservation closes by
2.30. I started on my scooter, but on
the way I found it had run out of petrol.
I had it filled and then went to the station. That delayed me.
-C. y -l---J
j jC. F --. C--,
Reservations 2.30 d-h-E. Scooter
O -l. J x petrol --E . Petrol * x--J
u --C.
Run
out
of
(petrol/
money
etc.)
--.Have it filled = -, \
Kasturi: A similar thing happened to me yesterday. The train had left before I
reached the station. So I called my
office and told them I was not coming.
My delay was due to traffic jam.
Cassettes,
C.D.s
\ --?
.-.-.-V, j-y-
---: NCERT x- (Central schools/ central syllabus follow schools
) books - ---. 5 15
x- x concentrate -Lq
areas: spellings, sentence structures,
Conversational Skills.
NCERT books
Fo
--.
Spoken English
sentence (b)
(\ - O-\ E--.)
\ past - - - -A
--d had worked)
She told me
had closed.
M. SURESAN
\ E C , x y
d had had (had + PP)
Petrol - (J action)
d had run (had + PP)
f) platform -J train R}--C.
i) had forgotten (had + PP)
C , d had left (had + PP)
j verb form -E- : had + Past
g)
'E---}--J,
Participle (had + PP)-verb- form
Rx--. (Had left- C )
C past perfect tense -C. p DE
- l.
h) He had not taken the lunch box - Lunch box
B\-x- C d had (not)
a) She told me (yesterday) that she had bought
g) had left ( had + PP of leave )
h) had (not) taken (had + PP)
a new apartment
Chennai x-E y
Eo l p?
(l lie )
Vaali: . l p-. -E p. F x---y
x--E L-C. programme a-oE p.
Angad: x-E -o. -E
h y ya -o.
h y--E O p-f.
Vaali: I am sorry. -F Programme
a-o N h---o. d
F Phone .
Angad: x-E .
taken
i) He had forgotten action
C J
past
Angad:
Vaali:
Sentence 1
n: --TC a. \
--, y ,
-J J-T-x n hC. Eo.
Sentence 2 n: - - -TC
Eo a. (y- Eo, -
-p)
Sentence (1) , (2)
-E . D had + PP -.
J-Eo examples .
a) He had not slept for two days. When I know
that I felt pity for him
V- Ev--. C L-
L--f.
b) Who had opened this before I saw it?
- J- DEo?
O J- -- L-.
C
LT,
--
J .
In English, had + PP is very important.
confusion
communication
Look at the following.
x-?
wait ho Phone call -.
OK. -xL. h.
Angad: Bye.
ANSWER
Angad: Hi. Vaali, why did you lie to me that he
had left for Chennai yesterday?
Vaali:
Vaali:
gramme.
Angad: Bye.
-- j---
II
Soundarya: Hi What a fine dress you've
bought? Where did you buy it and
how much did it cost you?
(s --- -C - F v
\o? ?)
Aiswarya:
(-uq -- -- ----
d Y- o.)
Soundarya: Certainly worth it. I wish I had one
like it.
(*a- hC. \
-C ---E -hC.)
I wish I had one like that. xop BE J . She wishes
-- 28 -v--J 2006
verbs sentenceses
1) I had been thinking of buying it for a longtime.
I had the opportunity yesterday.
2) She had been working as a teacher when
she got married.
3) We had been studying in the same college
until we completed the degree.
4) She had been staying with us until she got
the job.
Last two lessons
had + past participle
( past perfect tense ) uses
(x / x-u--p- --
Eh C.) \- verb had been+ing.
(a) J-T x , C
Had Past participle is used for the earlier of
y, ? - (had + pp)
two past actions.
( J-T x, o-p (b) E v-i E
continue uC d had been + ing.
--o !
- -C.)
\ had, past --p- p J -C.
-x---
119
( KE -d-p-
vj- h-o.)
-.-O. -
(p- -LqC y)
\ bought - past form
Time you bought = p E -LqC.
Time you learnt manners .
manners
manners
(y
a--L)
( F
L-;
p a---LqC.)
had + PP form
( v -J?)
-.)
e.g.
a) He was unhappy that his friend had gone.
(Rx -- E C)
c) We know that he had passed.
(
Had + PP
had been + ing
Past
Perfect Continuous tense)
continue
had been + ing form
- u-E L-C)
O
---E ---. p
---E
(
(C ->- ---u. -
- l.
C - y---o.)
J-T --x vSoundarya: Has she returned from the states?
i E J
( d-q * AJ--*a?)
p N-Eo
Aiswarya: Yes, last weekend.
h.
(. -)
Compare the following sentences.
Aiswarya: That's for my cousin Sowjanya. I
am going to present it to her.
(\ -- C ?)
Aiswarya: Yes. She had been working as a
teacher when she got married. She
then joined her husband in the
U.S.
(x-u-p- \ - E
h-C. y x- _-
Rx--C.)
Soundarya: We had been studying in the same
college until we completed the
degree. Later she took a job and I
went for M.Sc.
--u a _ C.
-- -\ E ho
x o -\- v-q u-J Rx- Rx--C.)
(-- * t)
j -- had been combinations -
Spoken English
p L-T-- h o.
l- -- p -.
p vd
(p o?)
(. -p O- --v- a.
vV y T_--C. p-* V u
)
\ ....
yvu
-- -vG--x
- -l- -* L-h-o.)
\-
M. SURESAN
(l * \ p C.
l -h-o-p p --*aC)
Doctor:
(Rx -- E C.)
verb- had + PP
Subash:
(x o L -E-\ o.)
( had been - , y his father
called- -)
b) Abdul Kalam had been a space scientist until
he took over as President
(
-Z-A u y-J - p
j-d (o)
. C
Oj-Eo
. G_- ,
,
,
.
They laughed at
him \ .
sub
verb Preposition Noun or pronoun
a) She looked at me.
b) They did not come for him
c) Why do you stare at her?
(Starea) Prem: Why do you look at your watch (so
often)
Karim: I must talk to my uncle immediately
Prem: You wait for a few minutes.
Karim: I have waited for half an hour already
E )
-- j---
II
Pramod: Hi Prasanth, when are you starting
for Bangalore?
(p -l---o?)
(F O\-L-y--E J-
station )
See off= O\-L-y
Prasanth: O that's good of you. Thank you.
( C. . -j-
*-F, L-TCF
h, that's (that is) good of you,
That's Kind of you . good/
Kind very a-a)
Pramod: You remember our friend vinod is
there too. He is into software.
( v N \
o. d- (uq) o. 'into' u
n \ --o.
He was into business for some time
- u- o/
u )
(C , x o a---Lq
N. Eo station h.
h-J)
Prasanth: Bye.
Conversation
expressions.
4) before six
5) good of you
6) into software
7) close to
8) talked to him over phone
9) the day before sivarathri
10) his father is angry with him at his postponing his marriage.
11) differs with his father over who he should
marry.
12) Particular about
office _. --
V Phone x-.
station ho.)
Pramod: He was here the day before
sivarathri it seems his father is angry
with him at his postponing his marriage.
x K a.
c) He travelled by train =
Train
Words like for, by, at, before, of, into, to, over,
with, about, outside etc. are prepositions.
v .
5) Top E (scooter, bike, cycle, horse) - on.
prepositions J* lessons
--o.
a) He goes to college on bike.
(-, x o, JE Rx
--- N G-v----o. x -o u
-JE Rx ---E d---o. _ d---x--JE
--E d-- o. -\-
)
Spoken English
scooter
O AC.
Vx v- v O.
x = go to a place;
-- -l- = leave for a place,
depart for a place; be bound for a place.
(j o -C)
d) The train is ready to depart for Lucknow.
7) J, N = for
x--oDl, --oDl a) This book is for Ramesh =
prepositions ----. ---
h .
- : O . b) I am taking a lot of trouble for you =
\ 'O L
O E trouble B---o.
vo -- . ~,
. English preposition 8) a) Angry with = uh O
b) Angry at/about = N--E .
. preposition, y
i)
My
father is angry with me = O .
preposition C h
*. - y preposition ii) My father is angry at/about my low marks.
h n J--C. -E (*a \ \- - C)
prepositions N- vh -. 9) Particular about = N d--
Eox confusion . h-.
--Lq N: -, English ,
Many members of TRS are particular about
--.
KCR's resignation =
Eg: To Mumbai = j
KCR @- N C TRS
1) -, v-, time ,
u d----o.
n a preposition, at.
N C---p -Eh -.
English
ANSWER
-u prepositions -, h-,
- x
n, nA, time, lA
L-- E
--C-- lessons
. \-J M. SURESAN
y prepositions h.
u-i N. preposition \
- rule -O. x-, - x
----C.
Subha:
, Vizag * p
AJ--a-?
Sobha:
Eo, l- train
at the theatre, at the station etc.
Subha:
-x--- 120
2 --Ja 2006
vo: Spoken
-. n --
N-. O *-N
L- x -.
h
O
-
x O
Vx - EhC.
-- j---
II
Yamini: Hi Salini, when exactly do you expect
Malini?
I a) at 11.30
II a) by 12.30
b) at the age of 22
b) by then
c) at breakfast
c) by chance
d) at a distance of
d) by your watch
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH
---E
prepositions:
a) from the US
b) leave for
c) age of
d) in a short time
I) At
\--\ .
Yamini: So she is returning from the US. When
a) at 11.30. *a- time n
did she actually leave for the states?
at .
( US * AJ--h--o-.
i) I show 6.15 ---C.
--p--RxC -J-?)
Salini: She left at the age of twenty two, two
years ago. By then she had completed
her software training here.
( o ----o N
p--E F --p
v-d h-o. LE p- o
h--d--o-, -E
F p-- a-u C)
ii)
classes 4.30
time
Vx 700 ix
v --.
Planes today can travel/ fly at more than
700 miles per hour.
A L-
ii) English
iii)
( \
At what time
--=
p h-----o?
when,
ii)
iv)
better)
y a--=
-o \x 10 - h=
E DE 10 -=
This differs from that by Rs 10/- (This is
costlier than that by Rs 10/-)
f) Good at calculations
\ L
i) Maths ---=
ii) Planes
at, by
(F )
Kumar: I had it from his brother. ( h
brother * L-C)
Kesav: You know, Srikanth and I are from
Nellore.
quick at learning.
II) Now let us look at by
(F , X, l x
x). \ From J C
n .
-x--- 121
Sankar: Where are you from? (O ?)
Sukumar: I am from Vizag (C Vizag)
\ Sentence from n . O
? E n= n- Where do you
come from? O-\-o* ho E , O- E. I come from
Hyderabad C Hyderabad E.
( -s-Eo-d \-J O-\-o*
h vA W -, where do you
b) at the age of
come from? -a. Where are you comi) 6.30 x \ =
-J -ing from v, O p \-o*
I will be there by 6.30 (I will be there at
p
h-o? E.)
6.30= 6.30 correct, by 6.30= 6.30
i) Children in India are
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
F, -----F)
put to school at the
ii) 20 x Tendulkar tests v-G- Sasikanth: y-p---N-\?
age of 3.
Ravikanth: 9.30 x \--. x correct
=
- xLo M. SURESAN
8.45 -l--.
Tendulkar began playing tests by his twen School
Sasikanth:
8.45
breakfast .
tieth year
-.
Ravikanth:
time
o, breakfast
iii) 2003 ~-C-J --=
ii) - 11 Chess grand master
Jh
h.
He became a lakhier by 2003.
u
Sasikanth: h y?
b) By then= p-
He became a Chess grand master even at
Ravikanth: Bus, Office 10 .O
i) I went there at 11.30. By then the match
the age of 11/ even at 11
. -E 45E. - -lhad begun=
.
c) at break fast = breakfast h-o-p.
-\- 11.30 x. p- match Sasikanth: bike h. Traffic jam at lunch; at dinner; at bath, etc... v--iC.
x E.
40-50 kmph h E-\ii)
x--J Eo x B--}=
correct 9.30 -.
i) x -h-o-p jokes --o.
By the time I reach there, they had taken Ravikanth: Eo -- X L-.
They had jokes at their meals/ lunch/ din lift a. --o 10
him away.
ner etc...
EN -o.
c) By chance= --= by accident.
ii) o h-o-p phone TC.
Sasikanth:
X
drive h.
i) -- -o= We met
He heard the phone ringing when he was
a) By 12.30= 12.30
x= 12.30 -=
12.30 F, ----E. C time
, date , month year time
Jh-hC.
(.
friendship
--).
(p -q -- -o --J. y
--x- \ ---. E
* o -----)
Salini: What's the time by your watch?
( watch time
?)
Yamini: It is 11.15
Salini: Mine shows 11.20. My watch is fast by
five minutes or your watch is slow by 5
minutes. Doesn't matter. She will be
here in a short time.
Spoken English
at bath.
- at that height = h E
.
d) at a distance of = ...
i) N-- j-- 300 Km
C
Vijayawada is at a distance of 300 Km from
Hyderabad.
ii)
--x -E-\-
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH
50/ 60 Km
at
. , EN--E p-p .
i) 70 Km = at 70 KMPH; Second
1230 - = at 1230 feet per
second etc.
by mistake=
--.
-- x x-L , h
post .
iii) - x C =
He did it by mistake.
d) By your watch=
watch
v.
i) watch time 8 C.
It's 8 by my watch.
ii)
watch
time
?=
---x by '
N-Eo --C.
i) o o x l=
My brother is my elder by two years.
ANSWER
-- j---
II
Vighnesh: Hi Manikanth you appear very
happy today.
( V y - E-h-o)
-- 6 --Ja 2006
p--p
p y C p .
(l o . on Jan 26th o. Months (),
x 10 C h-o) -q- (years) in.
( E- \- h--o-.
Sx states h?)
Manikanth: Yes, he will be leaving again in a
month. He has to be back there in
April.
(. y Rx--.
v- \ L.)
Vighnesh: Will he settle down there?
a) Ramu:
a)
(Gf
( -Ka -v-d- p Jh
---o?)
( -q--E---, 2007)
Ramu: When did he begin it?
b) There are only 28 days in February, except
once in four years.
February
(--x -J p
.)
,
-Eo -E* .
hC ?
Spoken English
dC
DE n time * E.
- time *, - V *,
E /-q / *
- since .
- in August)
C { f.)
in .
Last year
28 V
( -q *aC.)
That year in )
c) He will return next year
x-x----- 122
--
( a -q AJ--h)
in )
next year
*)
January
* -Eo q--)
1950 * Republic C o.
since, point of time - -o.
b) 55 x (Period of time) E uC
d for -o.
a) He has not seen a movie since January
b) He has not seen a movie for the past / for the
last two months.
(vA -q -- -)
in .
This week, that week, next week,
every week, last week in . (Week
p in)
-q-
12 --)
(Every year
10th September
d.)
(
1984
Imp...
M. SURESAN
--D- -p
'the'
( -Eo\ -x )
(Last week in )
For
L.
-E-
January
Dheeraj:
Neeraj:
Dheeraj:
-\ o.)
Dheeraj:
Eo F
iii) Any degree course is for three years
b)
Neeraj:
( j \ 5 EN- v -C.
(y o )
uC n a-d during .
(- -- u--- o q--.)
ii) During the training period, you do not get
any salary
(P~ F @ )
(vA C @ Lx-h)
\ every 1st d on .
Neeraj:
( v-z
time
- L-TC.)
F
-Eo
(u-~- -O-- N
. Tenure - u = -O -)
(D-R
F
hC). \
-E-.
a)
August 2005
Since =
( \ Rx v 4 E p
. Rx-- \ d- >F. 10 Rx--C. -y- -V- --o --h.,
t a -q h y h.)
( August dClast C d in
)
Last year, next year, that year, this
year, every year in
(. -o-x-- \ )
Manikanth: I have told you my sister is getting
married on the 4th of April. The
bridegroom is a software engineer
there. So she will be leaving on the
10th or so of April. Dad will leave a
week after that.Mother and I will
join him next year, after I finish my
studies.
on
Raghu: In 2005
(\ n?)
-- j---
II
Viswanath: When does the temple near your
place open?
(O _ temple p -h?)
Lokanath: In the morning or in the evening?
-- 8 --Ja 2006
(lo, -v?)
( v vA, ClV
---o. -V ----o. E .
* \ .)
(lo)
Lokanath: It opens at 5 in the morning and
closes at 12 noon.
(l 5 - -h. uo
12 h.)
Viswanath: In the evening?
(vA E-- .
Unreliable = ------E)
Viswanath: Well then. Meet you again.
(*C. Sx --.)
(v?)
Lokanath: The temple is open from 4 in the
evening till 8 in the evening.
(v * 8 J
C.)
Lokanath: Bye.
-x--- 123
(... V D . d.
C
x.)
Bhanu: When did you return?
uo o-- - x
(uo * J*
---o.)
-v BJ- C.
(leisure = measure su '
\ -)
b) at noon: J_ uo 12 noon.
DE noon v at noon, the
.
i) uo 12 u Ah O
-- j -a. ,
the -E-.
(p AJ--a)
Ramana: I returned on the evening of the 5th
in
( D v).
y
in hC. j conversation
--V, C morning, afternoon, evening on -E-.
1) on the morning of the 4th
2) on the evening of the 5th
3) on the after noon of Sunday.
We met him on a Sunday afternoon
( Vx uo
J C. --- P-vA
V uo -- J*
-*, vA -u .)
Viswanath: I visited the temple on the morning
of Saturday. I went to your place
Ja-/
N -
i)
etc.
( E- x.
O a. y -
x.)
Lokanath: On the morning of Saturday? Yea, I
went to my sister's. She was planing to go to Delhi on the evening of
Sunday. I was there to help her in
packing.
lo? .
x. C-
Mx -----
l- ----E
(O \u Rx- h?)
Lokanath: Almost every evening. They live
very close to our place.
( vA v.)
M. SURESAN
b) at 12 noon
c) till 8 in the evening
(Eo x o, v
\u shopping RxC.)
Spoken English
iii)
-u
\.
in the night
at night
--.
i) vA-o -- -
)
i) F-V vA N-- ho
2) Programme
night. (during =
u-C)
3)
night
(\- lo --h?)
Ramana: You see me on my morning walk up
to the river bank
(C f l --p
F E--h.
(Today morning .)
V u-o -Eo --o
I met him only this afternoon
at night
-- \ A- vA-.
V l -jC
l-- BJ--.
).
V vA = tonight
d) in the day =
evening
E Eo v E-N-C- -.
-E: English vA -,
-u evening . 9
evening .
vA l-- a.
\ ho : morning, evening,
dren
night, noon E \- . Fo
x- C-N---E vA---x/ --v-
(parts of the day)
-- E--.
-- morning, evening etc.
t C hC.
( Eo v Nyx
.)
vA - \E d
i) last evening
V , V uo, V
v
vA -u Ev--
ii)
d) in the afternoon
(E-
\u
v
x
x.)
deal with =
4)
(Today afternoon )
V v x-h
They will come this evening
(Today evening )
, Eo-vA = last night, Eo v =
last evening. (yesterday night, yesterday
evening
).
Ox j morn--- in,
O-.
)
)
vA-V
)
doctor
-E K-~-h.)
(on/in
-- j---
II
Karthik: Kousik, have you seen Mallik?
Lx ?)
o* --. N?)
(E y h o -j
p. -.
E --Lq -
C)
Kousik: What is so urgent about it?
( -?)
Karthik: He has two books of mine with him. I
need the books for my assignment. If I
don't submit the assignment tomorrow, I lose marks.
--.
p
x--.
4) If I see him - verb, see =
-E
h/Lh
5) If I go to his place - verb, go=
Rx-
R
6) If I go now - verb - go,
p h
J-Eo ---)
-x--- 124
( phone u,
Rx- })
(-D . p ,
---x- E ---a.
books h )
(s Lx-*--p F h---h. s
Lx-*--p when you pay the money -
I shall be happy 7)
--h
. -----p If he sends
me the books, h-
d --E (condition)
h- . If clauses p
conditions --. conditions
L clauses conditional clauses .
conversation E clauses (1) to (7)
Fo conditional clauses. \ conditional clauses Fo 'if' begin -o. conditional clauses, if ,
Eo -- v a.
--p-)
y E J-T
Tell him to call me -
Phone
---E p
( s Lxh p,
h
y.
Unless - p,
Unless you study well
=
M. SURESAN
y C-N p...
conditional
Spoken English
conditions
es - conditional clauses.
claus-
clause
Vidur: Hi Sasir,
admission
c)
(s Lx--- F v . s
Lx--- s Lx-- Before
you pay the money - conditional clause)
c) You come here, - only after you get the per-
)
R} y NvA B-- =
)
-C Lh ----
If he knows this, (if he will know this
will be happy.
d)
prize
), he
h, ---- =
mission
(-- F h- -)
Sasir: C s. y x. Ny-p x-Look at the following expressions from Sasir: EC Books 'n Books o. \
, F h -\--a.
\ copies . R the conversation above.
Vidur: Bye.
-.
1) If you happen to see him
ANSWER
Vidur: y ph h. E-
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow
R} s a----J u ya.
Vidur: Hi Sasir, where did you buy the book? I
3) If I do not go now
have searched/ enquired at a number of
Sasir: Gsa N p. -
4) If I see him
shops, but I could not get/ find it.
_-o Rs. 200/-. y v
5) If I go to his place
AJ--Ta-x- p Fh.
Sasir: I bought it at Books 'n Books. There
6) If I go now
Vidur: Book -\E x-, o-
aren't (are not) many copies either. If
7) If he sends me the books
-T B-*a Fh.
you go now/ at once/ immediately you
j expressions Fo groups of words Sasir: h --p, a gift
can buy it.
( p) . j groups of words
coupon Ja-.
Vidur: If you lend me the money, I will buy it. If
vA x verb -E-.
I go home now, get the money and go, it
Vidur: Gift Coupon B-- --C?
1) If you happen to see him -\ verb, happen
might be too late. (By the time I go
Sasir: y gift coupon B- p F II
(To see = to+1st Regular doing word- DEo
home, take the money and go to the
Part of the book free .
infinitive . C verb . hC )
shop, it might be too late)
n, -E y h. (If - --x-). Vidur: Thank you.
Kousik: Don't you worry. You will get them.
conditional clause)
- ,
if begin u clauses , if
-)
clauses .
Kousik: If I go now, how can I meet him? He
2) If '--x- E n .
will be back only an hour later.
(p h --- - 3) j 7 clauses if clauses.
If clauses p - L---h.
- y AJ--h)
Condition .
Karthik: That's what I mean too. If you wait for
another 45 minutes, and go to his
place, you will find him. If he sends me
the books, I shall be happy.
h- ,
IMP:
clause
( h- _o.
assignment N -.
submit --, \
.)
-- j---
II
Neeraj: Shall we start? Unless we start now, we
cannot reach college on time.
(s B--o? s Lx---
Eo classes x-F-)
y E v-G-h advance h.
If, unless
If = unless... not; unless = if ... not
(s
I Clause:
ready)
(y d- C-N p, pass )
Suraj: Have you all your certificates? They
a)
p ---J p
-.
train
-x--- 125
Lx--;
him.
II Clause:
Eo classes E-y DE n
h-C, d C main clause.
Exercise 1
Now,
(mean-
o.
Main clause
--\ \E o,
(incomplete mean-
ing)
Main clause - I know
Exercise 2
Sriram:
complete meaning.
y Kumar - -*--J -p ?
--.
Sriram: -o o ----E p?
Raghu: v-V x -E p.-
p-.
Sriram: y h-E -Pho.
Raghu: --A?
Sriram: film hero _-J B----o-.
l fans ?
Raghu: E- -?
Sriram: next month * busy, p
---- y Eo -.
Raghu:
l. F application
Eo columns size z
, Jh Lq C)
Suraj: They will accept the application after
you fill it completely.
(y Jh E y F
tion B--)
applica-
4) Conditional clauses
shall/ will . (
future tense -
conditional
future
clause
---o-p-.)
O conditional clauses
J* last
lesson ---oC.
Main clause
M. SURESAN
Very Important:
(y -h Jh-h)
Main clause:
nh- clause.
Suraj: Fill it yourself. If I go on helping you,
Subordinate clause = n Jh-E clause,
your dependence on me will increase.
Conditional clause. -- --Fo
You will never be independent.
subordinate clauses ? - n
(y fill u. F -h complete - --d.
, O --- \---C. If he comes - h - (conditional clause)
y y-v -.)
n h--. d C subordinate clause.
go on doing something = E h Look at the following sentences from the
= continue
conversation above:
Neeraj: I may make mistake if I do it on my
own. That's my fear.
( h p a ,
)
Suraj: Don't worry. Complete the application
and show it to me. Hurry up.
o p
- L
j - v-
G--a)
Provided = if =
Spoken English
Eo clauses o? h--.
sentence the number of clauses =
The number of verbs in it. sentence
Eo verbs Eo clauses.
In the sentence above, there are two verbs.
1) Start
2) Can reach.
--
-J E
(F
(x F
h). J-Q-L-* y..)
(Jh
y..)
(x
B--).
3. I will complete it. if you help me... verb verb - will com- help
plete.
(y
( Jh h...)
h).
--
(O --- ) (F - h
\---C).
...)
( p (- - h...)
-a).
d
.
Answer:
Sub clause
-E: j *a
subordinates
al clauses.
clauses
sentences
Fo condition subordinates
- o. clause
.
subordinate clauses C
tences :
sen-
-v-o: Not
only did
He..... But also
.... subject
verb h
vo -C
?
u-Lx u,
L--
---: Sentence not only
v-Gh, question -- verb
L.
a) Not only did he insult me, but also
hit me.
b) Not once has he helped me.
-J
-.
[-
II
Prabodh: Hi Subodh, (do) you know where
we can get good mangoes?
( ! # N x
\[ -- ?)
Subodh: Where else? At rythu bazaar.
Every one says that the quality is
good, and the prices moderate.
14 Ja 2006
pretext = vd q \--- =
put on weight = --\[/ [
Subodh: Tell your wife that you are not a diabetie. Let her know that eating
mangoes within limits wouldn't
harm you.
(y ]---uC --N E
O N[ p. J-N- N
[x A[ x v-]O ]E
p).
Diabetie = a person suffering from diabetes/sugar complaint
harm = E
Prabodh: I keep telling her that but she
doesn't listen.
He thinks he is great.
d) [ u h-]E P--[-].
He does not hope (that) he will get the job.
e) - E --[
(J \x?)
( . F N].)
].
(u-a. A] h---o. x N
[x [-E -o.)
Subodh: Go ahead. They will know that you
are a good host.
( N x A-] A-]
v. - N[
o N x A-F-].
j---E N[ .)
p-?
Eo D L-C. #
vd -E p.
(y Au N-[x A-E
Kamal:
-E --o. Eo
--o. j)
x 126
[-[ x
p # h advanced level conversation
E
J
practice l. v-h follow . Last
We do not think (that) he needs our help.
x
-
A clause is a group of words with a verb.
Do you think (that) you are clever?
o-E
A main clause has complete meaning.
p[ look at the table - subordinate clauses
---o[.
A subordinate clause doesn't have comin the conversation at the beginning of the
Vimal:
[
[
plete meaning.
lesson
-
The number of clauses in a sentence =
C.
The number of verbs in it.
M. SURESAN
MAIN CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
That begin u
-h-E d
clauses- that clauses.
P-ho.
1)
Do
you
know
Where
we
can
get
good
mangoes.
that clauses that
Kamal: --E
(F ?)
(# N x-\[ --?)
meaning E E.
J AJ--h-[Conversation \
2) Every one says
a) That the quality is good.
?
clauses that clause
(vA-x )
(u --]E)
Vimal:
[
a-h-E n - C .
b) (that) the prices are moderate.
o[ .
- / E
(] - -E)
Kamal: [
/ p-/#a-
3)
I
am
sure
a)
That
is
not
the
place.
o E o-p[x,
h
a.
(
)
(C
]
E
)
/ / etc. /
h!
b) if you want reasonable prices.
E -o, P-#,
Answer:
(F j ] -)
--E-#, L-,
Vimal: Are you meeting/
-LqC that clause 4) I thought
That I would serve them mangoes.
Will
you
meet
v .
(--o)
(x N-[x d-E)
Sukumar today?
a) [ h[ E,
5) They will know
That you are a good host.
Kamal: Why? What's the
.
(
)
(y A]u aE)
matter?
I know that he will come.
Vimal: Tell him (that) we
\[ [. [--h[ 6) She fears
That I may put on weight.
have the match
= he will come
( [C)
( ---E)
next week/ That the
[ h-[E =that he will 7) Tell your wife
That you are not a diabetie
match is next week.
come.
(O N[ p)
(y ]---uC --N ]E)
Kamal: Have n't you (=
=I know.
Have you not) told
8) Let her know
That eating mangoes within limits wouldn't
b) N [ --d-E
him (that) the
C.
harm you.
match is next
N [ --d/-
( n -E)
(J-N- N--[x A E -]E)
week?
d--[-C.
She likes the mango.
Vimal:
I
knew
the
date,
only
yesterday you
O -E . senN [ d--[--]E
tell
him
too
(that)
we
have
to practise
tence [ [ sub. clauses [[.
that she likes the mango.
from tomorrow.
main clauses jo a.
C = she says/ is saying.
Kamal: I think he knows the date. He
j sentences Eo- main clause ],
She says that she likes the mango.
referred to it/ talked about it two or
subordinate clause y a. c) [---[ [ p E.
three times yesterday. He thinks
E
rule ]. C ], C -j y].
[-p = he is great;
(that) we have good chances of winEvery body knows that he plays well.
[ p E = that he is great.
ning.
That he plays well, every body knows.
He thinks that he is great.
(refer = (\[) vh-N-[)
conversation that C---a.
daily conversation p, Vimal: I am glad (that) he thinks. I strongly
He thinks that he is great.
, P, -#, #a- (be sure)
hope too that we will win.
Vimal:
mangoes. Bye.
Spoken English
u x ...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-- j---
II
Brahmam: (Do) you know when the train
arrives here?
(Train
Vishnu:
\---p h ?)
(*a- p L-, E l
8.30, 9.00 u h--C v
*a)
Brahmam: That suits us fine then. Find out
where Eswar is. Ask him whether
he is coming with us or not. Tell him
we have to reserve tickets.
(C u. y \-o . h-o
\. tickets reserve
---E p.)
Vishnu:
-x--- 127
(-o --- L- .
-x x phone , E
h--. cell phone
.)
Brahmam: How can we know how many berths
we have to reserve?
Vishnu:
(... p h-*aC. , x
x x. AJ--h.)
Brahmam: I now understand why he hasn't met
us.
( -o- --- p
n -C).
I think I have his cell number in my
pocket book. Let met see.
cell
E --o ?)
( \
Vishnu:
cell no.
-JC?)
(C J L-, E
cell -C v *a)
In our earlier lesson we have seen the uses
of that clauses. There are some more subordinate clauses.
daily conversation
frequent
Real life
situations
main clauses
join
-.
O \. E
--C
p l:
Let us look at the subordinate clauses in the
conversation between Brahmam and
Vishnu:
Spoken English
a)
- 16 --Ja 2006
-\ --o L- =
I do not know where he studies.
b)
c)
time waste
h -n----
lesson beginning
conversation
clauses 5, 8 and 10 that clauses.
J*
-- ---o-.
EXERCISE:
s h -J L-
Hi Durga, Lakshmi \- R}
?
Please tell us when he will come/ comes/ is
Durga: F --- p, .
coming.
Vani: * s ---E p
e) function v-G-h x L- =
?
They do not know who will inaugurate the
Durga: _ s F?
function.
d)
Vani:
-p--h p.
Subordinate Clause
(With Wh words)
(With Wh words)
y \--o
subordinate clause
No. 2) - not a question.
3) ... How I can meet
him- (
-o ---) subor-
Eo
)
reserve
subordinate clause
no.6
(-o-
---)
Subordinate
Clause No.7
p--hC?)
question
2) Where is Eswar?
(y
o?)
\-question
(-Eo
----?)
question
4) ...
how
many
berths have we to
reserve (
Eo
berths
reserve
L?)- Question
5) Why hasn't he met
us?
(-o-
---?)-
C J )
Subordinate clause
No. 9.
6) Whose number is
numit?
ber? - Question
u
,
u
. L--
J ---.
x-
x .
h
-C.
.
fees
Vani:
d L-
(C J
wh words
begin
subordinate
clause
wh word
begin
Question
English
wh word subordinate clause
main clause
join
sentence
form
-E x
p- =
~ t _ s - --J-_--C? y x---o F
He hasn't told them
L---.
where he is from.
Durga: _ s-a. F F-h
g) C
F ?
teacher explain
Vani: E ---o-p Eo -
- =
h-E promise C.
M. SURESAN
Our teacher hasn't
Durga: F p ?
explained to us how we should do have to do
Vani: F N--Fo ---a?
it.
Durga: Sorry. \ R}D L-.
h) C -Jx -J L-
\- L-. p-- h
Whose house it is no one knows.
L-.
-E: \ where, when begin u
Vani:
AJ-h h?
clauses conditional clauses
condition ---. -E will/ shall Durga: OK.
-sEo d .
ANSWER:
clauses O conversation
Vani: Hi Durga, (Do) you know where
practice u.
Lakshmi has gone?
p lesson beginning E clauses E
Whether he is coming or not = Durga: Tell me first why do you need her?
h-o .. ask him - Eo . Vani: I've told you that I need money from
- N pd L--her.
, p whether F, if F . if Durga: Do you know whether/ if she has money
\ conditional clause if (
or not?
n) .
Vani: If Lakshmi doesn't have/ has no money,
a) x L- =
who else has? You do not understand
Question
6) Whose number it is
(
f)
c) Chief Guest
a C
p-- o =
d)
C K-j-, -j- C F ?
Do you know whether/ if it is expensive or
cheap?
whether/ if
life situations
-Lq B. C real
conversation
- . Practice .
When I met her- I think it was yesterday, she promised to give it.
Durga: OK
-- j---
II
Sridhar: Who do I see here? Giridhar! what a
surprise! (I have) been thinking you
are still in Dubai. What brings you
here so suddenly?
(? TJ- a-u !
Ny - o--o. ox ---E
--?)
Giridhar: Because dad wanted me here
urgently for my sisters wedding
engagement. Though he wanted me
yesterday morning itself, I could be
here only last night. I tried my best,
but I could not get the ticket for the
earlier flight.
sister
(
EPa--n-E o
o t-o. o
Eo lo \----o-p-, Eo
vA v \----L-.
flight v-Ao* ticket --.
-x--- 128
d, o
--. E Rx
a---C, x Rx -o d)
A Grand affair = p N-/- J
N. Affair: \ - =
N.
x Rx ---o d.
O -E . Fo - L
clauses . O-Eo-E, because/ as/ since
-j v-G--a. O-Eo n
----x/------/--d E.
1) x }.
,
v
-
-a,
,
.
Rx -E-Pa--n/N.
-- a--.
(~ - )
p?)
(x o --E
, -E Eo-\-
t-o)
Sridhar: Happy to hear that she is getting
engaged. Congrats to her. But why
this hurry?
sister
O
EPa-n ---o-
- C. -~. -N-?)
(Rx----, h-, ,
India , N-x
y -- p- )
Giridhar: O you are too impatient. It is not even
minutes since we met, you shoot
question after question. Will you let
me talk?
(F p-. --E
EN--- -. vo
vo --J---h-o. o x-E-h?)
Sridhar: Ok, Go ahead.
(
...F)
Spoken English
J-* N.
y Eo ?
-E v-Ao-*--p --. -u-x h-
I haven't gone out because it is hot (as it is
x x --Lq *aC.
hot/ since it is hot)
Vasanth: Phone E p-?
Sridhar: When is the marriage?
2) As he did not start on time, he missed the
Hemanth: , F y-h-. y-
Giridhar: The 17th this month. only 12 days
bus
-?
left.
( 17. 12 V NT--o) Time -l-- d bus --. Vasanth: cell out of order ---x
(\, as , because/ since -a)
---. Eo l -Last Lesson wh words -u subp * C J E -x.
3)
Since/
as/
because
he
knows
English
well
he
ordinate clause . - -- subHemanth:
Land
phone * -?
is
successful
ordinate clauses p l.
Vasanth: bill Lx----x C disconnect C.
Hemanth: Ao-p-o*,
h C. -Rx Ev-. Bye.
Although Ganguly
ry...scored a centu-E:
(N
J*
*-JC
OE
--o )
Fo
-- . N -
x, -p-, N-/-- JTp *,
o clauses
Eu conversation -Lq J-n-
o. -E practice them well and fill
your conversation with ideas.
Look at the clauses No 1, 5, 6 and 7
Observe that they begin with because, as,
and since.
clauses because/ as/ since
clauses
because = as = since =
---
x.
Clause 1: Because dad wanted me here
urgently
urgent
Clause 5: as he has to be back in the states by
the month end.
states (America)
o o
\ --o--x.
AJT -Lq---x
--
d.
English d, N
--o.
Now look at clause 2:
Though he wanted me here yesterday itself
Eo E\ -E --o-p-.
Though = although = even though --p, C conversation common.
a) -u --o-p- y Ev--h
Though/ although/ even though he goes to
bed late, he gets up early.
bus
b)
Though he ran, he could not catch the bus.
c) Although/ though/ even though Ganguly
scored a century, his team lost the match
century
team
---Ah--p-,
M
-C.
-----
d--p-,
n as/ because
E . \
n, J-T--p *, time *
E.
Since we met = ---o-p*
ANSWER
vo: 1) -O -
Lesson
The Wife and
husband have a good understanding
for each other
grammatical
Man and Wife
2)
Yours faithfully
)
---o-p--*/ --E EN-o -.
b) Since India became independent 58 years
have passed
----E yvu *a 58 x -.
c) Hi Arun, it is ages since we met
(--J )
---o-p-o*/ --E
(ages) u.
d) Since the time he came here, he has been
troubling me
---:
o. F
-L-!
*
E
h-! DE n NJ.
o *-d-s, -
,
p.
--C
\ - oC
,
E C -
T-
. DE :
v-yu
v x,
C ,
O Nyv-j/ O Eo N-
o--o-x p--o O
n C.
JC. C
--. \
N E E -L-.
-- j---
II
Shantan: Hi Vineet, Sunil was here yesterday.
He suggested we see a movie but
dropped the idea. He suddenly
remembered he had to take his
mother to temple.
j n),
He has agreed to what I have said.
3) Whether / if clauses
(
/ n)
(-a M)
4) Because/ as/ since clauses
(-x/d
n)
As the book is expensive, I cannot buy it.
(h K-jC x -)
5) though/although/even though clauses
Though it is raining he has gone out
({ -h-o-p-, ---x)
(Eo NtLo ------o F 6) Since
/ ever since clauses
---. j - -u
(
p
* n)
*aC.-E --E_- B-x.
Ever since he came here, he has had health
-J -----E --- --
problems
B--o)
(
\- *a--p --< - )
Shantan: How much did it cost you?
(-C)
Vineet:
-x--- 129
( .200 -/-
- G . j
a. B\-o)
(vA -E -J-*
--)
Vineet:
( 4, 6 , 7
Clause No.4
Sailesh:
Ramesh:
C.
--- -E
Engineering College p--h-o)
Shantan: Tomorrow After noon
Sailesh:
( ---uo ----o-)
Vineet:
- l)
Ramesh:
(--l)
Vineet:
Sailesh:
OK
p--- -- o
Subordinate
Clauses.
Ramesh:
1) That clauses
(He says that he saw you yesterday)
(
Sailesh:
E n)
2) Wh clauses
(p JT, ----o, -
Spoken English
so
l?
Clause 4:
They demand what is more than right
because we bargain for less.
We bargain for less, so they demand what is
more than right.
Clause 7:
Though / Although / Even though he suggested the movie he dropped the idea.
clause
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l...
(or)
He is Weak, but works hard.
Though he is rich, he
is not proud
, -K~-x
\- J -?
F --A - x F \- J --.
\- -- --p *
--A- C. \-
\- a. J
--- - ---?
y -aq J x---?
E h. -u--q -aq ---E v-Ao- Eo, F
--.
tuitions p busy. E o --- d .
Answer books AJT *a-p * o ----E v-
Clauses
But Clause
Though Clause
(or)
, But
a-a.
Clauses
He is rich, but he is
not proud
( - N-N---o)
2) ... So I took it to the mechanic.
3) ... but I offered him only Rs.150.
L- clauses .
-Eo pC.
clause
No.
6
- * E pC.
(Eo o-CL Rxp *
Clause
No.
7
-Eo p-C
- -. -h
look
at
Clause
NO. 1
M. -- R}-o
...
but
(he)
dropped
the
idea
d v E---l?)
Vineet:
(. F h)
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l
(Ox L-j--x. j E-
\----. \-
h d)
Smart = L-j/ * d- \ E
bargain = = -/
(d. -F - -E --
)
Clause
(- o d- E--h.)
Vineet:
-- 20 --Ja 2006
a-a .
O -E .
(-- -----j-p, - y- --) M. SURESAN Though Clause But Clause a-p though E clause - but .
Clause No.3
but though /
Because / as / since clauses , so clause
a--p because / as /since E clause
although / even though practice .
so hC.
Clause No.2, ... so, I took it to the
Though she is beautiful, she is not proud
mechanic
clause
\ 'so
a .
because / as / since
(Though, but
(or)
She is good, so every one likes her.
(
as / since / because
(or)
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l
Clauses 4, 7
Ao-* --.
Don't worry. - busy --p, Eo --- _ F
h.
Answers:
Sailesh: Ramesh, I did well in the exam. But
I got low marks. Why?
Ramesh: You are not getting good marks
because your hand writing is bad.
Sailesh: My handwriting has been like this
once?
Sailesh: I will do that. I tried to meet the
Maths Lecturer Yesterday. But he
was not available.
Ramesh: He is always busy with tuitions. So it
is difficult to meet him.
Sailesh: Ever since he returned our answer
books, I have been trying to meet
him, but could not.
Ramesh: Don't worry. Though he is busy, I will
tell you a way to meet him.
Sailesh: Thank you.
(In the sentence above, change but into
although/though/even
though,
and
-- j---
II
Anand: Before you start, check up your luggage.
-- 22 --Ja 2006
3) Whether/ If clauses -
(-l J--)
Achyut: I will do that after I complete packing.
(C l-- h- y h)
Anand: OK, then, I am leaving. I will collect
from the shop on my way those books
you need. I will be at the station twenty
minutes before the train arrives. I will
have the lunch packed for you at the
station.
-x--- 130
- clauses- OE
a-a.
so clauses
--p- n L clauses - OE
but, yet, still clauses a-a.
(But = yet = still = F/ --p-)
6) Since ( / - * E
L clauses. Since ever since
-a. from the time E -a.
-- --o conditional clauses. (if/ unless/ before etc.
v-i will/ shall -EN)
c)
train
a
N conversation
es .
claus-
class
-. J a-
y
He begins the lesson as soon as he
independent
time to breathe.
yvu -- vG -
C.
(even =
c)
at the beginning of
this lesson.
2) after I complete pack-
M. SURESAN
time
*aC
p-
{ T y x Sx d
Sx v-G-)
d) \- - Job
c) for clause:
time
turer?
ANSWER
Spoken English
left
\ --x y y--L.
_ x -.
b) Let's stand in the shade of the tree for
it is very hot here
\ o--x
d F Ea.
c) I need water for I am thirsty
C d Fx L.
n -x, d E
.
O -. Lecturer -? (
u--E)
What were you () O u N?
before, after ----o . OE
O before, after clauses. before, after
(h. d --)
before, after clauses . ?
clauses vh practice .
Anand: Bye
time , -,
, J 4) As soon as clauses
p--- --o subordinate
E --. N O -h
DE n E.
clauses, y xh...
C
.
a) Call me as soon as you reach the station
1) That clause : 'E E L-C
station J / - Phone
2) 'Wh' clause: What, When, Where, Who, 1) Before you start y l
u.
Whom, Which, Why and how v-b) v-Gl
-uN uh, - J-* N- 2) After I complete packing
L-N.
We will begin as soon as he comes.
l-- h-u
Eswar: Hi Govind,
for
because/ since/ as
Jh---/- A--.
--E Rx--.
came here.
e)
lunch
ing
(y -L y.
)
train
stopped (resumed -
time left?
Rx y
- / --E / p-
station x--J .
station
station
in the conversation
M - J--.
b)
away
TENSE
PRESENT
VERB FORMS
a) am, is, are
b) am, is, are
I RDW
a) have, has
may
II RDW
b) have
can
do
a-Fo.
, has
a-Fo
does
PAST
a) was, were
b) was, were
a) Past doing
b) did
a-Fo.
FUTURE
word
a) had
b) had
might
a--Fo
could
---
a) Shall/ Will
b) Shall/ Will
a-Fo
-- j---
II
Sugandhi: I thought (that) you were not in
town.
(y x --o)
Supushpa: True; I phoned you yesterday that
we were going to our village, but
we dropped the idea because we
had relatives coming suddenly.
(E. Eo F
h- J h-o-E,
F -Lq *aC, sudden
d x).
Sugandhi: In fact surekha was about to start
for your place yesterday. I told her
(that) you were away and she
stopped. She said (that) she did not
know about your plan to go to your
village.
( Eo O -lJC. O E G T-C. O ho A
LC).
Supushpa: We were sorry (that) we missed a
few days of quiet at our village.
(v T----J, Cl--V
x-J v- p--E
-f.)
(quiet = v-)
Sugandhi: Why didn't you tell your relatives
that you would be away?
(O--E O --
p-?)
Supushpa: They were coming with an alliance
for my elder sister. The boy is a
bank officer.
(x \- B-h-o. s u -)
Alliance = -q = (marriage alliance)
= Rx ;
political alliance = - N/
.
Eg: UPA (vh v C-- o
N) = (United People's Alliance.)
Sugandhi: Then of course you must welcome
PRESENT TENSE
a) am is are
d) have, has
b) am is are
combinations
c) I RDW
II RDW
e) have, has
combinations
f) can could
--
PAST TENSE
a) was were b) was were
combinations
--
d) had
c) past doing
word
f) could would
e) had
combinations
FUTURE TENSE
( -h-o-E)
But we dropped
coming.
the idea.
d--h-o--x
4. (that) you were away
O x E
5. (that) you would be
away
O--E
-
-o
I told her
--- p
Why didn't you
tell them?
x
p-?
s v
x---E
h-o
Spoken English
III. a)
y ----E ---o?
.
---------o?
Fn - o?
-h C. Eo \-
-E --- --p-.
----aE --o Ravikanth: y-C -E-\ Eo
o-?
Sreekanth:
--E Eo \ --x
----aE -o.
h.
Ravikanth: -- h. x
-hC Eo \ o-E.
E v
-x--- 131
o E-\- -E.
Sreekanth: O.K. t-?
o- x
o.
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Sentence 5
Sentence 6
Thought
were
- Past tense
- past tense
Phoned
were going
- Past tense
- past tense
dropped
had
- Past tense
- past tense
told
were
- Past tense
- past tense
I thought (that) he
might not help me.
V. a)
would be -Past
- Past tense
told
- Past tense
---:
p
- h. C
-Lq .
I. a) ---V h--o
He said (that) he would come the next day.
(b)
b)
He says (that) he will come tomorrow.
II. a)
Does he know (that) they will come
(b)
b)
Did he know (that) they would come.
DEo a:
-h---o
-p- a:
x-h-E -E---- ?
ANSWER
Ravikanth: Do you understand what he has
said?
-j-
--h--o
x-h-E -E--p ?
--Fo
(--o)
I phoned you
address.
( o x address B-E
s o x---o).
Sugandhi: That's good news (-h)
Last lesson * *a tense table
hC . -J h -.
I thought
F phone
.
Main clause
(y x--E)
them.
( x y-A--Lq)
b)
j
--h-E o
M. SURESAN
*ap
--x
C.
*a-E - ()
*a-E - p
-h E --C
-h E --C ()
N -L-E P- =
N L--E P-.
a)
F ,
(n -)
a.
Eo a-E =
I know that he came yesterday
b)
O Eo h o-E ---o =
Eo y
E O o h
vo: 1. ? -J
--?, -F- J l -?,
F l h?, -- J
_- h-C?, J \
E--C?, Eo
x--lE o? OE Tx-
pL?
2. I alone can do it. I can do it alone.
u N?
3. She was tired with riding.
She was tired of riding.
-.
- >. u-, --v-
1. ? = Who (whom) does
she know? (whom p
). -J = Who knows her?
F J l h? = Who do you go
to?/ Who will you go to? (x
conversational English whom T_-C). Does/ Will she come to you?
(does -/ will future ). Who
does/ will she come to? Who did she stand
by?/ Stand next to?/ Whose side did she
stand by?/ Who did she stand beside?
Why did he tell you not to go?
2. I alone can do it =
I can do it alone =
v --.
(- -)
C
-J (- ) --.
-- j---
II
Madhav: Hi Mahesh, come in. Have a seat. I
called your home twice yesterday, but
you were out.
( a, Eo -x O
, y )
j
--o .
C .
Main clause verb past tense - subordinate clause will, shall, can, may .
-- - would, should, could,
might h.
j points Fo conversation v-h
-L. ( h--E practice --Dl
---- vo - correct x nA -)
- -
x.)
Madhav: When are you going to get them.
(p--h?)
Mahesh: The clerk told me that they would be
ready in two days.
ready
(Vx
h p.)
-E
Look at the following sentence in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
1) I called your home twice yesterday, but you
past tense)
were out. (Called, were 2) a) The clerk told me that they would be ready
told past tense
in 2 days. (Main clause
sub-ordinate clause
verbsentence
would be) - sentence
-x--- 132
, d
a.
d)
e)
V -\--o- ----
O N:
n: -E-\ Eo -E ---o.
. p--- N-Eo d
MC (Main Clause) Present tense , SC
(Subordinate Clause) tense a. , future tense .
I will tell him that you are present
(y a-E -E h.
MC Verb - will tell - future tense,
SC verb - are - present tense.)
I will tell him that you were here yesterday
(y Eo \ o-E -E h.
Clerk - Pron.
(bird
Madhav: And when is your interview?
')
yu p?
Mahesh: On the 22nd. I received the call letter
yesterday.
Call letter
Call let(22
ter - Interview, exam
. Eo
*aC.
a
)
Madhav: I met Madhu yesterday. I told him
about your interview. He knows about
the company. He says it is a good
company and pays its staff well.
(Eo E-. F yu
A p. -E F J*
. C * Company E, *
@-L-h-E )
Mahesh: Happy to hear that. Dad doesn't bother what pay I will get. He first wants
me to join the company, as experience in the company will be of great
value for my career.
(. @ N -o
l d-----). Company
experience C N-u-h
N-jC d x u h
.)
Madhav: You will certainly be lucky if you get
the job. People do talk lot about the
company. Wish you all luck.
(F u h %-d- --.
company p- .)
Mahesh: Thank you. Any tips you wish to give
me?
(FNa --/- --
i o?)
(interview)
(v l. p BJ)
Mahesh: Bye.
In the last few lessons we have been discussing clauses. We have seen the following.
1. If the main clause verb is in the past tense,
the subordinate clause verb should also be in
the past.
Spoken English
-a n -, n-Eo-d.
b)
main
clause verb, tellspresent tense
sub clause
Subhash: Vinod,
-\-. Eo -\-E
M. SURESAN
a, E.
verb will be
Vinod:
*a . Eo -\
a) n v-V- ready --E clerk
o-E.
p. C past ()
Subhash: o- -- n
b) n v-V- ready --E clerk
--.
Vinod:
Eo ----E
-o C p (present)
o.
2) He says that it is a good company, and pays
Subhash: o .
its staff well.
v 57 u o-p-o \ main clause verb, says- present tens---aE.
es, subordinate clause verbs, 1) is 2) pays.
Vinod:
Eo
-- v-o- o-E,
(Company *-F, s-C @
F-y-Lq h- y-E v-Ao-hh-E -o p present )
ox p .
3) Dad doesn't bother about what pay I will get
Subhash: Phone l- \ -E Phone
Main clause- Dad doesn't bother about. Verb
.
does bother- present time, so subordinate
Vinod:
p- -x p---
clause - will get.
y -E ------o-E.
j sentenceE verb in the Main clause, Subhash: - ----E Pl.
past tense ( didn't bother E a--) p sentence --C?
vo: 1) Inurn - -- --L?
Dad didn't bother about what pay I would get.
2) To be Form tense
- didn't (main clause), would get - subordinate
--T-L?
clause.
ANSWER:
Subhash: Vinod, I will find out whether he
came here yesterday or not.
Vinod:
I know surely that he was here yesterday.
Subhash: Then I do not understand why he did
not meet me.
Vinod:
He said he would meet you today or
tomorrow.
Subhash: I told him a week ago that he could
meet me (on) any day between 5
and 7 in the evening.
Vinod:
He told me too, that he was trying to
meet you and give you the books he
had to give you.
Subhash: He doesn't have a phone, even if I
want to phone him.
Vinod:
I have already told him twice that you
have been wishing to see him
Subhash: Let's hope we will meet him atleast
tomorrow.
1.
ordinate clause
--p
sub
sentences practice
, subordi
1) am, is , was
2) are , E were
3) have, has , had
4) do, does -- did .
a) Eo -\--o-E
nate clause
y-\--o - p-
No one told me where you were.
(-- -E y--C)
n ----
{--K o. I as apple a?
As E Eo N- --T--a?
. E-- -, --
---: 1) Inurn L . d
E a- N out of the question.
2) To be form C form of the verb. to be/
be forms am, is, are, was, were, shall be
etc.,
be form, am, is,
are
Tense
Be forms
Spoken English
lessons
explain
to be
infinitive.
tense
present
Past
To be =
3) As
want, intentioned
Dictionary
As
o.
x D -Eo d
C.
. .
DE
--
-C. \-J
-C.
.
-o nx
N
J
. O ----
-. -o n:
, :
a) He works as hard as his father
(father
b) talks as his father does.
d- E h.)
3) As = want, As = intentioned
b)
-Eo h d-E O
(x o x--)
(d)
2. as
because/ since
a) As he is tall he can bowl well =
bowl
b) As it is hot, I dont want to go out =
_ ---x
--.
-C d, - x---- .
3. As '
a) As a doctor, I advise you to eat less Doctor
b) As a player, Ram has no equal =
Ram
4. As
1) He is not as good as you think =
Eo T_* A---o.
v---,
:
-- .
--- y---o *- .
n v o As . DEod
N-N follow -. I as pen, I as
apple- n .
-- j---
II
Look at sentence 1.
(? --iC -E .
o? -o?)
Jagan: He said he is doing Engineering in
Hyderabad.
( -.)
Jagan: No. He said he is in his 3rd year.
(. p, -f -- E)
Sekhar: Remember? At school the teacher
once said that truth wins, he then
picked up an argument with her. He
told her that was correct in the olden
days, and that truth had no place in the
modern world.
(h? \ u
-h-E p--p - -E
(C
J-T -)
Engineering - C
(that) he is doing
Subordinate Clause - Verb - is doing - present tense.
v -- . F \
Jh-. - p- --o
--o) N-Eo Eo -v -- p. pC past. E N
--C -E MC verb past
--p- SC verb x present
tense C.
-x--- 133
(. * x-Ja Fx
ud-J -E C-N--p *
h.)
(N*-v-i ?)
u-L 'u \ = -- Go o)
(Peculiar =
( -- - t.)
-- ---oC Main Clause
(MC), Subordinate Clause (SC) J*:
1) MC verb, past tense , SC verb
(-J
teacher
pC u -h-E).
-C. n,
F, p
,
hC. F p--p (Eo) p
III year . -E \ 'he is in his
()
past tense
,
o-p) p
j-. - C-N--p
p-j J-T Fx v-. C fact of science. Y v-i u. -E \ MC verb
SC verb
past tense
(won) L.
a--- The
teacher once said
that truth won
- M. SURESAN
C n: E L-C (
p ----E) -- n hC. C
- ? u p
-h-E. n - Truth wins
E present tense . d \
SC verb present tense C. MC Verb
past --p-
'Truth wins', 'Goodness is rewarded'
(Eu u)
science (Y v L-
2) a fact of
(* L C), Justice prevails
N)
(u-E j u- gener3) a generalisation (Truth wins, etc) and
alisations .
4) a regular/repeated action continuing
N-, MC verb past tense --p-, SC
into the future
Verb prsent tense C.
rule N---.
MC Verb past --p-, SC verb present
Answer:
Sasikanth: Do you know, Vinai now is a big officer in a bank?
Yashwant: I knew it long ago. Isn't it I who told you last week
Sasikanth:
Spoken English
-s J-Eo.
Sentence No. 4 .
past tense
tense
past tense
2) MC verb, present or future tense
SC verb, any tense.
tense
(Rule
C. u - Vx E,
vh v- u-E E.)
-- 28 --Ja 2006
F . N p l bank officer E?
Yaswanth: -p . F pC. --,
-u- * -->--- Mumbai oE?
Sasikanth: . h-*aC. Eo- C.
bank j v- E.
Yaswanth: V -- ->-- position --E
v--f. p --. d- --E- D C--E. d- K-~ u. j-a.
Sasikanth: . --, C C-N n --E C-. -J Eo h- Ot- -E n ----E , -.
Yashwant: j-h .
-- j---
II
Akhilesh: (Do) you know when the matches
begin?
(Matches
p ?)
(F - y--L-TC
Hemanth)
( p x )
Akhilesh: Who is the person that can tell us
about it?
C vA SC E Eo join MC L
- N o sentences n easy
n ---. ( -sx English
MC, SC, order, - reverse
(uA-) -C C , -C
..)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
interested in it =
be
I wish to know
-h-E uh
y-\--
o
F - y- uh
Rx-\
match
------o.
about it =
(y- --?)
Avinash: Cricket is a game which does not
interest me
interest
E (-h -L-T--E)
game cricket = cricket interest )
F\--- -
phone -Lq
5 ... a game which does not Cricket
interest me
Cricket
h L-T-E
I think =
cricket =
h ---x -E--hC
... When I see
= --p
... (that) they are mad
= x *a--xE
(3 SCS -E-)
MAIN CLAUSE
..... E J* p---uh
(F\--- -
u-Lq number C)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
= ....
( Eo J* p--L----?
(o
- 30 --Ja 2006
good
is
game
d-
hero
-x--- 134
(, , \-\-J \ G-*).
Let's not argue about it. (EJ*
C-l ).
-- sub ordinate
clauses J* --o . conversation subordinate clauses
. conversation o sub ordinate clauses - we can carry on conversation. O----- sub ordinate
clauses - *C. C
--- -, --L-x OE - -n--yL . -E OE -. u ---i--p .
study l:
Look at these following SCs (Subordinate
clauses) in the conversation:
1) ... the man who can give the information
2) ... the match which they play here
3) ... the person that can give the information
4) The phone number which you can call
Subordinate Clauses
, N L
Main Clauses
n ---Lq
N--.
( Clauses M. SURESAN
n N-E C - questions Eo-
- ).
Sx h--: O-----
SCs conversation -
conversation, simple , direct ,
interesting C. E OE
--- - - conversation
correct n ----E.
N -, n a *o *o
sentences :
1) Hemanth is the man who can give you the
information =
whose, whom
SCs
mation.
Spoken English
v. --p-
,
-a!
p
,
()
C.
-v-o: ought be, dare be, need be
N --T--L?
.Jqf, j---.
---: 1) Ought be - ought be
ANSWERS:
1) He took the book.
2) Their houses look beautiful.
3) They admitted us
(C
conversation
v)
4) Those books are interesting but expensive.
5) Cricket players/ cricketers think they are
great.
6) This problem is enough to solve.
7) Can you show me a hater of cricket? hater
=
'who'
clause sentence
(
y -p - *a
p-E-J a. F
O----- --- *C.)
-- j---
II
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has
achieved what he set out to achieve.
He has got the 5th rank in the
entrance exam
(F -h. N -oC
C-. vq b- 5th rank
a--o)
(F vq--E uq.
ho, Sx l)
j --E -E-.
1) Vishal has achieved
2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
( L-. p y G
L-C. NC p N-. E
--E congrats p-E --%-
C)
(V -E - --o. p p--.
x o L \- h-o.
- o)
high frequency
(A - x) N Eo.
O n, - l.
1) achieve - '<, '< \ -.
n: C- DE past tense, past parEnglish conversation
words
ticiple - achieved.
a) Our
freedom
fighters
Independence for us:
achieved
y-vu-- y-vuEo
C-.
b) People who work hard achieve success
-x--- 135
d- E---x N C-h.
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
test centuries
~u computer professional
.
~u -El-P-- = Set a target
~u C- = achieve the target/
p v- x--h-o. -E
, -vB---E -%- C.
4) accidentally = by accident = --
a) Newton discovered the law of gravitation accidentally/ by accident =
u -- u--{ l
E--d.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him accidentally =
u-h--J, -- C -
T-LC.
J- ~u target
)
9) Afford = j -/ - n.
a) I cannot afford a car = - n
.
(shooting
ings =
-- O ---d.
--, ----
JN d Road v-,
v-- accident .
x j o n -C.
c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
afford to go to bed so early =
K-~--d-E y Ev-
- F .
O N-. daily conversation OE -- \. Practice
.
EXERCISE
Ram:
( v - ? N
rank a----E f v
a---o)
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was
a bit ashamed of not getting one of
the 1st three ranks.
(Vishal
v - .
ux D -E
_--f)
Tendulkar
test centuries
5) Accompany =
(past tense, past participle - accompanied)
a) The President's wife accompanied him
on the tour =
-J-
-J--j L---x.
\
C-.
2) Achievement:
-j
C-* N.
a) C*C p
N-
His achievement is
really great.
u-~ u-- u
RxC.
M. SURESAN
(Chess ) C-*
y L-T-hC.
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: - ' \ -. DE n
E- E: Eo ---oto take the exam next year, aren't
p, Eo \--p--E indeed
you? What is your target?
. C conversation -
(F - J? a -q
C.
y vq b --Bhavan: Do you like it?
o ! F ~u ?)
(FC *a?)
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks.
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as
good as Vishal's
( 10 ux -C
~u. F t .
N x *C
)
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
then?
(J - -?)
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
( *aC E \ p.
I like it C- h- -u.)
Indeed , t-Ej j p--p, t-----Eo L---p
(E-? ? - -t L-- n Indeed )
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him
for an hour.
( V u-vAE --E
- x-)
Prakash: Indeed?
(\ fees \.
J--)
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You
will get it.
(E-?)
--t (disbelief) uh---.
3) Eager: -%- (-v )
Kiran: I am not coming to college today.
Spoken English
(F-V - --.)
Kishore: Why?
\ p - hC.
c) The client accompanied the lawyer to
the court =
client court
lawyer
x.
U--u, U--u L
-*, --o-p, u
--J-*, C accompany -C.
The fluit accompanied him =
E -C.
6) admire = a--. (J pEo,
achievement , G-- a--)
a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice
MS Subbulakshmi
p -o?
n . -\
?
Ram:
?/ E-? O o l
Shopping Complex owner ?
Shyam: C complex. C ?
-C---L-T s.
car - ~u.
Ram:
O o s --a-?
Shyam: C C-*C ? o
C-*C.
Ram:
Eo -- Venu --o. o bike E-a-E
p.
Shyam: o s- a car --N- % .
Ram:
F lA a---o.
Shyam: Bike
ANSWER
Ram:
a--.
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
achievement =
Tendulkar
C-* -
a--.
7) ashamed = _--.
Ram:
\ \- _---o.
b) The father is ashamed of his son's
behaviour
v-h- v _----o.
_-- ?
DE uA- Jy- to be proud of.
8) Target = ~u. (Pronunciation= T)
To be Ashamed of
~u t-- 20]
--)
Hi Shyam,
with my money.
Ram:
-- j---
II
Ramesh: Hi Naresh, you are late by half an
(y - -u a.
F -E o)
(E-\- j --, E
train u C)
form.
verbs form
C 'be'
me.
-x--- 136
h--
( Rx----. F -
l---o. - \ o.
y o --E --N
)
x- (F x-)
F -.
-C- E
India
-- (F --, L-*C)
C.
II) a) would have + pp -
N -Eo
LN .
Verbs 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 Fo form
o? Would have + past participle.
N action words . N - L
Rx *a -C-. (F *aC)
He wouldn't have seen me=
verbs.
x L* x (E --).
-\ - --E=
I would have been there at 2. (F )
But for = -x
x--,
x-).
b) wouldn't have + pp=
o -- . (F )
(state of being)
E JT E
--.
E J-C
F J-TC.
He wouldn't have gone=
x-
, F x.
O imaginary past forms. Eu @N- N
-s \ . -E
practice l.
Vocabulary practice
affect:
d \ -. n v
L-T-, v LT .
{, C---- O v
LT C.
b) Climate affects our health
(-D \?)
Naresh: I would have brought him along, but
(E B---a-- F
o)
busy
(. Eo match
F u-i E C)
Now, look at the following sentences from
the conversation above:
1) I would have been here on time.
2) I would have gone away.
3) You would have missed me
4) I wouldn't (would not) have been late
5) I would have brought him along.
6) It wouldn't have won the match.
7) I would have watched the match.
The verbs in the sentences above are:
2. Would have gone
Spoken English
--x , pass
u . ( D,
pass u.)
British ---, India -G-%Cl
C C=
-- u O vh-C.
passed=
he was busy.
verbs
v-h -E* n
--L. -
verbs 1) would
M. SURESAN
-.
V -x --.
N C, F . ()
N C , E C,
N JT C, E --,
N JT C , F J-TC
- W o-x
--, x--. L- would have been, would
But for the British rule, India would have progressed a lot.
sentences
EXERCISE
have + pp verbs.
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar,
Sudhakar: College
- \o?
* ho. -
a--. F Maths
I would have been on time
lecturer E----J - x time J_ --. (E )
-.
Sentence No. 4:
Damodar: t, v \--oI wouldn't (would not) have been late
-p?
u u---E- (E u)
example: E--D prime minister Sudhakar: \ o. US Rx---.
F Visa . Visa C (E )
E ----E F -
Sonia Gandhi would have been the prime
minister.
topic a.
, would have been n D/ Damodar: * lecturer.
- E / (C N)
Maths paper
Wouldn't (would not) have been = C
answer ---E-.
/ - (E o) Sudhakar:
She wouldn't have been here
t -* \
\ C (F C)
a--- .
He would have been the CM
Damodar: y h -h---o.
CM - (F )
Ex--x.
D would have been/ wouldn't have been Sudhakar: p time --C .
n, -.
II show .
d)
v-N ---
p , a--- E.
-----x -uEo
a--.
Our food habits can affect our health.
ANSWER
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, where have you
been all along?
Sudhakar: I'm returning from college. I would
have come half an hour ago, but I
met our Maths lecturer. I was talking to him.
Damodar: Where is his brother, our friend?
Sudhakar: He is here. He would have left for/
gone to the US. But he hasn't got
his visa. I would have asked him
why he hasn't got the visa, but he
changed the topic.
Damodar: He is a great lecturer. But for him I
wouldn't have answered the Maths
paper so well.
Sudhakar: But for his help his brother wouldn't
have got such high marks either.
Damodar: I thought you would come a little
earlier. We would have gone to a
movie.
Sudhakar: It is too late now, isn't it? Let's go
the 2nd show.
-- j---
II
Karuna: Sumana, where were you yesterday?
I couldn't see you anywhere.
(, Eo \ o? \
E---)
Sumana: I was at Valli's. You would have met
me if you had come there.
( Lx Rxx o. y-\-
a o -----EN)
Karuna: I would have taken you to a movie if
we had met.
( --- Eo E-
B--}-Eo)
v-h -E-: j
o.
.
-x--- 137
x---o-N-?)
--
( C. C - E
pC.)
awful = / -
Karuna: That's OK, Then.
lesson
Would have been,
2) Would have + Past Participle (Would have
gone, Would have seen, etc)
verbs
1)
J* --o ?
1) a) Would have been = C 'be' form /
- (E / )
i) He would have been here = -\
- (F -)
( - E p )
ii) She would have been here yesterday
=
iii) He would not have been the Prime
Minister
PM
Eo \ (F )
(
F o)
DE
n E J- E ---E;
D not h E J-C , F
J-TC E.
i) I would have met him =
u- , F u.
j --
-o .
lesson v--E conversation
sentences -E-:
1) You would have met me, if you had come
there.
2) I would have taken you to a movie, if we had
met
3) If you had told me earlier, I would have waited for you.
Spoken English
- p
-C.
-\ , C --E-a-E.
(-\--, C J-TC)
PP)
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp)
3)
-\- x- , x
----.
friend
--
prize
(had + PP)
M. SURESAN
If clause
(had been/ had + pp)
a
)]
o --
y-\-
(y EN (---)
--E
Eo
(F -- B--x-Eo
(F B--x-)
)
y ----Eo
p (F p- (F -)
)]
Eo
E (F -- (E -)
)
y J- (F E --x (E
--)].
-)].
OE : If clause N JT
Main clause N JT C. If
clause N --. -E main clause
N --, E.
(\- x,
friend
---o.)
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp).
(y--. l
)
Important: If clause
verb- had been/ had +
pp, Main clause
verb- would have been/
would have + pp
combination
sentence right
Some more examples:
1)
(F )
(
-d--o--o. y p F
x -Eo.)
( -E F
o. E
C-
*aC. -. E --E-*C. y Phone J- E--x--x.
Eo-,
_E , prize a.
( _--, prize ).
u. -sx
.
chain p o?
Kanchana: E V--C.
Yamuna: ----p -
.
Kanchana: ----p-- - y --EN. -J --.
Yamuna: show room
chain . s
--o. ---Eo.
Kanchana: op ---Eo, birthday ---.
Yamuna: F birthday o-.
Many happy returns of the day.
A L-
a--Eo-.
Kanchana: - p-. - B- d-.
Yamuna: party h?
Kanchana: *a-. ---E-a.
ANSWER
Yamuna: When did you buy this chain?
Kanchana: Long since I bought it.
Yamuna: I haven't seen it before.
Kanchana: If I had worn it earlier, you would
have seen it. I am wearing it for the
first time now.
Yamuna: I saw a chain like this a month ago
in a jewellry show room. If I had
had / If I had got the money, I
would have bought it. I would have
worn it immediately.
Kanchana: If I had not waited till my birthday, I
would have worn it too when I
bought it/ soon after I bought it.
Yamuna: Oh, today is your birthday. Many
happy returns of the day. If I had
known it, I would have brought you
a present.
Kanchana: That's why I didn't tell you. I don't
like gifts.
Yamuna: Would you give/ throw at least a
party?
Kanchana: Sure. I came to invite you.
?
)
Jh--
-E-j * h
C
-?
--v-
NE h-d-
j
l-o?
-- j---
II
Gagan: Why was your little daughter crying so
(O t l - -h?)
wanted.
(C -T
sweet
( party -----,
vN---- ---o vN-)
xt y)
Very important:
If clause: had been / had + pp
Main Clause: would have been /
( a--LqC. - --
would have + pp
---LqC .)
combination u h---L.
Jagan: If the doctor had not advised us against
(Doctor
y-lE y- ,
a--x)
-LqC (F )
(F-)
3) should not have been = -LqC (E
C).
4) would not have been = -C- (E C)
conversation N verbs should have +
pp, should not have + pp form o .
2) would have been =
<----LqC, -. (* -
C.)
O should have been, should have + pp
N-.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha,
y Eo E-
a-LqC. E * E
*a -LqC/ y-LqC () (F
miss u.
y-)
Rajitha: a-o, cousin --.
2) You should have seen the doctor much ear x- ao.
lier
Hiranya: B----LqC.
Doctor -LqC. (-)
1) She should have given it
(, s ?)
Jagan: Yea, she has been ill for a few days
now. Only yesterday I took her to doc-
-x--- 138
tor.
(Cl--V- x -. Eo
doctor _- B-x.)
Gagan: You should have been more careful.
You should have taken her to the doctor as soon as she fell ill. You should
not have neglected it.
doctor
_- B--}LqC (B--x-).-
(E . E J-nA -
C. Eoo V C)
Gagan: If the doctor had seen her earlier, she
sentences
verbs
l.
( doctor , -C )
Jagan: That's true. (E)
N J-C , E
J-TC E.
2) would have been/ would have + PP
main clause combination, If clause
had been/ had + Past Participle verbs .
\ question
100] a. (
100] )
answer
ii)
Spoken English
Karuna:
\ v-h (F-).
-E-.
b)
wait -o, E p- K
--C.
car
(*a-
her.
Hiranya: You should have brought her along.
late
--LqC
--- E --=
a)
ANSWERS
AJ--*a- -LqC.
Hiranya: Bye.
been in town).
returned.)
Kavya:
2)
o x x--o.
(I would have consulted him, if he had
x Eo \ Lq x (F
o)
,
question C--,
neglected it
time -\ -LqC; Cl pa) If she had been here, I would have consulted
-E.
her
p
sentence (a), sentence (b) a:
\ , - v-C---.
a)
She
should have been more careful
( \ - v-C--)
\ vh -LqC (F-).
b) If he had answered one more question, he
would have got 100%
Rajitha:
her to doctor
--E E-h=
, should
have been, should have + pp l.
- (-)
He should have done it =
-LqC
(NC/ --i, - c sx) (-).
2) She would have bought the sari =
<--, -.
-
E
( --j
v
-(
E L.
-- j---
II
Surendra: We missed you at the picnic last
weekend.
( picnic y
E E--*C )
Mahendra: So did I miss the fun too. I now feel
I should have joined you. I shouldn't (should not) have stayed back
for the meeting. What a bore it was!
But for the dinner at the end of the
meeting, it would have been
unbearable.
-- --o
Imaginary
past forms:
(-/ E / )
b) Would have + Past participle (PP)
eg: Would have gone, Would have seen,
etc)
( E J- F -- E.
Not J-C , E J-TC E)
II
a)
Should have been= -LqC/ -Lq
( -d--o.
F / )
O a--Lq-E p-o. Meeting \ b) Should have + Past Participle (PP)
-Lq-C-. s bore
(eg: should have gone, should have seen,
d! Meeting y dinner etc.)
-, Eo J-----u-C( E) --LqC F -.
.)
Not ( E) -----Lq-C, F
fun (\) = ; But for -/ ---/ --)
. unbearable = J--u E.
-x--- 139
(Eo ---------o, F
u-i meeting -o. -E - -.)
press = Ah , ----d = force
Mahendra: But you should have told me earlier. The time you gave me was
short. If you told me earlier of it, I
would have thought of an excuse to
skip the meeting. I would have
been happy.
(y (picnic J*) h
p-LqC. y K \
time a. h p
, meeting _-d--E
-*---E. - -E)
Excuse = . Lame excuse = -.
Lame =
Surendra: You were out of town for me to tell
you earlier. So I couldn't.
Mahendra: OK. That's past. How about a
movie this evening?
(OK,
C --C . y
v E---l?)
Surendra: I am game for it.
d) If clauses.
Rules:
1) Main clause verb past tense, subordinate clause verb - also
past tense.
(N--- j rule )
subordinate clause universal truths, facts
of
\ ---Lq-C- F o
3. Would have been unbearable -
J--u C E u--C
(Dinner x)
p-LqC p-
repeated
points
Fo p h-- O
con-
-*--- F -*--.
6. would have been happy -
(O h--ho):
C.
-E
.
*a N-
h d d C N- O S}
h ho.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
Clause - A group of words with a verb
Main clause has complete meaning.
Subordinate clause has no complete meaning.
Examples of subordinate clauses.
sentence
regular verbs
2nd
form
simple past
3rd form
past participle
regular verbs
simple past tense
3 forms of verb
past
form, P.P. form confusion
P.P form
Past modification, prepassive voice
modification
h, D-
--Th C
-C,
E
-hC?
--T
--p u
, -o
o. h--x
--
p-- E -. N
N- -.
>.N.u, N--o
generalisations,
(y E J* p
verb- had told - had + pp)
science,
_-d--E -*--
M. SURESAN
Exceptions:
-E.
Spoken English
b) 'that' clauses.
EXERCISE
Verbs
tions
sons
Reminding you -
Govind: Sir,
assignment submit
Lecturer:
v-V time y,
-.
v-V? y o submit LqC. v submit .
Govind: o y - Eo -E, Sir,
Lecturer: y Eo submit , marks list
- office a---E.
marks lists Fo o submit -LqC . F \ x
-u--C.
Govind: \-V time y sir.
Lecturer: time submit .
- F .
( ready .)
game for = l
past participle,
past tense,
ple
.
past partici-C
E -L---E, verb form ,
-JE, EE E question \. Answer
h C past simple. Answer - C past
participle. eg: like B. DE past
(EE
C?)
E hC d \
\
(EE
C?)
(-JE C?)
? -E \ liked past participle.
ANSWER
Govind: Sir, please give me two days time to
submit the assignment.
Lecturer: Two more days? You should have
submitted it the day before (yesterday). Submit it by the evening.
Govind: If I had not had a fever/ had not been
down with a fever, I would have submitted it yesterday itself.
Lecturer: If you had submitted it yesterday, I
would have given the marks lists to the
office yesterday. I should have submitted them the day before (yesterday).
The whole delay is because of you.
Govind: Give me just a day's time, sir.
Lecturer: Submit tomorrow by this time.
The teacher liked all over the college
h G--E----o
E n. F Jh n
-.
d C
college
teacher...
sentence
example: a) He repaired the car.
b) The car repaired yesterday..
n,
a)
repairedrepair
Car
b) The car repaired... - car
repair
answer
The car repaired yesterrepair
day...
car, ...
sentence
Past participle
Eo
? .
Eo
.
C?
d
n, Eo
- n --Jh
. h x
-p-
-.
' E n hC.
~-C v- - vA
(- ~- v vA .)
The book read by millions = ~-C v- - h (~- --C C h)
j be form \ past participle h
verb, passive.
The book is liked by all- verb, is (be form) +
liked (pp) -
h G-E--C.
(-C). p- be form \ past simple .
-- j---
II
Rama Rao : Why do you keep so much money
at home, son? It isn't safe.
( s -x ?
~ ?)
Kumar
( o C ~ E.
E s bank -E j
- . \
... D worry).
( s
\ f hC.)
l.
Kumar
-?
d- d)
(d .
C x.)
(.. F d )
You see the whole conversation above is
about money and banks. Most words used
are banking words.
bank
j ---E --
-C-*-N . E J* N-
--.
1) Bank --/-v--G- =
Open an account. Account A/c E
h- .
2) Bank s -/-----/-E-y- = put money in/credit money
C ,
-x--- 140
Ey =
2) Credit Card:
He
deposited...
He would
would have deposited...
bank
account open
account
h, t
v-Gl.
p s accounts
--a. F u BJ-C.)
Kumar
E-.
Ey--o.
4) ,
B
y, Account
o Ey = balance.
5) Bank s B- = withdraw
Bank
He withdrew Rs.
10,000/- yesterday=
M. SURESAN
Eo . 10,000 B.
( C
O
.
p s B----o-p-x
bank x-\--.
\-J
.
a---
( s -u. F
, t SB Accounts vGl. J- -
. l .)
Rama Rao : What about the Rs. 45000/- brother Ramu wants for the bike? We'll
take a D.D. and send it to him.
(Bike
45000/D.D.
Kumar
: D.D. means delay. We have to
send it by post and even then he
can't have it immediately. Our
bank has online transfer facility.
Let us send it that way.
post
(DD
-\---E t ---o .
-N.
h-E
B l.)
-u.
Spoken English
E-
(v-, -- s B.)
u
n, vy ENh --- uh--
s - .
Bank transactions = Bank --O. (s
B---/-- N)
s withdraw/draw --E E-v =
.)
Kumar
withdrawal form
s ----E v =
credit chal-
lan.
OJ-*a
h O
B J-TC.
---j *a cheque credit
h F, C uncrossed cheque ,
t B----E bank y pre-
Siva:
Vasu:
J Account o Balance o \
h-E --J cheque h, cheque
bank x T- balance E, return
-h p Cheque bounce ---C.
Cheque bounce C cheque -*a
x-. *a x O case
da. P~ \.
Bounce cheque , dishonour
C .
O -u bank transactions -
.
Siva:
Vasu:
Siva:
-- j---
II
Praveen: Congrats on your high score. Keep
it up.
\ \
vq.
C-*--
Naveen: Thank you. But I left out two questions. If had answered them, I could
have scored still higher.
questions
answer
C--. E
, E \
\ a---LE.
. F \ p \- o . a-J F %d
-L E -J.
Naveen: Thank you. But for your help I couldn't (could not) have scored so high.
Thank you for all your help.
uq.. F
\ \ aLE
.
Score = marks. Score high = \ marks
a--. High score = \ \
-x--- 141
o F % FEo
\ *a--dC.
Naveen: The college is a good college too.
The teaching is good. Had it not
been for the teachers, many could
not have passed.
Teaching
College
Teachers
pass
*.
-C.
\ p-x
--ux
- -C
.
E.
y-. x-x -,
C (F C)
- -xL.
B----E - -LqC.
-u-iC. h.
Naveen: Bye.
In the last few lessons we studied the uses
of Would have been, Would have + Past
Participle, should have been, should have
+ pp.
a) would have been =
would have + pp =
wouldn't (would not) have been =
/ ()
J- F --.
C
(F C)/ (F o)
Wouldn't have + pp = ( E) J-C
(F J-TC)
b) should have been = -LqC (NC)/
-Lq (NC) E /-
shouldn't (should not) have been =
-LqC (F C) / -Lq--
- (E o)
should have done =
-LqC (NC) F -.
should n't (should not have done)
--Lq-C - --F -.
D v- imaginary past forms
J* --o N-.
Spoken English
\ marks a-------E (F
a---L--/ --a--o.)
3) Many couldn't have passed
- u ----. ( x --L-).
But for the timely rains, we couldn't have
had such a harvest=
- { -N *
-----x
( { --x --L)
(Harvest = d = /- )
-\ o-x-, --L--.
(, --)
a) y\ EN a, F .
1000 , . 10000 y--L =
If you had come a minute earlier, I could
have given you not just Rs 1000, but even
Rs 10000.
(y\ EN u u,
O y----.)
b) British G-%Cl --L-
India could have progressed a lot if the
British had not ruled it.
c)
--L--C/- ---L
(E / )
a) She could have been the Prime Minister=
N v--vA --L- (E )
[could past ability E --C
--/ ---Eo
--C hC ]
b) Mrs Sonia Gandhi could have been the PM
if she had wanted =
PM
PM
c) I could have been there even at 10if the
train hadn't been late.
train
Train
d) How could she have been here?=
--o-d-, --L-.
(--, )
\ C- --L---,
O o- a--- O
o- EEo College a-.
p ---y d---\--q-aC.
- 13 - --v- 2006
u -. (
x )
\ --L-C? ( E )
Krishna: She should have been here at 10.
( \ 10 -LqC) (F )
jFo
l.
\ \ a---L--- (a-)
could have + past participle n,
E -j --L--x, --- E.
couldn't (could not) have + past
participle n (-j) E--- E --L- E.
x car x- z ---L--x
=
If they had not taken the car, they could not
have had the darsanam. (Could not have +
pp of have - had)
e)
~ Jh --Lo gas L-
=
I could have completed cooking in a jiffy, if
there had been enough gas
-had + PP
in a jiffy =
+ PP
verbs
--E u.
(
, --L-C?)
(-E )
y--- \
-L-C a, --L-TC, C)
E
--E --U-J--,
--L.
d)
vo-
a---L---.
(Two questions C- 100 100 a-- M. SURESAN
--.)
j sentence If clause verb had answered
VERB FORMS
been
Would have
Past
participle
been
Should have
(NC)
Past
participle
been
Could have
(Ability)
Past
participle
MAIN CLAUSE
-/ ---x F /- .
not C / ---x
F C/ --o
E J--C/- - - E---
F ---/- --.
Not E J-C/ -- E
E J-T-C/- -.
-LqC F /-
Not -LqC , F C/ -o
E --Lq-C/ E -LqC
E ---/ ---
Not ----E-C/ -----EC
J-T-C/- -.
--L/- ---L- F /-
not --LC /- ---L,
E --L-T-C/ ----L
--L/- ---Lx, E--/---
Not --LC/- ---Lx/
-F -C/- ---L.
IF CLAUSE
(verb-forms)
Had been
Had + pp
Had been
Had + pp
-- j---
II
Pramod: Prakash didn't attend our party yesterday. What might have been the
reason?
(v Eo Kd . --i
a?)
Prabhat: He might have been out of town or
he might have forgotten. When did
you last tell him of the party?
( x - a. -
Kd N J-*---a. -
y Kd N *-J p
p?)
Pramod: I think last saturday
(. Bank p J-----a.
p Nt.)
Time
Pramod: O.K.
We have seen so far the three imaginary
past forms:
1) would have been/ would have
ticiple (PP),
past par-
--/ -.
Should have been =
/ - F
Would have + pp =
( E- -)
(D A. y y-- h
-LqC. -E Ja-
.)
-x--- 142
--a/- --
. a/ ---a .
Might have + pp = ( N) -JT -a/------a .
.
/ -.
J- / - F
-LqC F
Should have + pp = -LqC (-)
Could have been = --L-C/ --L--
(--C/ --)
Could have + pp = --L--/ ---.
j -- not Jh, E opposite n
h--E , lessons
--o .
x- (F x)
2) He should have gone
x-LqD (F x-)
3) He could have gone =
x--L-- (E x----)
4) He might have gone = Rx---a
*a- L- x, E.
( -
h--E.)
busy
o.
In this lesson we
the fourth imaginary
past form:
Might
( - x J*
x-. d
- x--aE.)
Would
( -J h--
E miss u-x E p
-E--hC.)
Prabhat: Any way, past is past. What do people say about the party?
(--- --C. party
J* ----o?)
Pramod: They are all happy. A good number
still feel that the party might have
been a greater success if Prasad
had been there to entertain us with
his jokes.
( ---f. jokes
N L-T---E Prasad
party N---i
- --E ----C --Nh-o.)
Prabhat: What about the expenses?
Pramod: We have yet to get the bill. It might
have come to around Rs. 10,000/-.
We have paid an advance of Rs.
5000/-. It might have cost us more if
it had been any other hotel.
Prabhat: True. It might have gone beyond our
estimation.
(E -- N*--a.)
Pramod: Let's settle the bill at once.
Spoken English
have
been;
M. SURESAN
O-Eo-
N
*
,
Should
uA
C.
Could
F might have been, might have + pp
. C -Eo --C. j - might have been, might have + pp
verbs o sentences -J l.
1)
Ja---a.
4) I might have reminded him =
- h---a.
5) He might have left for Mumbai =
- Rx a.
6) We might not have missed him =
-E
miss
( i -a?)
(x ---a).
2)
F -a (-E y-T
)=He might have helped you (if you had
asked him) ().
PM
u--a.
x-E ----a.
Imp: Might have been, Might have + pp, main
clause verbs
'if clause' combination verbs - had been, had + pp.
, DE
u x .
- N-- --/-u-a.
8) It might have come to around Rs 10000/-
- \ a u-a.
10) It might have gone beyond our estimation
-- N*---a.
11) The Bank might not have opened by now =
Bank
J-----a.
y Eo j-- x, -
----L---N.
Kousik: -. Eo \- Rx
-E ------a.
Rahul: -----o-?
Kousik: j--
. ---*.
Rahul: y --Lq-.
Kousik: --\ *a- o-E Lh o. j-- l- --aE G-v.
Rahul: - C F?
-o E -L---N.
Kousik: o- --
---?
Rahul: Sx p ----a N--i
L-C ?
Kousik: C E. cousin
x-a. -\.
Rahul: ? y sekhar
phone u.
Kousik: Ok.
ANSWER
Rahul: If you had gone to Hyderabad yesterday, you could have met Sekhar.
Kousik: I doubt. Even if I had gone there I
might not have met him.
(Even =
y h B--
p--a.
. 10000 ua.
9) It might have cost us more =
Party
(a --N?)
, j sentences from No 1 to No 11
Fo -o ---o , 1)
-a, 2) ---a, 3) Ja--a, 4) h-a, 5) x-a, 6)
Miss ----a, 7) N---i
a, 8) u-a, 9) \ a
a, 10) -- N-a,
11) J-----a.
d o/ J-T N- (
-a/ J-T- n) -p-i , , J-T, -
p-d- L---p verb forms - might
b u -, police p
J --a. ( bu - p JT a.)
-- j---
II
Mrinal: Hi Kripal, how did you do in the exam
yesterday?
(Eo
Kripal:
exam
?)
done better.
( . F --L--.)
--L---, E ----.
could C \- past ability (
n u) ----C. ,
-(iC?)
Kripal: The noise from a workshop nearby the
exam centre disturbed me a lot. I
couldn't concentrate.
(exam centre
_-o workshop
o disturb C. concentrate
---.)
pp n .
prepare
u-,
---.\ prepare -LT b) without my recommendation, he couldn't
(n u ) prepare ---.
have got the job.
v-h -E-. Could have been/could ( recommendation - Job --Lhave + PP --p, -L - - . (--L-T ability x).
L n uE (ability) vu C.
\ wouldn't have got -a.
I would have got a better centre
n Cl -C. -
o-p... would have + pp --p
, E. \ J-T --
vu.
O regular English x-,
h O ni-C. -s
-x--- 143
( j E
- * centre a. p
- L E)
Mrinal: You should have thought of it before
indicating the centre.
(K~ vEo - ,
N -*--LqC)
(indicate= -- ' \ = *-)
Kripal:
(C E. u
vEo --o.)
Mrinal: What about your cousin? She took the
-n u-E (ability) vu .
N J-T -E \ vu.
\ verb, would have + pp
n - PM u- E -.
(ability vh C-\)
b) The train would have run over the boy.
cousin
-N?
exam C ?)
Kripal: She is very good at the subject. She
( subject a.
C, *a- select C.
BE
prepare u--.)
Mrinal: OK. All the best then. Don't worry.
You'll get the Job
(F
Job
hC.
Worry
).
( Pl.
Thanks)
Spoken English
( - --- --L--
. x)
\ wouldn't have done it ...
- - n
J .
a) Without the boss's orders he wouldn't have
Kavya:
----o-C h-E?
x. C ----C -.
Kavya: - \ a
coach --.
Lasya: -. y-p Car prize
--L---EN.
Kavya: . better luck next time
Lasya:
Answer:
Lasya: Hi kavya, you are again in the news,
congrats.
Kavya: I don't think much of it/I don't think it's
a
great
achievement.
If
had
(O
-- 17 --v- 2006
done it .
(Boss orders
ability
C - .
vh .) d could have+
hC.
-,
correct ,
-*---
j
C.
d OjEo sentences
practice
.
.
vuJn)
have
won
by
greater
margin/lead.
M. SURESAN
Sx h x a.
Congrats.
Kavya:
- pE --- .
vu-Jn-j \ L ----Eo.
Lasya: y h v-h , \
---L---E. *-J EN-x
h v-h -LqC.
Kavya: L-- dE --, J_
--L--o. F p. -x
s-AC.
Lasya: y p- Coach F
--.
vo: Eo --E
He did not
yesterday
v pulled muscle
- d---/-G-----)
-,
DE
. Eo
*a - --E He
s
E
o
d
E
E
was not come here yesterj n . O not Ja was not
day a?
.--,~t- come/were not come C K . n
J . x, had come betHe was not come yesterter, clarity C. Had come
day - sentence verb:
correct .
Was come - C C
x - I went there at 3 yesterday. He had not come
by then. \- - x. p-----L.
here
-- j---
II
Vipula: Hi Charitha, have you seen Archana
anywhere?
(J, y a---o ?)
Charitha: Yes, she was here till 20 minutes
ago. She was getting ready to go
home. She must have gone.
(. j EN---- \
C. }- l-iC. p-
R}- C)
Vipula: (Are) you sure?
(*a- ?)
Charitha: Yes. I saw her about to leave 20 minutes ago. It hardly takes her 10 minutes to walk home. So she must
have reached home by now.
-x--- 144
(O C)
5) She must have told you of it
(F p C)
You must have seen that the verbs in the
sentences above are:
1) Must have gone (Must have + past participle
(pp) of go.)
2) Must have reached (must have + pp of
reach)
3) Must have waited (must have + pp of wait)
4) Must have been (be form)
5) Must have told (must have + pp of tell)
So the verb forms in the conversation are:
Must have been/ must have + past participle
(pp) Must have been/ must have + PP is also an
imaginary past form like the other four imaginary past forms we have seen in the lessons past:
[1. Would have been/ Would have + PP
2. Should have been/ Should have + PP
3. Could have been/ Could have + PP
4. Might have been/ Might have + PP]
*a N
---Eo L----hC.
a) Mohan: Did Madan pass?
pass
( x L-- N.
Madhav phone .
-- ).
Kumar: Yes. He was
u?)
()
D must have
--.
, F prize *a-?
Lalasa: p F?
Manasa: - l.
Lalasa: u p-C.
Manasa: u ---, F correct u. -*--LqC y.
Mohan:
Did
he
tell
you
so?
, would
(F
p?)
Lalasa:
, ... . yC College
have, should have,
notice board -.
could have a
Manoj: He would have told me if we had met.
imaginary past forms
Manasa: - V- College
( --- p-).
Eo- n, uA- .
Mohan: Who told you then?
h-E.
Lalasa: y x-L phone --
( F p?)
Might have been/
M. SURESAN
-p. p-C
Manoj: My brother told me. Madan must have
might have + PP
F.
N--E h, C -Eo uh---hC
told my brother.
Manasa: Correct. Eo --- FC J-T-, E---a.
( brother p. Madan broth-- Congrats LEo.
Now, the imaginary past form we are
er p-).
going to study in this lesson is:
Lalasa: Thanks again. l -LqC y.
b) vA { J C. roads
* breakfast miss u---E-Na) Must have been (be form)
.
-.
b) Must have + past participle (action)
It
must
have
rained
last
night.
Otherwise
the
a) Must have been=
Manasa: Don't worry. F Prize -
roads would have been dry.
( *a-) C/
treat (N).
/
c) Something must have gone wrong, otherANSWER
(F h-o-E pC. F
---. x J--y
F Phone h-C).
Vipula: Yes, my cell is ringing. It must be her.
( *a-) E J C/
E- .
Must a Imaginary past forms ,
N Imaginary past forms -- u. N l:
Verb 'go' different Imaginary past forms
a different meanings d- :
- J C,
\ --L--.
d) Kumar: Kesav was talking about your foreign trip.
( F
-o)
No.
Sentence
Verb form
would have + PP
should have + PP
could have been
could have + PP
Meaning
--\ -
- x-
\ -LqC
x--LqC
- CM --L--
x--L--
\ -a
Nature
E (Opposite)
x- (opposite)
(opposite)
x- (opposite)
F (opp.)
F x- (opp.)
----a
(doubt)
might have + PP
(R}- C)
x----a
(doubt)
( x C)
3) She must have waited long for me
b) He must have gone
( - C)
- xa
must have + PP
J* x--
Verb: Go
Spoken English
foreign trip
-\ *a
()
- x () .
-- j---
II
Udai: These books are really wonderful. Where
are they sold?
( h- E -o. \
---N?)
Vijai: Where else? At Books, Books 'n Books.
Name the book you need, and it is found
there.
(. h-*aC. x
Eo h- O 15% *
50% discount a)
Vijai: Such discounts will be given next month
too. They have all varieties of books.
Infact all books in our college library have
been supplied by them.
No.
verb
verb form
6. is going to be held
is going to be
(be form) + PP of hold
7. is closed
is (be form) +
PP of close
N Fo
\ t---?
2) ... It is found there
\ ---C.
3) Certain varieties of books were offered at
discounts
Discount
Eo h-
--f.
offer
Discounts
y---.
-x--- 145
(a h v-z C
x. h- v-Jz--
, discount h)
Eo h- x- - --f.
6) A book exhibition is going to be held
h v-z Ey-----C.
(Future)
-l- .)
( x---o?
E L- F?)
college
( L-. ?)
Udai: The college cricket team has won the
finals of the cricket tournament, and our
classmate Vinai has been declared Man
of the Match.
college team cricket tournament finals
friend
Vinai
Man of the Match
L-*C.
v--
.)
Vijai: So no classes today. How happy I am!
May our college win many more matches.
( classes -o-.
- ! college
matches L.)
8) Vinai
has
been
declared the man of
the match
p C PASSIVE VOICE
C. j list E 8 verbs
passive voice o-x-? (English
verbs past tense, past participle
. -x be form \ oC past
tense , past participle -
a. h--. English
be form \ -p- past tense
form . d be form \ a--p
past participle v.)
Verb passive voice , verb be
form + pp - n ' E
h-C. :
--C
v----f.
M. SURESAN
y---. - u
- Road p--? F
Road p --C ?
x, o --? E ?
English C Common.
English
Passive
voice
Conversations
Passive voice
Eo --f. ( C
L-, So passive)
3) He was elected MP
o---f (--o--o--C u )
4) Students will be given bus passes
t t t t t
EXERCISE
(O
college
p )
verb
are sold
verb form
are (be form) +
past participle (PP) of sell
2.
is found
3. were offered
4. will be given
Spoken English
(p -h?)
J-* .)
(L- v- ?)
(- vA - seats h,
d vA-- Nu-no a--)
Tarun: My cousin wants to join
cousin
-----o)
-)
ANSWER
Active
passive
Telugu Translation
was closed?
--C?
will be reopened? ---C?
will be held
Ey-----?
will start
--
college reopens
AJT v--C
will be declared v-----
can say
p--
are declared
v-----
can be expected
P----a
(possibility)
are said to be
p---
y---
are admitted
a---
wants
---o
let him apply
apply F
Passive voice - (--)
--, \-J n -- d
-E-.
are offered
-- j---
II
Laxman: Now that the building has been painted it looks beautiful.
(Paint
building
x
E--hC.)
sation above.
1) has been painted (has been - be form + past
2) is painted (is - be from + PP of paint)
(v p- h)
(*-J p
(This is in a question)
?)
(x -. -x--J
--C)
Laxman: So it will be painted again two years
from now.
( Sx -x h--o-)
Bharat: Certainly. The house was built
decades ago. Still it looks new
because it has been maintained well.
Every care has been taken to keep it
in good condition.
(*a-. x -l dC.
h-C Ep-hC -
Eo -- d.
-Eo * nA --E Eo
v-h B--)
-x--- 146
paint)
6) owns - II RDW (Active Voice)
charge)
regular actions
p-
am + pp / is + pp / are + pp L .
Active time -E past actions ,
J-T action , p complete
action have + pp / has + pp .
OE passive p- have been + pp /
has been + pp h.
= l)
Laxman: Who owns the
building?
(-JC
L
--i-N,
build-
ing?)
Bharat: My cousin's.
M.
He is an engineer in the states.
--N
.
SURESAN
( cousin C. US Engineer)
Laxman: But who takes care of it here?
(\ Eo --?)
Bharat: His father. He was also an engineer very famous. Unfortunately he is not
in good health now. Only a few days
ago he was discharged from hospital.
He had been treated for knee trouble.
(x o. engineer . C. -%-d- -h
u p J--. Cl
V - L *q --E
pvA * a.)
Laxman: A nice piece of work, this building. I
think I'll take it for my office.
(GLf- --d.
DEo B--.)
office
Spoken English
.
(Regular
(-- vA -x ---C
C is + PP regular action ?)
Regular actions Passive
N am + PP / is + PP / are + PP hC.
1) I am seen here every evening -
May
Ey--h (-)
Time
L-
past actions
Passive
-q Eo-x
-u
CM
Eo-
Pavan: Hyderabad
Arjun:
vo: uT CM --p a
has/ has been relieved
? NJ.
everyday
-y, x
E -)
official language
with effect from such and such a date
relieve
Mr X has been relieved of his duties in
this office with effect from 4th April 2006.
-x -Lq-h
b)
uT D
relieve
u E
Regular).
K-~
K-~----
ii)
(Doctor
ANSWER
E-\ vA v ---.
EXERCISE
LC =
year.
---
3)
Passive voice
of treat)
y--f =
ets to students.
action)
Hall tickets
Nu-n
2)
c)
D, V, N p-
-a.
DE n relieve
J-T-E. \
-- j---
II
Damodar: Hi Divakar, you know my favourite
hero was awarded Padmabhushan.
( G - t--
G *aC.)
was awarded (passive) = y--f.
Award= -' \--- = (G, --, -\-- --N)
v -/--y.
Award = -A, -\, G
n o.
Divakar: The title was conferred on many others too.
( -- G a.)
Title = j = G.
Confer = -JE G-, -\-
\-J-.
They conferred on him the title = -
- vA d.)
Prabhakar: Will you stop it. You and your
heroes. You are both silly
( -? O, O heroes.
O x--- o.)
[
[
-x--- 147
E x G- \-J-.
Was conferred (passive) = y--f.
Damodar: I am happy that only deserving people were awarded the title.
(| L-T--x \-Eo
-Eo L-T-hC.
Deserving = -N = | L-T.
Deserve = = | LT .
He deserves the award = award
B----E - | C.)
Divakar: You say all this because your
favourite hero got it.
(F G- - *aC d
x---o.)
hC !
PASSIVE
am+pp/is+pp/ are+pp
He
am given/taken/liked
etc.,
Padmabhushan-
is given/taken/liked
etc.,
are given/taken/liked
etc.
be
honoured
with
(h . a -q G - t-N-- hC.)
will be honoured (passive) = \-J---.
Damodar: Such honours are given only to the
talented.
J------.
(y) y-f.
h--. Active
past doing
word (gave, took, liked, talked, etc)
-- - u
time Lh.
1) She took the book yesterday
Eo h B-C.
2) He liked the movie (last night)
*v - *aC.
3) They gave us the information (last week)
(E. C O , -
Spoken English
-C y--f.
5) ... you were given
( --o.)
--E--:
ACTIVE
English.
Spandana : Hi Chandana,
fan p ready
?
Chandana : ... Eo C repair uC.
Spandana : ?
Chandana : ... h Eo u-o-E hC.
Spandana : Eo Lights Fo -a?
Chandana : C h-C Eo.
workers Ko
REGULAR ACTION
was
C.
awarded
Padmabhushan.
Answer:
Spandana : Hi Chandana, is the fan ready?
Chandana : It was repaired yesterday.
M. SURESAN
p--a .
the
lights
also
fixed
Yesterday?
Chandana : That was completed too.
The Workers were sent away too.
Even the payments were made.
Spandana : Good
They
(\
-L-- d
passive a)
5) ... you were given an award = \
you got an award, simple ? passive
avoid ---a.
6) Will be honoured = will receive the honour
a.
passive avoid
- Rx-a.
N-- passive -- was
+ PP or were + PP . u EE
--L---, p d- i,
u --, p passive .
--C.
-D-Eo
Active Voice
simple pa. He
got
Payment
ACTIVE
Past
word
gave,
etc.,)
PASSIVE
-- j---
II
Ram: You are late again. You are expected to
be here by 10, and it is now 10.20.
(O Sx u --a. OJ-\ 10
L. p 10.20 C.)
Sita: Sorry sir. The bus was late. The bus is
supposed to pick us up at 9.45. It was 10
minutes late. Some trouble on the way.
(Bus late
27 --v- 2006
-x--- 148
I.
l-O-J
P~-| (P~----)
E--, E-l -L-
-u passive voice .
N sentences (conversation ) l.
3) Only a few files were cleared (by us) = Eo
files v Jh = We cleared only a
few files.
Verb: Give
ACTIONS
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Regular
Actions
Past actions
Past doing
was+pp=was given
time known
word-gave
were+pp=were given
am+PP=am given
are+PP=are given
are
we
expected to com-
C--)
(--Eo-F
Jh -Lq-p, sir.)
h.)
sC)
( ---LqC. E _
information -- x, - -h time
a.)
Sita: That's ok, sir. I won't take much time. The
files will all be on your table a little after
lunch break.
tLo
9.45 -x \---L. \-
h.
(C--)
(\
(--)
h).
(
( sir, --\ time -B. Lunch time
)
q- files Fo O table O
-s JEo l.
.)
(i) Smoking Jh El. Smoking is strictly
Ram: Go ahead. When you say something, I
prohibited (passive)
Ezl
-L.
Now practise the following in English
use passive forms where necessary
Spoken English
files clear
L.
-LqC
(p)
8) We have been given (by the superiors) =
They have given us =
time
a.
y h.
passive voice --
o. N ---- C active
verbs - passive equivalents .
Active * passive , passive * active
a exercise (u-) practice -. h O English (spoken
form) free , fluent x--.
x---- O EE doubts *a
x------.
pE J-n-x impersonal (uh-
E) occasions (-sx) v
. passive forms ---
v --. - --L-x
Passive n ---L-?
-L
\
Jh C
-,
Ja
-C.
eg: They will give the book [verb- will givewill + 1st RDW- active]=
The book will be given (by them) [verb- will
be- be form+given (Past participle)- Passive]
verb, can do- can + 1st
He can give it RDW
passive
can + be
+ pp of give = can be given.
should
give - active passive- should + be +
given (PP of give)
\
d
-yL
DE
end
active verbs
have
past participle
been
passive
Eo-,
-C.
DE
d-
ANSWER
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, you are not supposed to
keep your things there.
Prabhas: Where else should I keep then?
Venkat: Anywhere else except there. The
boss keeps his things there.
Prabhas: How long are you expected to be
here?
Venkat: Till 5 in the evening. Again at 10
tomorrow morning.
Prabhas: Can the work be completed tomorrow?
Venkat: How can the whole work be completed tomorrow? It might be completed
by the evening of the day after.
Prabhas: If help is needed, I am ready.
vo: 1. W --
() W -d --.
2. F @ --\.
u- Tx- p
L---.
.y, jy--
---:
-E 29 --v- 2006
-- j---
-I
( h J ? -\
-E-*-C.)
(--Eo \ CL x.
h-- J)
3) No name is written..
4) I was asked..
(C -JC?)
(verb- was asked- was + pp -passive)
5) Was invited...
(verb- was invited- was + pp -passive)
l:
(h O . h
o-d Bill C. E .)
(C J l-P---C?
-x--- 149
Old usage -
(N \ t---?)
(, h J* C-l. Eo
v -y-o college
o?)
Prakash: I was asked to be there for the selections for the debate team. Someone
was invited to select the college
reserve member.
passive)
j d- *a transformation principles
8 verbs in passive J---o
?
a) Active RDWs , passive, am/ is/
( \?)
(Contest = d = )
b) Active
PDW
+ past participle.
(--v -x C)
active
final team.
(final team
be
y-E J)
-J --f?
-Eo?)
M. SURESAN
y p--f? (F --p?)
h p
--C? (p
?)
,
ques
,
y h.
,
u
hC. C - u -ELq N.
- --
-- easy.
patterns
h--
ANSWER
2. Was+pp/ Were+pp
RDW
be taken, etc.
3.
verbs
ple
Spoken English
h.
Lavanya:
1. am + pp / is + pp / are + pp.
PASSIVE
--
-v--d
passive
h-?
Bhramara: . NTL C.
Lavanya: C p h--C?
Bhramara: u-o-E -Jha.
Lavanya: Invitations Fo post -u?
Bhramara: Yes - . O
addresses -Lq-N Eo o.
E O-p Jh--?
Lavanya: Eo addresses L. N
-h.
Bhramara: N O Jhh Fo L post
-a.
ACTIVE
ANSWERS
1) He has been elected the new president.
shall be/
passive.
. n
-\-J h---.
- -d ---.
C passive forms :
1) - u-~- Eo--u.
2) Eo accident -- E--.
-C C --f.
3) -o E-C- .
4) -q -- h jy -jx .
5) Date of Interview y- u-n- L-- --C.
--
Last lesson
EXERCISE
( --f?=
--Eo?)
-I-I
-- j---
Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in
your clothes today. Are they new?
(v, - dx -F-
o. N h?)
Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I
don't look smarter than you, in spite of
my new clothes. Any way, I thank you
for the compliment.
(N h. --p-, F
smarter / -{-- E- . j-, F a--o- thanks.)
Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prabhat. They aren't mere flattery.
( E- -p-Jh- Eo a-o, - -a /
h )
Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really
I don't like these clothes very much.
Dad bought me them from
Hyderabad. I wear them because I
don't want to offend him.
(- N- .
E d d-.
o OE j-- * a
. - ------E --)
-x--- 150
-- 1 - 2006
(y-h-o
?)
(o x - d
-E, p)
I'm afraid/ we're afraid expressions
b) The students were all smartly dressed for the
O conversation .
college anniversary = College J{--q 3) In spite of: --p. (though/ although/
-s Nu-n-- -{---i hx
even though/ but/ yet . o.
O----E--- C. -E
Dress and clothes: Dress --C -x.
v-h practice L.
-x --N clothes. -x d- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit dress/ dresses . He is
ed ( p- o-p-, y
always dressed in good clothes sen. Conceit= y)
tences dress d E
= Though/ Although/ Even though she is
d -- n . --C
great, she is not conceited ( p--,
p-.
y )
-o d Neat -J-
= She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited
p smart.
= pC, E y / Jy-)
c) She smarted up for the interview
b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= y oInterview \ h-C.
p- (y ) -- ------o.
-{-- o.
7) Offend=
a) I don't want to offend him=
(q, ) p-.
o p- d -.
b) The book has been banned because it
offends the sentiments of the minority community =
i-J _ - p-C
C d h-Eo E-C-.
G- o J*
x- o p--*--x.
8) tire= n, - L-T-/ - -. , bore d/ N-T-
n C. C p \ -
C.
a) The movie is tiring= E N--E--*C.
b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talking of his greatness =
_- }
d . p- J* x
N-T-h.
Lipta:
Nimisha:
-pJh p-o. t?
-h---o-.
Nimisha: \, -\-o p-.
Lipta:
-. - *aC .
p Eo N-T- d-.
Nimisha: -\--E
?
Lipta:
? o-- -p-ho F L-. - gift
*aC --.
Nimisha: p--a.
N-T--C?
Lipta:
(N -E y ----o n. N F
p.)
Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.
(E-. -)
Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't
have the patience to choose what
clothes I wear.
(F-p d --.
d -- )
Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some
charm about you that makes your
appearance attractive.
stylish
( y h
E-h. F -{ C. C Eo
-{-- hC)
hC .
n E ?
Spoken English
Smart --i
; Stylish,
trendy.
x Cl
fashion
v
\. d neat ,
-J- --, h fashionable p-N,
M. SURESAN
stylish, trendy.
Smart
a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him=
(Clever).
n L-j, -j.
v L-j--
-.
y o
- L-N- *aC.
-sx smart L-N
y -*-- h o n hC.
c) Don't try to be smart with me=
_ F LN .
A smart restaurant = a fashionable
restaurant=
Food prices are high at this smart restaurant.
fashionable
2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid
x A--- \).
n -- --/
. F s I'm afraid
*A-h-o- n .
I'm afraid I am not smarter than you=
smart
Fo
--E *A-ho.
-d E N h p-E I'm afraid E / I'm afraid
v-Gh.
a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed?
pass
Susanth: I'm afraid, no.
Pass
(v
u?)
(v
--E /
-d p)
pliment.
a) My compliments to you on your high marks in
the exam=
marks
K-~ F a-o p
G---.
compliment y on hC.
Lipta:
O.K.
ANSWER
p -
G--- .
E vA-x a--o.
-
G--*E - E--.
h o -
o p, E flattery
-- E-------E, x-x
j v- --E h.
-h flattery.
5) Compliment
flattery. Flattery
v- vA-x -h -x.
6) sincere= -pJhi, *h--Cl-.
a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =
F E- (-p-Jh)
------o.
b) No politician is sincere about servicing
people. = politicians
c) She is sincere student=
-v-- *h--Cl-.
-- *h--Cl- NuJn-E
vA , Eo ---.
b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =
That's OK.
-- j---
II
Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A
good bargain, isn't it?
( shirt 350 -- o.
* ?)
Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it.
I have a similar shirt. It cost me
just around Rs 250/-
-- 3 - 2006
T---f = --.
--f =
F _ * .
2) Were charged =
3) is called =
(y K \ d---.
- shirt C. Eo 250
-- o.)
Devanath: You mean I have been cheated?
----C/ -h.
4) Wouldn't have been cheated =
-T----
o = ---o
( ---?)
Cheat = / -
Cheater
-- / o-T .
6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =
(Eo cheatwell
F L-?)
shop
( a--, - ?)
Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be
careful in future.
( -Eo J* --.
Future v-h )
Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a
lesson.
shop
Cl pL.)
( v-o Sx -)
Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act
smart in these matters.
(J Eo B-h. Oy N-x
L-N----N)
Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry.
( --. --)
Observe the use of passive forms in the
conversation above:
1) You mean I have been cheated?
-T---/ -
9) will be taken care of =
6) Verb b)
-
C. C
B--.
-x--- 151
(j -- C passive translation
-, E \ oC normal
() -)
All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be
form + past participle (pp), so they are all in
the passive voice.
hC ? --
lessons p points:
passive voice
ticiple, form
X--hE ~ Q -h.
b) D-R V buildings D- -J-h.
c) *o x- - ---d. (passive pL).
d) road repair -J---.
e)
shall/ should/
can/ could/ may/
might/ must etc + 1st
RDW
passive form
M. SURESAN
have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past paractive voice verbs
etc
, E y a
u been d-.
past participle
DE active-C ? =
ANSWERS
a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The
select -o , time
J application } x- .
f) h X Class text book prescribe a.
g) C L.
h) select LqC
i) road p -LqC.
j) C - -a.
low)- Active.
cheated me?
Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) Passive - I will take care of it (Active)
ed me?
forms.
Eo
Spoken English
C verb No 4, verb No 1 C,
passive . DE active- had been asked ,
u been B--. If I had been asked
p--L = pL.
8) don't be cheated =
(y p--LqC. --o .)
(o--, y shop hE
Lh p--. Eop AJ-T
-y--E--F a-----F ?)
--C/ .
7) should be taught a lesson =
Devanath: You should have told me of it earlier. Then I wouldn't have been
cheated.
cheatwell shop
(v). \
Passive- is called, d DE Active,
I RDW/ II RDW ? (Past lessons E
tables ) p DE active - people
call it the cheatwell shop.
N v-h -E-.
Passive sentences , j
sentences ' E -J- --C?
C L- ? eg: I have been
cheated (--) -J- C clear
L- . --x -sEo
d ---L. -sx, Shop fellow
E ---a. p, Passive *
active a--- shop fellow sentence begin h. \?
If I had been asked - passive C.
-- j---
II
Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm
off. I'll be seeing you only after 10
days.
(Chandana,
relief !
-o. Sx 10 V y Eo
--.)
relief= Nh / Ah-O--* l
C*--x-
Chandana: What are you so excited about?
(Are you) on a holiday or what?
(E J* q- o?
-O h-o o?)
On a holiday= -O x
Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I
am going home, sweet home. All
these days I have been dying to be
back home, and I've the chance
now. I've packed up and am leaving.
(-- h-o-E - C.
--ho. --p--p h
--, p--*a -.
-xEo l--o, h-o.)
Look at the following words and expressions from the dialogue between
Spandana and Chandana.
1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a
holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home;
5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy;
8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient
you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month
grind; 13) get even with you.
Learn and practise these expressions
when you speak. Your English will be
very effective.
1) relief:
DE n --C
( * ) --. (u-, * ) N-, -x a
. What a relief!. s, !
d- i E h-, u *
Nh C, --E- , relief. (Also,
vA E ------o
He is very eager to become a minister= He
is anxious to become a minister= He can't
wait to become a minister= He is impatient
to become a minister.
Fo n-Eo-h.
v---E %- oE/
------o-E.
- -sx n l.
relief from headache, fever, etc.)
i) Dying - --J --o
I'm off= I am off= I am going= Rx--o h-o-p, x---o-p - .
Dying to do something= -----.
xh \ nEo hC.
He's off. If you want to tell him anything,
hurry up=
Rx---o. o p-- p.
-x--- 152
--E- 6 - 2006
-
-E %- C.
x l-E x--E l o.
c) Time for us to pack up=
{u C.
F u C, -x {u.
11) Laze (about)=
F -
( --x-E %- , E
a - -. Eo-h
{u !)
Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is
anxious to see me back. So is dad.
Still two hours for the train and I
feel it's too long. I can't wait any
longer.
(t phone p.
o -E %- C. o
. Train --E
-C. -!)
Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So
would anyone be when they have a
chance. How are you going to
spend the days?
* ---o-p,
----o-p
L , q.
a) They were excited
when their favourite
hero talked to them=
x G- hero
x --J-*--p M. SURESAN
x ---f.
b) He felt excited when he got the prize=
prize *a-p- q-
- o.
c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie=
movie.
(O . -E ----.
NtC E vLo C, NvA C . N-T-. A, Ev--, TV ,
E----x D --C.)
Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my
break. I'll get even with you then.
Bye then. See you.
(a hC break. p
F ---. Rx )
Spoken English
-C NvA/ N -.
Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I
am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait,
and No. 10: How impatient you are.
O-Eo-
n % , %-
, ----, y--.
Dying= -s Dying , E
n --E .
\ dying ----.
lazy
(-J) .
E--- -J -
d .
b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about:
Time,
s % h. -J .
-J , E-.
12) The nine month grind:
grind
-- C n.
Lx Gf J-nA (u) J*
----C.
\ anxious eager . n
. anxious , worried a.
- -B h.
grind past tense, past participle- ground.
- - N J*
- juo v-C-----C.
3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you
( -----o n
iii) Can't wait= * p --.
have break from your work for a few days.
. -j -
E
*
Eo
V
NvA
,
(wait -n ---)
h. ---o 10
N
,
You
are
on
a
holiday.
a) He can't wait to go to the US=
V?/ ----o?)
Holiday= , Holidays= u
-J- p--p l ---o.
Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do
Nu-n N-
anything. This nine month grind
b) He can't wait to meet his lover= v-Lo
has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a
p--p --- E o.
holiday= (EoV) E * N/
leisure. I am fed up with work. Just
impatient= n, p --,
NvA . x A- N- iv)
eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to
-- (opposite of patient)
-.
movies. That's what I am going to
do.
- / -E -- Rx---E
-----o.
-- ()
L x-=
.
.
E \ grind n v, %.
Nine month grind - NtC v
flour = flower
pronounce
wheat flour =
vy - F NvA
-.
d) Put him through the grind =
o d- E--F.
e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of
six hour =
vA trainee (P~ -) V - v Lq C.
13) get even = Ba--/ J--.
a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even
with the villain =
Indian movies *-
O Ba--.
------ p p-/ -
v-Jz-.
O expressions NN n,
. OE O conversation practice
. n-- C. N
A l.
hero, villain
India
match
--iC.
Pak,
match
-- j---
II
-- 8 - 2006
E v-h -E--.
(N p--h-o ?)
( M. \--o
L-)
Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from
me. He suddenly rang up yesterday to tell me he was coming. He
didn't make clear why he would
see me.
x L- .
N 'wh' words C
--E )
8)
C 2
9)
10)
( correct p--h
y -- n
. - --C.
N\ wait E O
x M )
Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his meeting, but he would-
-x--- 153
Ex-~u --L- n -
a)
h j -?
-ph-o F--o p? =
Has any one told you when he will be coming?
meeting.
8) I don't know why
d)
(Whether
choice express
sentence
sentences
L :
E
did he go?
(F h -?)
Vikranth: No.
indifferent. you could have fixed a
.)
'wh' clauses
very common.
daily conversation
- x---p
, -J, , -J, , --E sentences - . C
English xp C. -- j x I don't know where he is now
C B = -\--o
M. Where he is --\ o.
( -- . Phone d-.)
Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?
-?)
( Phone * x---o
L--. Cell number
phone . C Public
Phone)
Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it
N p--h F-o
3)
idea
v--i, --. N
-E
-p,
p
h.
a
-E \
Eo-
L.
eg: p--\--o M.
O-- L C. english word
order -J sentence word
order --
opposite C.
C. -d j sentence
begin h? I dont know
I dont know when he will be here. (when will
he be here
* L- .
is.
4)
(C J - p--
o)
5)
have to do now.
(p a-- o)
Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.
(.. ax)
Prasanth: What a relief!
y- -- n .
, ---, n -)
b).... when exactly he wanted to come =
p correct ----o
to go about our work =
E-O
?) .
-J-E -h--C C* N
= who he is going to invite (whom - old fashioned) is his business.
b)
- -J ?
who knows what he has in his mind?
(see =
(s a !)
J * h advanced level of
conversational skills l. -
a)
- -o- -----o pd
-.
Spoken English
C J p
p-----o.
j underline M. SURESAN
clause Fo
( Ex-~u --L- n
. Lo --
time Eg-* a ?)
Phone
whose fault it is =
clauses J*
o . -J h -.
(Sx y-
phone * ho M-.
12) I am not able to say
who knows
question mark.)
(\
c)
question.
-E
-h \- F ? =
Do you know where the book is?
y- AJ--h correct p.
Kailas: p--h correct idea
Vilas: kumar F p- -E time E?
Kailas: phone ----o.
-\--o M.
phone h--o. --
phone - n --.
Vilas: . phone Sx y-p p. p -l-
Eg--?
Kailas: Eg---- -p-h
L---?
Vilas: kumar phone
decide u.
Answer:
Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correctly when you will return.
Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself
have a
correct idea when I will return
Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time
it will take?
Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where
he is. He said he would call me. I don't
see why he hasn't phoned me.
Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you
can come back again. Have you decided when we should return.
Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will
return
Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.
()
-- j---
II
Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy
when I heard that our team had won the
match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I
hear more such news.
(O vq - -p
-)
Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you
should not lose confidence.
Fo
Infinitive
= - )
n-
1) E--u-E (to go = x-E)
(O - o , t- 2) E-- (to go = x)
N-y p---E.)
3) E----E (to go = x--E)
a) I want to go =
x-E C.
p x ~ .
c) He stood up to go -
4)
Pp -- - C.
I am thrilled that I have seen such a beautiful statue =
I am really thrilled to have seen...
examples O practice .
Infinitive x , -
Nj sentences -Eo
practice .
x--E * E--o.
-sx l-l clause ,
Infinitive -- -a.
-x--- 154
1 1 - 2006
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in
English. Use only infinitives.
Komal:
Syamal:
(E-. vq,
O -h-o- - -
C. d- i match L--E
-- C.)
Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear
about the defeat of our college team in
any match.
Varun: You can be sure that we will always do
(--h vo hE
O ta)
Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of
the lecturers talking low of our team.
( lecturers team
J* \- - x--E -f).
Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised
when they hear our team too can win
matches.
Spoken English
Syamal:
Komal:
match
M. SURESAN
match.
6) I warned you that you should not take things
lightly and that you should be aggressive
7) ... We are delighted that we have such
encouragement and advice from you
Komal:
Komal:
n infinitives sentences
.
clauses
j infinitive replace x
\ that clauses. (that begin u
clauses ) OE u infinitive
replace , short -a.
.
1) y exam fail u-E N -- =
I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed
the exam =
simple --
infinitive x.
to hear
ANSWER
y xLq *a-- -f =
I was sorry that I had to leave so early =
I was sorry to leave so early
3)
v v- x --- =
Syamal:
lose confidence.
matches
Komal:
y foreign --o-E NE
C.
y y \---ho-E L --ho.
vo O o-E
Lh t, o E
---. x
d
C.
o x-E-y t
d . F a-p.
t x y
AJT a-h-E h.
x y C --j-C.
o v
p-T-- -
*a-E N--E.
v-Aoh.
----)
Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I
got this opportunity.
Komal:
-- j---
II
Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yesterday
(Eo y--T h C)
Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find
it?
(. F \ E--*C?)
Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in
the shelf.
(shelf
E- h?
O- ?
t- y d
hx C.)
y -J a?
So we know the difference between who and
whom, don't we?
Modern English
who
correct
(\ - -*-. Et-
C Lq *aC.)
Sampurna: Which Nirmala?
Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the
other day, on our way to the shop.
shop
( oV
h-o-p
F J- t.)
The other day = o--V
Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the college beauty?
college beauty
(y
t ?)
? -JE?
-h-o.
n--
.
Study (J-Q-L-) the following:
1. OJ-\ -JE ------o?
p)
p---
O-\ ? =
-x--- 155
(. t
simple, EJy .)
humble= y
Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you
said.
( a--C t-
o y?)
--E 13 - 2006
ju. \
-:
B--.
p
-:
vA-x E d--.
-p
.
-Eg- B---
C o. (\
---
-C.
ui N: --x
--. E
--o.
p - D - x-
--u.
d h-x C.
F J- t
(The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I introduced to you)
4) ... the girl you call college beauty? =
college beauty
the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call
college beauty?)
5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be
very simple and humble =
simple
(she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who
(right) you find simple and humble)
6) She is the one who all like =
y
(
E-Jy E- t
d- t =
She is the one all like (who
\--,
whom
p)
(--o----o? u-
N? y p-- hC?)
Prapurna: My cousin Sravan.
Sampurna: Do I know him?
( ?)
Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer.
Software engineer in the US. He is
the guy we sent pickles to, last
month. Don't you remember?
summer
(.
y--E
. h, --
pickles = -- )
O-\ ?
3. Whom did she consult? =
-JE v-C-*C?
j questions N*v E--
-? Fo questions. -JE --E
English whom . j N
whom questions -/ begin
Jh old fashioned. English J_ x--o--- questions -.
-j questions -T N
NE--hC speakers of modern English .
Spoken English
a)
JE v-C-*C?
? \
--. D
b)
doctor
O E -J }?
O - J * *aC?
vA-x d-
.
-JE Rx --------o?
(-JE o whom )
8) Who do you take me for? =
--oE ---o?
'Jo o-p-)
M. SURESAN
Eg B--- v-C uh
.
(whom
9) He is the one we sent pickles to =
(to whom
-- --.
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in English
Vasanth:
Hemanth:
Vasanth:
Eo y x---o---J?
y o chess P-
---C-p.
p-)
* game -. a-
x-o--oC
.
x --.
y -JE J* x---o?
Hemanth: . game n
)
a.
-- d . game
GE
---.
Vasanth: y a-- x --.
C v-h h---L
.
-a.)
d----x --.
. -JE E
--N .
Hemanth: E _- -l?
p
x. E
- -E
Vasanth: E a- p
.
lawyer. -ho.
Eo y -J x---o?
eg: He bought a car. It is blue.
x l.
car o. C blue
)
The car which he bought is blue.
ANSWER
-JE Rx ---o?
b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's.
Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday?
(F h a. C sister C)
)
Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day
The book which I gave you is my sister's.
y--J h-o?
before.
Modern conversation j sentences
x whom , which Jh C-- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among
)
those I admire.
h-o.
OE
Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to
a) The car which he bought is blue =
---E ,
understand the game he plays. He
car he bought is blue.
---E b) The
plays such a game.
The book I gave you is my sister's
.
-- j---
II
Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight.
So what are we going to do?
(Bus D . Auto E- . l--?)
Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an
auto on the way we'll take it, or else I
don't mind walking the whole distance.
( l. u Auto J-
E l. h --E -u- .)
On the way = J
Chance upon = -- E--
Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising
since when did you start liking walking,
buddy?
-x--- 156
-- 15 - 2006
eg. a) To walk
for health
b) To get up so early is not easy = getting
up so early is not easy =
y Ev-- .
c) I hate to get up late =
-u Ev-- E-d- - =
I hate getting up late.
d) He likes to swim in cold water =
Fo-x -E-d =
He likes swimming in cold water.
-E Infinitive x '-ing'.
j sentences N u
-Eh. sentences a), b) x Infinitive ,
'-ing' form independent sentence subject .
, c), d) x Infinitive , '-ing' form
hate, like verbs y .
a), b) x independent --p
infinitive '-ing' form -E
- p-j a.
E y
u-
p.
F -Eo J{-hC.
- -u---.
Mind y p '-ing' form hC.
- noun hC.
(x. C- enjoy
l. y-od h
-/ Eo a-.)
Appreciate = --/ a--
Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out.
(, -l-. \ _
d .)
Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action.
Start walking
(- time % h-o. u
. v-G)
Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking
shall stand the other a drink, ok?
(C -l-. -
x --L--J drink p-L, ?)
stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink,
dinner, party, etc
p-)
(- l.)
J
verbs
English
lesson
clauses
simple
natural
verbs
conversation, bookish
Spoken English
'If' clause
a -u--- / a N
d--. Expenditure, noun .
'-ing' form : I don't mind spending the
money =
-- -d - =
s a--d -.
Mind \ 'if' clause hC.
l--vA- -J
- ~ .
(c), (d)
sentences
Eo verbs \
bike
y ,
-a
- -.
\ waste
y C
h Eo p, y
hC.
-- J* x-
h.
time waste
'mind'
clause
N-x _ % h.
\ infinitive .
Practise the following aloud in English
Laxman: Hi Arjun,
N-?
J-T--C. F A
h ?
infinitive, '-ing' form
a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) =
Laxman: detective novel. --N Ja -. Eo
F-d ---?
- -.
verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. y- -N -
sions \ Infinitive
time waste --? -
money.
v F, '-ing' form v E
* novels o ?
( Govind p-o d -
-. C verbs \ -.
Laxman: E. F OE ---E \
p- A---o)
1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love
d---. Serious novels -
\ avoid = -JE - / --6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc.
avoid h. concentrate
.
1) He started to sing/ started singing
- .
Why are you avoiding me? =
---d
Arjun:
-- d C. o - o?
v-G. E d-- 2) She began to run = she began running =
\ avoid y Govind C noun .
--C.
-dC
Avoid y '-ing form'/ noun h. infiniLaxman:
D
v-Ao-. E d-----3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing =
tive .
.
u -d
c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the
Arjun:
S} v-Ao.
4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking =
after noon =
d
uo --- p .
ANSWER
N--- 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop y Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new?
6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pronoun/ ing form v h. infinitive .
Arjun:
Just getting on. What's that book in
pose (vA--C-). verbs \ infinia) He stopped singing - -
your hand?
tive, '-ing' form h .
stopped + singing ('-ing' form)
Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= ).
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation between Tarun and Kiran
at the beginning of the lesson.
Eo
.
Infinitive 1) Let's start walking.
C-L-- conversation 2) I don't mind walking...
,
-E. 3) I avoid walking
y '-ing' form 4) Let's stop arguing
Eo Eo
(vC-) 5) Let's enjoy walking
u--J- N-- C.
6) ... I shall appreciate your walking
Eo Eo -sx infinitive '-ing 7) I hate backing out
form (going, coming, walking N)
-. N sentence d --E 8) You waste time talking
-----. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing'
o nx , A, a-- after it.
(to write, to eat, to learn) . n 'start' y infinitive , '-ing' form
'-ing' form a.
a E .
y - --h/ a--.
appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)
Arjun:
u -
stopped + the song (noun)
'stop'
infinitive
Arjun:
Sentence No. 5
'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form
or a noun, but not by the infinitive.
Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing'
form)
a) I enjoy music =
U-Eo
enjoy
h- - -d
enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy
infinitive
Arjun:
-- j---
II
Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear
much better than last week. There is
surely some improvement in your
health.
( o? _
E--h-o. *a F u V-o-dC)
( ? p--o
u ----p -x
h-.)
recollect = h a--.fit = u
( d x. smoking
--E d--d. x
d- i--p- .)
Thanks to my doctor = doctor x.
'x n Thanks to a, *
J-T, J-T. He died, thanks to
the doctor's negligence - E-, doctor -Ex~u x
Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?
(, y smoking -o?)
deny - -/ -
O -E- . j sentences E
verbs Eo \ '-ing' form . C
conversation -- - simple
express --E -----C. O conversation practice .
1) I don't recollect seeing you = Eo
h .(Remember =
h . Recollect/ recall = vAo* h a--.)
a) I remember seeing him somewhere = --E
-\ -x h-hC. ( vo
)
b) Let me recollect where I saw him = \
h a-F ( vo).
c) He recalled later that she owed him money =
- ox h a--o
( vo)
-x--- 157
--, E
d )
(. y p cigarette
d- , y F vLo
---d---o-
p-C-)
Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every
morning I go swimming.
(p
W ho)
practise
ho.
u- -- F,
vN- F ---o.
denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms.
U a--a a--d p.
-d
z - x v
E x E C.
denied + truth - noun.
p.
vA
--o (----o).
O h vA --o.
denied + the reports (noun)
4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing something... =
C h --E ^-o---o?
to go on = ( E) h . go on
y , h n 'ing
form' v hC.
z - v
p.
:
DE y
u--.
hC.
h.
W
hC.
v-Ao-*
c a-----o, --V \--a, E.
Recollect y noun . '-ing'
form v .
I recollected the events of the day = V
-- h a-o. events =
-- - Noun.
2) ... and I gave up smoking = smoking
-o.
give up = -/ --- (-,
--x- E)
give up y '-ing' form F, noun F
. (noun Sx h a-..
j noun.)
a) I gave up smoking = smoking --o.
smoking '-ing' form
b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes
cigarettes - noun.
-o.-
J-a-v u --Eo
C--.
-
- Noun.
---o-- ^.
smoke
-,
--.
U u--hC.
C-h
So,
-?
verbs
v-h
practice
EXERCISE
-E x--?
p N.
M. SURESAN
Sachin: p. _ books
c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to
o. N a-- friendly
him or not = pC - No
L.
N---, x-- .
Mithun: ---E L y
a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form)
h----h ?
b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form)
Sachin: h- B- AJ-T-y- c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form)
. F xo * friend.
d) They went on shouting and throwing stones
Mithun: y x- - hat the police = x -h o, Police
-L-y-\---. (give up )
O x y- o. (Past)
Sachin:
xo B-o h--L-y-
Went on (past of go on) + shouting and
u h-.
throwing ('-ing' forms)
Mithun:
l-J L--.
go on y 'with' noun hC.
lo,
h o.
o-p-
--T-*C.
a) Though defeated, he
goes on arguing
-.
o x E x --
-- ph v-h -E-:
.
p x
,
p. (\
L
n-E \
n 'p E).
I could not help feeling = -- p-.
cannot help \ '-ing' form F,
noun F hC.
a p.
Spoken English
-- 17 - 2006
ANSWER
Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never listen to anyone.
Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my
books. Until I get them back, I have to
be friendly with him.
Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books,
when you know that he is that type?
Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books
he takes, but his brother is a good
friend of mine. (I don't deny that he
does not return the books he takes...)
Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need
not lend him books.
Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying
the return of books.
Mithun: They are very unlike each other.
U a---
a
-- j---
II
Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing
you, though after a long time. How's
everybody?
(- y Eo --o- . --?)
( ~. Eo
C)
(Ny-Eo--V o --/
-/ iCEo V?)
Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy preparing for the civils. I sat the last exam
the day before (yesterday). It's off my
mind now. Oh, what a relief!
(y u . y
-q- --LqC.)
(last year itself = -q-)
-x--- 158
--v 19 - 2006
verbs
sions
\
\
-E-.
O
--,
pleasure
meeting
you, nice meeting
you
--J
M. SURESAN
-E.
Eg
pC n --
d- -C.
difficulty y '-ing' form hC.
p -a--- u .
(\-\-p difficulty + in + ing form
, delay y noun -aE.
hC. F p-C , 'in' C--h-o)
c) The government delayed the project =
9) ... the results are long coming =
vy project u C.
long + coming ('-ing' form) = -u---.
d) They delayed the completion of the bridge =
a) He was long/ He took long buying a house =
Bridge -Jh----Eo x u .
x u .
(c), (d) delayed y, project, comb) I won't be long coming = u
pletion, nouns .
. (long + coming -ing form)
5. It's not easy preparing for the civils =
c) He took long deciding what to do
civils prepare .
Eg------E time B--o.
Preparing- 'ing' form)
C modern English conversation
a) It is easy convincing mother = t acommon.
-p = It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying
er easy y '-ing' form a,
the young man she loved. vN-*----E
infinitive a.
Rx --- u -.
b) It wasn't easy operating the machine =
expressions Eo \ '-ing' form
machine - E--- =
p . practice .
B-- u .
EXERCISE
Pranav: Hi Ramana,
( %h . L-
---- O L-/ p)
Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well.
Civils are always worth trying.
(y -- . civils
p v-Ao---_.)
(worth trying = v-Ao---T)
Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are
quite tough. Even brilliant candidates
have difficulty making it to the top
ranks.
p-x BJ--- C.
(*a-. exams
d . L-N- u-n j
ranks a----E d-
---.)
tough = d
(exams N.)
quite = Jh/ .
brilliant = L-j. ( n =
v----i)
( *E P-- p-.
\-\-p results --E time
-C)
J J J J
Spoken English
x-t Rx---- x
o.
x -
BJ--- o/ x - J--C.
busy with y noun hC.
p-x
K-~- BJ--
- C.
a- u .
--o p -.
\ cheating , to cheat a.
6. There's no knowing what happens.
-- -J L-/ L O-.
There is no knowingEnglish conversation
frequent
There is no knowing = No
one knows/ No one can know.
a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no
knowing when =
C
--.
C --C,
. E p-C p-.
C --C -J L-.
(L-)
v-Ao---_.
--T/ N/ N .
y
F,
F
hC.
a) The movie is worth watching =
E --_ (watching - ing form)
b) It is not worth spending so much time =
time
c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh
second hand car
(Rs 1 lakh = Noun)
d) The book is worth its weight in gold =
*a- N C.
~ - N
h E - N---C.
(worth its weight - noun)
8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top
rank
L-j u-n o
-E d- --.
p h BJ
Ramana: ? W
A-- h. }-\--Lq
p-x time --C.
Pranav: -----E time p
--?
Ramana: u. -----E \
EN time - d C.
Pranav: Ld guests --h?.
Ramana: C -J L- x-p--h?
Pranav: Exams h-o . prepare
?
Ramana: h room B-.
p -a.
Pranav: * idea. C --_.
Ramana: o J-* AJT E
h. o u -
AJ--h- P-ho.
ANSWER
Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing
something or the other.
Ramana: What can I do? We have some
guests or the other everyday. I spend
the whole time attending on them. I
am busy arranging for their stay.
Pranav: When do you find the time for study?
Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty
finding a minute's time for study.
Pranav: When do today's guests go away?
Ramana: There's no knowing when they go
away.
Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not
easy preparing for them.
Ramana: I want to take room some distance
from home. I'll then be free from the
disturbance.
Pranav: A good idea. worth trying.
Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes
back. Hope he won't be/ take long
coming.
-----E d- -C.
-- j---
II
Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any
chance?
(y-o
Pradhan
?
By any chance = i-/- -o
-n-* n.
Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some
where an hour ago. I could have
stopped him, but I didn't like to.
(---. car
\- x . E
-a -F d --C.)
(driving = car x)
car x .
2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this
time every day=
vA W time x
x h.
D. p v
E-h-o.
y--E d- -E-.
Look at the verbs in the sentences
above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find
5. observed 6. have noticed.
-E-: j verbs Fo /
E-, N, -E-, J-Q-L n o .
-x--- 159
(D A. - u
active -E-ho.)
Fo x, cvC-
-C-*-N.
O y p '-ing' form F, 1st
Regular doing word (go, come, etc) F,
that clause F hC. E--h-/
h- , -E-, J-Q-L-
J-T-, -/ - N
J-T-- n hC.
( see, hear, find, observe, notice- O-EoE verbs of sense perception .)
( cvC sense organs- eyes,
nose, ear, tongue, skin O
C-*-N.)
x y
_ -E-. ---o, ' _--?
E. Yoga classes . F
-E-*-- -.
y-od _ u F,
--o _--?)
Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might
not have slimmed down, but he hasn't certainly put on weight. Be fair to
him.
( . d.)
Nothing of the sort =
'-ing' forms -Lq u-i -s x,
J-Eo verbs o. verbs \
p '-ing' forms F, 1st RDW (go,
come, walk, etc) F h.
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation between Chandan and
Nandan:
Spoken English
4) find:
a) The teacher found him working hard =
d- E-- (-)
.
teacher
p Ev--- h.
c) The engineer has found the machine going
out of order often=
machine - engineer
.
find \ 1st RDW . That clause
a.
5) observe:
a) The invigilator has
observed the student
taking/ take a slip out
of his pocket=
-* slip
- B invigilator -E- .
M. SURESAN
F--p - d --
h. d fashion
p .
Charitha: . d
-- x
-E-.
Namratha: OK,
N -.
y--o v No?
Charitha: -----o?
( -?)
put on weight= / ----\
( nephew _ -E-)
(y pC E. vA-W
time --- --E
p No.)
active
( . vA-W time
car j h E--h
/ car x h .)
car
(? Fo-V -----o.)
--C 21 - 2006
--p TV / h- h-o/
--p TV h E--- .
b) 11 - - /
police -x / 11
- - h E-- police =
The police saw him coming out/ come out at
11 a number of times. A number of times the
police saw that he was coming out at 11.
c)
-- No.
b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about
something-
x E N- x--- No.
c) She heard him say / saying that he was
going to buy a house =
x ---o-E
h- / h- NoC.
(Invigilator= K~
rooms --N
-- teachers)
Observe y 'that' clause hC=
Namratha:
-C. E-
cinema music director
-E-. E-x
- a.
The invigilator observed that the student
Charitha:
.
quite often:
classes _-d -E-. Namratha: E-- y-
N.
c) She observed him looking/look at her =
Charitha:
Y U CD N
-j -E-*C.
-E-. (watch )
6) notice: -E--/- %-d
Namratha:
%d -L --E Pl.
a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out
together=
x L - x - - C.
b) I often notice her talking / talk to him=
- x-
-E-h./ -E x-
C.
c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one
house in the old town at midnight=
_ F--d -E-*C.
b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for
an hour=
ANSWER
Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the
same style of dress/ dress of the
same cut always. No change in the
fashion of her clothes.
Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dresses of different style once or twice.
Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not
talk of her now. Have you ever
heard Sunitha sing/ singing?
Charitha: Why do you ask?
Namratha: She sings very well. A film music
director observed her sing/ singing.
Very soon she may get an opportunity to sing for movies.
Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming
(E-
but I
didn't think that she was a good
singer.
-/ -- -)
- u x A--.
c) The thief watched the inmates of the house
going out/ go out, waited for some time,
broke the lock and entered the house =
x-x (inmates) - x
-E-. -T l--d E
v-P-.
-- j---
II
Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike.
How much is it?
bike
congrats.
Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How
do you find it?
(Road
(h
o-
-C?)
( o -hC. F
-
G---. C v---,
C. -E-B -- --E-h--C?)
Sleek = -, polish -x =
sleek. u vehicles . A sleek
bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vd E-E-- - Ny C sleek
hair. English -- 'she' . 'I
-- o.
E C ?
(* ---o.
hC. E-- x
C. -?)
-x--- 160
-- 24 - 2006
(o
C. p--ho
y V- x
h
E E-vA- d- E G-v)
(-.
-- -. F
C-L---)
Nothing of the sort = -/ - .
get rid of = -L--- --x h
English J G-v L l-A
Eo \. --, p-,
y-----o? G-v-
-- o. N
p l.
\---x -------o.
iii) Find out where she was hidden the money
( s \ * \)
Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with
vh. N deal F d
E---a). D find , find out .
Let's come back to 'find'.
2) I find it quite sleek =
polished E--hC/
E--hC .
a) - movie - %h -- = I don't find
it satisfactory (%h E-.)
b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find
it acceptable=
E E-B E--hC?
find = feel about = E--/ E--.
j pd-i N L-------p,
--l d-x E p - x
d --, --L--x p- d--- j expressions .
1) How do you find it? C E J-j J Gv ---- ---i vo.
(p-.
E -What do you think of/ about it? / what's your
C. u *a J* opinion? How do you find it?
L-. F y---, _
\- NE--hC.
_ .50,000 h\ --o.)
Can't say - D p---p/ Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday.
How did you find it? =
G-v -p .
Eo y movie E--*C F?
I have a feeling = I feel = -E--hC,
(- simple, how was the movie yesrather on the high side = h \. On the
high side = \. rather = -d
EN
terday? a, F How did you find?
h \, --E . The movie is
- --.)
rather dull = E h N. She is
Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting.
rather short = h d. rather costly
( -od, q---- E--*C.
= h K.
( -)
*--F --d- i F, y,
Mom to saw it. She finds it good too.
C --E, fairly .
( t C.
The movie is fairly good. E y.
---C)
C. The movie is rather dull. She is
\ 'find' -\- n-E
fairly tall. (y-. ). She is rather
E--hC?/ C?)
Spoken English
J -- -E C.
jFo --E--*-N, --p- G-v-
J* ---E, p--E .
( *a ---o-E p, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain
E )
\-J G-v-Eo *a- uh--; - x a, N-Eo
J* Jh -- ----x
a. --p, I can't say .
5) I can't say.
Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do
you) think he is good?
(Lx- J* ----o?
*--?)
Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two
days
( E ----?)
Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this
type of job before.
(p d / p. E ---p ---.)
So, can't say, difficult to say-
pd-i G-v -o-.
Now practise the following aloud in English
Mahesh: Hi Ganesh,
Ganesh:
Mahesh:
(feel/ find
j * p AJ--a?
Eo.
I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find
\ - o?
(that) it is OK.
.)
4) What do you say? = y--?/ O-- Ganesh: j-- y-o E-? C J G-v-Eo -----E
*C. , j-- --\ y-----i vo.
- d. v} x EWhat do you say / does your father say?
-hC.
C \- N ?
Mahesh: \ Nu--- \-- -?
What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: p-, F N J-Q-L-do the students find the new teacher?
. \ -E.
= h teacher J* students G-v Mahesh: --*aC F Gv?
N? ----o?
Ganesh: o Vx \ T-L x-
(6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that:
business p x--. Education
6) I have a feeling = -E--hC.
vu y--d-E--*C.
(----E--hC. l---a = -)
d J ---E --
C/ E--*C.
y d--E -----o?
N What's you feeling? question
I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it=
answers -.
E- -- o. E--8) My impression is that... o/ -p-
/ --.
G-v... E n.
(y
-. G-v- b) Find out= -\-/ ---.
i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrange - --Lx-N. y
ments. What do you feel?
-h- F L-L.)
about the thief=
(p-xFo -) -E--hC?
Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For
J* police u N- Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have
one like mine?
--o/ ---o.
taken too much trouble.
(h bike B--- -?)
Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is outdated. You change bikes often. You
must know.
correct
bikes
(p-/ p?
V-- ).
( C. F y K \ trouble
B--o--E--hC/ -p- G-v
y K \ trouble B--o---E.
Answer
Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from
Mumbai?
Ganesh: The day before (yesterday).
Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/
heat there?
Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad.
My feeling is that though Hyderabad
is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel
the nights are cool.
Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities better there than here?
Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't
pay attention to it I have a feel that
they are better here.
Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so?
Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay
talked only of business. My impression was that they didn't give importance to studies.
-- j---
II
Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't
you?
F Sekhar h-o ?
(sentence *x don't you? C
question tag. ? -
columns OE
J* --o. ? ?
? ? n- hC.)
Meena:
h ----? (= ofcourse).
police officer ? q accident --p
.
Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a
good friend of his. He has phoned
me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I
went and invited him.
cousin Govind
friend. Sekhar
Phone
- *
\ a-E
. - Rx dinner
L-.
Meena:
V -x
a. vLo -.
- ---u-
L-.
Meena:
ou/ t p
* N---x -. E
- fl. - vT
fl. Eo .
Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He
saved our lives. Let's do our best to
satisfy him.
- A--u-E-j |.
v -. Eo %h----E Eo v-o l.
Meena:
E O .
J
Spoken English
--v 26 - 2006
Clause
with a verb.
hC ? A group of words
sentences *o *oN
N N sentence h
lC conversation effective - *C.
: He is the same teacher. He taught
sentences - *o-N, -
o. F -- He, repeat
s-d . n ax C sentence .
He is the same teacher who taught us this lesson interestingly.
( interesting pC teacher).
j sentence ? ---o
sentences , 'who' L-.
p sentence uC. so,
advanced level conversation , who,
which, that, whose , p--p 'whom'
--a.
l?
Eo *a
brother
p x.
C h. C -- Eo a C
s-d C? u-
- 'which' -. (a) , (b) x
- d who . h h
? -E which L.
sentence groups
-:
day=
Eo ----*a h C.
d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me.
-x--- 161
Conversation
1st group
* B
l.
just left.
\ \-C. C o E
v-Ao-*C.
\ 'which' join .
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately.
L-,
This is
. the book which I
Now look at the following sentences from
the dialogue above.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
when we had an accident last year.
2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here.
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately because of Mr. Sekhar.
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
saved our lives that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes from his garden. We will serve them to
Mr. Sekhar.
Let's try to reduce the length of the each
group of sentences above. We can do so by
joining them with who, whose, which and
that.
But before that
O n, - l:
h o-
n j-. F - . : h --
o- --E --.
DEo sentences -- n
--a: The man wrote the book. He is
my friend - C ? The
man who wrote the book is my friend, C
?
The man wrote the book. He is my friend
C N- E-hC N-.
-E The man who wrote the book is my
friend - C NE-hC.
b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just
left.
brother Eo a. p x
2 sentences , .
J. E LxM. SURESAN
-v-L-\--o.
-. This is Hari whose parents are
here. \ Lx--v--o- J.
\-\-p who/ which that
.
Now practise the following aloud in English
--E-/- --
( *aC)
x J -- x
--C.
b) They will have come back by this time
tomorrow =
time
-- x AJ--a
. (
AJ-T-- --C)
y to infinitive/Plain infinitive
j correct.
-- j---
II
Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called?
Nikhil
Phone
Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike
last week, you know. Nikhil wants him.
bike
mechanic repair
Nikhil
. --
.
-.
o J?
-. F au N
Eo o repair . Sx
p E trouble. E-B o
mechanics . E L-
mechanics .
Obviously - evidently = clearly = -h/
E-h/ h n u C.
Few = /
A few - Cl-/ o.
C . Few Mechanics are honest,
fewer (mechanics) still know their job..
-x--- 162
--C 28 - 2006
E *
vx P~ ox.
-C
-
h -%h --.
. p*
y-.
L
a
ho
L.
C \
h
K *o *o
h C. p
advanced level of conversation
o E h-.
Eo o repair ---o.
p-C trouble hC. \ sentences E -L? h d
'which'. .
The bike (it) which he got repaired the day
before has trouble now.
repair
trouble
C.
--o
bike
F
-u?
\
x
_.
-x l
(
.
E
BE CE
n)
-
-o.
x. -
G-v ----
-E B--x.
y ---o?
Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and
told him of it. He is sending his boy. He
will fetch the bike to the shop. The
mechanic will attend to it.
mechanic Phone
p. x
v-E . B--h
mechanic Eo repair h.
h.
x - o --
*.
Sound = good; Sound Health sound knowledge knowledge
sound sleep sound financial position -
* u
*
* Ev
* Jn J-nA.
Spoken English
O--Eo-F
L *o
l.
C - conversation -Lq/
NE- expression E" L-*C? n E"
L-*C? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called?
- not . \ who/ that -
j a. v-E h-
N- who , that v hC.
Which hC.
shop, centre _. C
C _. fast food joint - C correct
English,
English E
--o .
p -, j -F. which ,
h d.
His shop is next to the fast food joint which
is close to his rooms.
(F -- h C ?) \
who, which etc join -Lq ---.
2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants
him
bike
L.
repair
mechanic Nikhil
h. -
* c C.
sentences N-
-a 'who', 'whose' .
a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has
a sound knowledge of...
Mechanic
c C.
Mechanism
* knowledge o
h.
shop.
5) He is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opinion.
customer x. customer
bike -o. - -E G-v
L.
Combine the above. Use 'who' - -
d.
He is out with another customer who is buying a bike and wanted his opinion.
GBike o customer
v --- (-E) -
x.
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in English.
who, which, whose, that
Preethi: Hi Prema,
Prema:
practice
doctor
(C x
)
O t- o?
o. \
_- B--x.
*a E--.
h - o.
Preethi: -p ju d .
prescribe
E--h. uC Eg (diagnosis)
p-E doctors --
(whose )
Prema: to Eo treat E
doctor --\. area N
Doctors t-E -x.
Preethi: u x vl - L
O.
Prema: .
C friends o. x
bikes repair . x - o.
'Whose' -. n, J bikes
repair ... o-x hC.
- .
I have a number of friends whose bikes he
has repaired, and they are all happy.
9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months
ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.
- \
?
which
--a-
repair
p* trouble y-.
Ever since = p*
N x practice --.
cousin
bike
ANSWER
Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother?
Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who
practises by the temple. The medicines which he gave had a good
effect. He is better now.
Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us.
The medicines which he prescribes
work. He is one of those whose diagnosis does not go wrong.
Prema: He was the only one who did not
treat my brother till yesterday in this
area. The others in the area have all
treated my brother.
Preethi: You must take still greater care of
him.
Prema: That's our worry.
-- j---
II
Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks
rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your
haircut.
(y
J* x-- E-. o?
h. hj
p
N ---C.)
(--. y
_---x--Lq--C --E -----o.)
(.
.
%-h C. O-
-- 30 - 2006
hC.)
deal with/deals with (Present)
dealt with (Past tense & past participle)
Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I
find them interesting. Shall I take
them? I promise to return them promptly within ten days.
(\ h- h L-T-N o. E B-?10
Vx p AJT ahE -ho.)
Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?
E-o --o?( B E.
- F F, E-o x. ---- , E)
O conversation practice .
Neeraj: Thank you.
lesson
what, whom, whose
a-o who,
, N--E h s-dE- d d Sentences
Sentence -- a-o. J-Eo
N- p...
E-.
h.)
(
_-J y x--LqC.
vA \ Eo d---.)
(O s --
o.
--E
--
(vAx -JE d
_-J
y-x-LqC. - DE
vA-x d- barber _-J... E
. p -JE --E whom
who -.)
-s x
C- -j--C.
which
M. SURESAN
-E-).
*J
d.
--
o
p- Sx .
1) t--i uh- h-o =
( -J-j t-- uh-
h-o.) =
)
=
t).
-x--- 163
-L--. - xL _-J?)
Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me.
There are more interesting things to
talk about, aren't there? You bought
some books yester day.You didn't show
them to me at all.
( p-l. - -h---i
N---o ? Eo y o
h - )
Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each at the book
fare. They are interesting books.
( h--LN. v-B-C 30 * 40
T_ o)
Neeraj: What are they about?
(
Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is
different. It deals with the future of
Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a
great historian. Great Scholars respect
him
fictions Fiction Kashmir
deal with =
subject/
etc.
Eg: Zoology deals with animals =
N E J*?)
(Fo h-.
.
Lp.
(Lp-*-N d)
C v . C
Nuh Ja-hC.
-u/ h/
Ja-.)
u--
(Y -- J* Ja-hC/ u-
Spoken English
( barber %-h
C.)
4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I
go to him at all?
hair dresser
(F
(C )
L-. ---xL -E--_?)
(Eo y Eo h- o. E
--.)
6) These are the books. I bought them at discount of 30% to 40% each.
(O h-. OE \-Eo 30
* 40 Discount o)
7) This book is different. It deals with the
future of Kashmir.
Kashmir
(- h -v-u-i--C. C
-N-x--*-C.)
N-
(- p Jv. ----E
-N-h.)
9) There are two or three books here. I find
them interesting.
with.
it
(with
4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go
to him at all.
Why should I go to your hair stylist who
(whom
I don't know at all?
Why should I go to a hair stylwho
ist I don't know at all-
y Sx ).
-:
)
(C a.
C--
-E-).
5) You bought some books. You didn't show
them to me =
You bought some books which you didn't
3)
---o - \--o.
F Eo *a pen \?=
Where is the pen which I gave you yesterday? =
Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?
4) -o h =
d v-h
--
h
C.
-a.
,
EXERCISE
Answer:
Saran:
Eo F o -?
Varun: friend Tarun. Majority students
support student leader .
Saran: vA- u C \ - photo . -E
.
Varun: u interesting ,
- -Ah--N .
Saran: C -E- . Lecturers
d- student -.
Varun: -? * book reader.
C books serious books.
h --E *a.
Saran: students -
h
?
).
(vA-x u)
-- -Ah)
-- j---
II
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes
from is closed. What shall we do now.
( - cakes
C. l?)
bakery
friends
( x o cakes l---Lq)
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends
we are going to have for the party?
to
time 5.30
( NT-L
time
\)
L-*
guests
phone
(y d- --l-t-)
, j sentences Eo
/ clause (English *J clause) n
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end
h:
of the street is open.
1) cakes bakery = ( bakery
(OC * o bakery J*
cakes C n) =
l)
The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is
from which we buy cakes E clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are
F modern English spoken form
left with is rather short. Let's hurry.
.) x from which
( friends to time 5.30
expressions -.)
p- 4.30 --C. 2) x o cakes =
NT-L time \ . y )
With the cakes we have at home
(F party a
J--?)
friends
-J N
Rajita:
( L-* x l ---E
Phone .)
Who are they? (x-)
(y d- l--t- u,
u. -J- y, --J- J d )
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(C E--. --
L?)
cake
/ NE--)
3) ... The friends we are going to have =
friends
(modern for
'the friends who/ that (whom =
we
are going to have Spoken English
who/ that drop
whom
-o
J-.
NE-- )
(\ x
J_ )
-x--- 164
friends
time =
The time I told our friends to come at (the time
at which I told them to come - at which
expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at
to
d .
.)
5) Two of the guests we have invited have
called =
guests
phone
(Two of the guests who/ that (whom
we invited have called - who/ that
old
fashioned -
L-*
.
)
\
(\ -Rd Lq. p)
Eo lessons who (whom -)
p )
which short sentence - practice
7) ... y d- l--t-
ho .
= The two girls you like so much (The two
N. -sx who (whom
girls who/ that (whom ) you like so
) & which sentences join --p
much- old fashioned. Who/ that drop
who (whom) and which E C- join
-h-o.)
-uaE hC ? C - j -E-* N
-E j conversation sentences short sentences - Ja xp
modern spoken form whom n .
study .
C p -Lq-h who/ that .
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police -E-C -E=
( cakes bakery C)
He is the man who/ that the police suspect.
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we
better.
have at home.
( x o
l---Lq)
party -o
J--?
friends
-J N
p u
.
Spoken English
c)
Channel
programme
C=
This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which
y -E).
v-
car
)
K-jC=
M. SURESAN
(C h--- y-E-
u d C. F
4)
40, L)
(... tu. bakery J C.)
Thank god = A- = - u--
-J
1 -W- 2006
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Praneeth:
Eo Ao fish * .
Vineeth: \ Ao.
Praneeth: y - x, y p
x restaurant .
Vineeth: \ complain --E
Ep--?
Praneeth: - . Eo
Eo B xLqC.
y ------N x f
p.
Vineeth: V B\x. l.
Praneeth: _-o s .
J s- y V
-----o.
Vineeth: y- complain C.
Praneeth: restaurant
x -h.
-d ~ l-Eo vA--C-.
- u- subject, object,
verb ---. (, Tx-x)
J* J - C-.
--, ---
---:
verb - are
sentence
object
object
.
- 'are',
-- j---
II
Pranai: Are you going to meet Sekhar today?
\
(y V - -----o?)
clauses:
1) If he comes here=
( x , ---)
Pranai: He is in town, ofcourse. He has been
here since yesterday.
N x-- Ja-h.
(Main clause)
( y h, --E --)
E clauses.
1) If he walks fast y h
( x o. Eo * \ o)
Vinai: If I had known it, I would have met him
yesterday itself.
('If' clause)
(C L- Eo -----E)
(y x---, - y -------o-E .)
Vinai: If you do that, I will be happy.
(yC h --h)
Pranai: I'll ofcourse. But if I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
(-E h. F F n
--E -----E v-Ao-.)
Vinai: Why wouldn't you? (?)
Pranai: You are very hopeful of his help, but
I am afraid he is not the helping type.
( y
o, F )
Vinai: If I had his power, I would help everyone that came to me.
7) If I could, I would.
(--L-T, h =
-, )
probable
. C
lessons
--o.
situation,
present
M. SURESAN
If I could, I would
( p CM , () Eo Finance
Minister h. ( - )
b) If he were here, I would consult him.
-\ p ,
( - )
consult
h.
Look at sentence No 5:
If I had his power, I would help every one
( h - p ; ,
-J h. If clause verb - had - past
tense, main clause verb - would help.)
eg: If he consulted me, I could advise him
-x--- 165
Pranai: If I didn't know him so well, I wouldn't
tell you all this.
( J* L---,
F- p)
Vinai: Thank you. Then I won't go to him. But
unfortunately he is the only man who
can help me.
( o---o. F --. y - Eo -
_- B--x--. -?)
Vinai: If I could, I would, but the matter is
urgent. If you take me to him today,
I shall be grateful.
( J-n /- ---L-T -. F
urgent. Oy-V o- _-
BR, F %-Vc- .)
verb combination.
b)
n: CN , (--), pass
u- (pass -)
situation, -EC (past) J-TC. J-T-C. C , J , ---E.
n: -E-\- *a , F N
p--E ( , p-)
C past. a--EC.
situations, --
Imaginary past .
(probable present, imaginary past)
situations L sentences --
lessons N- N-J .
( h. boss leave h,
Eo B---.)
- Conditional Clauses
Ja, hC . j - L
clause conditional clause .
conditional clauses
. examples.
Spoken English
( - _- x. -%-d- -h
--- -\.)
Pranai: I know another friend of mine who can
help you. If only today were a holiday, I
would take you to him. Can't you wait
till tomorrow.
sentences
(-
y-, -E -- vo )
past)
3) If you want to go, I will tell him you want to
see him.
(y x---, N - h
Probable present)
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
h , --J h.
6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you
to him.
(y -, Eo-
_ B--x--)
7) If I could, I would- --L-T, h.
j sentences vh -E
- --. -E sentences
E situation , improbable present (-E
vh) . C . E y English conversation .
F English frequent -.
-E Spoken English C - u.
Sx h--. sentences N-
p (present ) --EN.
Sentence 4: If I were you = y-
(p) y- --- y J-n-A, I wouldn't try to meet him =
-E -- vo .
1) C present situation --p- 'If' clause
were -E-.
2) 'I' singular --p-, plural verb were
-E-. (N -sx I was )
vh -E EE p-p p, 'If'
clause, were F, past doing word (came,
went, sang, tried verbs) h.
eg: a) If I were CM = E-p CM ,
(E-p CM u -- )
b) If she were here. ( p--\ / O-x)
c) If I bought a car = (E-p car
J-nA .)
Sx h--. situations
N vh (present) , If clause
, past doing / subject, singular
, were .
~ t p--\ E
v-Ch.
Ram: . N - Lh
h--\-.
Raghu: - F cell phone u.
Ram: cell , F _--- ?
Raghu: F cell iC?
Ram: C C.
Raghu: C cell y -d--.
y v-h , cells ?
Ram: v-Ao-h.
Answer
Raghu: If Laxman were here, we would consult
him.
Ram:
I will try.
-- j---
II
Ramesh: Look at the car parked there. How
nice the car is, but how poorly kept!
car
car,
(\-- . *
E -u ---o!
poorly kept = badly maintained =
J ----)
Naresh: That's right. It's a very expensive car.
The owner doesn't seen to care a bit
about its upkeep.
car.
owner
car
(. K--
E
J* d---ox )
( -E-j, Eo v
-. t
EO E-- O) (speck of
dust = t-)
( L- s,
)
(s
?)
(
O-h-o?
-)
N .
(
---E No.
F . V t
j--- B--h-o)
-- 5 -W- 2006
\ u -E--Lq N- :
1. Subject singular , verb, were
2. Sentence x-C p N- - i,
verb, 'if' clause past doing word.
points, p h---L. -, main clause would, should,
could, might.
N: vh -E N-- C
hC. (- . -E
Eo v-h)
p O o \ -E-o
J-T, ---? (
---) (saw.. would)
a) If you ate that kind of food, you would ask for
e) Ny-p u--vA , d--
it again and again = y- p
h? = If you were the CM, what would
A J-T (A - ), Sx
you do first?
Sx --. (y A- - f) Thank God he isn't here. If he were here, he
Sx Sx --- -)
would know our secret = -\ --
sentence 'if clause' verb 'ate' past
*--C, u tense --p- p N-o hC.
hC. (were.. would know)
b) If I were a mouse, the cat would eat me. =
If I were you - y- C com -j p (- ?) Lx mon expreso AC. (Note the use of were with the sion - O -
singular subject 'I')
conversation c) If he were here, I could consult him.-E-p
E .
\ , -Eo v-C---/ a. O, improbable pres(-E-\ p )
ent express senNow look at the following sentences from
tences. N-- i)
the dialogue between Ramesh, Naresh and
Jagdeesh:
M. SURESAN
O p
, L- s a--. ( - ).
situation p past.
verb combination . Main
clause - would have been/ should have
been/ could have been/ might have been
OR
would have + pp (past participle)/ should
have + pp/ could have + pp/ might have + pp
EEo-\ o-x-,
x-- ( -)
( x-- E--
-x--- 166
--)
Ramesh: If he had told me earlier, I would have
postponed mother's journey.
(
p t vEo -o.) What are you
going to do Naresh? (y --o, )
(E-p E
j, Eo -
v y E-O t
. F E owner .)
( p-. E-
, C- h)
( j -h
----. p j
l.)
_ p L- s (E
_--), .
s (p
?
4) If I didn't attend, he would be unhappy =
x-- (h) E---h.
(-E- C future - , if clause
) --
o v- Lxh (- ?)
lesson Improbable present
- -o --.
vh -E N-- p clauses
If
everyone
paid taxes properly, India could
verbs . Improbable
be
rich
(paid..
could be)
present situation L sentences If clause,
d) What would your father think, if he saw you
main clause verb combinations N last
here? =
lesson . S} -J h -.
(. l
. p ---J vA
u u E T---a.)
Spoken English
sentences
ent situations -
OE J* -- N- --o
. -\-J l.
Probable present: vh J - o
-s- -C.
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) If I have my interview on saturday, I will
come.
interview
party
(
- E-
h.)
C J - C. Interview E-
-a, p sunday party a.
situations.
C-N
- (J - C) d
- J-T,
p - d)
p
-. (
() C-,
.( --) d
u--
: Hi Suma, Eo E--x. y x
2) If we present him something, he will be
Eo Bxo.
happy --j h --h.
-: Eo t shopping x. x-C u a.
, O *a Eo B--x-Eo.
2 sentences talk of a situation probable
-J x?
(--a) in the present or in the near
o. y h E-
future.
Sx h.
a) If he knows this, he will feel happy = C
.
b) If you walk a little faster, you can catch the
train = h y h train ---. : N- phone -u.
-: Phone - --E. cell
(probable = --a)
C. land phone out of order.
In the sentences above, Main clause verb : Eo ---.
will/ shall/ can/ may. If clause verb - am/ is/
are/ RDWs (go, goes, etc) and other present
forms.
a) If he talks to us, we shall be happy
b) If she comes here, I can help her
c) If they write to him, they may get some information =
-E h (h) x--j a.
Fo probable present.
II. p Imaginary past L sentences
from the dialogue .
1) If he had told me earlier, I would have postponed my journey =
p
v ----. ( - past )
ANSWER
Rama: I went to a movie yesterday. If you had
been at home I would have taken you.
Suma: I went shopping with mom. If I had not
gone, I would have come to your place
and taken you to the movie. Who did
you go with?
Rama: With my brother. If you are coming, I will
see it again this saturday.
Suma: I have exams. If I had no exams, I would
be ready to come.
Rama: Phone me and let me know.
Suma: If I were on Phone, I would call you. I've
lost my cell. Our land phone is out of
order
Rama: I will meet you then.
[-
II
Pratap: The top hero on the telugu screen
and our favourite is in town for the
celebration to honour him and we
have this rotten class to attend. I
wish I were at the theatre.
( \--q- _---E
h---[, G----[
x o[. p[
E L x xL.
C-- --E--hC.)
Rotten = J-T--
Eo p[ AdE --T-h.
Sundeep: I wish too, we didn't have this
class now. I'd rather we were in
his presence than in this boring
class.
] 7 W 2006
p[ ---o-
were/ Past Doing Words
vh -E (-) N
L--h.
conversation correct [-E C
u. e.g.-
'If clauses'
\[ (-E-\[ p[ [) C
-E-y[ (-E-\[ p[ [ d C
--C). - 'If Clause' he- singular,
verb- were- plural.
2) If I were the Chief Minister, I would appoint
you the finance minister.
V j C!
( x p[ -
]E--hC. N d
x o ]_
-?)
Pratap: This is the second time for us to
miss the chance of meeting him.
When he came here last october for
the silver jubilee of his movie we had
exams. How I wish we hadn't had
those exams. We could have seen
him at least then.
[ p[ \ h ([ p[
\[ [), xt --hC.
([[ xt - ]).
4) If she were here I could tell her of this.
\[ ( p[ \[ ]), F
N p [a ( ],
p-).
(Eo - p-[
C -J. d--
#v --q J-T--p[ K. K- - -C. p[
- [---.)
(Fo -@ -#-L.)
Pratap: OK. OK. Now let's hope that our hero
will be here in the evening. I only
wish his programme were delayed.
We could then see him towards the
end of his celebrations.
( v -[E
Pl. u-v u
[. #x Eo
- C.)
Sundeep: Let's hope so. I wish I were rather
at the function than here. But
there is no helping being in the
class.
-a.
I wish I were at home now!
Oh, I were at home now!
p[ C-- C
(x ).
2) I wish we didn't have (past tense) the class
now.
x p[ -
-C ( C- x-x)
3) I wish we hadn't had
the exams.
p[ (in the
past)
K-
-C C M. SURESAN
p[ ]. - N ]-E had + past participle.
x 167
[ p---p[, -d-
( , ]N-). p---p[ [ -d
[ -.
\[ wishes y he were.
(c), (d) x were [[ BE J L--x C .
( @ x! K-,
N-x Ox J . \ x _-d--E
]. \[ -
-! o J# -
\[ -E ].)
(V j --C. @ - K \. a-x
-] [-. \ x
]-.)
p---p[ ( ) -J-
-C. (p---p[ J [[ - )
\[ wish y 'I were'.
-J- -E J. (C J
C --a) \[ wishes y 'to be'.
today.
x V j -C --o.
C p ].
Spoken English
( ] GLf! ]?)
Janakiram: The forest officer.
(-O- C-J)
Jayaram: How I wish I were a forest officer!
( -O- C-J
p[
A n p[
- -O- C-J [ !)
D Singulars 'were' ]s.
]-s- Past Doing Word
[.
a) I wish to travel in such a car.
v -E J.
\[ wish y to travel.
b) I wish (that) I travelled is such a car.
- travelled (Past Doing Word)
x (p---p[)
-C E ---o[.
d) They wish (that) that they had a holiday
u x ...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
V -C!
5) I only wish his programme were delayed.
u-v ui -C (x
y xa).
6) I wish I were rather at the function than
here.
\[ o {- [[ d .
Very important:
BE J- L----E
:
a) I/we/you/they wish I/we/you/they were...
OR I/we/you/they + Past Doing Word (went,
came, etc).
b) He/She wishes he/she were... OR He/she
+ Past Doing Word.
(\[ Eo x wish ] 'oh'... E v-
G--a.)
Practise the following aloud in English
Prema: V v ? -
C ---! ...!
-C o .
C a-].
Prema: v Fo t d hC.
h yv h C.
Hema: yC p-- -C.
Prema: t-C ni -C. o
d -Eh \ [s [E .
Hema:
Answer:
Prema: Have you seen Suma's dress today?
How nice it is/ I wish/ How I wish/
Oh, I had a dress like that!
Hema: I saw the same kind of dress in some
shop. I didn't like it much.
Prema: The trouble is mom selects all my
dresses. How I wish/ I wish/ Oh, she
gave me the freedom to select my
dresses.
Hema: I wish you didn't agree to it.
Prema: I wish my mother understood it. Her
fear is that if I selected my dresses I
would spend more money.
-- j---
II
it.
(? --y-C - C)
Sharmila: Why? (?)
Urmila:
I have bought it too and I find it utterly useless. It is very badly written.
( h-Eo o. . --.)
utterly = totally, Jh
Sharmila: Oh, I wish you had told me earlier of
it. I wouldn't have bought it.
(y p C / p-.
h-Eo Eo .)
Urmila:
--o (
lessons ).
(Ep \ ----E-hC/ --
-C)
p--\ o
2) He wishes he were consulted =
( p x v-Ch --E
---o / v-Ch --E --o.)
p x v-C-
3) She wishes she bought such a necklace=
( p necklace -\ ----C)
p -\-- -
C -E-.
hC. -j E- B-E-
--E --o).
o-p B.
- present
b) had been / had + past participle - past
Now look at the use of had been, and had +
Sentence (a)
Sentence (b)
1) He is buying
He has bought
(opast)
(-o)
2) He took
He had taken
had+past
participle
p B
o-p
(PP) - past (
necklace
C)
(
)
B
- (past))
When I showed it to our lecturer she
(y- --
-\-a - C
l p E/ -E -
said I had made a mistake in buying
--C/----LqC
-J-* p- were/ past doing word She wishes she bought such a necklace =
this book. I wish I had known you
--o) .
were going to buy it. I would have told
( necklace -\ -- E --o. Sentence (a)
l -E JT / J-T 2) I wish you had told me
you not to. Can you return it and get
EhC.)
of it earlier - had+pp - E p- had been/
the money back?
M. SURESAN
F J- nA / - p .
past- -
( h AJ-T*a s
a---L-T- . F
shop
p- ?
h j h y-E p--a)
(At the most = )
Urmila: The author doesn't appear to know
how to write a book useful for the students. I think the poor sales would
-x--- 168
advice.
( -o. -j E-
B *C)
B- .
( p \
--E Lx -C.) (p \ )
him.
(expert)
(
--\ --- -E
--C. p ---o)
(past ) L- -C lE
p Eo.
4) I wish I could - AJT a-L-T (p)
---C...(past could have +pp)
5)... poor
sales
would
book =
-vA J-T function
----- (-- - \- - - t- C E Lx past)
-- h -- He wishes that he had been
- -- - - E- h)
selected jFo past -C( - (-- ) --j -- *N d, had + past
-----o--)
participle form.
(
advice.
( -\-o, C
present
had
been/had+past participle
- past
.
OE practice
O conversation . N -s
.
the book.
(Nu-n- -- h
-- L--x .
t \- ... h
--- --E
- --E-h-C)
Sharmila: So what do I do now?
( ?)
Urmila: Exchange it for
Prof Bhoutik's
Manual of Physics.
(
DEo a
Prof Bhoutik
Manual of Physics
a)
lp -E N- ----E 'If clause'
were/ past doing word
-
Spoken English
j -C?
college holidays .
E-\ student --- C.
Prabha: F x F college . Eo
--J-- -C.
Subha: y o --
-C.
Prabha: college N \--d. hostel --E- . Hosteller
---E J.
Subha: E- --E free -E
J. p- - E- miss
u. Fo --Lq-E --
Subha:
(C
past
had+pp)
o.
Prabha: C p. x \
L.
Answer:
J-T--, Ad \-
--).
here.
Prabha: I joined this college because of you.
I wish I hadn't (had not) followed you
advice.
(C
past
had+pp)
-)
-E
(p)
we
-- j---
II
-- 12 -W- 2006
( y h - -*C.)
to concentrate on studies.
( --o-d-E--hC. O
%d d-----o.
C.(I'm afraid.) (\ E n
.)
concentrate = vD--J--/-v-l--.
Santan: I've observed that. Of late you haven't
been as serious about studies as you
were in the past. Your scores too have
been low. Something wrong with your
health, perhaps.
o , -- )
College p -l--Lq--.
( -l-- E n)
He should have started for college before
( -E- C. O F
- o vl u -E--.-\- _. F u
o --.)
Of late = lately = u.
O late = 'u-i .
now =
college
time
--C.
Sentences (a) (b) -E-.
(y K-~- ----E -
* p Lq-C.)
(verb - were)
sentences E construction practice
. O Spoken English, natural C.
Exercise: Practise the following
aloud in English
Prabhas:
\-j-Dl \ -*h!
Sentences (b), (d)
L-C ?)
Santan: Still we can't say. It's time (that) you
saw a doctor.
verbs
-E-.
( p. Ny-
-d -v-C--LqC.)
doing word
( ?)
Santan: You had better. Exams are round the
corner, time we started serious preparation.
( -- E)
-x--- 169
( - * p -- -K~ -v - ---LqC y)
y -d -v-C--LqC/
u .
better.
think .
\-j-Dl, \ -*h.
b) The hotter the sun is, the more tired one is.
how.
Prabhas: Time you stopped hiding things from
2) The more you drink it, the more you feel like
drinking it.
me.
o p \---Lq-C/--u C
(Verb - were)
4) Time you were free from all worries to pre-
Spoken English
well.
( h.)
-v-o:
ANSWER:
earlier.
E -a.
--\- } *C.
- o-- o-E p - sentences .
----LqC --y. -o-. Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
Santan: The earlier, the better.
L?
The earlier, the better= y h
Subhash: l. a-.
*C.
Prabhas: _ -Lq -i- *aC.
type of sentences practice .
u . -p - ?
Subhash: E- F _ Bo s --, bowl --.
p AJ-T-y-LqC. Sx = The taller a person is, the better can they
bowl.
B?
-sx -E--LqC.
Prabhas: p-.
1)
The
use
of the comparative.
pa ?
2) The inversion of the verb.
Subhash: -C-- ---
a) The more angry you are, the less do you
Prabhas: B\. .
p -d v-C--LqC, .
Now look at the following sentences
from the conversation between
Nandan and Santan
M. SURESAN
-- -u- -x ---.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-d , -N---
---: 'Found' means to establish (n-). NTR founded the TDP. (NTR
TDP E n- .)
2) Found is the past tense of 'find'. ---, -E-,
n. I found him working very hard = d- E-- -E.
3) Discovery - the act of finding or learning about something for the first
time N--j o ---J ---, n --, E.
Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation changed out understanding
of nature. u-- -y--{ hE -\- (-J-o -- /n -) v%-AE J* --- p *aC. Find
out discover n--hC.-
-- j---
II
I. Prasad: Your clothes look nice. Are they
new?
(F d -o. N h?)
Pramod: Yes. They are. ()
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.
( O E----)
-- - -l-L. --
u----C.)
(N K-j----)
Pramod: Yes. They did.
Prasad: You look quite smart in them.
(y dx -{-- E--h-o)
Pramod: Do I? Thanks for the compliment.
(? F -h
( xL. v--E
--L)
thanks)
Pramod: We shall.
(V h-----o?)
(--)
j short conversations ?
O -E . -u daily conversation informal situations
questions, a answers j-Fo.
(j passage E --Fo xh
-- \ --
-E-.)
(V
shop
English speech
practice
-J--x-- N
--- LT L.
N --:
- study the short responses in the short
-- 14 -W- 2006
-x--- 170
- time J--C)
F,
F )
--)
respons-
h.
Passage II
--y-Eo-h.
(C x ---E h-o.
t v-G---E time
-C. wait -.)
(Eo -u a?)
Bhavani: Did I? I was here on time.
(-? E-\
time
(p 8.15 . 8.05 v)
Bhaskar: Even that makes you late.
(, \- a.)
Madan: But we haven't. You are mistaken.
( . y ----o)
Chetan: But I'm not. Some how the place
seems familiar to me.
( ----. -
v -- d
E--hC)
Spoken English
, u
-
v E
xh .
j conversation passages \-\ ,
--x G_- CN practice .
short responses O n--C. Look at the following exchanges.
I. Balaram: May I come in?
E,
(p y -u--?)
Bhavani: So it does. (-x)
Spoken English
questions
non 'wh' word quesM. SURESAN
tions
what,
when, why, where, who, whose
questions)
responses
o.)
E-. D
--- -
E response sing
-- -E- .
(I'm afraid; \ afraid n E
. N--i p--E -f/ d--- I'm afraid .)
short responses v spoken English --yEoy-.
short responses E conversation bookish
, A--*-x C.
short responses
-E-.
(. V i L- )
)
(\
)
vh- )
)
)
)
Passage IV: a) Did I? (Did I come late
?) b) But you weren't (here ) c) So, it
does (So it makes me late )
Passage V: a) But we haven't (been a-) b)
But I'm not. (mistaken a-) c) But it doesn't
seem, to me (familiar repeat )
Passage VI: a) So must I ('Start' repeat
) b) I have ('the key' repeat )
c) I will (lock it )
j passages Fo G_- 3, 4 x practice
. Short responses ----.
Short responses C---E C
form n -. v-LN:
a) Are they students? DE short response x students , Yes, they are students
E Jh , yes, they are
h. -, No, they aren't (are not)
. \ easy short response a-p sentence verb --L.
Eo-d response C. sentence
'Are' C d, So they are E
response.
Eo y E ---o?
() .
Srinath: -j ---?
Srikar: --, C.
Srinath: phone h?
Srikar: h. F x o C
- .
Srinath: y E last time ---o-p
Oy N p----o.
Srikar: p. N F p ,
h---.
Srinath: hC. -J Eo Sx p F
u- ?
Srikar: -. p- h.
Srikar:
ANSWER
Srinath: Did you meet him yesterday?
Srikar: No, I didn't/ I'm afraid I didn't.
Srinath: Will you meet him at least today?
Srikar: I won't. I have work.
Srinath: Will you at least call him?
L.
c) Sentence 1st Regular Doing Word (go,
come, sing..), 2nd Regular Doing Word
(goes, comes, sings..) and 3rd Regular
Doing Word (went, came, sang..)
do, does and did
*a--
p, -C-*
.
-- j---
II
p
l.
(, p- C?)
Question tags
form
( F- -E-h-o, ?)
Bhanu: That you do. The Doctor has treated
you well, hasn't he?
(. Doctor Eo ?)
Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly. Otherwise I
couldn't have recovered so quickly,
could I?
3)
dL. p
sentence
-x--- 171
p , ?
Sentence * o 'isn't he?' question
tag .
- sentence *-j,
question tag, ? ? ? ?
-T- j . p-.
English question tag, sentence subject
d, verb d sentence, sentence
J---C.
eg: 1) she is here, isn't she?
( \ C ?)
not
tag not (n't)
.
eg: She wasn't here,
was she? sentence
not
tag
not
x,
.)
M. SURESAN
(, . vh--E-)
? --hE d n--
Eo Short responses y-a,
\- Short responses - -L-T English O --d-ox.
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
L-h- ?
-.
C ?
E .
--E --o? N F
?
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
.
y a-p-?
p--. F ... y -E
Sarat: I hope I will
x-----?
4) Sarat: You are going straight to office,
,
Madhukar:
aren't you?
),
)
Subhakar: y E _ x-a-?
Bhanu: Yes, I am
h.
Madhukar: x-.
sentence
a
short
response,
rare)
i) He must go, mustn't he?
hC)
Spoken English
( F u-i h -
l--?)
Sentence
verb, 1st Regular doing word
(come, go, sing, etc), 2nd Regular doing
word (comes, goes, sings, etc), Past doing
word (came, went, sang, etc)
question tag
do (I RDW
does (II RDW
did (Past doing word)
(\
( --o (p--E --
I'm afraid.) F shop )
EXERCISE
Sentence 2
(-E-\---h ?)
: Sentence 1 , subject - she. verb -
the lesson.
()
(Sentence
Narmada: Yes, it is
question tag
h ...
(*a-. E y --L----E ?)
(y a - Sx office h
?)
(resume = Sx v-G-. Resume pronunciation Wu (Wu size z
). spelling Vu (Vu size
z ) E pronounce h biodata/ cv E
n. Job applications ---C)
Sarat: I hope I well ( P-ho)
aL. y
(x---)
( h
L ,
--?)
Kedar: I wonder. (-)
( y-, y a--oC, \
*J copy ?)
-- j---
II
Gowtham: How was the movie yesterday?
(Eo E C?)
Uttham: I didn't like it one bit at all. You saw it
the day before. How did you find it?
( (\ -j) a- .
y o . F E--*C?)
Gowtham: I didn't like it either. It had too much
of violence and sex.
(- a-.
x NA-O-J , %
C.)
-Eox \,
\)
lessons short
y --o .
p
-, (no) -,
--.
responses
lesson
(yes)
spoken form
d,
E hC
-,
-E \,
y.
x
-E
-. p,
C?
(y Eo E x,
?)
Mahesh: Yes, I did/ No, I didn't.
-x--- 172
(,
x/ , x-)
Ganesh's sentence verb, went (Past
doing word) = did + go. -E response,
yes , Yes, I did. no No, I didn't.
He/ she/ it
Yes/ ofcourse, he/ she/ it
must/ should/ has to
No
response
response
needn't.
must/ should/ have to/ has to
opposite- needn't (needn't = need not) you must do it
you need not
(needn't) do it
Ramesh: Has he to start the work now?
.
,
(h--
(y-C--L $
(yC --\--)
(-E-p E v-G-?)
Naresh: Yes, he has to/ yes, I'm afraid he has
to/ ofcourse, he has to/ so, he has to
(OR) Oh, no, he needn't.
Now look at the following sentences from the
conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) I didn't like it either!
2) So have most movies nowadays!
3) So they are!
4) So they do!
5) No, it doesn't.
( ? C foreign watch)
j dialogues . Dialogue (a)
- , Klupta response, I am
also happy E -. dialogue
(b) Mine is also a foreign watch E
-. F spoken form -.
So response -C also
--.
a) --, o
--=
He studies well, so does his brother.
)
school , x \u
School JC.
(F J -)
Eswar: Nor does his brother/ Neither does
his brother/ His brother doesn't
either.
E-x
h. x - C
)
x
-. x --- x
\- )
-.
v~-x -C - -x )
(C E-- o--?)
Gowtham: (Do) you think they are better? All
Indian movies are alike. Perhaps
the music in them is better. (
-o
-----o? -B *vFo -B. D E-x
U h --?)
J_ -)
negative
Spoken English also () n
j N C. Sx .
- --F, E too/ as well b) Sasi: 'The mother didn't come' ( Lx )
--F, not -E --
Anil: (x )
lessons --o.
question tags
o, (Don't you?
and didn't you). E \ response
y--E, - x
-- helping verbs (do, did)
M. SURESAN
o.
Verbs 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go,
sing, etc), 2nd Regular Doing Word (comes,
goes, sings, etc), Past Doing Word (came,
went, sang, etc)
responses
do,
does and did
- h. C
v-h h--d--L.
N verbs N- (will, shall, would,
could, etc ...) N E--h . d,
short responses .
Now look at the following.
d) Srikanth: The milk is too hot to drink.
Vikranth: Yes, it is.
\
.)
Lq h,
.
(- , Tamil )
I didn't like it E Gowtham ,Uttam
a-, n - I didn't like it
either -E-.
N--Fo : So have most movies
nowadays! so they are! So they do! No, it
doesn't
(, , Vx E-x
E p--)
Yes, it is C \ - a short
response. milk au L- 3) So they are (-- -)
Uttham: We don't hear people saying that a
T (, ! n
(C yes, so are they ) C
hero's action in a movie is good. All that
ax) , p response: Yes, so it is!
(
, ---o,
we hear them say is that the hero has
e) Vinai: Isn't he more than 6 feet tall?
)
danced well in the movie and that his
Vijai: Yes, so he is!/ ofcourse he is!
4) So they do (yes, so do they) - so they do
steps are good. (E- hero action
(ofcourse = -h C )
p---ox ,
-E v~--- N.
f) Jayanth: Is he paying us today?
-E---D n ax.
N hero dance -F,
(V
L
x
o?)
5)
No, it doesn't C - --
'steps' -o-E.)
--o short response.
Ananth: No, I'm afraid he isn't.
Gowtham: That's true. All that they care about
t t t t
g)
Ram:
Must
I
take
the
exam?
is the hero's ability to dance. (E
Now
look
at
the
following.
(
exam
L
q
?)
x - dance hero vA
I
a)
Santhi:
I
am
happy about the results. (LRaghu: Yes, you must./ Oh no, you needn't.
v)
N
- o)
Must, should, have to/ has to N- h
Uttham: So they do! OK. Let's hope for better
Klupta:
So
am
I.
vh -. Response, 'yes' days for our movies. ( x--C.
u-. - p , Yes/ b) Prabhat: Mine is an imported watch.
*v- * V- -h-E
(C imported/ foreign watch).
ofcourse you must/ should/ have to .
Pl.)
Spoken English
brother
Negative Sentences
response
-).
(--E a-)
(F *aC)
b) Raghav: He has passed. ( pass
u)
Sumana: But I did.
(F
-)
. sentence p--E uA--i response y- 'But' begin
h.
three types of response -J l.
I. Both positive
Prem: My watch shows the correct time.
-hC)
(C )
(-x )
( -- o)
Nitesh: But his brother isn't.
-- j---
II
Archana: You were late to class yesterday.
Rachana: But I wasn't
(yes, it is
-- 20 -W- 2006
E )
( - u -. y
- --E--h)
Rachana: So would you be if you had to come
from a long way off and depend on
city busses.
( O x -- city bus O
-Lq-h -u -t)
Archana: But I wouldn't. I would start early
enough to avoid being late.
( . u -
-l--)
Rachana: You can't do it (y -)
Archana: But I can (--)
Rachana: You often tell me that you don't get
(, Kj L)
C) Rahul: One of your shirt buttons has come
off.
Sasir: Yes, it has/so it has.
a)
b)
c)
(j *a-N)
p---E, ' responses
. J-Eo --- .
-x--- 173
(Cu
English
x--C)
)
Vinod: But I've been.
Suresh: a)
-/-- l.
b) lC But it isn't
(-a)
opposite responses 'but' v-Gh. Do the following examples:
N h--.
1) h bore
p opposite responses , neither, nor, a) -/--, bore! b)
n't either (not either) --.
2) -:
( English not h also sentence a) -/--, E- -:
E lesson - (Not only, b) :
but also N--)
3) -- feel --o:
a) Lakshmi: Snakes don't fly
a)
E--h-o-/- -,
( )
E--h-o:
Lalasa: Neither do cats/Nor do cats/cats
b) , y fresh E--h-o
don't (do not) either. (x -)
4) E--h-o:
b) Manasa: Suseela wasn't late
a) -/--, E--h-o:
(Q -u )
b)
Rajita: Nor was I/ Neither was I/ I wasn't
5) F Coffee d--E :
either.
( late )
a) , d :
b) -d
:
6) Eo Eo -:
a) :
b) Eo -:
7) Eo y u a:
a) , -u- a:
b) -u :
8) h C:
C last lesson .
a) EC. b) o:
u h----Lq N not c) -:
also .
9) x teacher :
Summary: p
a) C: b) :
the points we have
10) Fo \ o:
learnt
a) : b) :
a) Questions
Answers:
state1) This book is a big bore
ments
a) Yes it is/so it is, b) But it isn't
px
( p -, J--
-E, u F -l-)
( \--C
x--C.)
(- -l-Lq h -y h)
Rachana: You sleep like a log, and you want
me to believe that you'd get up early.
(, --?)
e) Prem: Australia has the best cricket team in
the world.
is
l.
Lq E--, -l-A)
So it is, response, yes, it is o
a) Bhanu: You know Tamil well. Can you
Rachana: You can say all this, but action is difstress \ (\--p-/- au uh--explain
this?
ferent.
?)
i) yes,I/ we/ you/ they do/ did/ have/ can/ could/
c) p negative statements negKedar:
But I don't
may, etc.
ative responses Neither, nor, n't either
(W) x. ( V-
ii) yes, he/ she/ it does/ did/ has/ can/ could/
a)
may, etc
Anand:
I'm not hungry.
Dialogues a), b) responses
p practise , conversation
--o short responses, p- -E (Question ) ---/---
E. C lessons .
p J- N- l.
a) Vanaja: Sujana's dress is good.
Jalaja: So it is
Spoken English
(NyC n ---E t)
Mahesh: But I can/But I'm sure I can.
(F n ---/ F n --- t C)
d) Anand: I haven't been here before.
( -p \-
2) He plays well
a) Yes, he does/so he does, b) But he doesn't
3) I feel very tired
a) Yes, you look so/you do look so
b) But you don't look so/But you look fresh
4) He looks very angry
a) Yes, he does/so he does
b) But he doesn't
5) I know you don't like coffee:
a) Yes, I don't/so I don't, b) But I like coffee
6) I didn't see you yesterday
a) But I did
b) Neither did I see you/Nor did I see you/ I didn't see you either
7) Why did you come late yesterday?
a) Yes I did/So I did, b) But I didn't
8) Vanaja has bought the book
a) Yes, she has/so she has.
b) So have I
c) But I haven't
9) They are not afraid of the teacher
a) But I am
Example:
Ramesh:
-- v .
Table lC. DE
English p:
-- j---
II
Himesh: Hi Mahesh, congrats.
Mahesh: What on?
(?)
-J- F--\
No)
---E
*
*a-- -----o-F,
- \ *a-- .
L- d ).
(Comparison = L, compare a)
- 22 -W- 2006
Mahesh: OK. OK. We've had enough argument. Let's talk of something different.
The minute we see two or more things/ people of the same nature, we compare them.
Comparisons are very common.
We usually compare the qualities of people
and things.
,
-. C Eo ----?)
(
d
)
high
(kh), large (l-j), etc.
.
a)
Kumar
is
tall
=
Mahesh: I am certainly happy to get a high
Fo
positive
degree. positive
score, even a higher score than I've
Answer: -j-- (tall) d, tall, adjective.
degree h/ E Eo --C.
got this time. But I don't care whether
b) Tendulkar is a great cricketer =
DEE L o, -- .
my marks are better than those or
--\ p cricketer.
others or not. ( * marks
a) Chandra is tall (positive degree - a--)
-. p--*a marks
- cricketer? vo, great cricketer b) Surya is not so/ as tall as Chandra (positive
\ E answer d, 'great' \ adjective.
degree - -ho v, u)
. - o \, \
Positive degree E adjectives , + er/ + r
C - ----).
a--x, - more a--x
Himesh: But Mahesh, comparisons are quite
comparative degree - (--N
common, aren't they? When we talk
\ n).
174
of two or more things or people having
F
-o.
(E. ---
\
h - -- n . |- -o
marks h )
(-
Spoken English
N , C...)
(-
N \.
Eo
tive degrees
pa l.
~ -
Z.
C
u l
~ --E Z/ Eo
Z lC.
for-
(-B) d
e) A dark room =
room?
Answer: dark room; so dark - adjective.
(< C). -
f) A clever student:
student?
jFo
(-, ~-- L
).
- --C
J-/ -- E L
ADVERB.
a) He walks slowly - verb - walks = -h.
Mahesh: Oh, Himesh, you are talking about
-h Answer - slowly.
some thing entirely different. All that I
d slowly, adverb.
say is my marks make me happy and
b) She sings well - verb: sings = -C.
not my being better than others.
-C? Answer - well ()
(y x---o. ---Nso, well - adverb.
, --Eo-aN marks
adjectives L ---, adverbs
v--F, ---o -_
L E N-- -h.
o N )
a) Kumar is taller than Kesav=
Himesh: But you said you were against comparisons. How can you escape com. \ ,
parisons? When you buy something,
-ho C Comparison of an adjective
for example, a shirt, don't you com( L).
pare a number of shirts, their quality,
b) He works harder than Karim = K
their price etc. before you settle for
\ d- -- C Rx-l E
the 'cheapest and the best'? (L-
L comparison of an adverb.
uA---E y o-. a
daily conversation comparison (La
* p---- @N-? j
) - --C. d
h --p, shirt -,
degrees
of comparison (--x,
two shirts , u-,
J
- ) p.
- a-, 'A _ A *
E correct --L-- p
shirt --E l---?
conversation precision (*a-y)
(settle for = j h - l--/
p---o correct p-.
--)
(J
K-~ --ox?
u-nx h-- -- ? C a -
?)
(,
, a C y----i-
N- ? h--xF, uh-x-F j u --
a - ?)
---J
Comparative
Comparative
than any other
+ singular/ than all other + plural
p-Lqp -E--Lq
y
.
Eo Positive, , 'big' p-a.
N
(v
u ju-h
ju-)
( Z -o Qt -iC)
-J-o
u u ju-h
u --i Z.
h-- -h-o-p/ --
-h-o-p -s-Eo-d Eo,
positive, comparative, superlative degree x
E--j p-a.
(~ - Z
lC .)
Positive -E- -Lq N: 1) No
other v-Gh. Positive degree big
, so F, as F, E y, as
-E-L.
class -J C
Superlative degree
---. -
superlative - tallest. E- 'the' L
.Sumanth is the tallest (boy) in the class.
~-x L -iC. C Comparative
---. -i - comparative - more beautiful. Comparative yp than, any
other singular/ all other plural L
(than any other bird/ than all other birds). The
peacock is more beautiful than any other bird
(singular)/ than all other birds (plural).
Dictionary dictionary
---- . DEo positive ---.
p L? No other dictionary begin
L. Positive degree 'useful' ,
, so/ as ... as L. p sentence,
No other dictionary is so/ as useful as this.
Look at these sentences from the conversation between Himesh and Mahesh.
v-:
2) Comparative degree
than any other +
singular/ than all other + plural.
\
C d C
h----Lq N
p- L.
DE * +
p
,
1) Superlative degree
, the.
y
3) Positive degree:
Positive degree
v no other .
, so/ as, y as.
-- j---
II
Pavan: Why all this excitement about football?
What's there in it?
ment for football. The world cup footwhere in it. With such a vast populaplayers.
(football
\ vq
-C. vt--i world
cup matches --, -E
n C. o
---C x -u.)
(- \--C football
cricket -- - -Eh-C.)
Suman: That's true. No other game is played
so much as cricket in India. But it is
surprising that in a poor country like
India people are more interested in
cricket than in football. Cricket is a
costlier game than football. Football is
much cheaper than cricket. All that it
needs is a football. It is not so expensive as cricket- cricket equipment
costs a lot more than football.
( v match l. Bye)
lesson degrees of comparison
J* --o ? --J-Eo-a--- -N -J ~-h:
1) Three degrees: positive, comparative and
superlative.
2) Degrees
of
comparison
adjectives
K--\
v--x u -- v-x.
- superlative degree
j) Indian cricket control board is the richest in
the world =
-- v v f v- u
E--iC superlative degree
k) ... but they are not so highly paid (as cricketers are) =
(cricketers
Hockey players
adverbs
er to, or more +
b) formation
of
superlative:
By
adding, + est / + st
to
(E - cricket -- N
game . N-N- --
- v football cricket
\ h -. Football o
cricket Kj v. Football, cricket
a \ game. -Lq--x football. -D-E cricket a-. Cricket
- football K hC)
-x--- 175
the
adjective/
adverb or most +
before the adjec-
M. SURESAN
tive/ adverb
Some irregular formations:
Good better best
well
Lx-) Lx-.
? -sEo d degree
--C, practice x hC.
po -Eo d, degree select
-.
English --o, l-J-o \
E/ CE La-- sentence constructions , -E/ l-JF v La-p sentence construction
C.
u-i : -E/ l-JE v
La--p, superlative .
\ l-J -ho.
sentence adjective 'tall' - positive degree
-E-.
Positive degree sentence:
A is not so/ as (adjective... tall, short, etc.,)
as B.
b) India is not as/ so rich as America- Positive
(America is richer than India)- comparative
posi-
(, America o
tive/ America -o-i-C)
( v )
Positive degree.
)
comparative .
( N- L).
( -x C )
u O conversation
effective x h.
This is good, but not so (as) good as
the other. (Positive)- C C, F
.
This is the best of the lot- superlative.
(comparison of more than 2
3) a) Superlative degree
'the'
*a-
L
b) comparative
than any other + singular/ than all other + plural
L.
c) positive, no other begin -C.
(- cricket football 4) -sEod degree Eg--G- \. p football v. -F --E degree *
--- -M, u --
degree a exercise --.
x. Bengal cricket G---- Now, look at the following sentences from the
football G----\.)
conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
fan = G-E
a) It's the most popular game in the world.
Suman: Cricketers are the richest of Indian
v- u-C v-G- o v.
sportsmen. The players of other
games do not earn as much. And our
cricket control board is the richest in
the world.
(. Bv hockey. F
-%-d- -h x- s Lx-.)
Spoken English
(superlative degree)
Ox
N-- v
-E O
cricket
K-j
o x C
practice
! h--
h-o?
.
Vinai:
- C E -*-ho.
c) I often see more people playing cricket than
Pranav:
v
cover --o - h . C,
football =
C h---Eo--
football --x- cricket -x \
.
E--h.
Vinai: F _-o h p?
e) People are more interested in cricket than in
Pranav: p-. Eo- C p-E.
football.
Vinai: lecturer .
f) Cricket is a costlier game than football.
Pranav: -o-\ t-?
g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than footVinai: J.
ball.
u-h)
sentences a-E
Answer
Pranav: Why are you looking at those two
books?
Vinai:
Ofcourse.
-- j---
II
Rupa: Hi Hema, did you meet your classmate
yesterday?
classmate
( , Eo y O
L-?)
(---o. x y Eo
---. o l-C
E--*C.)
( VC)
Rupa: Perhaps you saw him prior to his leaving
for the states.
states
( y-Eo
-?)
x-
Hema: Yes.
, lessons degrees of
comparison N- ---o .
Rupa: Are you the same age?
lesson J-Eo N- l.
(OJlJC ?)
Eo Eo x comparative, positive
Hema: No, I am slightly older than her (she).
degrees I, we, he, she, they , me,
But now she looks older than me (I).
us, him, her, them confusion
h C. Look at the following:
( l. p
a) (Comparative):
l E--hC.)
He is taller than I/ me (?)
( u o h?)
Hema: She is a government officer.
Rupa: That's it. She looks older than you
because of her responsibilities.
(Officer )
(D A. u- x
F h l-C E--hC)
(nE
u---o.)
-x--- 176
-- 26 -W- 2006
t- E-d- E-o
\ d---C ( t-
sister \ d).
t-
\ d.
- *o =
x -
- l =
*-x
, me
-a -:
, , , (c)
, , , her
E.
Correct sentence n v,
(a) taller than I, (b) younger than she,
(c) cleverer than we, and (d) older than
she L.
l-J
d. F - -E-
--\ d.
- , N - -E-d .
d --p h vh -.
Positive .
a) I don't like my brother as much as she =
brother
b) I don't like my brother as much as I like her.
brother
Positive Comparative Superlative
Old
Older
Oldest
Elder
Eldest
d--f
d-.
d .
( F u u-- Bvi-N ?)
Hema: I wish I were in such a position.
(o nA -
E--hC)
Rupa: Why so?
Hema: A government officer's position is certainly superior to that of a home maker,
isn't it?
position
government officer position
Rupa: But I prefer being a home maker to
being a job holder. A home maker is in
no way inferior to an officer.
( %
o
pC .)
(E v u-T
%- - d. % officer
o \ .)
Hema: Let's not talk of superior and inferior any
more. Everyone is great in their own way.
(\ \- J* x
l. J p x.)
Rupa: Ramu is coming this evening.
Hema: Who? Your brother?
Rupa: Yes. He returned from the states a few
days ago. He is coming to stay with me
for a few days.
(States
* V
AJ--a. v-V --E
h-o.)
( L-E N F *o,
l?)
Rupa: He is my elder. Doesn't he look so?
( o l/ o.
E--?)
Spoken English
x o NQ x
b) A Collector is inferior to a Chief Secretary
Collector
c) He is senior to the others in the group
u u-Jz o
\ ()
% -q/ -- l.
d) He was junior to me at College =
College
Class
e) Even prior to his marriage he knew the girl.
-.
(-E R} y t )
N- conversation at the beginning of
the lesson -E-.
a) I am slightly older than She/ her
b) A government officer's position is certainly
superior to that of a home maker.
c) A home maker is no way inferior to an official
d) He is my elder
American English
elder
older brother
brother
N:
--.
EXERCISE
Pratibha:
( _ o--E -o -\ E n hC
English .)
(b), (c), (d) :
b) He is younger than
she (is)
c) They aren't cleverer
than we (are)
-n ? \--/
\
. d
n --, n
h .
M. SURESAN
h.
-u
h.
spoken English sentences
comparative than y me, us, him,
her, them p y-----i-C. C l p J--- .
u, comparative than y both,
all N --p, we, they
us, them \- NE--h-.
--x
o lC)
---?
y,
Positive degree
as
I, we, he,
she, they
me, us, him, her, them-
( v h-o.)
J-Eo comparatives o. y
than . to hC. comparatives,
Superior (p), Inferior (\), Senior
(, -- l), Junior (-
-- *o), Prior (time ) OEo y 'to' v . than .
\ NE--h-o. OE p
J--- .
a) He is as tall as I am/
He is as tall as me (both are correct)
b) She is as old as he/
She is as old as him. (both are correct)
c) They are as clever as we/ they are as clever
as us.
(\ v as clever as us )
Eo Eo x than I/ we/ he/ she/
they , than me/ us/ him/ her/ them
n . p -s-Eo-d
C a--L.
( v - -J l)
j -- J*)
c) This house is older than yours =
F o x C
d) This is the oldest building in the town buildings
(c), (d)
2. Old
Comparative, Elder;
Superlative eldest.
xE
Eo- C C.
h J*
O n - l
E v. -, --
(-- --) v . C
--E C x v
.
--E x X ---J
C .
---J t-V l
Elder : Important: Elder y than
F, to F . Comparative --p-
C N .
a) X- ~ t- o l
Sri Rama was Lakshmana's elder.
(Elder than/ to Lakshmana
b) My uncle is my mother's elder -
t l.
c) My brother is my elder by two years
brother
elder
(o) o x l.
N.
O l-J --, y
E?
Pratima: -- E . F
- x
_ E-h.
Pratibha: E-l-J --?
Pratima: question? y -!
Pratibha: E
Slimming machine
o-xC ?
Pratima: . F -. F
_o machine E- -jC.
Pratibha: y
F Eo-
. O classmates -.
Pratima: . E-o class \.
-q -q l
.
Pratibha: . F
J.
Pratima: - E-\- *aC.
ANSWER
Pratibha: Who is the taller of you two? You or
Anitha?
Pratima: Actually she is taller than me (I), but
because she is fatter than me, I look
taller than her (she).
Pratibha: Who is the taller of us two?
Pratima: What question is that? You certainly
are taller than me (I)
Pratibha: Anita seems to have bought a slimming machine. Have you seen it?
Pratima: Yes, I have. But it isn't that good.
Sunita's machine is superior to it.
Pratibha: You and Sunitha are close. Were you
classmates at College.
Pratima: No. I was senior to her by a year. I
am senior to her in age too by a year.
Pratibha: She knows this place better than you.
Pratima: She came here prior to my coming
here.
-- j---
II
Sekhar: You are up so early. What's the matter?
( y ?)
\-/ )
(be up =
(, . F -
-E-)
Sekhar: But, why? (?)
Venkat: Our lecturer is holding a special class
today. He insisted that everyone of us
turned up for the class.
(F A L---F,
v extra classes N
C.)
be fed up = N--E--
Venkat: Why so?
-- a group of words
o ).
DEo J* -- -o. p verb E group of words
J* --.
Clause
with a verb. (verb
-s h----Lq
N-: CN verbs .
i) Infinitive (to + 1st RDW - to go, to come, to
sing, to walk, etc)
ii) '-ing form' (walking, singing, going, coming,
etc.) (- ing form
'be' form
be
form + ing form
verb
am
coming, was going, will be dancing, etc.)
,
-C.
N-
u N--- Jd
N- v-yEo -Jn-h.
N- Jh E
o- --N-h.
x Ezl N- teacher d-
o. (Insist + on + silence (n)
C.
-C.
English phrasal verbs, verbs y
prepositions a x p--: sit on a
-x--- 177
( N U--J-. N
-. d .)
(-i v d-.
Lo --a.)
Venkat: Who is forcing you? I find our lecturer's
classes interesting. Infact everyone
does. They feel the classes worth
attending.
( E --.
p-x extra classes x x
-d-----E.)
Sekhar: OK. OK. Have a good time in your
class. Do by all means attend all classes and get good marks. I shall be
happy.
(. . - R} class .
Eo classes \ Rx *
\ a. -h.)
Venkat: Don't be cross with me, buddy, I just
like to attend the class, and you don't.
That's all.
phrasal verbs
F
- Ev--
.
n -.
\- --
\ .
n,
When do you wake up everyday , When
do you get up everyday \ .
( ho),
Bye.
Spoken English
1) Insist =
---- d-
Rx--- N--- p--o E, E Lx--v tA
v .
Leave alone C English conversation
- NE- . n = C--,
disturb - , J x
C-- E.
- j (Nouns/ ...ing)
-, that clause a.
-E
d-.
?)
:
(Eo- ------o? lec- 1) Phrasal verbs o verb, E y-
turer classes -h--
preposition - N. (sit on a chair,
. -, x -J
jump over the wall etc.)
--- E--hC.)
2) verb + preposition x p- phrasal verb
Sekhar: When you attend special classes like
n-E, E verb, preposition n-E
this, you are left with little time to study.
\ N.
( y special classes h
eg: He put off his trip.
F -----E time N-)
(--- v-Eo --o.)
Venkat: You talk as though you didn't waste
\ phrasal verb - put off. . put ntime at all.
E, off n-E, E L put off E -p E n-E ( ) \
(y- time waste -x x- . phrasal verbs n-
-?)
practice
x, J-
Sekhar: Don't talk as if you were a sincere stu-- x -h. N
dent.
spoken English --p
(y Cl -- Nu-Jn
- C. Eo l.
x-.)
Venkat: Far from that. All I wish to say is we
lose nothing if we attend extra classes.
(N BJ h.)
Venkat: I am not with you there. They are useful. I like them.
Sekhar: Not me, any way. Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
N- F --N-.
a) Please leave me
alone. I am studying. =
o-C-.
---o.
2) As though/ as if =
M. SURESAN
E N
C- (p ?) A
.
c) Leave alone which party is good.
Let's talk of something else - Kd
*- N C-. N--i
x-.
7) be left with/ leave with: N- (time,
money, food, etc. N)
a) There is a little milk left in the glass = glass
h NT-.
b) His work at office leaves him (with) little
time for his family
E
time
office E - ---E h
N-a.
y F. hE Jh----E v
NT-LC.
} Eg- F NT-LC.
8) I am off = R}-o.
Phrase= to be off.
DE n, -x, F .
You talk as if you didn't waste time at all =
time waste
time waste
y
? (y
\ 'as if' clause
-x x--h)
verb -E. did
waste (didn't waste) - past tense . D
important. C-p --- d, past
tense hC. singular subject were
hC.
a) He feels as if I were responsible for his
troubles -
E d- --i-x
(F ) ---o.
- ----ox v-Jh-h.
-- * ---?)
( )
( h-oC, --E
from it .
far
(N-- x v-?)
far from it. ( )
expressions practice O conversation - . simple
effective C.
-- j---
II
Navya: I'm afraid I can't stay here any longer.
(E \ ---E--hC.)
(? iC?)
Navya: The food here doesn't agree with me.
(\ J-- )
Divya: Anything again?
(S} o u?)
Navya: Yea. Last night as I reached our rooms,
I threw up all the food I had eaten. The
food in the restaurant upset me.
(d R}----?)
Navya: Yes. I can't get on any more with this
kind of food. I am afraid of permanent
damage to my health.
(. food -
d . u y- s-A---E C.)
( C, -u /
u -----o.)
( o? --E
V--C)
x
N- x -G-v )
, \ expression: The food doesn't
agree with me - \ agree with n 'J- (does not suit) E.
a) The climate here doesn't agree with me -
-x--- 178
\ -- --.
b) Hot stuff doesn't agree with her
( J-T--C.)
c) Stop talking and get on with the work.
-Fo --N-.
I know how difficult it is =
C d .
b) He is going through a difficult period in his
life =
- E -T-.
5) Does it mean you want to give up your job.
Phrasal verb - give up =
-,
C--, ---, -.
a) She wants to give up her job and start
business =
u C- u ----C.
d --N-h-o.
c) I don't want my son to go through the difficult I have gone through =
---N-* d s --N -d -.
go through - E
C.
a) Did you go through the paper today?
(\ A J--- v *
u C- R}----? Fo
-* u C- R}--
L-N--\ -E--)
Navya: There's no use your keeping as telling
me to adjust with the food here. I've had
enough of it. I have to go.
(\ A l- E y - x v- .
. -Rx---Lq)
Divya: I still don't understand why you wish to leave.
(y R}---E ----o
n --)
Navya: If only you went through, what I have
been through, you wouldn't be here for
a minute, job or no job.
( -- F y-\-~
\ )
Divya: So you have made up your mind to
leave.
\ h .
j expressions Eo not agree with
-E-.
n- N
\ .
2) I threw up all the
food I had eaten =
hj \ ---o.
d) He gave up his attempts =
v-o -.
M. SURESAN
Ao- A -o.
\ phrasal verb: throw up = A - = vomit. vomit o throw up
C better, vomit h u. throw up
C u--J. Spoken English throw
up .
a) She was sick after eating the cake. she
threw up = cake
A-
dC. A -C.
(sick = 's E n. Sick
/ A L feeling E
- )
\-hC.
3) So you want to pack up =
verb, to pack up.
\ phrasal
Dn v--E/ R}-E l--. (d l--)
( }-E Ea----o--o)
Navya: That's it. ()
a) He has packed up =
Divya: You can cook for yourself and avoid eating out.
R}--- l o.
y p--h-o?
(y ---a-. p
A -a)
Navya: That's impossible for me. ( x )
Divya: Ok
Spoken English
l-o-p- smoking -.
\
- A -. (
- n --o . u/
- N --- throw up.)
* u --?/
---?
u ----, smoke h .
b) Though the teacher punished him, he
keeps on talking =
Teacher
E P~-*, x--
------o.
a) Pranav: How is your new job?
(F h u C?)
paper
C-?
N-
report CM
-Lq C.
up ones mind -
} l Eg---.
- Eg---o.
lesson *a phrasal verbs, lesson *a phrasal verbs, spoken English
common NE--. OE
practice . -x *o-*o sentences O conversation , n- C.
EXERCISE
.
present day English keep y
on --. He keeps on talking
--p--p h E ho.
Rd
*a *a vo -
8) If only you went through, what I have
been through.
phrasal verbs, 1) to
go through, 2) to be through.
Dn, ---N-* d,
y---Nh E. \,
ANSWER
( )
Naresh: Who?
Mahesh: Who else? Ramesh. He has been
complaining since yesterday that this
food doesn't agree with him.
Naresh: But we are able to get on with the
food.
Mahesh: He takes too much of coffee. That's
why even if he eats a little too much,
he feels sick.
Naresh: He keeps as drinking coffee. Until he
gives it up, his condition will be like
this.
-- j---
II
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes
from is closed. What shall we do now.
( - cakes
C. l?)
bakery
friends
( x o cakes l---Lq)
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends
we are going to have for the party?
to
time 5.30
( NT-L
time
\)
L-*
guests
phone
(y d- --l-t-)
, j sentences Eo
/ clause (English *J clause) n
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end
h:
of the street is open.
1) cakes bakery = ( bakery
(OC * o bakery J*
cakes C n) =
l)
The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is
from which we buy cakes E clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are
F modern English spoken form
left with is rather short. Let's hurry.
.) x from which
( friends to time 5.30
expressions -.)
p- 4.30 --C. 2) x o cakes =
NT-L time \ . y )
With the cakes we have at home
(F party a
J--?)
friends
-J N
Rajita:
( L-* x l ---E
Phone .)
Who are they? (x-)
(y d- l--t- u,
u. -J- y, --J- J d )
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(C E--. --
L?)
cake
/ NE--)
3) ... The friends we are going to have =
friends
(modern for
'the friends who/ that (whom =
we
are going to have Spoken English
who/ that drop
whom
-o
J-.
NE-- )
(\ x
J_ )
-x--- 164
friends
time =
The time I told our friends to come at (the time
at which I told them to come - at which
expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at
to
d .
.)
5) Two of the guests we have invited have
called =
guests
phone
(Two of the guests who/ that (whom
we invited have called - who/ that
old
fashioned -
L-*
.
)
\
(\ -Rd Lq. p)
Eo lessons who (whom -)
p )
which short sentence - practice
7) ... y d- l--t-
ho .
= The two girls you like so much (The two
N. -sx who (whom
girls who/ that (whom ) you like so
) & which sentences join --p
much- old fashioned. Who/ that drop
who (whom) and which E C- join
-h-o.)
-uaE hC ? C - j -E-* N
-E j conversation sentences short sentences - Ja xp
modern spoken form whom n .
study .
C p -Lq-h who/ that .
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police -E-C -E=
( cakes bakery C)
He is the man who/ that the police suspect.
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we
better.
have at home.
( x o
l---Lq)
party -o
J--?
friends
-J N
p u
.
Spoken English
c)
Channel
programme
C=
This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which
y -E).
v-
car
)
K-jC=
M. SURESAN
(C h--- y-E-
u d C. F
4)
40, L)
(... tu. bakery J C.)
Thank god = A- = - u--
-J
1 -W- 2006
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Praneeth:
Eo Ao fish * .
Vineeth: \ Ao.
Praneeth: y - x, y p
x restaurant .
Vineeth: \ complain --E
Ep--?
Praneeth: - . Eo
Eo B xLqC.
y ------N x f
p.
Vineeth: V B\x. l.
Praneeth: _-o s .
J s- y V
-----o.
Vineeth: y- complain C.
Praneeth: restaurant
x -h.
-d ~ l-Eo vA--C-.
- u- subject, object,
verb ---. (, Tx-x)
J* J - C-.
--, ---
---:
verb - are
sentence
object
object
.
- 'are',
-- j---
II
Sharath: Hi Vasanth, I look forward to the study
tour we are going on, this weekend.
( * x--o study
p--p E ---ho.)
tour
( -- C. E t
o-d s C. o camp
* - AJ--h)
Sharath: So you are worried who will look after
her if we start before your father
comes, aren't you?
x - Lx--v- L .
6) He can be a handful.
TC
( h-ox. \
u. ----o.
x--\.)
Sharath: I've seen him. He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
-x--- 179
cousin,
mates.)
Spoken English
room
seats,
A.
(y ----o- )
To make it to= expression --i-C. n j ---.
a) He made it to the IAS=
IAS
t LxE, x vE
L C.
--L-/ .
-, x L o/
- x .
8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
N o-x Eo vu-~--u/
E--.
a) After weeks of absence, she showed up
yesterday=
y, Eo E--*-.
He can be a handful
b) The team made it to the finals, after all=
forward
j-,
-C.
to=
-/ %-
---. Look
forward to y
noun F, ...ing form
F hC.
team finals
---L-TC/
M. SURESAN
Match
p--p _- E
---h-o. Participating- 'ing' form.
(Look forward to y 1st RDW . He
is looking forward to meet you p)
2) She has taken ill suddenly.
To take ill= to fall ill=
s--
( -- s C)
u -.
-j, u x Lx-v- u , he/ she is a handful
. Handful o x- Lx--v
-cx d .
To be a handful=
sister
F -?
.
(lend a hand =
x Jl -a-
.)
jx Ao--x -E s C.
b) If you go out in the cold you may take ill=
L AJ-T s -a.
3) Who will look after her ...?
To look after= to take care of= to care for=
etc)
-u
(. . j--
Rx--p ---o. --p Eo-V x u x o.
y rooms -E ---o)
---a-
berths; 2)
seats
A j
- -E-a.
( o x. a O \ L
?)
(, -x. ~--Fo x
o. x--\.)
features = -R-, .
traits = ~-,
y.
-j j -
h ---
(F, -i y-h-o .
y --E -f)
To come up with=
(. \ Phone p.
-----E V
--tE.)
Sharath: That's a good idea. ( C)
( o
*aD idea)
Gf ----E --.
c) He is an important guest. Look after him
well=
----E -E -
vu-~---.
c) Sekhar promised to be here last sunday,
but he hasn't showed up so far =
C- \ -o Sekhar,
p--- Sx E---/ -.
d) He hasn't showed up for the class.
class
uncle
x \-L- o.
To put up = ( Cl V-) ,
Hotel, lodge x.
a) They put up at the nearest lodge, after getting off the train =
Train
lodge
C-, station A _- o
--/ C.
-. l x- ----C
b) The boy is a handful for the teacher =
teacher x l u. N-
d .
[Handful = 1) Eo v/ Cl-C v.
2) A-E no.
- L----x- ---
hotel CTC.
-E-:
-J A - = put some one up:
a) I put my friend up in our spare bed room =
Cl-C
students
v a.
A-E v~ x-o.]
7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
O \u L , x-s?
b) In traits he takes after his dad
~-x x o L.
u-i AC, v-h .
friend
room
x S o
A a.
bed-
x uncle x A Lp-.
N common phrasal verbs conversation. practice .
t
tt
-- j---
II
Bhagat: Hi Jagat, why are you putting on a new
shirt and a new pair of trousers?
( , h shirt, h
---o. N?)
pants
(C v . -B E o , u, %,
h - x .)
( d--V).
Bhagat: Many happy returns of the day. But
why not a word of it to me earlier? I'd
have had the pleasure of presenting
you something.
(F -C E h.)
Jagat: Sorry. Anything but that. I can't put up
with the boredom.
(C-p -o --.
N- J--.)
Bhagat: OK. Thanks for the treat at least.
(F
dinner
h-o.
Thanks)
Let's continue our study of phrasal
from the conversation above:
1) ... Why are you putting on a new shirt and a
new pair of trousers?
2) ... Why I have put off telling you of it.
3) ... I am against; I am for/ I am not for/ I am all
for.
-x--- 180
(*a- -x F --
p . d--V -
y-J- d .
d --V- - --- d .)
-- 4 -V-j 2006
4) I've come across very few that don't celebrate their birthdays.
-
< --C/ < d--C. p phrasal verbs N--E-l:
Rx h-o-x- h d .
b) He is putting on a sweater because he is
going out in the cold weather =
sweater
L ---o.
h-o d
J-. He wears expensive
K-j d J-h--.
Wear =
clothes =
C h N. d--V
-x ClC .)
---E-
--C precise.)
v-- d V
2)
Odd
= Nj. Go o.
- ---- p?)
He
doesn't
like curd. That's odd. (--C
Jagat: Is it any achievement of yours if a year
-E d-. C N.)
rolls on? Time passes and it can't be
credited to anyone. I am all for a per3) Mind: n
son celebrating an achievement, but
-*, L-N E--i v.
not for the passage of time.
\ Mind u- .
( -q - C CDo you mind waiting for a few minutes? =
----. -*--C. C
h wait --E O-o u--?
J p-- . ( @N-
I don't mind it at all = u- .
-q p -- .)
Never mind = E J* d--l.
j C-*C Eo (-j sorry -N never
- Jh d, E
mind
.)
-*--E .)
4)
Achievement
= C N .
Bhagat: Then why did you put on the new
Achieve
=
C
-.
clothes?
a)
A
score
of
a century in cricket is an
( h d-- --o?)
(F. Cl--C --oE
y-- u---.)
(t d--dC. d C.
t ---d--E -o.)
Bhagat: OK. OK. At least are you going to give
us a treat?
Jagat:
(F No h?)
We'll have it, don't worry. ().
( y E?)
Spoken English
C- .
5) Time rolling = x
6) be particular about =
d-- ( N-)
a) I am particular about vegetarian food =
-- L (d--d)
Rx N-
v -- -G-v---o.
N-x u--h- U- .
6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone =
E-- -- ( p-
-J-D-)
a) Indian independence
Mahatma Gandhi =
is
credited
to
yvu *a
/ p- DC.
a) I shall be happy if
the exams are put
off until the next
week =
( )
M. SURESAN
V --L-T-Eo
l.
Put off y till F, until F .
3) I am for/ I am all for/ I am against.
To be for/ to be all for = N--x
-/ Jh - /
N -Jn-.
a) I am for/ I am all for starting early =
y -l---E - o.
d .
b) She is for attending the function =
function
x--E - C.
--x --d
.
Against = uA-.
4) I've come across very few that don't
celebrate their birthdays.
To come across =
rank
treat =
---.
--N-.
u expression --N-----E - not see eye to eye with E.
( pC - p------E \
-.)
Century
achievement =
d (C-* N).
D---x - E--h.
5) I don't see eye to eye with you.
, --N-,
- --x h --x N
E--h.
b) The doctor says he hasn't come across
such a case so far in his practice =
practice --
----o doctor.
case
----i/ x----i N
treat.
E--E *v
y *a E E
C. x--- C.
b) To give a treat = N y.
He gave us a treat on his birthday =
d--V -s NC-a.
c) The treat he gave us on his wedding
anniversary was grand =
Rx J{--q
-s -E-*a N p C.
J_ C--.
*-J- a.
b) (Do) you want to sit through the discussion? I don't have the patience.
( a *-J- o a--?
.)
Sit through, -u not -.
(a- n).
9) I can't put up with the boredom =
N J--.
To put up with = -/ J-
a) Sita was a great woman. She put up with
a lot of hardship =
p Y. d- J*C.
b) I cannot put up with the noise =
J--.
c) She has put up with all the trouble her husband gave her =
-- j---
II
Badari: Shall we go for lunch? Don't you think
it is time?
(Lunch
l?
Time
C ?)
(, l -*-.
--y Lo --E --?)
Kedar: That's right. So he has. This is the third
or fourth sunday this year he has
asked us to eat at his place. He seems
to keep open house on Sundays.
( E. L-. -q C C--,
C- Lo --E
-. --p C--
-JE L C)
Badari: That's correct. You remember what
happened last time. He kept us too
long after dinner. There was no bus at
that hour. No auto was in sight. So we
had to foot our way back.
(. F -- hC
? y -
a--d. time bus O-.
\ auto E---. \
* - *aC)
Kedar: Of course I remember. But that was a
good dinner that he gave us that day.
What if we had to walk back? That dinner was worth the walk.
- y-E- invite E
. Conversational
simple invite ask
-.
He has invited me to dinner =
He has asked me to dinner =
o --E L- / y-E-
(- u--J- y-E-
L- \ ?)
No auto was in sight
Auto
E---.
(in sight = %d / E-h)
\- not --- - .
Not a policeman was in sight.
(au N- E u Au
y- -E J--.)
Kedar: In that respect they are cut out for each
other.
( N- x -J-- J_
J--)
Badari: So they are. The way they serve us
makes us feel at home.
Kedar: I think I hear him calling. Shall I tell him
we are starting?
phone
h-o---/ E
phone - NE--hC. ----o-E p?)
Badari: Do. (p)
Here are some more phrasal verbs we hear
frequently in daily conversation. Like the
phrasal verbs we have seen in the earlier
lessons, they can make your conversation
very effective.
Now let's study them.
Look at the following sentences from the
conversation between Badari and Kedar.
1) He seems to keep open house on Sundays
2) We had to foot our way back home
3) In that respect they are cut out for each other
4) ... They make us feel at home
5) That dinner was worth it
OE J* Ja--, J-Eo
n, use --.
He asked us to lunch today:
Lo
y-E-.
lunch
L- /
Spoken English
N- -J-- J--.
\
-a.
C *
n E
--E T n u, -- LT .
x o L-T-h x.
( A-Lo ----o-)
To make your guest feel at home=
A-CE N- -----
a) He treats his guests well. He makes them
feel absolutely at home =
a) Are you sure you are cut out for the army?
ju --E T n u F-E
t--o?
T
n u -E C. E
-C.
-x--- 181
-E d--d E--hC.
--E J_ J--C. Eq-.
A-- h. x
x o L-T-h
b) Don't be hesitant. Feel at home. Ask for
whatever you want=
----l. O x -.
T B. (A-C
)
5) That dinner was worth it =
dinner
Lh -Lq l
-O-.
( h-? E V \
C. h -C? - - l
v-.)
(worth n, use -- .)
Badari: The wonder is his wife is as hospitable
as he.
6 -V-j 2006
to
A----p x J
/ Au y-E p l.
a) Come Sunday, they
keep open house =
M. SURESAN
C- h-J, Rxx
A----Lq.
A----p x J C.
y-p--- p a.
They keep open house on sundays. You are
always sure to see there some guest or the other
C-- Rxx Au p C.
AC \ -- u.
EXERCISE 1
Syamala:
< d--o?
Nirmala: classmate birthday -s
N hC.
Syamala: - < d
?
Nirmala: d. < ---
--.
Syamala: \ E-l-J . <
A-d -.
Nirmala: j vu s <
d.
Syamala: , d-V Eo-o?
Nirmala: Eo, E dinner v -Rd
---C.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
ANSWER
Syamala: Why have you put on a sari?
Nirmala: Our classmate is giving us a treat on
the occasion of her birthday.
Syamala: Can you be in the sari all the time?
Nirmala: I like saris. So I can put with it for any
time.
Syamala: That's where we don't see eye to eye
with each other. I don't like saris much.
Nirmala: I am for saris only for special occasions.
Syamala: But didn't you say the birthday was
yesterday?
Nirmala: Yes, it was, but she put off the dinner
till today.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
* Lq *aC.
foot one's way = -/ walk.
a) As his vehicle broke down, he left it there
and footed his way to office =
O----- h u
-C.
(you y, O, F, O n
v , general -j, -J-j
n -.)
Foot your way as much as possible sentence 'y/ O - h
, -j/ , h
u -C E n. :
You cannot extract oil from sand =
--* B. \ you
y/ O n-E J-N .
c) I can't foot my walk for such a long distance =
EXERCISE 2
Ganesh: Hi Karthik,
F- -
---x E--h-o?
Karthik: bike u --C. Eo
--- *a mechanic *a,
\--* -O-x *
a.
Ganesh: phone *a lift a-E ?
Karthik: y ----E
. x rooms x
F rooms a. vA E-\-
--a?
Ganesh: --o? C F x .
Karthik: Thank you. maths h-o?
od, O h maths lecturer
o?
Ganesh: p lecturer. -- d
ox maths lecturer J_ J--.
Karthik: .
ANSWER
Ganesh: Hi Karthik, you look so tired and
weak, why?
Karthik: My bike broke down on the way. I
walked it up to my mechanic, gave it
to him for repair and footed my way
for 2 kms here.
Ganesh: If you had phone me, I would have
given you a lift.
Karthik: I know you are the helping type.
That's why I came straight to your
rooms without going to my place. can
I stay here for the night?
Ganesh: By all means/ you are welcome. Feel
absolutely at home.
Karthik: Thank you. You seem to be doing
maths. By the way how is your new
maths lecturer?
Ganesh: Excellent. He is cut out for the job.
Karthik: Happy to hear it.
--.
-- j---
II
Akhila: How is your mother? Is she improving?
(O t C? --?)
( J B-- ...)
( K \ B---.
-x F- a)
Nikhila: On the contrary she avoids even the
medicines she has to take. She hates
them too much to take them regularly.
Hence her slow recovery.
Too
- -- J.
1) Too -u 'also' () n
?
( . - uA-. B--Ramya: Has she come? ( *a?)
Lq J B-.
Priya: She has. (. *aC.)
v--l B--- y)
Ramya: Has her husband come too?
( h a?)
( C. F x u
\ x \ C J- lC -x u s
\ n.)
3) Too - u-u E-o
\ n C.
a) He is too clever for a boy his age =
-x--- 182
Akhila: Who is treating
her?
(/ doctor h-o?)
Nikhila: We put her in
Readycure
Hospital.
(Readycure
Hospital
M. SURESAN
a)
(. a)
Spoken English ' n also
- -. \- 'too' . 'Too' p verb y better. She too has come o She has come
too, better. -x
Not also --.
2) Too - l lesson
N
Too K/ A E - n
p--a.
q x-- L-N---.
(- N* L-N----o.)
b) She is too tall for a girl her age =
t- K -- t.
c) She is too red for an Asian =
- - v .
Cl n :
4) Too
Rx - K \.
Sx \ = She is too young to
be married/ to get married.
(E, C K K, ?)
Nikhila: It is. But mom's cousin is a doctor
there. So we admitted her there.
(E. E t cousin \
doctor. ---\ a)
Akhila: You must be spending a lot on transport to and fro. You must have spent
quite a lot already.
(A---E a d-L O.
p- a L.)
Nikhila: You can say that again the tests they
have prescribed as alone have cost us
a lot. The medicines are expensive too.
( y Sx Sx a. x
* K-~ -auC.
K)
Akhila: These days medicare has become too
costly. Only the rich can afford it. The
Poor have to make do with substandard treatment.
( Vx ju K-j--C.
o--x C -- C. E-x
\ ju J--d---Lq.)
make do = l--/ J--d--
Nikhila: Mom is too impatient. She wants to get
out as soon as possible. The doctors
however insist that she stay there for at
least four more days. She feels it too long.
(t K -- C. O-
y -vA * ------C. F doctors v F
V-----o.
v -C K \-- E--hC)
Spoken English
*.
b) He is very tall =
*.
c) He is too tall = K
\ x sC -a.
(K -- x, E- E-----, C--j x--p y
--, K T v-P---Lq -- s- a
h T u -\--a!)
Too A n \- x,
E v-- *-N ---a.
a) He drives too fast =
K drive h. -x
v -N--a.
b) She talks too much.
---i E- \ xC.
c) It is too costly =
C K (--p- a.)
iii) It is too costly = C A/ K K
( - --a)
u--E y l-?
Vinod: I shall be only too glad to accept it.
--- F- C =
She is so weak that she cannot move about.
2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps =
- --- K \ ( J-)
B---
n too .
a) You are a minute too late =
y \ EN -u--u.
(\ EN --a FE uC)
b) This passenger is one too many for the
bus. Bus is full. It can't take even one
more.
K K--\ ( J--)
It's too far off (K \, x-)
t K -- C. (\ ---C)
6) She feels it too long =
(O h J x C?)
F --- - .
( suitcase d--f.
- -?)
Eo y-J-
/ -
C -- d / J---
v/ .
C K C. ( - . -x -.)
Eo E-- x -E/
J--E v (x d.)
- \---o
--- o.
C -- :
a) The box is too heavy for me =
the box is so heavy that I cannot lift it =
h-- -d.
b) The TV is too costly for me =
The TV is so costly that I can't buy it.
-- K-- O.
*ox p-- d- i v-o
--C.
-- j---
II
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready
to go out.
(d a, ---x--E --y)
(d a, ---x--E -y)
(yg -D?)
Rajitha: She is telling me to get dressed and
get ready to go.
Swarna: Go to the market and get some vegetables. There aren't any left.
(Market
--R} -- B-.
x .)
(Indirect) speech.
-x--- 183
( Ea. E F. y-g -- -
--u----C.)
Get going= -l/ E-F, etc.
Swarna: Why are you still here? Kamala is
telling you not to stand there but get
going.
(. O servant --.
c-L-y-, ^-x?)
Swarna: Look, Kamala, she is telling us to stop
it and not to think she is our servant.
She is telling us further not to order
her about.
( , -E,
servant ---lF, c K--lF C.)
Kamala: Come now, Rajitha. Don't be angry.
We have just been joking. Please
don't think we are serious.
(Rajitha,
p-. J- joke
ho. serious o-E
-. J Eo---d--)
Rajitha: You've carried the joke too far.
joke
( E--h-o. yg pC
joke B--F, p--lF,
y enjoy u-E. y )
Rajitha: OK. I excuse you. I will have my turn too.
(. NtLo ~N-h-o.
hC -. p h.)
Rx v
?)
M. SURESAN
(Market
Rx tE yg C F)
hC d reported
Kamala report
speech)
(C
(yg --pC u
Spoken English
Direct speech
?)
o Market Rx t--o?
, yg pC -- o?)
3 a) Kamala (To Rajitha): Don't stand there.
Get going. (Direct speech)
Ea,
-l)
Swarna is telling you to cook too
A C)
(p-. Joke B. y
--.)
(Market
Direct speech
(Reported speech -
p-.
Joke
-C
Ea-,
-l) c C d
3 b)
Direct speech)
pC p--lF, joke
-C--F Reported speech)
j sentences 1 (a) 2 (a), 2 (b) , 3 (a)
4 (a), 5 (a) - Fo direct speech o.
Sentences 1 (b), 3 (b), 4 (b) and 5 (b) - Fo
reported (Indirect) speech o.
F -Eo
Cy-E-
.)
(l o market Rx
t? , --
C --?
Swarna: And cook too. ( u)
(O
-- 10 -V-j 2006
yg Eo
--C)
b) Swarna: Kamala is telling you not to
stand there but get going.
( Ea--lF, -l--E hC
F Reported speech)
4 a) Rajitha (to Swarna & Kamala): Stop it.
Don't think I am your servant. Don't order
me about (Direct speech)
(, O servant --. O d
*a-x c y- Direct speech)
b) Swarna: She is telling us to stop it and not
to think she is our servant. She is further
telling us not to order her about. (Indirect
speech)
DE
reported speech:
-E-
, d. -.
a-,
E dh.
-- --o say y infinitive ( to go, to come, to sing )
E. Tell/ ask \ infinitive hC.
-E reported speech tell (somebody)/ Ask (somebody) + Infinitive hC,
Imperative Reported speech Ja-.
Rx
B- C
DE Reported speech, DE--
x 1 (b) .
,
Lo
- -p
C
a-
C)
:
Eo
L
,
--p, v-Gh,
v-Gh.
j examples - -- p
---o correct L- d
Indirect (reported) speech tense
-a.
j examples , Reported speech ,
is asking/ is telling has asked/ asked/
has told/ told -a.
That is how we change imperative into indirect speech.
-- j---
II
lesson
1st sample of direct
Direct
speech and reported speech
and reported speech
Quotations/ Inverted commas (" "),
sentence
verb/ verbs quoverb
tations
columns
Spoken English practice.
English
quotations,
.
- h-aC,
o
,
o
N.
\ h----LqC,
hC
x-. x--p
, E -- N
. Spoken English h----Lqx, uh uh p
direct speech. uh p N-Eo
uh x uh p/
report
,
reported speech.
Conversation/ Spoken English practice -p N h---L. Quotations,
reported verb
.
Reporting verb reported speech vG-- tell, ask, request, order,
advise, hope E -sEo d
-. English x---p
C reported speech d, ---Lq--x uh o N-Eo --J
pd NE--L C v. -,
lesson Swarna, Rajitha and
Kamala conversation C. practice l. -.
- 13 -V-j 2006
(x x----o. h-Eo
-*a, h-Eo B-E, -
>-y-E O - o.)
Mahesh: I heard Ramani's words. She requested him to let her have both the books.
(p h- B\-}-F,
*a- x (v-V y)
AJ-T-y-F, Naveen - o.)
Mahesh: I was sitting next to Ramani. So I
heard her. She requested him to
allow her to keep them for at least
three days.
( \ o. pC
No, F V-o
--E-y--E -TC.)
Rakesh: Then the teacher ordered them both
to stop talking.
(Teacher
xE x- -E
c--.)
lesson p
J-T -- p report h tell/ ask/
request/ order/ wish verbs I Regular
doing word/ II Regular doing word/ am+ing,
is+ing, are+ing/ have+pp/ has+pp (past participle) form
begin
h.)
j O J-T - , reported speech
h-o. Direct speech * reported
a--p, -sEo d C p
h.
DIRECT SPEECH
I, You
We, You
Me, You
Us
You
My, Your
REPORTED SPEECH
(--, y)
He, She
(--, --, O) They
(-, --o, F, Eo) Him, her
(Lo, / --t-Lo, ) Them
(O)
Them
(-, F)
His/ Her
-x--- 184
I. Naveen: Leave your book with me. You take
my book and return it tomorrow.
(F h-Eo\ . y
h-Eo B-E AJ-Ty)
Ramani: Please let me have both the books.
(-F B--Ey)
Naveen: OK. Take both of them but make sure
that you return them the day after.
(, B, x-
*a- AJ-T-a)
Ramani: Please allow me to keep them for at
least three days.
(F V-o --Ey)
Teacher: Stop talking, both of you.
o, x
O %d d-F, E ---}-F --o-.)
Naveen then requested/ pleaded with
the teacher again not to be cross.
(OJ-l x--)
Naveen and Ramani: Don't be angry, sir.
Excuse us this once.
( O %d d. -- ---Rx-)
Naveen: Please, don't be cross, sir.
(- p-- )
Ez-l )
Naveen: OK. Sir. ( )
Teacher: Be silent, then (
II. Mahesh: Why was the teacher angry with
Naveen and Ramani?
(Naveen, Ramani O
*aC?)
teacher
Spoken English
O -E Part I O,
--, Part II Mahesh, Rakesh
reported (indirect) speech p--.
C -E-. Part II ,
- -T vo: Why was the
teacher angry with Naveen and Ramani?
was
,
x -ho
N: O, - -
J-T-E, N-Eop Mahesh, Rakesh
vh-N-h-o-E.
J-T -- reported
speech a-, told, requested,
ordered E Past doing word v-Gh.
Our, Your
Mine, Yours
Ours, Yours
This (
These (
Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow
(-, --, O)
(--C, FC)
(---C, OC)
--C)
--N)
Their
His/ Her
Theirs
That
Those
That day, The
day before, The
next day
Then
- passage Report
(English G_-).
Kowmudi:
F birthday -s a o E BRx
dinner y.
Kavitha: y punctual -
uo 2:30 .
Kowmudi: J_ V -
h-,
.
Kavitha: a-p O xLo
B-!
Kowmudi: xL N d--.
y -- Eo
.
Kavitha:
N -C-.
y-J p.
Kowmudi: .
ANSWER
t Kowmudi asks/ asked Kavitha to take
her to a movie and give her a dinner on
her birthday next week.
t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to go
home to Kavitha exactly at 2.30
t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to
remind her at 2 that day and see if she
(Kowmudi) doesn't/ wouldn't come.
j p-Fo -sEo-d
-Lq p. E -Lq
- . u English x---op. p OJ N -E-:
O, --, imperative (c,
u-n-, -- L sentences- d
Now
Important:
v-Gh
-x.)
O-, - J-T --,
,
- -d-
.
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
(C d)
Both of them (Naveen and Ramani) requested the teacher not to be angry and excuse
them that once.
He (the teacher) ordered them to concentrate on the lesson, to keep their mouths
shut or get out of the class.
-- j---
(? ?)
Pridhvi: My exam results are out and I have
passed with a very high score.
(
exam results a.
*\- pass u)
C o ---hC. y , NC-yL.)
Treat- N; Owe- .
He owes me Rs.100 = .100
He owes his greatness to his father =
(--o No? p- \x
Eg* G Lo \ B---E o. a N
d----lE o. p -!)
Akash: He is back. Pridhvi it will be tomorrow.
We will to go the matinee show of
Chilipi and then have a dinner at
Shadrasa restaurant.
(%Cy a-.
%Cy, *L uo - Rx,
v restaurant dinner l)
( p-E x o )
-x--- 185
Pridhvi: Who is coming here? Oh, it is Varun.
( h-? ... .)
Varun: I heard you both talking about results
and treat. What is it?
(
a-F, *
u-F p
p.)
( p
N.
-N?)
(C E ----F, , F
y-F -- o.
ready. Date, time O Eg--)
(, No-. %Cy
p. a
Lo
Eg----o)
( t
hC. *- AJ-h. p,
\ x O Eg-*
p. \- B---. a
J* d---)
imperative
3. Pridhvi (To Akash & Varun): You decide
and let me to know where to go and when to
go and I will take you there and then.
''You decide and let me know......to go..."
imperative.
I will take you there-
statement.
Spoken English
(Imperative)
C.)
(d , x C.
C.) (statement)
M. SURESAN
direct speech
sentence, statement form
statement
sentence.
lesson
report
imperative
etc.
sentence)
%Cy o
E j
C;
N-Eo p
(
a(c, u-n-,
-oC
L)
p p statement report -p (Reported speech a--p),
that v-Gh.
j %Dy o -, ,
report .
(Akash to Varun): Pridhvi has just told me that
( xq B-. vE-x
O C) (Imperative +
statement)
3. Doctor (To patient): Take a cold shower
before breakfast if you
want to keep fit.
INDIRECT (REPORTED)
t Rama Rao asks his son to wait there till he
comes back.
Vinai asks/ requests his father to come back
early. He says that he is hungry.
( AJ-a \ -E
- -o. N x o
y tE ---o, -L
E -o.)
t The patient has complained to the doctor that
she has a temperature and a severe cold.
The doctor advises her to take those tablets
and says that she will be cured by the
evening.
(Patient
tor
(y time, s, % . -x y dx o) statement
(O x-- -a
--J-) Imperative
( x-- --J--E
Nu-n teacher C.)
(u
Fox o )
breakfast
Imperative
(u -
Fox
T -o)
o -E
He says that he is ..
EXERCISE
CFo
statements, imperatives.
C
statement. Just fix the date and time - C
( AJ-a \ .)
INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT
1. Rama Rao: Wait here till I come back.
(y ---o, L
(Report
DIRECT SPEECH
happy. You owe me and Varun a treat
II
,
d,
-.
\,
d ,
d
h.
Rajani:
h. --o d-- p
Sujani: Dozen --- l. \j l.
Rajani: y AJ--h-E --l.
Sujani: y-p--*a --. C
B...
Sujani: F, y market x-x-
Rajani: *a y y.
dozen N--x B- please.
Put the following first in English and then
report it (change it into reported speech. Use
reporting verbs only in present tense. is
telling/ tells/ has told/ is asking/ asks/ has
asked etc.)
DIRECT
REPORTED
-- 18 -V-j 2006
-- j---
(\ -- y. Sx -)
Kavitha: That'll be one too many, child. No. Do
your home work first. If you eat any
more, you will fall ill.
\ -- y. E Sx -.)
v u-i--E F o)
M. SURESAN
---.
d)
b) Ram: Come in Shyam and have a seat.
Ram told Shyam to come in and have
a seat. (Imperative, direct E come
report --p to come in
E infinitive h.-
Direct
Reported
was, were
was, were
had been
shall
should
will
would
can
could
may
might
has to
verb tenses
a) The guests will be here in an hour. Meanwhile let us prepare a good meal for
them =
A a-h.
* -l.
b) I will be leaving in 10 minutes. Meanwhile I want to call
my friend =
-E x y ---o. -
Rx --o.However
However n but (F, ). u but sentence -G. however sentence -G--a. ( p
h a. E Sx
AJ-T-y-.
So that
So that - E n.
a) He worked very hard so that he
might get a rank =
* rank h- l-
d- C-.
b) She started early so that she
might not miss the train =
j- -p---- l- -y
-l-JC.
a) Inorder to: In order to pass you must study
well = - u- -L.
b) In order to qualify for IIT entrance test you
should pass Inter in the first attempt
IIT entrance exam | --E --
v-o- - yL.
, In order to -v-A -- to a. C
simple, In order to u. -
*C. to . In order to \-x-.
By way of ( )
He received Rs.10 lac by way of dowry =
o 10 ~ - -Bo.
b) Drona demanded Ekalavya's thumb by way
of 'gurudakshina'.
v --~- --u -- -.
had to
have to
x- J -xE
h.
should
must
* --t-N !
goes etc)
-- Imperative sentences ,
statements reported speech a-p Reporting Verb, present tense
.
report
(Indirect) speech p-a. ( told/
asked/ ordered/ said verbs ) op J-T - -J-d ---.
* --t-N . A.)
v u-i-- E C)
, - v -E-o E- B- -L tE -E v E- B-x
----E ----.)
- E p)
(, E-)
( V-- / V y-q
--. y K \ y-q ---oE o ---.)
Reported
Direct Speech
. Suketh, Subodh -
report -p reporting verb, told, said
(\ \j \-j-x. . past forms L. -E Suketh, Subodh
--\ u. A, -xE Present tense verbs is, have
--u -h-C.)
E was, had past forms a.
Vinitha: Then give it after I do my homework.
u-i N
( --\ y y.) Direct * reported a--p, Imperative
Kavitha: You are not getting any more for
Sentences E Verb tenses v a.
Direct
-x--- 186
II
j N
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-- j---
(, a)
Lalasa: Thank you. I am dead tired.
( --)
Manasa: Have some coffee then. It won't take
more than a minute for me to make
it.
( h coffee B\. ~x h)
Lalasa: Sure, that'd be most welcome.
(p-)
Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why you
are so tired.
(coffee
-C. p p, --y
-----)
(brew = coffee N . J-T
vv- brew )
Lalasa: My boss is an evening walker. She
wanted me to walk with her to her
home for company.
(-E y -. -?)
Lalasa: Oh, my! It is nearly four kilometers.
On the
way back I dropped in here.
(s, -O-x).
(AJT
)
--x
h-o-x -xE
Eo-E
ah.
p -E
d
h. d Ox
p v-h-.
DIRECT
1. Kanya: Stop
talking,
you,
Sirisha.
(Imperative)
2. Kavya: Sravya, I am
going to town
with
sister.
Please come
with us.
ap \ )
-x--- 187
Manasa: Don't regret. You have had a good
exercise
(*A--, *
exercise
(y * . p -hC
-O-x -
N?)
Manasa: Don't be angry. I said it just for fun.
Here's the coffee. Have it and relax.
(p-, ---o-.
C . T h NvA B)
Lalasa: Thank you. You make very good
coffee.
(Thank you.
h)
Manasa: Choose good coffee powder. Have
fresh milk about. That's the recipe
for good coffee.
(* coffee .
a. * coffee C
v.)
recipe = --E v
Lalasa: Thanks once again.
lesson
imperative
sentences
statements
sentences)
report
---oC,
(c, u-n-, --
,
(
L)
N L
.
--o Eo u N-:
1) Report h-o-p says/ am, is, are
saying/ has/ have said, tells/ is telling/
are telling/ have told/ has told/ ask etc
present tense reported verbs
report
verbs tenses
p
xE
.
h-o-x
a-Lq E-
Spoken English
REPORTED SPEECH
b) Kanya asked (past tense) Sirisha to stop talking.
p imperative combination
statements v report
l.
Mallesh: Our friends will be here soon. We
are going to have a jolly time with
them.
INDIRECT
Reporting verb present tense
1. Manasa:
Lalasa,
come in, have a
seat.
2. Lalasa: Thank you.
I'm dead tired.
3. Manasa:
Take,
some coffee. It won't
take more than a
minute to make it.
3. Manasa
asks
(offers)
Lalasa some coffee and
adds (says) that it won't
take more than a minute to
make it.
M. SURESAN
DEE
C
)
j
o
L.
- -:
--p
statements L report
Lq *a--p, statement
statement u and that . Table
-E-. statements
\--o-p statements , he/
she etc, added/ said further . p
Mallesh, Kamesh conversation report l.
Reported verb, past tense .
Lq--p,
p
report
--u-a l:
Suresh: Hi Manish, I am happy that I finally got the book. I searched the
whole of the market finally I found
it in a small shop. This was the
only copy available.
four statements
report (Indirect speech)
tense, reported verb
\
OE
-E-.
l. past
--Tl.
-- j---
( Eo v O
-x Phone , E
B-)
Mohan: We were all out at the exhibition.
exhibition
l):
u N- . p
u?)
( matches o. u
J* x---o?)
Bhavan: Which of the two is this weekend?
O
u
.
'Wh' questions
v--E
-x--- 188
\ --o?)
(d vq)
(I RDW)
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT
questions.
Direct speech
(do, does and did
Where is he?
( C u?)
team
})
( C ' v--
?)
( G _ )
Bhavan: Then who is the list with?
list
J _-C?)
( captain Arya _,
o)
coach
( ----o)
Mohan: Why do you want to see it?
( -----o?)
Bhavan: I want to be sure that Manoj is on the
team.
( o E El-J-
---.)
Mohan: Don't worry. He is on the team.
(o. --)
Bhavan: OK.
Direct speech
question
o
report
-p Eo statement structure (sub +
verb)
Question
verb
M. SURESAN
subject
helping verb main verb
subject
ah.
hC :
p
E y
h-C-. --
,
hC.
- u
Reporting verb
past tense
Kesav asks/ is
asking Karuna
where Shyam is.
Kesav
asked
Karuna
where
Shyam was.
-E-:
speech
Where is
Shyam,
report
where
Shyam is
reporting
verb past
where Shyam is
where
Shyam
was
--C.
Direct
p,
Statements report
-s x 'that'
v-G* N p h.
Fo --C-- lessons .
Now observe the conversation between
Bhavan and Mohan at the beginning of
this lesson.
Spoken English
Reporting verb
present tense
Karuna replies
that she does not
know
(C
statement)
d,
Karuna replied
that she did not
know.
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED
Reporting verb (present)
questions
order
25 -Vj 2006
-2
[ j]
x Fo x Lq ].
p Lo , x px Ja pLq hC. [
]sx [ ]lLo Th. vu pC,
uh o[E pC. x
Eo aL. uEo ]lA # ]lA
aE u v ElP#C.
B?
1 [.
[ --x
Question word
order report -p[ Wh word d
N Part statement word order
a-[ -E-.
(\ ] ----o?)
(j --E AJ--h.)
Study carefully the conversation above.
You find a number of 'wh' questions in it.
] lesson --C:
( uq a- .)
To our maths lecturer's
lecturer's
's
'to' ]
# Rx- n
hC.
To my friend's =
friend
M. SURESAN
x 189
Which maths lecturer do you want to go to?
( ]_ # -L?/-]?)
Vinod: I want to have tuition from him.
( o-x C ]_-
, ]-E \ o.)
Visala: How much does he charge?
( B--?)
( ]_ u ---o.)
Visala: Which maths lecturer do you want to
go to?
( uq a- ]_ x---o?)
Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in the town.
( -\-L. ]- p[ o.)
Visala: When do you think you can come
back?
Direct Speech
( . x p-[.)
Visala: Who suggested him to you?
(y-] --------o?)
( J# F- p?)
Vinod: Most of my friends go to him, so I am
going to him too.
Direct Speech
(O o---\[?)
Sathya: Why do you want to know?
(] --------o?)
2. Madhavi: What are your goals?
Prasanth: What do you advise?
vo:
([xFo o. vA { J L
J-C).
vo: 1. Gup n N N-J#, EE
(x E--d---L- E--d-N] --T-h L---.
o)
2.
Past participle (V3) N-J#, --2. He might have been able to do the job =
L--.
Perhaps ()he did the job/ did not do the
B Nu--C, h
job.
: 1. Gup L-----
([ E -LT [a,
]. Guppy C -i .
[a -- [a .)
2. Past participle: Object o Verb Past par3. She must have been able to persuade him
ticiple E n hC.
to marry her.
a) The man seen here yesterday.
( Rx----E - a-p
(Eo \ [-- uh j -
L ] Rx --o[)
Eo \[ O/ / x uh.)
Compare: The roads are
wet. It must have rained
Spoken English u x ...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
(u # T-L- [s.)
Past participle, verb ]. Be form
(am, is,
are, was, shall be, have been, etc.,) + Past
participle verb -C. p[ verb,
passive voice.
a) Salaries were paid yesterday.
(@ Eo y--f/ Lx---f.)
b) The college will be closed from tomorrow
onwards.
(@ # --[-C.)
Past participle adjective [.
jo Jg---E [.
a) The murdered man was related to her.
( uh d.)
PC--i
- 27 -V-j 2006
-- j---
( , ---o-
-C. v -y-i- busy ?)
Well met - expression conversations
practice -
n. How busy - C Practice
.
Nakul: Why are you asking?
(-----o?)
Arjun: I want to take you to a movie. Feel like it?
(E B-------o. --?)
feel like - E--
Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take
me to
Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema
Pellam'?
DEo
C L- N---? Sx
sample l.
(E d h)
('\ }
l?)
p j
--p,
-x--- 190
( -C?)
}? p- 75
V-jC)
Nakul: OK. But what's the occasion for your
taking me to the movie?
(C-. o s E-
B----o?)
Arjun: O Nakul, why do you forget things so
early? I've got admission in Sanketic
college of Engineering, one of the best
in the state.
( y Ja-- y?
Z p--x j -A
Engineering college seat
*aC)
Nakul: Oh, sorry I forgot it. I will make it. Don't
worry
(-*---- ----o.
p h. --)
p--- Imperatives, statements,
'Wh' questions report .
'Wh' questions report J- practice
l.
TABLE 1:
n- variety M. SURESAN
wants to know/ wanted to know/
wished to know E
C.
, tell, ask, question p-.
Correct. F wish to know/ wishes to
know/ would know/ wants to know -N
p--p variety ,
C.
See table 1: report simple
E--hC. OJC practice h ---C.
(Y U---o N?)
d
fancy =
Sruthi: Why? Are you going to play any?
(, y-o NE---o?)
O-F, CD O-F
NE--.
Report
Direct Speech
Reporting verb - present
Arjun: Hi Nakul, Wellmet. How busy
are you this
evening?
\ straight he wanted
\ Arjun tells Nakul - , I want he told
- 'I want' 'he wants' Nakul -.
a. a
C.
Spoken English
U o
N?)
Sruthi: Have you any of Balamuralikrishna's
latest CDs?
(
CDs
Preethi: Don't you like MS? (MS
Sruthi: Of course I do, I have listened to
plenty of hers. I have yet to hear
some of Balamurali's
u *a ---S-%g U
o?)
F-d -?)
( h -?)
Sruthi: Have you to search for it?
(C - y)
Preethi: Yes.
Sruthi: Go ahead then. Can I have today's
paper in the mean time?
paper
F. -- V
y.
O -E There are
many
questions in the conversation above.
There are all non 'Wh' questions.
'Wh' questions report
Non 'Wh'
questions report
'Wh' questions
What,
which, when, where, etc.
'Wh'
questions.
Non 'Wh' questions
Sankar: Are you interested in cricket?
Sarala: Don't you know?
Non Wh questions report
(Indirect Speech
1. Reporting Verb, is asking/ asks/ is quesif
tioning/ questions/ asked
Whether
Sankar is asking Sarala if/ whether...
questions word order (verb + sub2.
ject/ helping verb + sub + main verb)
statement order (sub + verb)
See table.
--o. p
l.
hC :
,
-u v--u
NE vo.
p) ?
y
F v-Gh.
F,
ah.
N p h.
REPORT
DIRECT
Sankar (to sarala):
(*a- d. --R
U h NL )
Look at the following. We are going to report part of the conversation between Preethi and
Sruthi. Observe how we are going to report non 'wh' questions:
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
+ sub, HV + Sub + MV
-- j---
Vinod:
Vinod:
( V-jC. Eo V--
--\--o?)
(G---, F --
a? _-o?)
( x prizes a--o.
L U-, debate, mimicry .
a-o prizes ?
-L- .)
Event () n -.
\ n .. v,
x.
( NCC camp }. V
AJ--a. F p? --y -?)
-x--- 191
Vinod:
Do you want
me to see
them
now?
Mom's calling
me
over
phone. I have
to be at home
M. SURESAN
urgently. Show
them to me when I come tomorrow.
Pramod: Why didn't you tell me before leaving? Your college and home are so
far off that I couldn't get any information. Moreover I was busy too,
with our college cultural festivals.
(p E --? t
hC.
xL. E -- -*a--p
.)
college,
Vinod:
( p . prizes --E
E , h --. o
E----)
(_-o.
a.)
--
Vinod:
1. Imperative
(c,
u-n-, --
L) sentences
( NEo L sen-
tences)
eg:
Sushma: Sumanth,
where are
you?
4. Non 'Wh' question
eg:
(\,
Report
to
lA)
infinitive
h.
Kamala asked
-Lq Eo
that
to go away
hC)
v-Gh.
Report:
a) Srikanth tells Rani that his sister has come back
b) Srikanth told Rani that his sister had come back
Report
question
'wh'
word order (vb + sub/ Hv + sub + Mv)
(sub + verb)
-Lq
Eo
v-G* question
statement word order
Kesav: Kedar,
are
you coming?
Spoken English
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
Pramod asks Vinod why he didn't tell him before leaving, and
says that his college and home
are too far off to get any information. Moreover he was busy
too with their college cultural
festivals.
EXERCISE: Report and practise aloud the rest of the conversation. Use both present and past
tense reporting verbs. Compare your answer with ours:
ANSWER:
verb
lesson, (between Pramod and Vinod) has mixed sentences (Imperatives, statements,
'wh' and non 'wh' questions)
Report:
-Lq -xE
-- report -- o sentences ,
E report l-:
Type of sentence
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Reporting verb present tense
Pramod: Do come
down tomorrow, just not
to see the prizes but to
give me your company.
Don't disappoint me.
--- 1 -d 2006
-- j---
Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's nearly a year
since we met.
-N- , x L_-).
(grove - x-oC)
Kundan: Yes, I smell them. How tempting their
very smell is!
(, y . -
Eo ---E! -q--iC
q-E)
(. hC. -{ ! tempting =
-J{.)
(Sx F --E -
-)
(C, B).
2.
(--s... * ! E-
x -. Au
!
3.
h- -{-- --)
-x---
192
(Indirect
speech p)
( - !)
How fast he bowls!
'wh word + adverb + Sub + verb.
(Noun: E-j a . AdjectiveEo L . Adverb - verb p E
J-T p )
n exclamation word order:
(y-x-p Eo B\x)
(D p -!)
M. SURESAN
. p
exclama-
p-
- !
tions
(a-uEo p u/ -h
L - p u) report
l:
Let us first study the word order in an exclamation.
( exclamation word order-
A---o-p. * N x F
N F. N -. -N,
, oN. treat = n,
( - x -B) doctor,
patient ju . \ n
-J l)
Look at the following exclamations:
1. What a leader Gandhi was!
STATEMENT
The day is very cold
( L V)
( L C)
( h!)
( -C)
( */-i/l d-!)
(C */-i/l d)
2
Direct Speech
The Tourist: How
beautiful the
scenery is !
DIRECT SPEECH
Report
Reporting Verb-Present
The tourist exclaims
that the scenery is
very beautiful.
Reporting Verb-Past
The tourist exclaimed
that the scenery
was very beautiful.
http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
EXCLAMATION
1. How cold the day is!
(--- 1 .)
DIRECT SPEECH
h.
eg: Direct Speech:
Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's a year since we met.
Report (present tense - reporting verb)
Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan exclaims
that it is a great pleasure to see him (and
adds/says) that is a year since they met.
Report (past tense- Reported verb)
Rajan surprised at seeing Kundans exclaimed
that it was a great pleasure to see him, (and
added/said) that was a year since they had
met.
Exclamation report full stop - ,
statement part h sentence
pa.
Eg: Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan
exclaims that it is a great pleasure to see him.
He says that it is a year since they met.
Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of
the lesson N Eo h (Statements
) Present tense and past tense reporting
verbs report .
(--- 4 -)
4
REPORT
3 -d 2006
-- j---
( - o Eo , O x o?)
Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are
you?
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news?
Did the local body elections go off
well in your place?
coffee
report
sentence word order
statement word
order
report
sentences word order
statement word order
report
--p N Eo
-h-E --o. C
--p. -C
u
J*, E
-
aL
E ---o. C L---
u.
sentence , -C N--
spoken English --C-- lessons
N- L. -C lessons miss
u-- l- p S} NJ-ho. -E* h--.
---u \-o n
. E
u B-. DE \- * n . E
/ --E
- u Ja n
.
-p- English try :
-x--- 193
:
, y-
-
-
N
. d
-
ii) Where are they going?Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) +
they (subject) + going (main verb)
M. SURESAN
question
4 word orders o:
i) Verb + Subject
ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb
-C x x G- .
u - JC. -l--h
s JC. _---
J-. tension -N)
Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic
Country.
( v-yu -E y-)
Mahima: These politicians, oh, God!
(
- - .
-!)
-- Imperative structures,
vo-n Fo
--- d OE
.
-- L
4. Exclamations:
sentences.
a-uEo, -s--
L-N:
Let us now study the word order in each
of the four types of sentences and how
they can be changed into the statement
word order. (This is very important for
Reporting, direct speech).
1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject +
verb.
statement
Subject
mations report
Spoken English
verb
p
h. p :
Kamala to Karuna:
Sita came here yesterday (statement)
Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita
came there yesterday (Reporting
verb - Present tense)
b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come
yesterday.
report
wh +
2) 'wh' question
verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject +
main verb
wh word + subject + verb
structure
--p,
,
ah.
3) Imperative sentences
imperative part
to
report -,
d infinitive h.
4) Exclamations report --p E
statement word order Ja,
statement that report v-Gh.
Exclamation: a) How well she sings!
( -!)
n DEo statement a:
She sings very well.
( -C.)
b) Exclamation: How tall he is!
F, Non
F
p, verb
-y-F hC .
-L. p correct.
3) Imperative sentences:
Fo c, u-n- L-N
eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)
-v-o:
subject 'you'
(O-Eo-
C-h)
. --
4) Exclamations:
What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you
(sub) + are (verb)
---:
G. -, x.
Subject + Verb
Word Order in ..
p) .
c, u-n-,
, -
(Indirect speech
( !)
n DE statement form:
He is very tall. ( )
y--F,
Direct speech
report
quesstatement order
report
tion
subject
verb
Imperative
sentence
to
Exclamation
statement
report
--p,
h.
--
.
h.
d v-Gh.
Ja
h.
D,
n y--
uA n--E-h-o
.
u x a
n J--
O -hC.
Rama killed Ravana
-
B)
n:
Question
Imperative sentence
1) Verb + Subject
You (subject
verb.
Exclamation
Wh word + noun/
adjective/ adverb +
verb sub + verb.
p) +
--
E--hC.
Question -
You p subject. \ sentence *
N-- .
verb .
--E 5 -d 2006
-- j---
2)
({ hC. x?)
Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we
can't get the tickets and we shall be
missing the movie.
(-- --?)
(-j xL y. q
a-, E miss ).
Rohit: You're not ready yet.
(Ny ---)
Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't
you? Take his help to get the tickets
(F Theatre friend o .
q B)
Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the
hall?
(p -- Rx q B-E F
_ ?)
-x--- 194
(tLo p -----?/
p ---L?)
First type of questions E shall report
--p, reporting verb, present tense
, shall will hC.
a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?'
Santhi: You will, of course.
DEo
report
l.
hC.
M. SURESAN
( -. -C- _- , Example:
Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job?
F h. E-l ---a.)
Ramani: You will be, certainly.
Bike
B-?)
( ?)
Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up?
( AJ-*a Eo B--x?)
Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto.
(y--. h.)
Rohit: I shall get going then.
Reporting Verb
Present tense
Reported Verb
Sankar is asking
Ramani if he will be
happy if he accepts
the job.
Sankar
asked
Ramani if he would
be happy if he
accepted the job.
Ramani
assured
him that he would
be, certainly.
Past tense
( -l-)
p shall -- -l-A:
Rajat: Do. (F.)
p--- Eo sentences Kumar: Shall I help you?
C Kumar ho offer. Reporting verb
report N .
present tense , Kumar is asking her
shall o questions report - Nif he can help her. -s
vh -.
(spoken English ) He is offering to help
Present day English usage shall
her --- h.
will -h-o.
reported verb past tense .
shall -Lq x, Eo-x will
Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her
-h-o. Shall, will --u - -p-
-C. --x, -
d-----. I and we
N-, shall should
questions v \- shall
hC.
- o.
Prasad:
When shall I see you again?
Shall I and we question form
- :
Pramod: You can see me whenever you like.
1) Indefinite future- *a --E/
Prasad asked Pramod when he should see
future --/ - E
him again. Pramod told him that he could
J_ L-E N-- J* question
see him whenever he liked.
h shall L.
Now look at the following conversation at
a) Shall I ever become great? =
-j p-----?
b) Shall I be happy there? =
-\ - ?
c) Shall We need these books after we complete the course? =
q h- y - q --?
can
Spoken English
Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go
wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the
hall.
hall?
hall.
Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should
take the bike.
bike?
take the bike.
Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would
come then.
then?
he will come then.
Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should
and pick you up?
should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.
It is raining now...
Rohit: Shall I take the bike?
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
-)
Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.
DIRECT SPEECH
Pratibha: Have
Coffee too.
of tension.
Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being
a democratic country.
being a democratic country a democratic country.
Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of
politicians.
Oh, God.
of politicians.
(y/--u)
-- 7 -d 2006
-- j---
( t-. h p )
Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to?
( restaurant l?)
Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today.
advice?
(o ---N-p? F -N-?)
Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?
(F-d- i \. p--?)
-- Kumar report ---
N- -a
1) rules v.
2) Spoken form of English ( English
--) informal report ..
Compare the following
( N -N- --)
Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's
threatening to rain. I am afraid we
might get drenched on our way back.
.)
Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of
it. The food there is rotten.
( -j y, E -J-* -*-.
Table -3
(---- -1 ---)
DIRECT SPEECH
-E-: Informal ( --
) report - .
--- : rules
v report practice -- spoken form informal
report practice
: p j -- past tense report
l:
(---- 2 ---)
English x--o-p report
M. SURESAN
-x---
Ad \ h.)
Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way
off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good
food. So where shall we go now?
('N --. Eat'n'Joy
food --- --\---l)
Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel
Manpreet? (Manpreet h?)
Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then.
(-d . -ll.)
-- Eo sentences
report a-o .
Spoken English - - report
--p Eo x strictly grammatical
report v-C- -E--
-- ---C. C report --E v-Ao-:
Samir: What shall I do now? What's your
Table -1
Direct Speech
Direct Speech
Samir: What shall I
do now? What's
your advice?
Kumar: Buy it if
you like what can I
say?
195
Table -2
REPORT
Formal (According to rules)
If I were you...
food h- ----C).
(rotten - -n J-T--.
h.
Direct
--p
Speech E
O - --v-h -L.- N
informal report
-
vocabulary
() -.
C informal
report .
Exercise:
Report
Kumar's Report (Past Tense)
aloud the rest of the
According to Rules
Informal (--- ) conversation at the
beginning of the lesSamir asked me what he Samir was unable to
son. both a) accordshould do then and what decide and asked for/
ing to rules b) in the
wanted my advice
my advice was
informal
(spoken)
form, and also a) in
I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and
liked and that there was b) past form
liked and asked him
nothing for I could say
what I could say
(---- 4 ---)
/ for me to say.
a) Present Tense
Darsan asks Vardhan how about eating out that day.
b) Past Tense:
Darsan asked Vardhan how about
eating out that day.
Vardhan: That's OK
with me. I welcome
the change
Darsan:
Which
restaurant shall we go
to?
Table -4
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT
according to rules
10 -d 2006
1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again.
(, Sx y u -- a-)
Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5,
and here I am at 5.
( u --. y -C-
-t-o-. C- -\--o)
Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30
itself?
(4.30 \---E -y-?)
Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough
If I was here by 5.
(E E y o E-\ -
C-- E)
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have
some coffee?
(h coffee B--?)
Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee.
(B---E---. p coffee
Bo)
Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I
get you a drink, perhaps some orange
juice?
(y-- -B-Lq. orange
-- j---
Malli?
( -. o LE - --.
d )
Nothing of the sort= - n DEo
- --s -a. Purely conversational. O conversation practice .
( h E . 500 h-. -?)
Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work.
I don't like the amount at all, but I
need money now, so I agree to do it.
( E - \?
d . p s -. -E
p--o.)
-- lesson Direct
speech - strictly according to rules, formal (v
v, v--C) report
M. SURESAN
REPORTING
DIRECT SPEECH
l?)
Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much.
(p-. - d)
Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30?
( 6.30 -l--?)
Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly
at 6.30.
(--. E-\ correct 6.30 )
4) Hema: How do you like my calling you
-x---
(\ --- ---)
marks.
Kalyan:
Pavan:
ACCORDING TO RULES
Prameela suggested that they show their
196
Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had
and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.
3) Komala: Shall we
go to the exhibition
this evening?
Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked
to go very much.
very much.
Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start
at 6.30.
start at 6.30.
Komala: That's OK
for me. I'll be here at
6.30.
4) Hema: How do you
like my calling you
Malli?.
Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would
and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.
Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of
asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call
added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she
liked it.
Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for
do the whole job for Rs. 500/-.
the whole job.
INFORMAL
Prameela wanted to show their teacher that
that they were clever students.
5) Subbarao: How
about Rs. 500/- for the
whole job?.
Apparao: That's too
little for such a lot of
work. I don't like the
amount at all, but I
need money now and
I'll do it.
coffee.
Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take
something. He offered to get
drink, perhaps some orange
juice.
insist = d--d
Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing
have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the
same.
Neeraj, just the same.
Komala suggested that they go to
the exhibition that evening/
Komala suggested their going to
the exhibition that evening.
Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she
like her calling Malli/ Hema would
calling her Malli.
call her Malli. How would she like
it?.
-.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
prompt.
Prompt =
--E .
--E 12 -d 2006
-- j---
( C-! p--a?)
Divakar:
(p Eo-- ,
q-v a.)
Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you
feel happy, don't you? But why
- -E- ? Fo----,
\- short sentences, exclamations
o . OE spoken English
report --p, -h formal report
--p \ --\ rules v
report --\--. J - xE , -y E---x report --L-T
-C. :
Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.
(- y AJ--a. C ? p S}
---a-?)
Divakar:
(- -?)
-u--C)
with a fever.
-x--- 197
(. x C-
--N? t y.)
( y- . v
?)
train
ao y?)
Didn't you
Express?
say
the
Howrah
( q-v o ?)
My uncle must have come by the
same train.
( u
a-L).
train
words
(Indirect
p)
-E-. -
, Kesav said that
Report:
report
speech
thanks
you are
welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome
Divakar:
bother)
Report:
(, )
Damn these heavy rains! They are
the cause of all these.
( A----x -*--.
F -- *, h
job *a-- vq.
Thank you. But I must rush. I've
been too long with you. Mom must
be wondering where I am. See
you later. Bye.
(Thanks. F }L. F K
\----o. O-\--o E
t ---C. y
l.)
Spoken English
-C L-? (n --)
b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?
( p--h?)
( j -
report
Supriya: I wonder.
(h , ---)
Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversation at the beginning of the lesson, both
according to rules and informally.
h?)
Reporting - Present
Formal (acc. to rules)
Reporting - Past
Informal (spoken)
Informal (spoken)
Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was disa pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped
it was ordinary fever.
is ordinary fever
is ordinary fever.
it was ordinary fever.
Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish
were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that
he suspected it was some
it is some viral fever.
it is a viral fever.
viral fever.
Divakar wished it
had been, but suspected it to be a viral
fever.
( {. O-x Fo.)
p--p,
(\ d--o Eo?)
2) Mom must be wondering where I am.
Now look at the following part of conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
( y
--C. viral fever E - C .)
Divakar:
- ,
.
C
Do N
(-j
(E %d.
y ?)
Divakar:
Kesav's
E Lq
M. SURESAN
hC.
F,
F, (formal
spoken form \-) - C. -E -
j L--x report better.
(p . t y
E, B-----E o. ! N What a
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an
ordinary fever
Divakar:
b) Srinath:
*)
Report:
a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike
often gives him trouble.
b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often
gave him trouble.
b) Do=
1. Make
, Do N-
--T-L?
2. Xerox , photocopy
u -.
.V, C--
h-o (j E)
He is studying= ---o.
ii) You do your duty = F NC y- u (Ey-)
j o
---, pAh
n \- .
t hC.
ii) The student is making an
attempt to understand the subject =
j E--/ Ey--
i) What is he doing? =
E-j
B-x
x
O
.
v---dD, p- u
l company . -LqC photocopy .
Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O -B copy
. photocopy correct.
a
B
,
E.
-- 14 -d 2006
-- j---
versation practice .
Nabh: That makes us equally tall.
(y-\-o* h-o?)
Ramesh: From my uncle's.
( E-l h-o-)
( u * -h-o-)
Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't
you?
(- - - - o- Nv , F - - p 1/2 - \- h - - o-)
(y-\- - ?)
Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite
often.
(. o - --E
-h.)
Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?
(- -C ?)
Ramesh: What're you driving at?
( - F --i, -
.)
3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come
with you wherever you want.
( chapter Jh - -y-
y-\----t \---h)
(N y-C?)
drive at = P-l * p . I still don't
understand what she was driving at =
- - - o l N p -
- l . 'drive at' - - - O- conversation practice -.
Naresh: I've been wondering all these
days why you go there so
often. Now I know.
Jh p---)
Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomorrow is more important
than this outing.
M. SURESAN
( y \-
(p-dF. -
test - - u)
-x---
198
(y C . C n L.)
( F L-C?)
direct speech report - ---aNaresh: A marriage in the offing.
E - lessons . 1) - formal
(Rx ----E) (In the offing = --o) (rule v) 2) n - (informal )
Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint
spoken form ( u--J-).
you. My uncle does have a daughcolumns l spoken English a-ter, but she is already the mother of
d, x English -, two babes.
-, spoken form report -
(Eo E-q-h--o- --, -vd - --u- -.
C. -u -C, F j passage \ Spoken form report
l x Lx)
- -E - -- - -Eo -E- . According
2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown
to rules practice
- - - -- . --C since I saw you last a year ago !.
E-.
(-q Eo --p... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them
-p- C-!)
with the reporting verb in the Present Tense
Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2
inches taller than I was a year ago.
What about you.
- N? Eo p
-T-L?
, j----.
i) Year by year = Every year.
vA -q E. Year by year, he is growing richer and richer. (-q -q--E,
J-T--C).
-q N* -q -J
-.
Q) a, e, i, o, u -u
An L ! University,
European 'A'
?
N. D -, -h-.
: a/ an - , , , , , , ,
, , l- v--u English
'an' . N-- 'a' .
q- -, jo, d University, European, , j
E--h o.
p l- v ? -E
Year after year his study continued =
an (European= --; University =
-q-- u- TC.
E--Jq ' l *
Every other year = alternate year
lx .)
-q Ja (N*) -q
ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake.
Year after year passed, he continued to work
hard, though he was getting older and older
DIRECT SPEECH
Naresh: Hasn't he a
daughter?
Ramesh: What are
you driving at?
DIRECT SPEECH
197
Spoken Form
out so soon.
Divakar
disappointed
asked
Prabhakar to think of what he
found just as he stepped into
home- mom down with a fever
so soon.
Divakar was disappointed that
as he stepped into home he
found mom down with a fever.
Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for
being the cause of all these.
rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those.
all these.
Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory,
memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate
Divakar on his getting a new
late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job .
and better job .
better Job.
Divakar thanked Prabhakar
Divakar,
thanking
Prabhakar
said
Divakar: Thank you, but I
and wanted to rush. He had
he
had
to
rush
and
that
he
had
must rush. I've been long
been with him long and his
been
with
him
long.
Mom
must
be
with you. Mom must be wondering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering
would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see
later Bye.
him later and bade him bye.
him.
--v 18 -d 2006
-- j---
report
C.
Spoken English let
\.
-. -E C
o sentences
report - - -.
let - C report
n C.
1) Let = allow (t-A/ E u-E-y)
d, Eo
Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are travelling by and on which date?
( -v- , D h-o
F *a ?)
Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the
AP Express on the 30th. Let there be
no doubt about it.
--F/--F.
c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in =
-L F (t).
us let (let us...) C vA-/ (proposal/ suggestion) -C.
a) Let us go now = -- .
b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat
= h j A.
(C vN -x u. - E
x -L.)
( . .-.
-Lq N C.)
Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi
----E --dl.
3) Let Warning y--E (a-J---E)
.
a) Let him not come here again
( --Mx- Eo V--L?)
Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's
stay there for two or three days after
the conference. We can do a bit of
shopping and sight seeing too.
( v-Eo Cy-E-
. - y \
V-. h -,
j-- l.)
Make the best of = -E-j-
Cy-E- -.
DIRECT SPEECH
l -- *C.
d) Let order/ command .
a) Let him finish the work in an hour
- E Jh L.
b) Let them clear all this mess -
S x v---L.
5) Ex-~ uEo -E
.
let
u- n .
Vinamra: Won't the director object?
.
b) Let the government do it =
C vy -Lq E.
N let o n, --.
let o sentences report -p E nEo, -sEo d reporting
verbs, order, warn, request, ask N L.
I. u let o sentence u
Imperative C. d Eo imperative
sentence report -x, let
to let d v-Gh J--C .
M. SURESAN
(pF. u-
pL? v-V a
O .)
Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting
leave for the two days will be easy.
( N - -
---. p --V-
B- --- C.)
Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let
him not grant leave. He will see what
happens.
( ---o? -N-y F l. -
-hC.)
j Conversation let -x *aC. Let
o sentences report --p v-h
L. Let -sEo d, E-o nEo
assignment.
(Observe the use of suggest in the sentences
above)
Let Warning Warn/ Warns/
Warned, Command Command/
Commands/ Commanded F Spoken English
report begin h.
- E ----E n-F.
c) Let her know her limits
Sight seeing =
(J jd u--G--?/ jd u-
p?)
( Nu-n K~ L C
command )
Report:
a) The lecturer orders that all the students take
the test without fail. (Reporting VerbPresent)
b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take
the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again
(-EC S} -- warning)
Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not
do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present)
b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it
again (Reporting Verb - Past)
200
-x---
2)
Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (personal assistant) take care of them.
-a.
Vimal: Let's go to a movie
(El /E---l?)
(Let's - Let us)
Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the travtravel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must
take care of it.
Let them do it.
Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busibusiness. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take
care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of
take care of it.
it.
Vismaya: Of course I
am. We are going by
the AP Express on the
30th. Let there be no
doubt about it.
(dismiss =
C 20 d 2006
Pramila: Please remember that the party is at
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be
no delay.
(o N h
l. \-
x E - -]lE .
Kd x-p[ J
B-.)
conveyance = y-q = v u
car, bike, scooter, cycle N.
The company provides conveyance to the
manager.
(-- F v u Lp-hC
F hC.)
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more
time now. We must buy some present for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
( ' --[].
- ---L.)
Have our faces done up = o
A-- E-- facial.
facial - - \ -.
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it
just yesterday.
(-p[ - \-x]. Eo
--o.)
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM
too. We have to draw some money.
(-] L? F L.)
a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
for the company to do it.).
b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
that the company had to do it.
Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
was for the company to do it.
4) \-J let command (c)
[. p[ report should/ must/ have
to/ has to/ had to hC.
Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10.
(C x x E Jh L.)
a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the
work by 10.
b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had
(N h [s y.)
Prasad requested Vinod to let him have
some money/ requested Vinod for some
money.
6) Let Exu L-h. p[ report
not care, not mind hC.
( .)
The leader called/ urged the followers to
be united.
Reporting verb calls/ urges E present
tense a.
3) a c. E x
--a. p[ report must hC.
Spoken English
(o ] ---a?)
[-a.
x 201
( L?)
Mahesh: You need
not wait.
Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
had to wait.
Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
M. SURESAN
(p[ [s Lx--Lq - ?)
( \[ \-- [--[].
---E y AJT L.)
I. p let o NN] n, o sentences report
. E -J xh h
.
1) Let u j #---E/
--E/ vA--]- [ p[
report suggest [.
n C.
with him.
Syam said he would n't as he must not
leave office then/ as he was not to leave
office then.
2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped
me?
pp[ LET?
( ]_-o [s J--L. F
B---- ]!)
-1
[ j]
h. a.
need N l.
Need
Direct Speech
Pramila: Let's remember that the
party is at 7. Let's start by
6. Let there be no delay.
N.
II.
] ---C: Must,
should, have to, has to o direct speech
report -p[ past tense reporting verb
had to h. C NC, -
x had to h.
Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech.
Kesav said he had to go then - Report
(Reporting verb- past).
must not E direct speech E
-[]E y E] o-p[ report ,
reported verb past tense --p- must not
must not . wasn't/
weren't to + 1st RDW [. Reporting verb
present tense u ]. Verb form
a.
1) Pran: Why don't you come with me?
Syam: No. I must not leave office now.
(E-p[ CL -[] \[
-[] C E-Eo L--hC.)
u x ...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
must
(y j Lx--Lq - ].)
Report:
Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
need to pay a single paisa then.
O must not, need, need not reporting
verb past tense report p[ h-
Lq N-.
Now let us try to report a part of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson (see
table)...
Report (Spoken form)
(suggest/ sugested
E/ \ 1st RDW
y p[
F hC.)
C 20 d 2006
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
B) 120
C) 85
D) 75
B) Silver
C) Ruby
D) Gold
B) Sky
C) Air
D) Green
5
? 15
3
9 89 5
3
18
4 50 1
8
A) 69
B) 93
C) 99
D) none of these
3
6
12
9
5
10
20
15
4
8
16
?
A) South
B) North
C) East
D) West
B) North
C) South
D) Data in adequate
B) 47
C) 48
B) 10
C) 12
D) 20
D) 45
B) 7
C) 9
D) 12
15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 minutes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry
clerk told a passenger that the bus had
already left 10 minutes ago and the next
bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time
did the enquiry clerk give this information to the passenger ?
A) 8.55 am
B) 9.05 am
C) 9.10 am
D) 9.15am
16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the beginning of each hour and rests for a while
when, he slips back 20 feet before he
again starts climbing at the beginning
of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am,
at what time will he first touch a flag at
120 feet from the ground ?
A) 5.00pm
A) 8
B) 6.00pm
C) 7.00pm
these
D)
None
A) Nurse
B) Bed
A) 128
C) Doctor
D) Telephone
B) Animals
D) Height
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh finished before Manoj but behind Gajanan.
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but
behind Manoj. Who won the race ?
A) Rakesh
B) Gajanan
C) Manoj
D) Ashok
o
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the
o
clock wise direction and then 145 in the
anti clock wise direction. Which direction
is he facing now ?
A) East
B) North
C) North to East
D) South to West
C) 20
D) 40
A) 42
B) 40
C) 36
D) 44
A) 876
B) 786
C) 785
B) 12-0-13
C) 12-0-14
D) 13-0-14
B) 10
C) 13
D) 11
26. If 10th of a month falls three days preceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of
the month fall?
A) Tuesday
B) Friday
C) Wednesday
D) Thursday
B) 16
C)25
D) Non of these
B) 13
16
C) 14
20
A) 60
B) 50
C) 25
D) None of these
R R B
12
B) Wednesday
D) Can't say
A) 9.10 a.m
B) 8.55 a.m
C) 9.08 a.m
D) 9.15 a. m
B) South
C) West
D) Data inadequate
A) Meena
C) Raj
B) Ganesh
D) Cannot be determined
B) B
C) D
D) E
B) Manager
C) Psychologist
D) None of these
A) Brother
B) Uncle
C) Father
D) Grandfather
B) Three
C) Four
D) Can't determined
D) 867
D) 20
16
D) 173
KASEEM JAGATI
C) Snow
C) 1270
of
B) 120
21. 3,10,29,74, ?
A) 0
II
[ j]
A) Doctor
B) Lawyer
C) Manager
D) None of these
B) AC
C) AD
D) None of these
B) Q
C) T
B) U
C) L
D) W
B) V
D) 3
C) S
E) None of these
B) South
C) West
D) Date inadequate
E) None of these
1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
38) C 39) E 40) A .
K 8) B
D
E 14)
20) C
Y 26)C
32) D
-- 22 -d 2006
Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something?
(j
A--?)
fancy = d/d--.
Conversational English x x
vo----p- Do you/ would you- (question
v- ) C---a. j
brackets (Do you) N.
eg:
-- j---
(C . A--A x
x---o . - -N -J-* -E-" --o? E -J-* ho?)
Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
Mind =
runs.
u-
( J- o xF,
serious conversation --p F, Do
you/ would you C- x- - xx -- Eo--uEo
--C.)
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't
you? And how about some real good
coffee to go with it?
(. A- -C. F\ ?
- * B-?)
p--- do, does and did -J-*
---o -N---- --J ----.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)
not F, question F --p do hF,
(-d . l .)
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our
Vikas
-x--- 202
report h-o.
- report --p He says
v-Gh. \ he says, reported part *
-E-.
, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. sentence - he has told me
-u - L. F \ u *aC
. C -x---- j--.
a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
----A a. -F
pal says.
( *a h . -i
Lo v ----o.)
Direct Speech - report
-. Reporting verb present
tense, past tense - -- -J-d --- --
-.
p O ----N vh -E--
v-x vh --o).
( n ---o.)
conversation -?
Principal --o English
What does he say - Present -o.
He wants us E S} present -o. -C
h----Lq N. Spoken
English past conversation report -p present tense h. C v-h
practice h English ,
C.
C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come,
MBA.
( y --G- --o--o-).
Rajesh: Yes. I am (.)
p--p -- -J-j x
-J p-. -D-E - x ---p-p J N--- -- NE J-*-- x. p. O ---o? / OJ-\--*a--p--o? vo \ .
a) What did you say your name was?
Look at the following words of Suhas from
the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
things?
(-- t- t-o. F
-C (-C -
)
(*a. * -,
Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad
J j * p)
about it? ( N O
(Real good stuff- E
ax * h.) M. SURESAN
oJ x-?)
Rajesh: Yes. I have (x-.)
(\ -, . S} h
ho. English . -/- Nagesh: What does he say?
(----o?)
-E j English Snack/ refreshment.
- Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to
to eat? . Any eats? Let's have some
doing MBA.
eats E informal .
( MBA o MCA better
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi'
E -----o.)
is the place for good eats and coffee.
-- Rajesh Course N xShall we go there?
- J-T N. Nagesh --E ------o? What does he say? E.
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' * ---,
coffee j (The place) E
(\ does say ) (=says) present tense
E" -. \- -E-. Rajesh x o
l? Cafe' - pronunciation - p N-Eo He says E presu u bank ba = -- ent tense p -O -E . C
-. E pronounce English y-. -- --- p
.
h- J-.)
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go
(.)
things?
Nikhil
p N
report h-o?
etc)
Sumanth: He does
?)
( - --Eo N- *a
p h--o?)
ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
come; Kumar
xt p x- -
xt -p report ho, she says
-E-L. Eo N pa
Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she
said she would not come.
d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor?
(d-Jo -v-C--?)
Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not
serious.
( x } E p?)
be? (Meeting
p-----o?) (S} p
E)
h--.
1) Spoken English form \--J
J-T- ---- report --p
Present reporting verbs He/she says,
They feel; they want; he/she wants
E -C.
2) Conversation report --E
He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
N sentence - sentence
*, u F a.
3) -J-j -j -J -----op
sentence pattern
-.
\ ho .
a) Nikhil -p E" -oD,
-o?
What does Nikhil say about...?
past tense.
Suhas
- 24 -d 2006
-- j---
(--V y
-E-ho---. F -v !
-d -DEo?)
gorgeous (Pronunciation: ' ' \ -) = -{-- o. \ American usage.)
Lasya: That's my own selection.
(C .)
Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you
wore for Kavya's birthday party.
(
Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beautiful that day.
(F V u-v Eox
C.)
Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of
us too. That made her the lovelier than
any other girl there.
( --J -
. -x --V -J-
-\-.)
Lovely= beautiful= -i.
. n h-- uh-
- -- Eg--.
La
These are the comparisons made in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson.
1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beautiful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth
day party.
dress
Kavya birthday party
(C Oy-V -o
-o -v o
C.)
V J -vx --u -v
u C.
est
superlative degree forms.
'st'
b) finest, simplest, nicest, etcsuperlative degree forms.
c) Y
Y
* a
N *
-u N- *
( --J u -.)
4) That made her lovelier than any other girl
C --- - o C.
5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends
who took the test.
-x---
( --d -v-q
-J u L-jC).
203
--o-u Lj.
7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so
(as) good as his.
x uJn u - u
*C .
iest
superlative form
healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)
costliest (costly) etc.
d) ful
B,
-C.
-u --Eo-,
( y-- Kd C.)
Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occasion?
(-J-h-o? s ?)
Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th
rank in CAT.
Common Admission Test
(CAT)
Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the
cleverest girl among our friends who
took the test.
(Cu hC.
25 u *a--.)
(--- -au . -d
v-q -x u L-j-C.)
Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she
(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in
the IIT entrance test.
( --o-u L-j-.
-C --- --v-q -d - 18
u *aC.)
Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the
town is so good as his.
p -l-A ...!
8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.
x \ x-J L-jC F
v--C .
Comparisons: a English
N-. -- degrees h.
1) Positive degree
2) Comparative degree
3) Superlative degree
(Degrees of comparison adjectives
adverbs
Adjectives
,
.
h--, u-, v-, --, ---j--- -- L
.)
most
superlative form
i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)
ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)
iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative )
most
e)
superlative
Interested - most interested; jealous - most jealous)
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
-er -r -ier
more
comparative
i) Superlative form
'est'
comparative form
'er'
Jh
-C.
Eo - ,
x
hC.(
*,
, ,
F
-C.
--E
Eo-,
.
F h C
L ---E
Superlative
tallest
highest
Comparative
taller
higher
superlative form
b) 'st'
'-r '
comparative form
Superlative
finest simplest nicest
Comparative
simpler finer nicer
c) Y
Y
iest
superlative form
ier
comparative form
Superlative
healthiest costliest
Comparative
healthier costlier
d) -ful
most
superlative form
more
comparative form
Superlative
Comparative
most beautiful
more beautiful
most interested more interested
L
-L
--Eo-,
h.
-u N-,
,
h.
B
L
- -,
-d
--Eo-,
-
,
-C.
u h----Lq N.
degree - n L.
Positive E, comparative
h \ F, superlative Eo--o
\ F -- - l ---.
degrees of comparison x, degree
- positive , comparative , superlative n . --p
correct x--d. positive degree p, comparative p,
superlative p - d, sEo d C. :
a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)
=
b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,
in the class (comparative) =
boys
c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he
(positive) =
- x -J- - --.
x /
-J o - --.
x - -
-- .
Eo degrees n p -l-A ..
(. h J -- -* u --.)
Lasya: All of them are quite smart.
Few parents are as lucky as
they, in having such children.
(Rxx L-N---x.
%-d- --j Lx--v
- --.)
smart= t n -i
-h-x -{-- . \
n L-N-.
(x \u ---J- L-N-C.
F d- E--C .)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's
a thing to be happy about.
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT (Spoken )
Reporting Verb Present tense
Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the
have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before.
done just yesterday.
( N---a
-- .) \
La
-- - E o
E \
(N- -/-N-
--o --.)
\ we are comparing all other actors
with Amitabh. }-o -- o.
Amitabh is taller than - \ taller, compar-
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she
money I have should has should be enough and that
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
not get any.
Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
spend much time much time there as they have to get
there. We have to get back to make other arrangements.
back to make other
arrangements.
M. SURESAN
O--Eo- , --- E,
o E, n hC. tall = -j,
-kh-, short = d o, fine = -{--i, etc)
Adverbs , verb - J N- -L
- C E -L
adverbs.)
ative degree.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors Amitabh
we are
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
--x
u --. \
xJ u -- o. \
tallest superlative degree. C -E-.
1) * +est, +st Fh Csuperlative degree.
a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. N
-- 29 -d 2006
-- j---
-v-- - - h-o?
u o -o?)
()
(\ Eo j-V, -,
o -u-, -- o .
FO a-?)
(To your liking = F *aC)
Look at this one = C
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I
want a smaller bag than this.
(
\--Lq -u o C lC.
*oC L )
(. C \--Lq E-
*oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
(
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
-C -J---- --)
(. *a- -Lq-.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
( - lC )
(s! - .)
(More than its worth =
E N
.)
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expensive.
(- \ oo
l.)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the
bags this size here. Let's bargain.
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is
not worth more than that.
(\-o j- -u-x u
\. 400 -- -h-- -l. - -\- -)
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for
Rs 400.
400
( -x N -
- /- Eo - - lC).
The
elephant
(sub)+is(verb)+comparative
-j-C)
-x---
205
-l)
Positive: Positive degree
No
other
Positive adjective
so/as
positive adjective
-x-p
v-Gh. -
F,
-
( v necklace u
K-j-C) (Superlative degree)
2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
Kashmir.
(- Z - Qt L- -) (positive degree)
C ,
N- u
o L - -L u.
\- -
-
\ L.
h--, l uh- h. ---p degree of comparison
d word order ( -J)
C. , o \
La--p sentence word order , E
v compare --p - sentence word
order - C.
1) o \ E La--p
superlative degree E adjective
the *a- L.
eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(-v--o --l.)
all land animals / the biggest
land animal.
-- lesson adjectives of compariM. SURESAN
son -J--* Eo N- --o
b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
A.P.
? h--, uh- La
(A.P. j-- A-l )
- Eg-- vA-~ @N
C) He is the most popular actor on the
h . --E conversation (Spoken
English) vu \. -E
Telugu screen.
( O - u v-G-
p---o Eo correct p--E, 3
degrees of comparison uEt
- -o )
- lesson . Eo J d superlative adjective p the
p-E-J.
xh l:
a) Superlative:
2) -o \ E La-- comThe Elephant is the largest land animal.
parative adjective -- than any other / than
- -x A--lC.
all other p- -L. than any other
C superlative. word order ( - -- subject, singular number; Than all
other - --- subject, plural number
J) - simple.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative
-.
adjective+...
b) The elephant is larger than any other land
animal / all other land animals.
Pacific
c) He is older than any other members / all
other members of the family.
( -v -
( -CC -F - 500 )
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.
as
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
coconut tree there.
h.
(\-o d s-J-d- -)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
( -- v--
)
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
at the subject as Janaki
(class
subject
Nu-n--
L---x -.)
patterns (u -)
degrees j x L. -- \ h-- La--p O -E-Lq N superlative, comparative.
degrees sentences not . positive degree sentence no other v---C.
(, Eo--o... , superlative
C. E A y- h.)
p in the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson - -F a -. p
u-i . -/--l uh- La- superlative degree . Positive,
Comparative v .
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
DE
. - N a
l.
y- x-
P)
( *v C u p
()
L-)
(~ - Z/ Z---
--v-v-- lC)
1. How
. --y--, x
J- nA.
v- -o /----o -- .
A difficult situation = x-d
J-nA; financial situation
= Jn J- nA political situation = - J- nA.
Occasion = s
\ ---, J-n- - --E
vu \. j situation x
occasion - .
I have met him on two or three occasions =
Eo -sx ---o.
a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
was in a difficult situation =
= J-n-AE -\-C-l---C.
31 -d 2006
-- j---
\ VC.)
town?
( -x--a (o) ?)
your mom.
(y, O t \ -E --o.)
(? p--a?)
Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of
the badminton match.
-- Lesson . --- \
h--, uh- La--p degrees
(positive,
comparative
and
superlative)
-, --- d.)
comparative , positive Amar, Anand position , comparative E not positive
. positive -
tage in badminton
-x---
(- vuJn - - )
\
L lJ u v Bhavan, Sravan u)
(y-- -u-
h l.)
-/-- N.
Eo y
exam
?)
debate
AP Express
---
C E-
(--, t \ V--C
com-
(O t --Mx p B-h-o?)
(~- -
\
Sankar:
L lJ u, -s superlative
. DE positive degree: Kshema is not so
(as) tall as Hema.
- -- -- ) comparison
( N- u v
L):
Comparative:
Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar
(
-, - L-j .)
\ u -N-- -E-:
1) Comparative , Sundar , Sukumar
* o. positive, n
--j, Sukumar , Sundar *- -h-o .
2) Comparative not , positive not C
.
example l:
(
Comparative:
Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .
Not
Positive:
Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.
(j-- N--- -)
(j-- -, N-- *;
Not
---J marks - F
marks- \- . (---Jlast time )
C)
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
1) He is certainly a better player than his
rival.
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.
Sravan's.
4) AP Express is faster than the special train.
Bhavan's
The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP
Express.
Positive:
- - --- d)
( -E--x AJ--h. t \
h. -E-
Positive:
to Delhi?
as
- - L-j)
comparative)
Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom
too.
(C L --
o.)
(Kshema,
(v -L-- - -L-
) (quicker - comparative)
iC
(h %y) ?)
.
(--J paper=the paper last time/
j-- N--- -
week?
(
so (as),
--)
v - --.
( , Sravan -L-- --
Bhavan -L- .)
206
Exercise:
Sankar:
-- j---
( , L .
Eo C-
-- _ .)
-J p. Sx ho.
-E-. Not -p, question -p
, did , j-u-x-. NEo h d p-x--C.
I did meet him yesterday =
(- -o?)
Hemanth: Our score this time were not more
than that last time. Moreover the
wickets we took are not more than
those we took last time.
(-x ?)
Hemanth: We made a few changes in the
team. We had Kiran and Charan in
place of Mahesh and Satish, but
they were no
greater than
Mahesh and
Satish.
(
Eo p. --,
-B- , - M. SURESAN
-, -- - B-o. x- Ox p
)
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
- C?)
(Pitch= -j- N-x u -*a
E )
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster
than the pitch last time. That's why
we took a spinner in place of a pace
bowler.
(- J fast bowling --. , fast
bowler . spin bowler
B-o)
(pace bowler = fast bowler.
(not + comparative -
J -\
-- -\ \ )
tive.
--, -j-- xE v )
\ 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-
(--J -\, J -\
.)
2) comparison
superlative
(L) - v. d
.
- lessons -E examples , j
sentences comparative not
-E-. , Eo, positive p-p not .
positive l.
(at least)
j-- F
C.
- - x
we have Harish =
y- -- -?-)
(a-J - - a.
Eo L-_ B-o. Eo - -
l u .)
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(F Ny-Eo --G--Ch-o.)
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I
(am)=
o.)
captain
Ny-
captain
Ny---.)
aloud in
F -v -!
F -v l - --.
Pramada: *a- -v F -v -{- . -{- F -{-
Pramada:
Vasudha:
-x---
Study this:
Comparative
-, j-- - x-EC .
Positive
j-- (F) -- x- C.
A, B - \ , B (F) A -E ? comparative * positive
-C. \ comparative not -C,
d positive not .
- x C--h p-.
u-i N: Positive degree adjective
so/as, positive degree y as
--?
, positive degree not o-p, -E
so E,/as E- . positive degree
not - -E , as v .
So .
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
not C. d
F F .
(---J - J -
-i)
6)
( - - Eo -
\ u- )
(Eo -, - - u
= \ ) -
\ E.
-- C- Eo
C (F)
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
(-- C- Eo
-_-.)
Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
good as our game yesterday =
Kiran and
(x h B-ox, -, --
- p -x ).
\ a --, -B-, -, -- CE p--p, C
N- u L ---E.
n --LqC \ \J, N x--J a . -,
-B- ORx-l 1st set. --, -- ORx-l
2nd set. \ comparison sets of
players . d, DEo N- u
L-- BL.
b) Comparative:
n K o)
207
positive degree.
tall
so
as
-/n.
In place of Suresh
last time.
v ---.
In place of =
---J N-- ( N ) a .
N-- La--p
1) Superlative .
2) Comparative not positive not
hC.
3) compare ho h- positions
----. N- last
lesson !
p :
7)
hC.
\ Ny- -o
, d
vo.
'q - ---?
J* L----.
i vu h---o?
~o, -- h-
L---.
. - -,
j--.
Syntax -- .
Syntax English E uxE -J (order of words -
, y L) -J-*-
E--. p Eo lessons --L-C ? OE J-* English story books,
Magazines v-G*, Newspapers
(English), l - N
- x
English hC.
-- 4 -d- 2006
-- j---
-Jp--?)
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School.
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever
get him admission in that school?
It is one of the best schools in the
state.
( - C, F v-. -N-T-L-
-V-- --L-h v-- - G-@. -
(. u K--j ---x
--. v---K-~
--u. - K-~x
Eo v -d- i-N.)
Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as
number of admission tests?
( -O --s - v---K-~
- -F --l-u?)
Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five
transfers in the past nine years.
With every transfer he had to be
put in a new school, and that
meant an admission test.
(-----o-? --Nt-x-
-- x CM C.
vA-K h ---- aLq aC.
( - u l-- -)
- superlative degree.
b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
India.
(- u l -x- - )
superlative.
a), b) superlative o.
(a) the largest o - Eo
-x lC --E -n.
(b) Bangalore is one of the largest o
-E (u) l---x --
o.
-x---
208
(O -- --?)
Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly
brighter than most other students
his age or class. He has had no
difficulty getting admission in the
best schools.
(L-N---- L. - -A,
- -q- -x - -C
L-j-. - - u-h
---x -- v -L)
Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in
Ambit school shows that. Wish
him all the best.
(n - C. --
- - ---- --h-C).
Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How
about attending it?
( -d--V -h .)
h .
One of the best (u -j---- ),
One of the largest (u l-- ),
o-p Positive, Comparative
p l. F u
N
L- JQ- L
- - , p (h- , uh
- )- -T-x -x d (Complex) --C. - -- .
x, Superlative,
Comparatives y .
: v-v- --o -x j--
lC (Superlative), N - j- lC (Comparative), j- lC . E -
--. .
Three degrees 'lC -- -- o. --Tx-, big, bigger,
biggest E degree E d
- --- . u lC, A
l - -
. D - -Eo L-o, -sEo d -*a- -. F u L E--
Table- 1
II Type
I Type
Superlative: Kolkata is the largest
city in India.
cities in India.
as large as Bangalore.
Superlative:
--u- l -x -
--- - - lC
Eo -x lC
Comparative: N ---
lC (-u--J --)
Positive:
lC -.
this.
Satish: You are one of the best singers in our
(u K--j ----x )
3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as
this (positive)
4) He is certainly brighter than most other students of his class or age (comparative)
5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other
days. (comparative).
p L --u J-Q-Ll:
(--- 1 ---)
p ----E degrees transformation to other degrees l.
Positive
1)
Comparative
Superlative
Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the
state are as good as this. schools in the state.
state. lesson
sentence)
*a
...
*a
3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests.
are as tough as this. (les- tests.
son
sentence)
4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest
bright as he (is).
other students. (lesson
sen- students.
tence)
5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am
busy as I am tomorrow.
most other days. (lesson
the busiest on.
sentence)
p ---oC...
a) The + superlative E h E comparative than any other / all other hC.
Positive No other -v---C.b) One of the + superlative h E comparative than most other hC. Very few
Positive v--C. very few
v--u positive- as + positive + as
v- hC. so + positive + as .
Carefully observe the following conversation between Satish and Naresh
Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've
seen recently.
Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are
Cl -- lN
(-u--J --)
(ZE h ----x C )
as great as this.
Satish: The photography in the movie is better
-v-o-:
j u y
-T- .
--Eo --T-a?---?
. L--, X-
--: \ seen C present continuous
tense . present simple / present indefinite.
present continuous tense verb formam seeing / is seeing / are seeing.
present simple, passive voiceis seen-
C
---C n.
--- 6 d- 2006
-- j---
(J, -
a. x- C EN-
o \ u .)
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to
come
?
(p a x J
-C-?)
(. y a--x x -
.)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike.
You had better buy now. It is on sale
at a discount
and is cheaper
than before.
(y bike
----o
.
p
*C. Discount t-o. ----
p .)
-E-.
n:
v-v-- --x u xE v
E .
, --x Eo v---o x-E-C E C comparative.
DE
x-EN.
No superlative.
( -E Eo x C \ -jC
)
not the tallest (not + superlative)
The tree is not taller than some other trees
in the garden.
( N Eo x-o C -jC
)
not taller than some
other - comparative.
Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
M. SURESAN
( F v-ux
-?)
bike
*-J-
DE
comparative
Eo
).
superlative
'You only live Twice' is not the best novels.
(You only live Twice'
novel
Eo- h--i
(E . E - u-i-N
J-Eo o.)
Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me
know. I know the dealer. We can get
some concession.
(y -E Eg----o-p
L--. dealer .
h T_ --hC.)
Saran: Thank you.
Spoken English
--
not the best/ greatest, etc C-*-N. O other degrees l.
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(-E Eo x, d
o.)
superlative
You are not the earliest to
class.
sentence)
as the tree.
comparative
positive
positive:
-x--- 209
u-N- h--:
degree * degree a
exercise practice x confusion
p Spoken English improve . O
regular - J---p-x English
x---o---, p O p--o Eo, -s-Eo-d, degree
p O -hC. English *a--px x- u. Fo
L---. - x
Tx hC.
(*a
(E. E Sx form a-
v Cl- -
-)
Sindhu: Wish him the best.
Look at the following sentences from the
conversation above:
1) You played the best of all.
2) You scored more runs than any other member of your team.
(-%-d- -h Ganesh
bowl ----. -\ wickets B--o)
Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all.
His single digit score shows that.
(x y- C O d.
E score E \)
Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late.
Otherwise he plays better than most
of us.
(-F-u form .
-C .)
Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earlier match either.
(F -- match
- )
, verb L E J-TC
E L )
You played the best of all - \ verb,
played = . J-TC?
Answer: the best. d best C \
adverb.
--v- 8 d- 2006
-- j---
--J English
Ramana )
Vishal: Yes; he does. ()
Komal: Why so? (-E?)
Why so = -?; Why not? =
? expressions conversation
common. O - .
x-C
(C h-o. -
-)
medium
um schools
-x--- 210
Komal: What does he
read?
How
much does he
read?
(
-?
---?)
lesson
comparison
---oC, degrees of
\ adjectives , adverbs
E. Adverbs -o. verb, subject EE --C.
verb E J-TC N--
L- adverb.
He plays well. \ verb - plays.
-? verb (L E) vo h,
- well ? -E well, adverb
-C. sentence EE
d, C noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., Ox
C E Eg--Lq C.
-
M. SURESAN
\
. d
train?
fast, adjective.
vo,
fast train
Why so?
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot
of fiction in English. He reads quite
often English news magazines too.
( y-C - x
English x---o--?)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you
more than a thorough study of grammar.
(*a-. Tx x-- v
~o u-- , -
\ ----C.)
thorough = = ~o-i
Komal: The language of the English newspapers is difficult to understand, isn't it?
How then does it help?
(English newspapers English
n
----E d C. -p -----C?)
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
news items, and then went on to
news stories.
Spoken English
fast,
d
C
1) , -C ( h/ E)
vo -- a- Adjective.
2) E J-TC vo answer a
Adverb.
N- v-h h--
degrees of comparison p Adjectives ,
p adverbs C - -hC.
(v--E Eo x Z-L d
u -C.)
-E- \ 'best'- adverb, -,
plays verb EE N-J-hC d.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective
the
superlative degree of the adverb
the
*a- -E --o.
d--. *,
--- y-.)
j sentence adverb, superlative degree
C ? C superlative of 'well'.
C .
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all
other players =
player/
players
Adjective
adverb
positive
1. Adjective
No other team in the world is
so/ as good as Australia.
Adverb
No other team in the world
plays so/ as well as Australia.
2. Adjective
Very few teams in the world
are as good as Australia.
Adverb
Very few teams in the world
play as well as Australia.
E
d. \
good=
better (comparative)
* (adjective)
well= (adverb)
best (superlative)
degree
a lA .
comparative
superlative
No proper superlative.
a lA Adjective ,
adverb .
Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos Jh, not L. p h---Lq N reads + not = does not
C
itive
read.
(C lJ u L \ not C
comparative degree) DE superlative
--. Positive a--p,
Tendulkar, Sehwag x ----;
not hC.
-)
3) Kites fly faster than crows.
( l --)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not
Positive
verb - fly. fly
+ not = do not fly.
h)
Adverb degree a--p, do, does,
- h--d--L.
did
(comparative degree)
3) Reading English helps you more than a
study of grammar (comparative)
-Eo
hC.
)
L lJ u, C. DE
.
----.
-)
Exercise:
-N %g --)
O degrees practise .
Answer:
superlative
comparative
positive
1. Doesn't
Ramana
speak
English the best of all of us?
sentence)
(*a
(*a
3. No superlative.
-\
_ -.
N
\ better, comparative degree of well
degree
(*a
(*a
(*a
--C 10 d- 2006
-- j---
( l-J, , X-
--?/ --E-h-o?)
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his
virtues and defects. Srikar is the
more intelligent but Sekhar is the
more industrious.
(p d . l-J Eo *
o, Eo
o.)
Virtue = u ' bird ' \-- n . Gandhi was a
man of virtue = D - L-T uh.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for
this job then?
( p -Lq E
T--?)
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't complain about the work.
(. E N
.)
(F -N- p----o)
(F/ p-).
C English common. O practice
.
Sam: Go ahead.
Hyderabad,
-.
E a).
E v -o-- aa? ( v
p-? n.)
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
complain
-x---
(Eo
P~
y?)
(*a-, v -\ .
(\ - better - comparative.
Better y than - better
the.)
211
E Llx l- -
Chandan: Has he to be
trained?
y *C.
p sentence 3) comparative
sentences l: \, comparatives \ -o .
the .
a) The taller a player is, the better can he
play
=
v-- -j -.
sentences, conversation
practice .
(Eo
team
C?)
He is as good as ..
M. SURESAN
(- -.
-E x - C.)
Chandan: How good is he at the job?
- -
.
Giraffe =
( u --?)
Santhan: He is as good as or even better
than any employee we have.
(p _-o u----F,
- \--F n u
o-.)
Good = * - n. F -
'*--, 'good' -sx
- N- p/ -n-j/
n u--o n .
good actor = * DE n p
-E. -F * E
.
good at something = j -/
L-.
He is good at maths = -E maths
a.
Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The sooner, the better. We've a lot of pending work.
( o E-Nl.
y , *C. E
---C.)
pending = Jh-E/ Jh---Lq
Santhan: What about the pay?
' ' \ -.
\ L --o \ u.
taller - comparative. taller y than any
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) E
hC .
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
Giraffe
taller (comparative)
than
comparative.
sentences (a), (b)
i) comparthan
ii) comparative
ative
the
u. j
y
.
o
.
(p E job -o
E- \-Nl).
Santhan: How much more? (-\?)
Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (-Ll.)
Say = p n.
\ Say -.
Spoken English
Sentence B
Of (between) the Giraffe
and the Elephant, the
Giraffe is the taller =
Giraffe,
Giraffe
degree, comparative
,
.
i) sentences ,
ii) sentences , p N , .
iii) Sentence A Sentence B comcomparative y parative y than
than C.
.
iv) Comparative
Comparative
the . 'the' C.
v) Sentence subject,
begin
Giraffe
(J @ A?)
. \
y
hC. C
L
hC.
C.
Sentence,
(between)
Of
begin
C.
Comparative
sation
l--t-x,
o t \
C.
y
. d
,
compare
B -E-.
better.
(E J* \-
x- --*C less -
NQ
Do--- aa? p? n.
.
u--vAE o
u--vA -- a-a?
predecessor (v-/ v-. 'vE/ 'vE
\---) = N/ n -J
o x predecessor .
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
----f
J u-vA v----.
Predecessor X Successor (y *a
x -N/ n)
dance
h?)
Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the
better.
comparative of little)
c) The higher a place, the colder it is
=
v -j h--j (-v-d
*) x C.
=
y \- h, -u-----. =
-*--Dl u \.
English proverbs (-) :
a) The nearer the temple, the farther
from god.
_-- Dl, - .
_- -x, p-j
x-a E x---a,
h --a E.
farther - comparative of far.
far =
-i
(, , hC)
\ better (comparative) ,
the hC.
Now look at the following sentences from the
conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) Of the two, who do you find the better,
Sekhar or Srikar?
(Whom do you find the better?
whom
ioned -
-E x old fash-. F
p -x)
better - comparative y than
d, better the.
conversation E C sentences
comparative the comparative y than --x.
=
\ Ao-Dl \ A--E--hC,
\ -C-*--Dl, \
-C- --E--hC. ( !
E y A. s
h -, , x -? ---)
c) The more, the merrier =
-, .
(j English proverbs; O
conversation .)
O comparative uses.
-- 12 d- 2006
-- j---
( N? u y
F- -p E--h-o.)
Chum= h. Eo---j
o-.
They are chums= x v-N-v.
Chummy= o.
( * -
. - -
l.)
- u--vA Eo-u/
o C.
be run down= F- -.
He is run down= F-, Eh-
o.
Fo conversation a .
\- O Spoken English
.
Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of
health. I wish to see a doctor. Who
do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam
OK?
(. C- \)
Degrees of comparison,
grammar exercise
sentence
degrees
practice
degree,
degrees
conversation
study
Lesson No. 210
practice
express
idea
degree
-sEo
N
d
, j
.
.
-- pd -s
o
L C -C. -E
pd p N
pd C. o-p degree -C, -*--- -C. lesson comparisons .
(E. -u .
Doctor ---o.
Doctor -? Dr
* ju-?)
-x--- 212
v--vA-
-- o-.
-O \ v-G---o
= y-, * E.
-E
o -E--\
C.
More practice - C comparative degree.
u comparative y than any
other F than all other F L, -o \ E La--p. F j
sentence than any MS or MD o
any y other . C :
Chief Minister
y,
.
.)
v-
h--.
v -E
d,
other
-s --vU?
Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the
better doctors in the town. I know
him well. Shall I take you to him?
( -d *-. x
-j -dx- --\.
. Eo B-
--}?)
Prasad: When shall we see him then? This
evening?
( p l -?
v -l?)
Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good
as any other time.
( ? p-j --.)
-E-.
This evening is as good as any other time=
v, ---x *.
-v-i */ v
l/ -v l C O conversation practice .
Fo ---l --E- =
Now is as good as any other time=
p , p --a! E
Prasad: He appears to have good practice.
practice
(- *
o-dC)
C. - \
o -El--
C
)
M.S. M.D. ? MBBS y
-El- -El-- -x
v - l.
j ?
best time= j = right time.
Spoken English
M. SURESAN
n-Eo-h. E N-
pJ n , usage - n .)
sentence B-. C N-
pJ n: u u-h-
F, -- E. DE n,
usage ' u - E.
N x -o uA-- L-h. - sentences h
uu pJ-hC. J-Eo sentences
- l.
a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey
team?
( J* F G-v
N?)
Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team
in the world.
( sentence No-p pJ
n u-h x --,
--, E. - -n: * d
E, EE-E.)
b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she?
l -h ? D
-n. F pJ n x
-h , F -h, E C
J-.
2) He is among the better doctors in the town.
doctors
best doctor
d--E -j
-\.
--a.
E B--u_- (
d--E doctors , *, E--E E
- N->h, * -
- E)
lN -_ Zx -..-E.
, 10th class x-
x--.
Dx other . Any other/ all other,
C N-- a--p
.
j sentence 7th class student , 10th
class student = y N- -ho. -E other . ,
-E-:
,
7th class
English
,
E n.
E, h
i)
, d
E . Ponting
-E, no other
.
%Ah---i- -
-- ( %Ah-- )=
He acts better than any professional actor.
(Any other
Any/ no
other
, - %Ah---i
). D
y
-- a n.
O x---p x/
E a ? --p any/ no
y other, -.
4) Now is as good as any other time=
C.
E.)
p p a E.
(N - *, p
* E.) Eo C-N- pa.
o
\
\. (
E n.)
Eo match -v-u-
C ?
Niriksha: regular player --,
regular players
C.
Pratiksha: -L team captain J* F
G-v N?
Niriksha: * player E -p
--.
(not/ never superlative )
Pratiksha: --- K \-- x--.
-j players -- -.
Niriksha: -i p captain
?
Pratiksha: . captaincy x
L-* games \ .
Niriksha: OK. -J ---?
Pratiksha: p * player E
o.
Niriksha: ---o-.
d .
Pratiksha: p , p l.
14 d- 2006
-- j---
(, . \
V -u- h-o)
Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than the
day before.
(o Eo -u-C)
Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class most
of the days?
(\ V -J -u
(*) a--?)
Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his problem is.
(-. E -u L-
)
(That he is = , -. That he is C conversational)
Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of the
time and delays packing his lunch.
(x-t x ----.
- carrier --- -u-----)
p-.
team J p player .
b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of
our friends.
o-x - *-
n.
3) Comparative + than + any , comparative
+ than + any other :
-ho N-
Cj than any other, y -
C than any E --o.
1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl
in her class.
(- class N t-
LN C)
(-, t- class x)
2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.
( l-L *--L C
\ Cheetah, tiger y -N
-E than any )
-x--- 213
(- sister C ? x-t
----a.)
Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I think
she is younger than he and she goes
to school too.
( \, x? x---,
\ -C)
Sarat: That's a pity.
Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most of
the time on camp. His poor mom has
to take care of everything.
(O-Eo- , x o \
camps . xt
Eo N- --Lq hC.)
To add to all this = O / OEo-
Sarat: What's her present condition?
Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much
better than before.
(- -E Eo o)
(C- )
(- A p doctor ju-
ju h-o.
- )
Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is he
expensive?
(. J* No.
K-j d?)
Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't charge
more than the lesser doctors in the
city.
( . p-E ()
doctors fees
\
.)
Sarat: Let's hope she will recover completely soon.
(y- Jh ---E
Pl.)
comparatives, superlatives
lesson
points
J*
--o
xh.
1) Among + comparative degree - h
-j h \-j, etc N n.
eg: She is among the clever students of
the class =
class
-j
C E n.
students
Spoken English
-E-
a) old news (C, -J L- h)
b) late news ( h h L-
h)
c) later reports contradict the earlier reports
of the incident =
J* *a
p h, -- *a h-
uA-- (N-l) o.
contradict (v-d. ' \- 'E
\- \ -) = uA---.
incident =
d) later, comparative p .
My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt
shirt fashion y-C. (
shirt fashion hC, F shirt . cut =
fashion)
Older, elder -
N , old comparatives.
O N- vh -.
Old - L, --. L n
--, -, x;
n h- .
Older - C , L N- L
/ \ o n
--, --, x;
n h-- .
Elder - \ -- , p-p -- .
1) Older - --E EJ -q
a--E .
a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru
(-t-D, v l
)
V wj -u *aC.
( vh J-n-?)
u EKg -u
v--iC.
Eo x -J u
(*-) a
Late (positive), later (comparative)
-o time/ EKg
n -u-i N-
J* - .
(late = -u-i/ -u = -o
;
later = (L- ) -E
\ -u-i/ -u)
pC v-h . j u
, C vh--E _---x ?
o --LqC Eo J-T-, C V
( vh--E) _ J-T-x .
I got the news late =
h -u L-C.
(-x d, -u LT a)
The news came late =
h -u *aC.
L, d, -u a.
C .
a) Late news = -u C h E.
h. ,
b) My information is later than his =
l o - l
oC -u-iC vh--E
J-T-x -.
news paper \ d--?late
news a newspaper
- a news paper .
latest -
late
wickets.
b) He is older than
any other person in the village =
v- E
N--x
l. ( M. SURESAN
)
2) elder - C --E C--J
-q a--E .
a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.
latest developments
p--- JT J -x -C h J-.
latest techniques = (p--- -) h lA
p last N l. latest, p---
J-T time *J , last, h-
v/ - v *-JC/ *-J-
(, ~ t- l
)
elder B u.
elder than F, elder to F
b) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - L
elder .
-J * *a-- .
-E- \ time vu,
*a x - vu.
b) This is the last book written by the author=
- *J h C.
-d ---.
Last
1) This is the last book of the author
( -*J h C DE y
h- -)
2) This is the last of the series ( v
C *-JC DE y D )
3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*J - 313
- _ --u Innings T-C)
(, last n - C
last week/ last year . h---L)
t-o -l.
(My uncle is elder than my mother.
My uncle is elder to my mother -
J-)
American English He is my older
brother, She is my older sister
y---. p-.
Latest
This is the latest book of the author.
( - p---
*-J-CC/ DE y -a)
This is the latest in the series
( --v- C hC)
The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.
--E 16 d- 2006
-- j---
(Imported
h-- --E N ox y
.)
imported - C--j, NQ
(foreign). crazy v-> *a-V.
Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs,
imported cars, imported watches etc.
(y-C NQx, O,
j J?)
Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods
are as good as the so called
imported ones. Moreover, I think,
the so called imported goods are
not suitable for Indian conditions.
(u- a -. .
---, \- C-u h-x wrist watches E)
( h p, -\-- C
Eo -- -- -Jn-- ---i- - ----Eo d
C? B- -
u h-, NQ h-
B-, jN .)
adaptibility J- n- -
y.
Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in
electronic goods and appliances for
far longer than you. I am senior to
you in the field. Our goods are not
half as durable as imported ones.
(F \ -
o -E --U-Jh. F NQ
h- K \.)
unreasonable = --- \
Spoken English
Eo Eo comparatives usage
Go . x
elder, older - O N
lesson . p -N J-Eo
comparatives o. N superior inferior,
senior and junior. O-n L- -
; N comparatives --p- O
y than . To v hC.
continues.
the conversation:
1) They are definitely superior to Indian
goods.
2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and naturally the quality is inferior too.
3) I am senior to you in the field.
4) I do admit I am junior to you.
-x--- 214
comparative
superlative
little
less
least
few
fewer
fewest
Little, uncountables
d, E
comparative less, superlative
least uncountables L.
a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in
sentences
that glass =
glass
\.
glass
( yP , NQ -
* E t. ,
NQ - J-n-
-- .)
So called = (-)
The so called honest man = E--B- --- E E--B
t .
(. NQ h- h *a- -j-.
-A ju, x E- \
, -E -- h
u NQ h- u
\)
Superior: u- , y- -j *
N--/- N- x p-C/p E.
a) This camera is superior to that because of
its extra features =
camera
camera
o - -u x,
C pC.
FEW
LITTLE
bles
L- *vx -v- -B
*vx C.
Inferior = \
(\---dE
) .
p countables
(\d-)
.
(few
books/
friends/ boys)
Little =
Few =
-- bowling
uncounta-
\.
b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe-
class
-q l (-)
c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a
movie actor =
- NTR _u \ -.
uA- - *o,
- \.
Junior. Senior
Sehwag cricket
- \
( class --p-, -
*-o.)
A few friends of
mine are coming
today =
friends
T---l-
-Eo -- --
Very little =
The patient
had very little food
yesterday =
--
A little =
Cl.
least milk =
glasses ,
glass
Eo--
\ -o.
M. SURESAN Less, countables
, u 'no' ,
\/ \E n -.
a) The book has been translated into no less
than twenty languages =
yp
\
o-
()
A few = Eo/
C
-
()
-l _--ho-K--V.
Very few = --Eo/ -Cl--C
T Eo
\
Bo.
The little = o
Cl =
- -Cl
C u
.
The few = o
-Eo / Cl D.
The
few
that
passed got very
low marks =
T Bo Cl
-Eo A C.
pass
Cl
D
\
\ a-o.
- h 20 \--E -x --iC.
(--- 20 ---x)
b) The movie has been released in no less
than thirty theatres =
( C-x/ C--x \ -E
x--E v-Ao-.)
spoken English countables less, fewer l
-h-o.
I gave him no less than a hundred books/
no fewer than a hundred books.
- h-/ \
h- a n less,
fewer -jC.
less l p-. ( fewer
v uncountables ).
-- 18 d- 2006
-- j---
( , - y- Eo - C.
N-? o?)
( J-T--C. F -?)
()
Jayanth: As usual.
Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met
him.
( o?
---iC.)
( J-nA
pL )
Why? what is wrong? ( N)
Ananth:
Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His
partners have cheated him. But he
is facing all this very bravely. A lesser man than he would have gone
mad.
(u- d a.
-y----E . E
J-T ju o. - \ knu o--x-, *a--x----.)
-x--- 215
(p-
K ui--C. V T, E
l----o. y- )
Jayanth: I will, of course. (p- h)
Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the
TV.
- little
degrees
- little (positive), less (comparative), least
(superlative).
little
comparative
lesser. Less, lesser little
comparatives
use
Less
less
a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has)
=
b) He gets less income from his job than from
his rents=
, ()
C. C
,
C.
n,
-- --o.
.
E Lh \-j n
-o , J \.
- l
x a --E-,
u x a
\.
Lesser n, --E
\ E --p- less
x lesser .
-u --J-
\ /vA/h, --j- n .
l, p O
v C.
extent= / =
degree.
=
, C - \ .
(N--E C. .
-- A t-; A
T-h. -Eo *\x -hC.)
Trusting= t y--;
risking= T-, -J\ B--.
Land somebody in trouble= *\x
-
Jayanth: I agree with you there.
( N -U--Jh.)
Ananth: I wish to see him.
(E ----o)
x
50,000 -T, *- \ hE U--J-.
, less .
(p K -
-C. . p-
Jo * AJ--h.)
( Jo -
o?)
(. C E -u -C.)
Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait for
another hour to see him. I'm afraid
that's too long. I have work at 9.30.
I think I'll see him tomorrow.
(E - o
*----? C K \
----- E--hC.
Nt-C-o- C. ---o.)
Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure of
his programme tomorrow. He may
be out of town, and return only on
friday.
(F d J. E E
vv N -M. x
---a. - x -
v- --a)
Spoken English
15 ---. \
C. --E- \ n
- op
- .
-E ,
hC.
\-
(--E- h
(-
),
),
y
y
--o
u, E h \ , *-F
, - -.
- \ , J-- --i--p-, j vu
\.
2) It is too early
3) I'm afraid that's too long
4) That'll be too late
Look at the use of too in the sentences above.
too
n, A/ A E. A --i E- \-, N* E
. -x L- ---aE.
1) He is too trusting and risking = (-) A t-. E-x p-L
E partners Eo -. - too risking = K \ T
v -o N-Eo (risk )
T* . C K h
L, d
2) It is too early = K - -x E
-.
\
\
\ vA L-T
Eo
--L-- .
-
(x
L ) --E- \ h
(amount), vu (importance), J-
(size) o n --C.
D \ p
x -.
(K y h-o
J* / y \- * Lq hC.)
--E M-
x --.
xL. -l--
o)
- \ (knu, x-,
*a x----x.
D lesser -. O conversation
practice .
M. SURESAN
EXERCISE
Sumithra:
< C? Eo o.
Suchithra: < d (silk) y - o < d- \
u-iC. E -K D
u--.
(K = brocade - v-
' \ -)
Sumithra: C E- K-jC.
Suchithra: -q-x y --E-N-C
d <-- \ ---?
Sumithra: -.
Suchithra: F,- ---J --i
B--?
Sumithra: C B---.
N- \ --C.
Suchithra: Selection -C.Sumithra: -u---.
5 a
, 3.30
- K x -C.
K y } , 5.30 a
- 5.30 } u-u (
p--C v .)
3) I'm afraid that it is too long = C K
\--- E--h-C-. (J-n-
N-N)
a) He stayed here too long = -E-\ K
\----o. (- x
L- . E l- -a/
-E, -- j L-TC)
Very, too- n F,
use F.
Very / \ E --J
. -x / d .
Too K/ A E.
a) The train is very late = Train
E-/ t-C C. u
() u a, L
\-a.
b) Train is too slow = Train K/ A
E- hC. --p-, v
L \.
c) The doctor was called in very late =
Doctor
-u L-. (N*
. h- v- G*C)
K -u L-. (p-
N*--C. v- --C.
Doctor --C.)
ANSWER
Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yesterday.
Suchithra: The silk/ texture
of this sari is
superior to that of the sari you
bought earlier, but its brocade is
inferior to that of the earlier sari.
()
-- 20 d- 2006
-- j---
(-N, F - \--*
*aC?)
Aravind: Which information (do) you mean?
( - J* -o?)
Govind: That there will be a hike in the
allowances to employees.
(u-
E)
ux
( p . F -,
finance ministry N o-E.)
Key = --i; position = n
. \ n N.
(y d--ho. -x .
C ? Sekhar p s - ---. -C-* s -N---E BJ-----E. trouble --
- \ s --E d--- )
get on = -h. we are not starving = h--
- E. E--E --
H---E-, E d --E, English
I am not starving . C O conversation practice . starve =
h-; fast = -l/ -
.
I'd do = I would be satisfied
( -C---, J.
-E- -x, -E-o \
-x o-x -E- E--
o.)
He hasn't earned much, though -
v -E-. Though he is in a
good position, he hasn't earned much =
He is in a good position, he hasn't earned
much, though. Though,
position
\ *
. *
o,
-C--, E. C *
conversational expression. O conversation practice .
( N h -J
* nA o. -o
E s p -E---.
-%-d--h -E u-
s-\.)
Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed
blessing for any. Look at koteswar.
He has more fame than happiness
or money.
(@N . -J Fo .
-y N . ,
--s - uA --\.)
Life's like that = @N . ( @N
--od -.)
unmixed blessing - C @N-Eo J*
p N @N- Jh
-Eoa N . -od D Jh -.
Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not
starving. That's enough for us, isn't
it? Sekhar is all the time busy making money. God knows when he
finds the time to enjoy what he gets.
I'd rather do with less money than
put myself to such trouble.
Spoken English
--
-iC. \ -o
Eo strong - -ho d
2) uh/ --E o
Lh, p more , regular comparative forms o .
(, . IAS *
-N o. --J u-o
C--J nA o--.)
stronger.
-x--- 216
- ( -) o
~-- -ho d, more strong
o.
(l p- - d )
b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance
in the movies than act =
-
h.
E-x
dance \
x actors --
. (x than
rather than \ .)
than actors =
dancers
--)
E--j-, - = -
- s-\)
(a) rich comparative richer .
(b) more rich o.
(a) l-J-o Eo (rich) a.
\ richer E regular comparative
.
(b) -J o a .
(b) -J o -
La--p, \- o - more
\ regular comparative .
i) She is more clever than beautiful =
-- L--\. (-J o
- -ho. -E more clever
, cleverer E .)
C.
o
?
\ -
SURESAN
* LN \.
bus
E
.)
v
\ s -- .
sentence rather ... than
L- --C . \ rather ... than
(choice) ---E .
such a job =
u --
u --E Eg---o.
(E-u-T -E Eg---o.)
rather than -i comparative -a. u E
N-- a--p rather than
.
f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't
you do some work? =
L-N- * \.
(-J o - -ho
-E better ; more good .)
-E
s-- -x C- \
2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy
=
- u - \.
(-E-: wealthier . more
wealthy o. -E? uho
~- -ho -E wealthy,
healthy o regular comparatives - wealthier, healthier .)
-E , s- uA
\. -J o N - \ E p d more fame
than
p --o N.
1) --C-o Eo Lh regular
comparative form .
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Gandharv:
- \-o-? vA 12
--C.
Kinnera: Exam C.
Gandharv: Ev---d-E v \
time waste -
--a-?
Kinnera: C E. F ?
q-- . v---- --. y, (by
nature) d-
E--- clever
.
Gandharv: ---, y vA
--a- E.
Kinnera: -- vA -- d.
Gandharv: friend o. clever
student. o--.
Kinnera: -E L--o s-.
Gandharv: .
Kinnera: @N C.
Kinnera:
Gandharv: Yea.
Kinnera:
--v 22 d- 2006
Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the
information about the tourist spots in
-- j---
A.P.
( h v-v--E u-
n Jh - y .)
(Tourist = u--. Spot= -)
( *oh E- _ E- -Tx- - Eo adjectives degrees of com- woman = J--g-i ( N-i E) Y. . Circle (%h), Square (-v),
hC. \ -@-x Jh - parison -. j --j- ---Fo (\ she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D` -v), Triangle (vA),
hC) (Booklet= *o h)
-. comparative, superlatives . she was perfect; some other women were etc.
Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is . E comparative, superlative
v (circular/round) circle.
perfect too, others were not perfect.)
returning from the states. She wants . - l.
5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I
v EC circle . d This Circle is
full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information:
liked:
more round than that Circle = %h, %h
state. She wants to make full use of
v C. Circle v --
Free = yv/ ya- -o
this trip to see all the spots.
j p N --x free , freer, freest C? N geometric fig(o-J F. -d dq *
E degrees of comparison . -J-j ya ures N- . O- degrees of
AJ--hC. u- n N-
-x--- 217 x free. -- --x free . comparison .
h --C. J *a- x ya . ya Eo
-J - \, \ -- .
Eo lessons --* degrees of comparison Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect \---. Geometrical figures N-
ho ? p J-Eo -h-
N-- l:
Spoken English
Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) It gives Complete information.
-- -u- -x ---..
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-v-o:
I -Tx- -a---E --- h- ---.
II -C-- --- -n -N--J--?
1. I'm enjoying my new job.
2. Diana said that she was enjoying her
new job.
3. My father isn't very well.
4. She said that her father wasn't very well.
5. I have to go early.
6. Peter said that he had to go early.
-N. X---v-Jh,
x-- (-.-.->x.)
---:
--Tx- --E- ----- h-:
i)
a) Living English structure: By stannard
Allen
Let's Learn English,
b) NCERT
series
series No.5
ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=
v-J-*
11
h u - C
( \ --N-h-o)
2) u \ --N-h-o-E
( h u - E)
pC.
3) o - .
4) x o - E pC.
5) y xL
6) y xL E - p.
-v-o:
1. vis - a - vis - n N-J-.
2. E C-J
p.
3. j - -Sx -.
2, 3 -v-o-- --Tx- - --N- ---?
. -- -,
- (..->x)
---:
1) vis - a - vis (OO/ N-N, size z )
= E Lh, E -.
a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis
the reservation policyreservation
-s/- --u, F
u----- o?
--J Lh -o- . ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of the
previous official/ incumbent.
(Incumbent =
Incumbent: Pronunciationiii) I will not repeat this mistake.
-N o-)
--
--C 24 d- 2006
-- j---
(F - --o. \--oN--?)
Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I
have been there to book tickets for
us.
(
E-----x. \x -E)
Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show
on what day?
(J-/ a?
V?)
show
K-jC. ( -a)
d) The car is too expensive car K K-jC.
(-x / - )
C too o nx, -x .
Look at the following sentences.
a) The patient is too weak to walk -
T -- - C.
b) The amount with him is too little to buy a
car -
Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficulty I was able to get two seats for the
matinee the day after tomorrow. The
queue was too long.
E _-o s -- \.
Train
-x--- 218
(C l E. First show
AJ-T-- -u--C. C *C (~-)
)
Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about
giving away the tickets to others?
( J-.
o ah?)
tickets
--J-
sentences
too
-E-.
hC . Lo L
.
adjectives L
o E; verb L
, p J- E L .
c) Infinitive to & 1st regular doing word.
eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - x-/
x--E/ x; -/ --E/
; a--/ a---E/ a, etc.]
j *a vA sentence vA--E, -
, E negative h-C-. C
too vu-.
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= adjective/ adverb x Lq E --, d
- n.
i) He is too poor to continue studies.
--T--- .
ii) She is too proud to listen to advice.
- - N- Jy.
(. --- *
E C)
Very, too o -- --o
. very \, -x
----a. Too A, -x
--C.
a) Ramana is too good - A *.
(-x -E L-C )
b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the
other day? Is she to your liking?
o t N ?
F *a?
for ...
-- -.
for ... C)
v) Ba-- u C
It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/
The problem is too difficult for us to solve.
vi)
-- <- C
vii)
-- .
N-- \ n C
Her voice is too low for him to hear.
ix)
x)
dress
--- C
-- C--- \ --.
Now study the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) The Queue was too long.
u K _ C. ( y -)
2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out.
3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to
return home safely.
4) It is too good a movie to miss.
Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to
go out.
x-- C.
That's too
a- --- --?
Sudhakar: He is too innocent.
C %l -
This is too heavy for the old man to carry.
N n --a.
- C -- =
C , - E .
English .
F shirt E--h-o?/
shirt C?)
A-- - --.
M. SURESAN
C K
- E.
Vishnu's response n
heavy for me to carry E.
K -- a
--T---.
N--* p-, He is too innocent
F-d B--.
yC B.
x n --- d- i N
chapter u. Eo
-~--.
The chapter is too important for anybody to
ignore it.
d) The problem is very serious; We cannot
neglect it.
u Bv C; d-- .
The problem is too serious for us to neglect.
K --E--- F? ( h
T-/ o/ ho a)
~ AJT - u
a vA-.
Spoken English
BJ--- o
Kd x--
\ Subhash's reply -E-. I am
too busy E v -o , I
am too busy to attend E. too j
dialogue . C .
(Infinitive
b) Adverbs
(Infinitive
-o?
--- .
)
party
-- L-N-----.
Sentence (i) infinitive for ... - . Sentence (ii) infinitive
for us C.
~- Ex~u -ho.
(matinee ? -N- ?
x --o. -Lo a-a)
Scorch (\) = a-.
In the scorching sun = a
C n --- N- .
-- E -h-o.
-o, F ...)
(---? A d -O x
matinee tickets J-.
Queue K _ C)
C F K l-C/ -
?
'too' - question form .
j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?
K ?
n, . \ n,
A.
hot -
x p K \
A
O too -. 'too' -
po N- short sentences simple p-a. conversation
C.
-- 26 d- 2006
-- j---
( h-o--?)
Mohan: What then? Why should I go about
places to get your papers moved?
(J-? F T- ---E
Eo-x A-L -?)
Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are too
clever not to have any self interest.
( . yn
L-N----N y)
Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I do
take this opportunity to meet officers
and get their acquaintance.
-x--- 219
lesson
we discussed the meaning
and use of 'too'. Let's know something more
about 'too'. Look at the following sentences:
uA--, yn F- E
hC. yn L-N--- y. n hC.
yn L-N--E-N y.
\ n
uA--, n --- (E
) E hC . C last lesson --o.
p sentence .
-E-.
uA-
-E- LN C F/
-E---- L-N--E---N.
- oC --d/
- D -- oC ox
p.
- oC p-/ oC - -o y d .
Acquaintance (j y---q. 'y \
-)= J- v/
J- (o )/ J---h
I have acquaintance with him =
J- C.
He is an acquaintance of mine =
J---h
Praful: I appreciate your frankness.
(F -q- d-- -
p-- a--o.)
appreciate v-- 'v \ -
= *-/ - N n -----/ a--. -u
n --.
He doesn't appreciate the seriousness of
the situation =
infinitive
, sentence
n, not infinitive
uA-
C.
infinitive pC -C E. p M. SURESAN
sentence (c) n
hC . C n
LN o. not to understand
(n -E/ --E) uA- n
-/ n -- E hC.
not
J-nA Bv n ---x
( n -- LN F-C.
F E x --E)
Praful: The dependence is mutual
( --- C -p.)
Mutual (u-) u \ -
= -p -J--.
The husband and wife have mutual
understand =
u--hx -p -- C
Mohan: So what now? ( p--?)
Praful: The officer is too efficient not to
speed up matters.
(N-- yJ- Ea n u
o - ---, N-
y --E)
Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.
( N- K -%-d
-- -)
d--- -i Z-L.
Z-L L d----C.
--L-
(not to play well
practice
o--.
uA- -
--
l--h--.
(to pass
EXERCISE
uA-
C -E-
uA-) -jC .
v E - N* L-N---.
c) The old man is too strong for his age =
--- - N*
C.
, columns also ()
n too Ja. C- J
h---.
Mohan:
pass
C -E---
) -vh E .
\ NE--hC.
\. -
,
-.
x---p
-p sentence * h.
1) E ---o. t-F --o=
n (),
C N p
* .)
2) y Ka - B,
- - =
, Eo verb -F,
-F ax .
'be' form
( Delhi R} \
o) also, verb- stayed
-E-.
3) The British ruled us for centuries and
robbed us too/ robbed us as well =
vG x Lo L*, --o
.
D spoken English too (as well) o
vu.
Not also -. C p
(\ not only ... but also sentences p).
--p either .
1) , t .
He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either.
(his brother hasn't come toosentence
as well
E
* a/
-a)
2) , -x-E - =
uA-)
Now, take the sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the Lesson:
1) You are too clever not to have any self
interest
2) You are too smart not to miss the point
either
3) The officer is too efficient not to speed up
matters
4) We aren't too unlucky there
Spoken English
uA--
yJ- E n hC.
officer yJ- - n u
o-.
(yJ- -- --n )
No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = K
-%-d (E--)
'Too' Eo N- a !
p-C .
-L-)
Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the
point either. You know I alone can get
things done for you.
y- - --E d--?
Madan: K L ?
Mohan: E. y sweater --o--?
Madan: d--- L E-hC .
Mohan: F d- h (resistance) K
\- o-dC.
Madan: . typhoid *a--p-o<
resistance \- C.
Mohan: Doctor ---S}
Madan: p- - - \--x L-.
fees a--o. ju a K
\--u .
Mohan: C n ---. y
doctor *C. p-
-u-iC.
Madan: y-oC
correct.
v
h.
ANSWER
Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out?
Madan: Isn't it too cold?
Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing a
sweater.
Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear.
Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance.
Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid my
resistance has been too low.
Mohan: See your doctor again.
Madan: I have seen him too often already. I
have spent too much on medicine,
already.
Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you had
better see the doctor. You have
delayed too much already.
Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see him
this evening.
--v- 29 d- 2006
-- j---
'Enough'
. / L- E.
( o?)
Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with
you?
. --y o?)
( response English --.
O practice )
Prabha: How did you spend the week in your
cousin's place in Hyderabad?
(j-- O ->- x
-?)
Subha:
-_ - L sC.
x - L s _ .
3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?
(h Gu-F --?)
Pratima: Enough. No more, please.
(. x- l.
(-J E p l)
Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of
( N -- )
Subha: She is a good laugh. She is entertaining enough to make us like her
company.
Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I
don't know how to get rid of it.
(C -F,
C. C -a-- L--)
get rid of = o- () -a--
Subha: A cold is not serious enough to
cause worry in hot countries, but it is
nuisance enough to make us feel out
of sorts with yourself.
(--gx -C l l
--- s. E * LT -u-t)
(Feel out of sorts = * )
Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine?
(-- -- ---?)
Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has
been temporary.
( 7 Vx, -x-
-E ----- dx)
Spoken English
Bv s C. -d . -(d*a v- )
p h-*a y - q
h/ h---.
I remember her jokes very well; they make
4) She has enough assignments/ assignments enough to keep her home -
220
\- -- (x -x)
- L -j---q o.
s Bv C. -d
-L. (v- C)
D too , enough , y
infinitive *a--p. p
enough --p.
a) He is wise enough to understand such
things =
Enough is enough
(-- -N \-C . p
h-*a --y-d --- - q
-h-o)
( \- to. F
x --F- -j---q
o )
-x---
y -- L- -.
(C L \)
(N- -L-T- N
\?)
-i- -- y -*---x -
-\J v.
Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can
( \ F?)
(- h- )
pass quickly -
- o, --.
these movies.
(l . E-
l)
5) He has enough and to spare
- L , - y--L-T
--C.
. enough n, ---.
Look at the following too:
1) You are clever enough to understand easi-
gx l L-T Bv--iC
.
A cold is not very serious in hot Countries;
it does not cause worry.
6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of
sorts =
ly =
(y -- n --- L-j--N.)
= You are clever; you understand easily.
* L-T -u-t.
= It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out
of sorts.
N enough n, -. lessons
too - .
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive h (K,
A n) uA---n-Eo-hC.
Enough + infinitive h positive n hC
( n)
Compare:
= y L-j---N. y n
--. (y n --
L-j---N.)
2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=
N- n ---L-T L-N-.
p (Word
Order) l
Wise
(Adj)
enough + infinitive
too
--p
too
adjective/
adverb
infinitive
hC ?)
M. SURESAN
D
-E- -Lq
N.
adjective noun , enough +
noun + infinitive hC.
a) There is enough water in the tank to last for
the whole day =
( V J- Fx-o -u.)
b) I have enough friends to help me =
(
--E L----C
o---o.)
so he cannot walk =
45 --C -N-un- a- A o
l x C.
4) He is ill enough to need a doctor =
-d -Lq s o-.
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the
days for a long time -
- h ---\.
do you have?
EXERCISE
Preetham:
F _- sC?
Priya:
? ?
Preetham: --L-a ?
Priya:
-. \-Lq h sC.
Preetham: h- - .200
\-jC. o
* -i- .
Priya:
-K.
Answer
Preetham: How much money have you?/
Priya:
I'm sorry.
-- j---
(u, y u- F o
-x Rx--)
Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible
traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy
that I took an hour to travel one kilometer by car.
nothing.
(D N-E--- )
Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have
gone away. Let's plan a meeting this
weekend.
(i- --C. vq
Rx--. --E
-- p -)
(O h-oC , F
O x--oD n ----. -f -- - C.)
p- N?)
(J Dl o -C.
-O- --E dC
Dl C)
(F - NE--
F?)
Syam: OK.
--J : So o n:
So = 1) -x/ d 2) (American
usage)
p , so = n o
--.
( n, so, such ()
_- \-J -)
a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =
-x---
E-p ---x-, C =
E-p ---x-- C.
221
v Dl , -O-
v --E dC.
- x - -O-
v--E dC; v
Dl C.
2) You are so late that all the people have left=
-- Rx-- u--u- y.
3) I couldn't make out any thing.
The whole road was so noisy
=
n (NE---).Road - - C.
- x- d---.
E y-hC.
b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling
fan =
ceiling fan
-- .
(E ----o, E
? E-\- --E
- B--p N -----)
(... I couldn't help it = -E J- nA/
p-C-.)
eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =
-u
-. K-jC =
d-Lq. C p.
\- --E.
sentence simple
infinitive
conversation effective
Traffic
M. SURESAN
C . t -.
t --; - C.
= The girl can't walk the distance; it's such
a long way off/ so distant.
Dl -C?
n . too ... +
,
C.
Too ... infinitive --L-T, so that ...
-E -hC .
Compare:
-T -, C ---E
20 EN- dC. ( -T -E 20 EN- dC. -C.)
thing
(\, you F/ O E
v ; you '-j
n -- N --
--o.)
(d) complicated
C ?
, F too ... infinitive
\ .
. so N -a.
'so' --p, sentence E -
p -E-.
1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
( d -- )
(- Dl C v y?)
Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour.
Secondly some procession was in the
road.
( N N- C -
v Dl \- .
-T f *aC.
-T -C.
, C f --E _ _
- dC)
peak traffic = u Dl
Spoken English
The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it = The car is too expensive
for ordinary people to buy it. =
=
-x coffee a-- x --. (F -u---E )
Ordinary
people
can't buy the car; It's
so expensive =
-u --
K-j C =
not walk.
b)
American usage
NEhC.)
O-p- n-u C- so ... that ,
lessons --o too ...
infinitive _ E.
adverb (slowly - 2)
--.
3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work
on time.
(--E E--Jh--- J )
4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him
n --- x----.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Ramana:
y x.
C.
Sumana: J shopping L ?
Ramana: l.
Sumana: V -LqN o. N
u-i-N.
Ramana: h-*aC. -- --
---i-N ?
Sumana: Jh - --
C. l?
Ramana: T ---.
Sumana: p- shops Fo -h.
Ramana: Auto .
-- j---
( -J-- ----
y --o)
(A--. F -.
( Lq aC)
Vishnu: What next now? Shall we have coffee?
(F -u -f)
Sankar: Why did it take so long for you?
(- dC?)
Vishnu: I had been away on a company
assignment. I returned this morning.
(F E-O x. lo a)
Assignment = p-T-* E.
j-t 'j \ -.
Sankar: What kind of assignment?
Vishnu: Such a tough assignment that I had
to visit a number of places. I had to
see a number of dealers, watch the
movement of our products, and see
that the sales increased.
(t d- i E. x
(x) A--Lq--*aC. -C
dealers , company K t- o -E*,
t- -Lq u C.)
dealers = F -K (-)
t }/ shops.
Movement = n = -L-().
\ n company -K t-
. (u n C.
Telangana Movement = - u)
Products= K F
t h. vd q 'v \ -.
Sankar: What a time you had! I really pity
you, old boy! You do get a fat salary,
but you can't have a minutes leisure.
( d -! Eo h hC, Nv! F * @
hC F ~ Nv-A---!)
Vishnu: It isn't the salary that matters. I like
the challenging nature of the job. It is
such a challenge that you have the
satisfaction of having done something. You feel happy that you've
achieved something.
(@ u, \ u-
o d . ,
C--
%h N--C (--C).
C-./ C C-
%h C.)
that matters = u. achieving = C; Achievement = C-* N
Sankar: Corporate culture has taken hold of you.
(l u n \ %A D-
o y).
Corporate =l l u n-
-C-*.
Corporate - pronunciation J/ .
Vishnu: And I am proud of it too.
coffee
B--?)
lesson so .
'so'
1)
a) He isn't so tall. (- --)
(--o-p E---o ?)
Vishnu: I saw two but they were such lousy
movies that I wished I hadn't seen
them.
( . h -
-LqC -o.)
Lousy = h. Louse - n
Lousy - -u/ h C E
Ad--E -. Lousy fellow ox.
( )
u so + adjective/ adverb + that (so
adjective/ adverb L
E L-- .
2) American usage E n.
a) Thank you so much.
(British: Thank you very much.)
-x---
222
d- uh .
D so ... that , such ... that o
, . N l.
a) He is such a good man that we all like him
=
- d-- *-.
so good a
man
c) She is so clever a woman that she can
solve any problem easily = She is such a
clever woman that she can ...
so + adjective/ adverb
+ thatsentences
such
... that
p _ _ n, o
'such' N l.
Such .
a) I don't like such things = N-
-d -.
b) He never smiles. Such men are very dangerous =
--p y. --}
v.
d---C. --}
j-h.
Such E --. (Such ... as p)
a) Such people as Gandhi are always
respected =
D- uh p
-.
( = D- uh-
p- -N-h)
(s-J-x x --)
\ such B, n: such
+ noun + as + noun ( -j noun )
E- )
\ p:
u -E: uh, N-
- \ such ... as
-o. such ... as j--p-,
C h v-C, u. -- like
simple, better ! ( n)
1) Such men as Gandhi are always respected
= Men like Gandhi are always respected.
2) Such trees as the coconut = Trees like the
coconut.
such ... as like y-h .
p C :
a) I bought a variety of fruits such as the
mango, the apple, etc.
----
- .
(G-%Cl yJ l
)
-sEo d, so F such F -a.
d--
*-.
M. SURESAN
b) He is such a good
man that all like him.
= - x-- C V.
[so + adjective (hot) + that]
d) It was such a hot day that we couldn't go out.
sentence (c)
word order
Dn,
\
n . -E-.
( p) .
d n . , y
hC.
y,
*a, E y
L.
v hC.
\-J,
--.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Eo meeting -C
a?
Manish: u a-
l Hall J--.
Pratap: h x-?
Manish:
Ez-l aE
vl No p h .
Pratap: - v- N-?
Manish: p
u-i--,
--J---L-N.
Pratap: * v-?
Manish: @N Sx N-- *
v.
Pratap: -%d, ---.
( o- Jy-ho.)
Spoken English
(y-?
Sankar: OK.
( E?)
Pratap:
-- j---
(t, - -
--, - miss
-.)
We'd better = We had better = *C.
You'd better see a doctor = you had better ... =
doctor
*C.
( l. y
u -.)
Sourabha: That's good. I told the taxi man to
be here at 7 so that we need not
waste time looking for a taxi.
(*C. Taxi -
tE p, Sx Taxi time
waste .)
(D -. x l taxi
W, rest
B--C jet lag * -
----E.)
jet lag = N-x v-
- vA--x u ---
x L -L.
ready.
( - .
A---E Jz---a.)
get up early =
y Ev - { y --.
c) I am noting down the phone numbers so
that I can call you when necessary =
(Plane correct
p--hC?)
(
-
-o?)
(N--v . Traffic
Dl -a.
u L-T-- -
y ----o.
EN u -
- .)
Susmitha: The first thing Aruna wants to do
after landing here is to go to
Tirupathi. Let's fix another taxi
ready so that she may not lose
time.
(\ C- A--A--xE J. taxi E
x-, time L--hC.)
Spoken English
vAE ---- E \- a
lesson:
. Eo -sx
to --a, simple .
d-- *- =
so that
so that
lessons
so + adjective/ adverb +
sentences
that, such + (adj) + noun + that
Sourabha: OK.
223
-x---
He is such a good
man that everyone
likes him.
b) She drives so slow
that even a bullock
cart can over take
her =
x- M. SURESAN
-- tC ---.
Hers is such slow driving that even a bullock
cart over takes her.
(overtake =
o -Eo --x)
D , so ... that/ such ... that J*
-- ---oC.
p C sentences -E-:
-\-
marks
a ----.
- miss - y
--- *C.
2) I got up quite early so that I might not be
late =
u - y Ev--.
3) I told the taximan to be here at 7, so that we
need not waste time looking for a taxi =
Taxi
time waste
- tE p, Sx taxi
-/ -.
E-x u --,
----o.
5) Let's accompany her to Tirupathi so that we
too can have darsanam =
C, / d- -
--o --C.
Sentence (b) He is studying very hard so that
he may score high ...
C
l- ---oD --C.
h-- : So that p
EE h/ l-Eo (purpose)
--C.
a) Susila started at 7 itself so that she may not
be late for class =
Class
u - Q
- ---JC.
l L n, to + 1st
-a.)
z -,
L- --.
sentence so that we too can have
darsanam , to have darsanam E infinitive (to have) n . Let's
accompany her to have darsanam a
n, z--E L----- hC.
-E so that o sentence
R z --E .
-J :
Let's accompany her so that we can have
darsanam too =
-- R z
a.
Let's accompany her to have darsanam.
z--E -- .
practice h-o-Dl, --L-
--, so that \-- -, to \- --
-h. Practice alone helps us.
ANSWER
Sulochana:
(adv)]
EXERCISE
b) so that -
\ so that u
--. N \--\
h-o--.
(a) , (b) n -E- .
so that
Regular Doing Word = infinitive
L ,
z --a.
Sunayana:
-- -v-V- -- -
---*---a-E.
Sulochana: -l--x- - ---,
--x --G-v--- --
--.
Sunayana: - -u-- --\-
to.
Sulochana: Eo
N- -
pL , - j
-- a-.
Sunayana: --o - v-V- -\-
---L, -- Eg-E (conclusion=
El)
Sulochana: OK.
Sulochana: OK.
-- j---
( a?)
( n What brings you here? C
-u C. E C
u----i --J. O conversation
.)
Nikhila: Just to see you. Long since we met,
you know.
(*. %g -J-* i
?)
Nikhila: I'm afraid I haven't any.
( -L-.
Some =
, Eo.
x - --o.
b) Have some coffee =
coffee
B.
Gu -- C.
d) I gave him some books yesterday =
Eo -- Eo h--L-a.
e) Some men were sitting; others were standing =
-C aE o, - E-E
o.
(y E -J-* h- -o.)
Nikhila: Let's call Alamelu. She might have
some news.
(--- phone l.
L-a.)
students v
Any = j, -j
\ h--i-/- -\ h-- j
K---.
b) Any of them will help you =
-x---
(\ F--o o-o?)
Nikhila: I haven't any friends there.
(\ - o- )
( . h coffee -?
l-o* coffee B )
Nikhila: Coffee is certainly welcome. I've
come to you for some CDs on spoken English. Can you lend me them?
(Coffee
spoken English CD
-d . -*aC Eo
. --N
-h?)
Ramesh: List the CDs you want.
(F\--
CD
list
(\h
paper, pen
L)
(N.
coffee
B)
(\ - L.)
Ramesh: There isn't any in this bowl. I will get
some. Wait.
( *o v . - Bh.
)
some , any -
-v--u---C. ---J , some ,
Eo F, any j, j, -j E.
Spoken English
Spoken English
grammatical correct.
no more not any more
C spoken English \ --.
- English, - C.
J-Eo examples .
a) There is no sugar in the bowl.
I have no news
2)
...
--i )
not
d some news.
(F _- h---E P)
(Not / Question any)
not d some.
( _ - a)
4) But there aren't any races now.
(Question
any)
( _-J E l)
- natural . Spoken English
-u C . n \-
sentence
,
o
F/
F
--.
1) They have some
books
- affirmative
M. SURESAN
(x _ Eo h---o)
Ramesh: Neither have I. How about having
coffee? I haven't had any since
morning.
xx -j F h.
jockey . -E --Fo
A---. Race course x
phone h x _- *a---
- C)
(Jockey= v-p--- x v-
--x. Race course = v-p--
J i)
(j-- v-p-
p. -- -C-\.
p v-p- Time.
--\--a.)
a.
class
Sorry)
I have no money
N -- some F, Fo
n .
have no friends
better, natural.
EXERCISE
better, natural.
= x _ h- .
( , I
-, )
ANSWER
Vinod: You seem to have some computer books.
Can you lend me some?
F _ computer books - o-xVikram: Who said so? I don't have any (books on
o. \-Eo-h?
computers).
Vikram: --o? _ computer
Vinod: You usually buy, don't you?
books .
(x _ h----o/- h-j
Vinod: y - - ? Vikram: I don't have any money. I don't buy (them)
o?)
any more.
Vikram: p s . -- .
2) He wants some more milk.
Vinod:
They aren't giving me books any more in
Vinod: library h--L-y-(-E - L)
the
library.
.
X He doesn't want any more milk.
Vikram:
Why?
Vikram: -E?
(-E -\--)
Vinod: outsiders x h-
- Vinod: They aren't giving books to outsiders like
Question:
me any more.
L
y
.
Does he want any more milk?
Vikram: I'm sorry. Why don't you buy?
Vikram:
I
am
sorry.
?
( ?)
Vinod: I haven't the money/ I don't have the money.
-Eo -s-x some, question Vinod: _ s-.
--.
-v-o: 1. say y to C.
p, N--p -
a) will you have some more Upma?
h----Lq N-.
tell y . Eo
= t B-? DE answer
verbs usage confuse - - - : 1. Say y to 2. Time is up (Time -a) not :
C). Half an hour is up
-o. DE J-\-- , tell y to --
C English usage .
No. Thank you. I don't want any
(---C).
-N?
v hC.
more.
Time is over C J-.
2. exams --p time - J O 3. He is in college now =
b) not :
--oC --E Tx-
C, . \
Thank you. A little more would do.
college o = He is at
pL?
'O E --L
(h L)
college now. x, in,
3. He is in college now, He is -p ? English
at .
u h----Lq N:
at college now. N?
/- -y
j correct. Eox, in
No = not any
.. v--JzE, - preposition h--C C-
-- 10 -d- 2006
-- j---
(\---h-o?)
Sudarsan: No where in particular
(\- / ---- ,
ho)
Govardhan: (Are
you)
meeting
friends today?
any
(V vq-J-j ---o?)
Sudarsan: None
(-JF --- )
Govardhan: Have you
today?
( C -C s---o?)
Prasanth: There aren't any =
There are not any - C -, y--- NE- response.
(There are no students at all C correct
--p spoken English )
any
programme
(V j u-v ?)
Sudarsan: None at all
C \ -)
) spo vu -o.
-, - yE--
OE u- ---L.
some, any, not any (n't any
ken English
conversation
( )
(y v -.
* o ?)
( h
?)
L. F-_--o
( _ C/ --E-j C, F
( \x. E ---o)
( -)
(Eo- --o-C?)
Brahmam: Nobody.
( p-)
, E h--J responses ap v, no, no combinations .
d) Sudhakar: How many books will you give
me?
(\- )
2) Govardhan: (Are you)
friends?
-x---
225
(u L- o p-----E)
Sudarsan: None.
()
(-- )
(-- F ---
t C.)
Sudarsan: But today is Sunday. Is there anything he can do?
(F y C-. --
-L---o ?)
Govardhan: Nothing, I'm afraid.
()
I'm afraid p--E ---o.
Sudarsan: So I've to wait till tomorrow. We
have to make do with the
Kerosene stove at home.
( Lq. d l--Lq.)
[
[
[
- . No = not any
E. Spoken English , no not
any y---- ,
(natural) E .
There is no sugar in the bowl sentences conversational English - NE-hC.There is no sugar in
the bowl , There isn't (is not) any
sugar in the bowl C spoken English
\ NEh-C, - yE-hC
.
(u N-: No any \- -.
There is no any sugar in the bowl. C English . Not... any hC;
no any p )
a) Subodh: How many boys are there in the
room?
Spoken English
today?
F y-. Fo/
L.
hC :
any
(x u C?)
meeting
(C x v C.
E ----o ?)
Sudarsan: Nil.
Fo
(Eo h--L-h ?)
O y)
p-C .
( FEoa?)
C )
not... any
has'nt, given me any,
no, no combinations
not... any
o. D,
o .
Paper,
uncountable
papers
plural
paper
a/
an, 1, 2, 3
u-. C M. SURESAN
--E, printing
paper N-)
d conversation u h---Lq N. -sEo d no ,
not any (n't any) conversation x hC.
:
b) There are no good watches in the shop =
There aren't any good watches in the shop.
There aren't any good watches
There are no good watches...
,
o ,
.
c) His watch is no better than mine =
-- - - -- l--jO
DEo better.
His watch isn't any better than mine (spoken form)
(-C Nu-n--a?)
Sekhar: None/ No one
( )
b) Balu: What did you say?
(-o?)
Subha: Nothing = (I said nothing)
.
4) Govardhan: What do you want from him?
Sudarsan: Nothing.
( N JE v-C-?)
Syam: a) None (short negative response)
b) I didn't consult anyone (sentence)
(I consulted no one
Sudarsan: Nil.
-)
( )
N)
u .
.
- p - C.
(Eo vA \---x?)
Srihari: a) No where (short response- nagative)
(I went no where
( \--)
5) Govardhan: How much gas have you...?
( )
Short nagative responses ap, I'm sorry, I'm afraid, I wonder
N -a.
a) Prakash: Can you lend me some money?
Prabhat: I'm afraid, no / No, I'm afraid /
I'm sorry, no / No, I'm sorry.
b) Sumanth: Is your dad coming?
Srikanth: I wonder. (=No)
Exercise:
Practise the following aloud in
English.
(use short negative responses)
Gopal:
ANSWER
Gopal: Who did you meet yesterday?
Govind: None / Nobody
Gopal: Then where did you go last night?
Govind: No where
Gopal: What did you do sitting at home then?
Govind: Nothing. I just watched the TV
Gopal: How many exercises did you do?
Govind: None.
Gopal: How many serials did you watch?
Govind: None. I watched cricket.
not... any
sentences practice
- 12 -d- 2006
-- j---
(x , --x O
x E--hC.)
Sridevi: I told you, my sister is getting married in a month, so we had the
whole building done up. Dad got it
white washed and painted.
(p , - \u
Rx. -E x l .
o x, -.)
Do up = l
Madhavi: Who were the workers? I must say
they did a good job of it. I will suggest dad that he hire them too for
our home.
(-xL J. d A-* Y
---L.)
-x---
226
3)
fans
Fo -- =
J . Eo
repair
-L.)
\ -E--LqC: j L- -Fo
- . E -x
h. ---p have/ get + something
+ done (past participle) by someone .
h-E, meeting
-.
O have/ got + something + past participle
--:
Now let's look at the following sentences
from the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson:
1) We had the whole building done up =
(had + the whole building + done (past participle) =
building
h l
=
contract .
(E--x-? -E
pL. o h,
E x d--E.)
Do a good job of something =
EE J/ %h-- .
Hire = () n l
B--. \-n E---J-j
-a--.
Sridevi: We had it done on contract. Dad's
friend is a small time civil contractor. He got everything done for us.
( contract E-x .
o v *o N v-d.
Fo -.)
Madhavi: How are the other preparations
going on?
( -p-x-Fo --o?)
Sridevi: Briskly, of course. You know, all that
matters is money. Once you have
enough of it you can have anything
readied in no time.
(_ ---o. N
-. Eo- u s.
C-- L- j o
~ l a.)
All that matters = N/
u-iC Eo.
In no time = ~
briskly = _/ -
Madhavi: That's true. What about wedding
shopping?
(\-- --C.
dresses Fo d---C. Eo
blouses --. <-
falls d----C.
Sewn () - past participle of sew. sew
- pronunciation - (no ) = d.
Madhavi: So things are going on well.
Spoken English
Doctor
T ECG B-.
(had got -a.)
structure: had/ got + the patient's ECG +
taken (past participle)
2) She had/ got her daughter's birth chart prepared =
M. SURESAN
C-N-.
=
J x --/
-x .
(vy u--- xE sC v-
-x h.)
- n ... make (someone) do (something) . C
----F, P~--F n hC.
N. -sx make () n , make y to .
J v -*C.
Birth chart = v d -
v, ~-v n- L x d.
3) The minister used his influence and got the
prime price of land sold to his son-in-law.
~ j l --a.
have + anything + readied (past participle)
4) Sister is getting all her dresses stitched =
\u
--C.
dresses
EoF d-
<-
falls
d---C.
-- a--L.
--- vA N-o NE
x- Nt-.
D have/ got + something + past participle
.
.
a) j manager --E E Jh -h
A good/ an efficient manager gets the work
done on time.
gets
has
d A-* Y ---L.
get (have) + my clothes + washed and
ironed (past participle).
E -.
(He made me to do the work
)
make ... do Eox -.
Eo Eo . E Gs*aF,
---dF --. u
. --p make (someone) do (something) .
a) ... have something done by someone
OR
b) ... get something done by someone,
(F
--V--h?)
(B, F
(Fo v- J-T---o--)
h.
- h.
,
We do something. - -E, we make others do it, .
petrol
.)
----o.
-?
Purnima: - . E-.
Sx p J E---.
Vennela: L- mechanic o.
- l J.
Purnima: o, exchange
offer E. h fridge
Jp--------o.
Vennela: , F.
Purnima: Sx brand fridge hC
. C -d -.
Vennela: ---o?
Purnima: C mechanic Nt*
hC -----o.
Vennela: .
ANSWER
Vennela: You were saying your fridge was out
of order. Did you get/ have it
repaired?
Purnima: I had it repaired last saturday but it
has gone out of order again.
Vennela: I know a good mechanic. This time
you get/ have it repaired by him.
Purnima: My husband has told me of an
exchange offer. I want to have this
one exchanged for a new one.
Vennela: Go ahead then.
Purnima: But we get the same brand again. I
don't like it.
Vennela: So what are you going to do?
Purnima: I want to have/ get it sold by our
mechanic and buy a new one.
Vennela: That's better.
-- j---
( -. o
- Eo -h.
-\ u.)
( y--o?)
Himakar: We had our uncle here yesterday.
All the time he was here he had us
in stitches of laughter. He has
many jokes.
(Eo u a. o
-s Nyh o.
q h)
stitches of laughter = --E y.
(\ o . -Eo
--. .
xL. Bye)
conversation
Have
Spoken English
have - .
-o --x -. C
y---. -i
---E - vu-C. O conversation practice .
( p-- y--o?)
( q h--*aC.
C y p-*C)
Bhaskar: We wish to have around people
making enjoy fun, don't we?
-j o - E
-E-y---.
a) She doesn't have her husband talking
badly about her parents =
-- Lx--v- J* h
x--E-y--.
b) Sita: Dad, I want to do combined study
( L-T - \-
-----E - ?)
-x---
227
(-JE E---E-y---).
- NE--hC. d
.
O
tLo
( N-vA L -----E,
x-----o.)
jokes
Ny--.
(, *a-)
Bhaskar: He was here yesterday, wasn't he?
(Eo -E-\-C?)
Himakar: He was on his way to Ooty. He
would have me accompany him,
but dad didn't like to have me
wasting my time when the exams
are so close.
--v-p?
-- -E-o
- J x-E-y.
J u -- -Eo
---C.
h u d A-* Y
---o.
j sentences Eo-- have someone do /
doing something n J E
--- A-, C-J, c-.
C .
Himakar: You're lucky there. My mom doesn't have me leave my books either.
( N- y-%-d- --N.
t - o h-----E-y.)
Eo --C.
DE uA-- oo -j
-E-y-- p
E n
N? -- y.
- o B--x-E J.
M. SURESAN
--. j
p --T-h?j
a !
--- n N?
iii) C sentences -Fo O p 'six forms of verb'
v correct o. O n, N tense
o -.
1. They could be going there.
2. They would be going there.
3. They should have been going.
5. They can have done it.
Spoken English
-- d
(E p ?)
o x Ap- - d.
o -~- -E .
( . Eo u
--E-y.)
e) The teacher won't have her pupils playing
in the rain =
t o h- --E-y.
8) My dad has me doing all work at home =
o Eo -h.
9) He will not have me doing any job =
F --E-y.
Nu-n- { --E-y.
a) have someone do something (-J-
E---);
J meeting
x---- E x-.
b) The police would have caught the thief (if they had seen
him)=
M- d----x. (}Eo
) -, d--.
ii) Having rested, we continued our journey- Dn NvA
B-- (-x) v --T E.
NvA Bo y v --T- --E, After
having rested, we ... journey After we had rested,
we continued our journey n hC. Having + pp ,
-, -x n hC.
C ---x (--) t--o.
. -,
time waste
o
.
E -- E.
L-T* Ny--x \- E -.
\ J{--q--E x \ -J-x .
( o DE uA-. x
A- ---d, K-~-o,
o. -~h
---E , F
C--h)
D -----o
-.
--p
n -J- -E -- a-p, c-.
( --o.
x-E J. F
o K-~ _ --, time waste --E
p--)
-v-o: i) Sentence
C-p l E ---o-p xC
-h--a.
2) They would be going there = x-\- x----o (would be going = wish to be going) - Present
tense - E C Eo -s x J----a.
3) They should have been going = x h-Lq-C-p,
E x- o. -s-Eo-d tense.
4) They would have been going = h---x- E
x- Past tense.
5) They can have done it - x --L-T--x --a/ DE use h pd. Tense - Present tense.
6) They may have done it - -a. ----a
. Tense - Present tense.
-- j---
shirts d- ?ready
-\---a)
h ready made
( C idea. -
--- --o classmate
h x -l)
( F
made shirts
ready - to - wear
(Ready made
d --
J-. C Sx Eo
shop
- Jp---Lq
C. .
Shop - Jp-*
Jh suit )
specifications = -- N- v
(samples
high school
Ranjan: My uncle is a teacher in a high
school nearby. I will get him to give
us a list of ten students.
-J---E -C
Nu-n- d-)
( u, _o high school
teacher. _--* CC G B-)
E
p vG--LqC)
228
M. SURESAN
tailor
Sx d---a)
( v
d.)
ready made
( -v vo-R Jhl.)
Questionnaire = ya-- = -
-- -- vo G
Dhanraj: OK. Let's meet at 4 in the evening.
Ranjan: Bye.
(--C F E-l a-
assignment Jh--L . DE
--E F- -l---o. E- N-
.)
d Y --C =
ju --C =
-v-o:
---:
To be
To be
ux
n N?
to be, like
-.--, N---.
Spoken English
C infinitive . To be
u -sEod C. ' n
hC. He appears to be a thief=
E-h-o.He appears like a thief
sentence correct . appear ' () -o n C d, He appears like a thief
o, He appears to be a thief correct. ,
-sEod, It appears like that E
( E-hC o n).
To be . Like /- .
d u--x To be like
. --. To be EF,
' E-F n.
\-J 'to be' 'as' a ' --
n. O-J-* sentences Eo- to
be n hC. ( sentences it is
said ... n - -/
--o E. eg: It is said that he is honest = E---B-E . x
It is said, people say passive voice).
-E-:
... has even her elders doing = gets even her
elders to do all kinds of ...
Sentence
p-C :
My building is vacant. I want to get some
bank to take it on long lease =
bank
S C. D`---L l j
x -E C.
\ get have -a.
B--
n ---LqC:
J E---.
Sentence structure:
have/ get (something) + done (past participle + by ...
(- )
E
p --o , J_
J-.
d----a.
(\ get
have
-a)
N-
--.
(\ get have )
h B--x l.
x-
l.
7) I will get him to give us a list of ten
students =
C-C Nu-n
G ax l.
sentences Eo-, get have
-a. practice .
Pran:
*- -J- N---x Mx
-?
Kiran: wholesale x v--.
-- packing material- , f, J, -\ p---o.
( = basket, f = straw, J- =
country twine, -\ = gunny
pack
piece)
C -E-.
It is said that he is honest = He is said to be
honest (is = to be)
It is said that he was honest = He is said to
have been honest (was = to have been -
E---B -- --E .)
She is reputed to be a good teacher =
teacher
-sx.
EXERCISE
have
---a,
l-x - --Eo
- ---C.
-x---
Pran:
p book - O o-u?
Eo. x parcel office
. -J-j p---o.
Pran: F u BJ--o-.
Kiran: --.
Kiran:
C. (p)
- ---l-
(v) d---Lq. -
--l- s -Lq. (deserve |-- --E-j-/ -P-~-j)
I should like to be a doctor = doctor
--E--d ---.
What he thinks to be right = -- J C ( = - j-C ---C) to be one of the best = ve-i
--/- --
to be restored = --l-J--- (passive)
ANSWER
Pran: Finally who did you get to pack the
mangoes to Delhi?
Kiran: I got one of the boys in the wholesale shop to pack it; I got him to get
too, the packing material, the basket, the straw, the country twine,
and the piece of gunny.
Pran: When did you get it booked?
Kiran: Yesterday. His home is a long way
off from the parcel office. I asked
him to get someone to get it for him.
Pran: So your problem is solved.
Kiran: Yes.
-- j---
(X * h bike a--o.
y ?)
(sleek= o -ho. u cars
, bikes , - Vh o EE-- h -)
Prabhat: Hasn't he got one already? (Do)
You mean he has got two bikes
now?
( p -C ?
y- bikes
o-?)
Sharat: Use your brains, Prabhat. He had
sold off the old one, and bought this
one a few days ago.
(h -*. -Eo t,
DEo Eo--V o)
Prabhat: You have got a bike and he has got
a bike. Unfortunately I haven't got
one.
( car \. C
~- .)
(F bike --L-T- sC O
o. , X
F, O o \
sC.)
Prabhat: It's not the question of who has got
more money than who. It's a question of how one spends it.
bike
( --C .
Jh ---E v
-)
Sharat: How soon is it going to be?
( y
car
F-hC? )
(y-)
-- , LT n
'have' ? Have
n--Eo- 'have got' -a. u
British spoken English have got
\. -E--Lq--N-, have ,
have got
n, --
--.
(F bike C. bike C.
-%-d- -h, bike EC .)
Sharat: Your dad has got enough money to
buy you one. In fact, your dad and
you have more money and more
property than I or Srinath.
-x---
229
\
-a.
p-y--E F _ s-o ?=
F _ h-
? =
-x. Bike C
road O ~- E
t.)
He is convinced= d t-.
Sharat: So how does he want you to go
about?
Prabhat: He has got the opinion that the city
bus is the safest means of transport.
( bikes o. ~ N -o Fo \
o?)
Prabhat: Well, that's the opinion he has got.
He doesn't want to have moments
of anxiety when I am out on the
l- -N vp--h-j F ?=
Haven't you/ Haven't you got the manners
to respect elders?
-a.
have
---x
have got
- L- s E _
e) Hasn't he better clothes than those?
( C --o G-v.
bike O --A-J---p -
- C J.)
Anxiety= -
C \
NE--hC.
( _ - L . o xF.)
Kumar: What have you got to do now?
(FN-p L?)
Amar: I have got to get the carpenter to
repair our dining table and fix one of
the window glasses.
dining table repair
glass
--E,
GT--E v-TE a--L)
b)
( --xL)
Amar: My dad has got to invite my recently
married sister and brother-in-law to
the Deepavali festival. That's why he
is getting the house done up.
- -d ?=
modern, present day English
Don't
have/ Doesn't have form
Have you?/ has he? form
brief
simple
\ NE--hC.
h
,
C.
F-p E-?=
Haven't you any work now?/
-a.
have/
(yo , O --
training programme
x-F,
D-R -E?)
Kumar: You were telling me your brother-inlaw had got to attend some training
programme and wouldn't be able to
make it to the Deepavali.
= -o * d -E? =
Have got/ has got/ had got, etc., have/ has/
had
(D--R u kx sister
, y-E-L o.
- x l h-o)
M. SURESAN
-C p- -E F n,
bikes --o-?
bike.
Spoken English
(J y A------o--?)
\,
o.
He doesn't have
enough money = He
hasn't got enough
money
_ h---o=
(Accidents
(\ vo -J- -J
s-\ E . a
--- vo.)
( O o F bike -
-- -----C.)
o--x
Not
question
Don't have/
doesn't have/ Didn't have ...
Haven't you?/ Hasn't he/ she?/ Hadn't
Don't ... have?/ Doesn't ... have?/
...?
American
Didn't ... have ..?
English
car
? =
c , ---E,
NC- -Lq N- h-E.
a) I have to go now =
E-p xL.
Hasn't he a car?/
questions
Don't ... have/
doesn't ... have, didn't ... have
expressions
spoken
form
English
Hadn't he a car?
\ NE--h, u
. -E ? vo,
vo o,
Didn't he have a car \ -
C. Hadn't he a car? .
d n -o N:
LT n
1) Have = have got; has = has got; had = had
got, etc.
5000 - Lx-L.
c) She had to join duty that day itself =
duty Lq *aC.
--x , have to + 1st Regular
doing word/ has to + 1st Regular doing word/
had to + 1st Regular doing word
Have got/ has got/ had got + 1 Regular
doing word
have got/
has got
-a. j --
.
Exercise: j -- have got/ has got
, have/ has practice .
-- 24 -d- 2006
-- j---
(y x-Lq-? -j
E -o)
Premnath: I'm
sorry
I've
got
to
go.
(-K. -xL p. x
-Lq
o) C -E-.
a) attend = --
class, function, meeting N.
He attended class yesterday
b) attend to:
E/ u -.
week.
(\-x. --E \
* a--a.)
Premnath: Has she got to take anything like
a test at the end of the fortnight
long training?
( ~/ 15 V P~
y K-~----o ?)
Ramnath: No, she doesn't have to.
(\-x)
Premnath: Had she to attend the same kind
(y - s h-C/- --
_ s C.)
\ will have will have got
-- y- - s C
N-Kl hC . -E
future vh-N---p, have
have got .
(British usage )
(-- C
P~- Rx?)
Ramnath: No, she didn't have to, as she
hadn't had two years of service
house =
by then.
BJ---
(Sx -v-v- p
xL)
had to work)
years.
-x---
( -x- - )
230
( -J o
o.)
submit
-- -E-o -qj-
*aC)
Lq
Suman had got to submit the exercise yesterday.(Had got to + 1st. RDW
h .)
E L - uA-, E
--\--. E ? English
\- need not = need n't hC.
don't have to/ doesn't have to/ didn't have
to + 1st. RDW
-a.
me =
( u ---p \ -u
C)
(v, a d-?)
(\-x. n
uEo
-JhC.x
o A?)
(y-Rx- A -?)
(A-- u h?)
( -- --
?)
Premnath: If there were, I needn't be bothered at all.
(-o , - -Lq
- !)
Ramnath: Have you got to start so early?
( - -l-?)
Premnath: No. I needn't (need not), but I
have got to leave at least by the
12 noon train. Have you got anything I can carry to your sister.
(. F F uo 12
-v- o- xL. O
d F i h B--.)
(---. Eo -- )
Premnath: Has she got to stay there for
long?
(\ ---V--?)
Ramnath: No, she hasn't got to. She can
leave there at the end of this
( -- AL. jx
(= - - ).
M. SURESAN I have no cell, , spoken form
- -.)
[
[
[
.
lesson have/ has/ had, etc
b) He has a lot of property =
have got/ has got/ had got etc o
He has got a lot of property
J* --o .
(--- h C.)
u N- --o.
He hasn't any property/ He doesn't have any
a) -L-T (possess/ own) n
property =
have, has, had etc have got, has got,
(- h .)
had got, etc -. British
He has no property E - .
spoken form have/ has/ had got form
C) She had a good score \- - C.
* -\ *aC.
i) He has a car = He has got a car.
ii) I have some money =
I have got some money.
iii) He had a big house =
He had got a big house.
( N- v, He had got
a lot of property He had a lot of
property E \- . (British
usage )
u-i N: Have got form- future
.
v ,
h.
( --- C.)
suit me.
care of them?
Spoken English
Ramnath:
J c--
--x-
NC j -Lq-h p
have to/ has to/ had to + 1st Regular
Doing Word .
a) I have to go now - (E-p xL) =
I have got go now.
v-
Conversation
have
Eo
.
Opposites practice
- 26 -d- 2006
-- j---
(, Nv-A ox E-h-o? --
BJ -E -o.
F - --yL ?
All the leisure/ all the time in the world =
BJ/ .
They have all the time in the world to go
for a second run =
B- -- -
C.
Debate = - ( \ -)
Vandana: I've had enough of it. I'm bored.
I'm prepared well enough, I suppose. What about you?
( . N--hC.
--u-E --o. F
--N?)
I've had enough = . ,
\-x E--*--p, I've had
enough h N-.
-i xE --o.
-J h/ / etc
n British English have/
has - have got/ has got -.
a) My cousins have a lot of property=
My cousins have got a lot of property
-x---
Chandana: Haven't they got to consult people who know? So what's the big
idea in announcing the topic so
early?
(L----x v-C-L J.
-h topic v-- x l N?)
Vandana: Participants will mug up their
speech at the contest.
(_--x x -u-Lo
ddh.)
mug up= d d-.
mug n --, handle
x. Mug n, x
f \.
Chandana: They have got plenty of time to
get the help of others too.
(- -
C)
Vandana: Haven't we got to attend the special class this afternoon?
(y uo p
x xL ?)
Chandana: I have got to, but you needn't.
You have got an 'A' grade, so
you don't have to.
( xL, y-\-x. F A
grade *aC. -E y - )
Vandana: Thank God. Thank you for the
news.
(
t, A---.)
Spoken English
231
E-p xL.
L=
-x -
--aE -- --o.
c / --Eo d/ NC E--Lq- j forms . DE opposite , '----- n needn't
(need not)/ don't need to/ haven't got to/ hasn't got to/ don't have to/ doesn't have to
1) I have to meet the minister
X I needn't meet the minister/ I don't need to
meet the minister/ I haven't got to meet the
minister/ I don't have to meet the minister
(---L)
(---\--).
= Mustn't you prepare/ shouldn't you prepare for the debate? 2) I haven't got to (prepare for the debate) =
(Debate
prepare
I
needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to
Fo .
-- =
-a.
3) Haven't they got to consult people who
know? =
(Question
have got
Don't they have to
4) Haven't we got to attend the special class?
= Don't we have to attend ... ?
L- x v-C-L ?
--T-ho, \) =
-a.
( --\x. x
a a-LqC .)
(. v-*
-LqC . h %y
(Debate contests) Ey---
x- - ox .)
a) I have to go now =
I have got to go now.
b) Sujani has to sing at the party tomorrow =
party
Sujani
Sujani has
got to sing at the party tomorrow.
Have to/ has to, have got to/ has got to
must/ should
n (LT -) am having/ is
having/ are having forms , \ bath
N- p.
3) have/ has= ( n) B-- =
A/
Fo -
o. j -a.
British English
\ N--C.
h
. E--
-a.)
O negative questions
x l
coffee
B-- (-)
uo tea B--C.(-C)
n (B-- = A/ -) am
having/ is having/ are having .
I am having tea now because coffee isn't
available =
coffee
d tea -o. A/
n have got/ has got .
--.
need to
M. SURESAN
-.
(p- O -E . Have to/ has
to/ had to opposite -u haven't
to/ hasn't to/ hadn't to . I haven't to go/
she hasn't to come .)
Let us look at the following sentences
from the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson.
1) Haven't you got to prepare for the debate
tomorrow?
O, j p
--.
1)
EXERCISE
Practise the following
aloud in English.
Tarun:
Tarun:
2)
OE
- cF, ---EoF NC -Lq E-E-F ---E
lessons . n
have to / has to + Ist Regular Doing Word
have got to + Ist
Regular Doing Word (RDW) / has got to +
Ist RDW
, -
-a.
\-J have to
-a.
a) -\ } p? =
Ny-p-- x--\-?
Varun: \-x. F
certificates attestation
?
F -- ?
Varun: . --.
N attest
----Lq C.
Tarun:
office
Cx L
?
Varun: - . -- R .
b)
Have they to
come here?/ Do they have to come here?/
Do they need to come here?/ Need they
come here?
Rx-\- -Lq-? =
Fo conversation practice
h, daily life situation English
x--.
ANSWER
Tarun: Haven't you got to/ Don't you have to/ Don't you
need to/ Needn't you/ Mustn't you/ shouldn't you
go home now?
Varun: I needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to. Need I/
should I/ must I accompany you for attestation
of certificates?
Tarun: Don't you need to/ Don't you have to get your
certificates attested too. (You need to have your
certificates attested too)
Varun: Oh. I forgot. I need to/ I have to get my certificates attested too (must/ should
-- j---
( --, J- n--
o? F h u
C?)
Somnath: Happy to say I'm getting on fine. The
job is good too. How about you?
( S n d, d-----.
C f C.)
Clothes line = d--
Loknath: You could tell him not to do it.
(- -
. -E - oC
p--E ----h-o.)
hesitant = o p--E / --E
T-- / ---- / h-.
frank = - oC ---l
dx p.
-x---
( F u
L-T-x h?)
232
train
uMx jC.
y - - *a-
%h--L.
2. Get along = x.
(j \-, -u---\- x, N J*
p-.)
Colleague - M ' \---.
n, -uT. - --x classmates .
F
boss
F )
xL. C.
b) He gets along finely =
( - M. SURESAN
N-
N -E L- -E
v-Ao-ho.)
Somnath: I am trying to
get the message across
to him in
some other
way.
j C---C. -xL. Sx
l.)
all bossy.
( q--- .
-- bossy (j C-J
p) .)
Loknath: How is your new home? How is
your co tenent towards you?
(F Ahx C? O-
l--o- O ?)
Somnath: We get on. We aren't that
Chummy.
( . o
)
Chummy - N h vo.
Loknath: Why so? (-?)
Somnath: The trouble with him is he doesn't
-, have y \. -D-
expressions English y---. Get
a -- -
. -E E practice h --*C.
1. Get on - expression n-
. u vo- - \ -.
Get
-E T--C/ -*--C.
3. Get at - common.
N F, pC F n
--.
a) I am unable to get at what he says =
pC n --- o.
( Eo - y
nux --E v-Aoho.)
Get across N-Eo J
nux . n put
across .
a) I put the idea across to him that he and
I go shares
( xL. y v.
--. n--u?)
4. Get across =
N-Eo --
n--ux p.
(O h C?)
Prakash: She is very good. She has a
knack of getting her ideas
across to the students.
( * . dq n-ux p -C _.)
knack ' nap =
/ lA
b) A news paper ad is the best way to get
across your message-
=
, y- -E p.
Nu-n- N n--ux p
.
5. Get through: K-~ pass
a) He got through the exam with very good
marks =
* \- Bh-g--u.
=
p Bh-g---u-. (*
\-.)
with flying colours = p
N get a Eo expressions.
b) He got through with flying colours
( J-T--C)
b) He is getting on well.
c) Prem: How are the newly married cou-
ANSWER
Vamsi:
Venkat:
o, ?
*--. J-T--C.
Vamsi: K~ . u?
Venkat: pv u-E p-E --ho.
Vamsi: y-o -----o?
Venkat: . . -
-G-v E -n ux
p--E v-Ao-* --n-x.
Vamsi: --E h.
divorce.
(-n----. F nEo Eo
-E-y n?)
Spoken English
v- L p-----o.
Look at the following sentences from the
conversation at the beginning of the
lesson:
/ -- o.
( nEo o --E-y.
*\.)
obstructs me a lot.
EXERCISE
F -Eo -- L- vA
v- * _.
( h - -J -
o?)
Syam: Quite well, happily. (
o)
(OR)
-- 31 -d- 2006
-- j---
*q - %Ah
* AJ-TC. p *
ju E-- * *aC.)
Get a break = %Ah ---i p-.
trauma (v)
1) Bv--- ~
practising boxing?
(- --u-. q vd
p * --d?)
Achyut: I know you mean the black eye I
have. (It has) nothing to do with boxing, my friend.
( . x x d
o x-a J* -o-E.
F q, E
.)
Black eye = x x d p x
a.
Nothing to do with = .
n -C.
(N Bo , --j x
Bv--- ~ --N-h.)
trauma n, dx Bv
--.
E ju- trauma specialist =
ju E-.
(, h .)
What has a Physics lecturer to do with
-- C :
zoology?
( d l * g -u----
CC.)
g u
ox d a.
She had a clean bill of health from the
doctor.
-x---
(s T N v--.)
expression O practice .
ees get/have a good run for their money
by making them work for 10 to 12 hours
233
B-o/ C s T- v----.)
(v \ -- *a s-\)
g u ox
d p.
(Gf ~ Lx -C-*.)
: \ have/ has x
have got/ has got -a.
doctor.
a day .
(u K-~---o d_.)
(d- -F- V C, o
E --E Na @- _--J
He got a break
eye?
(J x d ---?)
Achyut: Two days ago, during a power cut,
searching for a candle in the dark, I
hit the edge of the door. That's why
I have the black eye.
(-V --p,
yAh - TLC. C.)
( Jq n---
--.)
Achyut: Yes, he had.
()
[
(C Bv- C. d- _ --x--?)
Achyut: I did, of course, but I'm afraid he didn't do a good job of it.
(--x-. F J ju ---.)
Anand: How much did he charge you?
( B--o?)
Achyut: Rs 100/- per treatment and another
fifty rupees for medicines in his own
shop.
[
English have/ has, get y----F, O NN n--o-E
lesson -E.
--C, have get - F sx -E -aE.
N h vl -s- -E E practice h daily life
situations x English
simple , natural C.
1) - get o n:
a) : He got a prize in the race yesterday.
(ju-E -,
--- - j.)
Anand: I am sure he didn't get a good run
for his money.
(*a- B-o s T
v---.)
Achyut: you are right. It is the third day and
there hasn't been any improvement.
(y -p-C d. C V.
- -_-.)
Anand: Why don't you get another check
car each.
up?
(-J ----?)
Achyut: I went to this doctor because he has
a very good name. He got his break
when he treated the train accident
victims. Since then he has been well
known as a trauma specialist.
( d- * - x
_---x. j v C-
Spoken English
(Eo - -A
.)
- -A *aC --E
--.
b) : He gets busy from 10 onwards.
(10 * BJ --.)
c) --- = She got it done .
(C -*C)
2) Have - o n:
a) L-T--: She and her husband have a
- , h car
C L-T- -o C get ()
yA L.
b) --- She has her clothes ironed
by him
( Y -hC/ ---C)
lesson v- o conversation
get o x have -a.
(x-\---C x *aC x
.)
-----o.)
b) They won in the end all right, but they
got/ had a good run for their money.
x L-, C, F
v- L-. (x -
- -E)
\ v, \ L ,
vN* L .
(x-\--LqC x-C. C
x-C y)
5) I do all the work, and they get all
the name.
(v-C, --x)
M. SURESAN
money.
4) Why don't you have another
checkup = -J
-? =
rents.
( l x s--hC.)
She has good money from house rents.
Spoken English
K~
E AJ-TC =
He had a break.
a) The movie star had a lucky break with
the movie, Durmargudu =
t-_ E- AJ-TC =
lesson.
AJ-TC =
tions case.
black eye?
uncle
- a =
(\ have get - h
p ---.)
Why E how a. Present tense
o have , past tense o got
*aC ? Meaning - p -. -*- --
a) Get/have a hand =
---
(- hand a- - --Eo ---, p n -,
E English give a hand/ lend a hand
---- --E -h--)
b) Give a hand =
-- 2 --- 2006
-- j---
(E-q- E--h-o. Eo
-----ho N N?)
downbeat= E-q-
x upbeat= q- .
p ! p ---o?)
-j p h,
N- 'You've said it' .
s, p , E h N-.
You've said it -
(C career -C-*
N. Promotion o |-, -J --a.)
claims= (\) --E-o | x
a \.
career K- 'K \ - =
Nu, u, u-.
overlook= --a/ -E----.)
-x---
234
-,
N? =
E--
N
y---.
.
2) You certainly got a raw deal = F E-
u J-TC = You certainly have a
raw deal.
a) TRS leaders always complain that
Telangana has/ gets a raw deal =
.-.-. - -- p
u ---E .
B-
N -C.
Ratnakar: You certainly got a raw deal.
Didn't you protest?
( boss u .
d---. -E
company CL Rx---E J.
-E- E --E
o --J-f -T-------o. B--F . -E
-E .
Itching palm. Itch () = >, ;
palm = -. Itching palm - > ,
B- -/ .
Almost all politicians in India have itching palms =
--x
--/ N-F-A--).
( ---o?)
Himakar: It was certainly my turn for promotion, and I feel very bad that I
got the go-by. My junior got it and
it still galls me.
(
Spoken English
(u --E -
-h? C
* u
.)
Himakar: I want to do
business.
E --
Nu u J-TC.
M. SURESAN
(j
u h.)
Ratnakar: You've already got your fingers
burnt by doing it earlier. Why think
of it again?
(-J C- a--o
? S} ---?)
Himakar: That's true. I had an offer a month
ago from a rival company. I'll try
that.
(E. F
* offer *aC. C vAoh)
Ratnakar: Best of luck.
o f -T-------o.
a) He wants to have me/ get me out of his
way so that he can get rich by bribes =
B-E s ---aE
o f -T------o.
uhE N *
L-T- C
O
.
6) You've already got your fingers burnt = F
-L-p- a--o = You've already
had your fingers burnt. ( E, *-E x -
.)
a) I don't want to interfere in the matter, I
had my fingers burnt the last time=
N- Lp---------.
-- a--o. (--J
Lp-----x -
--C.)
E f T, d *a-x --a. =
(\
Jo, x |- -~-.) = | o o
-~--E/ \---d-E C.
d- d. a (d--a).
lesson get/ have *a expressions Fo, y---- Eu@N -s
(Daily life situations) . N
--T-.
English Conversation
C career
-C-* N. -- -o to do with/ have (has) to do with/
has got to with = L-T--.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Pavan:
J Laxman team
- .
Praveen: Ep u- - C. (Raw deal )
Pavan:
Selectors,
captain,
Pavan:
coach
L v-
a--o. - - J-----C.
Praveen: J_ --E -ME -T. a. F team
v l --.
Pavan: p -- p -x
v--- -T-h- x. Laxman N-
.
Praveen: ~- L India d.
They sack players for the wrong reasons at the wrong time. They did it to
Laxman.
-- j---
( --E V--C.
o, \ o?)
Neeraj: (I've) been out of town for quite
sometime. I'd been in troubles for
some weeks and that had taken me
out of town all these days. I came
back only this morning.
(C N--E C. s-x
* p ---f-x?)
Neeraj: Yes; I can say that I got my head
above water now. I've sold of a
piece of land and cleared all my
debts. I've bought a flat too.
(N u--h A .)
( C. d s T--C.)
Dheeraj: Where is this flat of yours?
(F
flat
\-C?)
(---f-E p--. -
t p Ba-. flat
-\-o.)
Dheeraj: Is the flat good? (flat )
Neeraj: Quite good. I got my money's worth.
-x---
235
= -oC ---.
---oC
LT / JT , -
x-E = If I had had my way I
N N-x office
G-v
assistants (clerks)
L O-.
= vA N-/ Eo Nx F _. vA N--
F x d .
Lx--v x Nu-%-h
N- J G-v-- p-E-y.
(-- E u-i v,
--E .)
Dheeraj: But haven't you always been for a
peaceful area away from the city?
(F Fp J h
v--i v- -E ?)
Neeraj: If I had got my way, I would have
really moved out of town.
( n JC?)
Neeraj: My wife's choice prevailed.
( N T_C.)
Prevail = \ n _; n
= (-, u) u-.
Dheeraj: Didn't you get your say in the matter?
( N- F G-v-Eo
p - - y?)
Neeraj: I did, of course, but her opinion got
the better of mine. Wives have a
way with such matters, haven't
they?
( p. F T_C.
N-x u- -C, ?)
Dheeraj: Most wives do, but my wife is different. She lets me have my way in
everything.
(C u , F
N .)
Neeraj: Yes, yes. She selects the colour and
style of even your clothes. Most
other wives let their husbands alone
in the matter, but your wife is different in that she chooses even clothes
for you.
(--. F d , jM
! -C u
N d--, F O N F
d hC.)
Dheeraj: That's because we love each other
so much.
( lJu v C J.)
Spoken English
*\x*
---f =
*\,
u s-*-\ /
- .
a) He earns enough to have his head above
water =
He earns enough to get
his head above water.
*\-x- -- T-
-C-h-o =
u s *\ J*
--p-, s-- -.
E -ox
--. E-h --
---o--.
%-
s- . x n--f.
d s T vA- .
C.
E-O d s %-- =
Mahendra has/ had his money's worth.
s a--d-
-v u---, F d s
% -- E -.
---- A,
y d a T vA- G-hC.
X- -N
x- j
T_C.
Her
=
Kd--E M. SURESAN
ux Sonia Gandhi x-C.
4. Didn't you get your say in the matter = F
G-v p - F= Didn't
J G-v-Eo
-j L-*C.
match
Duryodhana =
u-E
-.
Fo daily real life situa E O-E--hC ; Fo
\ No-x-o--. OE O spoken
English -. O L---
OE correct -- h.
expressions
tions
uh---.
a) In a democracy every one has/ has got
their say in matters of public interest =
ANSWER
?
Sakhi: , -Fo Jh E
p S L
---.
(have.. head above water )
Sneha: TV x F -- F uLo
-~-x hC.
Sakhi: Eo y Guide o. C
?
Sneha: h K E s _ N-C
E. s %-.
Sakhi: *a assignment J C. Professor a-E
-?
Sneha: - N-x F G-v--E
-.
Sakhi: - _x -!
Sneha: -u- i
N J*
x-.
-JE
-.
_, -)
-- j---
(s ! -!
-x x).
Downpour= -
Kiranmayi: Me too. I thought of going to
Chennai, but fortunately I had
second thoughts about it and
dropped the idea.
(* . train
services - x, \
- *\------EN.
y j o x---o?)
stranded= v u -- x
*\----.
( u?)
Kiranmayi: They always want to get us
under their thumb, and we resist.
(x O yvu
ya)
-x---
car -E -C. E Sx
h -*--E --o Ey-
a - - () aC. =
236
( head office x F
Nx p h-o.
x---o y \ E
---- --E .
E N x phone
x-. E x o Jh
N---E--hC. -E xE
Lh x pC Jh N
-aE }.)
implement= \ n ----;
The Government thinks of good policies
but fails to implement them =
vy
* N-- -C-hC E ---- N----C.
implement n E-x/ J- Agricultural/ form implements =
u- J--, Surgical implements
= Y *q J--
hear some one out = pC Jh
N.
Please hear me out= pC Jh
N.
Spoken English
Buses
--E- E n
C.
a) Though the manager had agreed to
take him in as the office boy, she had/
got second thoughts about him =
M. SURESAN
(F , |
o-p-, -V B----E
p-. --Vx E -. E---- - u h--)
eligible for = | LT .
overtime
overtime
allowance
(x N- F
o. - u
-n-j uT C x--n-)
Kiranmayi: That's true. (C E)
-v-o: i. ing
form
y be form
h? ing forms be forms
N - -.
O n N?
u
---?
. --yx, L.
---:
y h verbs
-.
'be' form
-. p-C
verb . 'be' form --E '...ing'
form n, (writing), A (eating),
- (walking) E hC.
(O E t-l---o F
- -C?)
Venu: On second thoughts I felt it better
to let it out than to sell it.
x Jh Nx ---o/ N O- ho.
a) I can't get/ have the full ear of my boss.
She is too busy.
pC o Jh NE----E
t -.
3) They always want to get us/ have us under
their thumb=
----o car J*
----o.
On second thoughts o have/ get
second thoughts n hC.
sentence structure -C.
(O-E
--o?)
school
a---
\
n, -
n,
E. j
h- - Nc-Eo
-C-hC.
-\
--d.
iii. Past participles Eo -s x v
sentences begin -.
Given the circumstances, anybody will
behave like him =
Past particisentence
ple
J-n-x -j -E v-Jh--. --
--.
\--C h x -x
- ---E h.
h yvu . \ j
u.
-v-o: Where
ux C jC?
v, j--.
---:
C
J-.
-; u--
E n. N---x -, / u--
n , question B: Where are
good mangoes available?
-- j---
( gas N!
G-%Cl ---. gas
--i--p -. -
--- L---.)
Aarthi: True. They are giving us no end of
trouble, these civil supplies people
and gas dealers. The minute we run
out of gas we get the blues.
(E, -- gas Lq
*a Ao dealer _- R, o
d---. B--.)
Jayathi: For a cylinder full of gas we have to
run around places. This is modern
India, which in PM's words will be
the global market.
( E/ N) E-a-.
y L, y L.
-F, Eo
.
\ get have .
y L, y -
-.
n -- =
correct
to have something
straight.
a) I am going to get it/ have it straight =
E J Rx Jh---L. y x A.
C J n ---o (a--o.)
_ --C,
B.
--E-~- ---o.
I am running out of patience =
p P-hC.
-x---
(
o?)
237
Jayathi: Why don't they take some real serious steps? I need a cylinder now.
Let me have it first. Once I get it
over with, I can relax.
M. SURESAN
(- v-Ph exams
J* C -C).
Jagadish: Why in November itself? Isn't it
in March?
(November
exams?)
(semester
November
(C--- ju
a. exams J_
-.)
h,
1.
(j) p---u--LqC.
It's time you got married =
p -E -N- C d-C=
Ny-p- Rx -E LqC.
Jayathi: In all these matters it is annoying to
see that the gas dealer has the last
word. Protest, argue and haggle as
you like they have their way and
you are helpless.
Spoken English
l-A K-~
--.)
C, h .
lesson E sentence -E-.
The minute we run out of gas, we get the
blues/ we have the blues = Gas
--
~-* C--hC.
c) As the month of March approaches,
most businessmen get tax blues =
March
(have tax blues)
u--h- o
C d--C.
Kiran:
Once the CM gets/ has the flood relief measures over with, he can think of expanding the
cabinet =
CM
- u h--,
vA-_ Nh- J* -*--a.
3. Get the worst of = N x J .
( pd . .)
J n--. y Sx
\- -d -.
(\ - J-T
E-x NE----x.)
J n---- *C.
y-h-o, -x?
C-- Gl -.)
(-- best x worst)
EXERCISE
Pavan:
ANSWER
? ----o-x-o?
Sravan: . June ahC , x
school fees C- C.
Pavan: -N?
Sravan: - C- - .
Pavan: n ---. J O repairs
-N?
Sravan: C E-a- repairs
N -*---a.
Pavan: C-
---? j
school C-N---a-?
Sravan: * -Lq-h, a J-Lq. y L y---
---.
came lip to my
lips.
u
--a-?
3. Articles some and any
- a/ an
--- h-o.
. 'some sugar' and 'any
rice.' OE articles
-- - ?
4. 'It is done'. DEE tense
-a?
G.--yx, -.
(C a-. Tickets
LxC y? ?)
E Jh--- J a---.
March
( C?)
gas
Paresh:
What is the
month?
Jagadish: November.
(E-i u B-?
p cylinder L.
o a-F. E h-,
-J a--a).
(o xF.
a-.)
---:
1. Waters
-E,
C/--v- E
Fx -J--* x--p- --. The
D--/ --),
(--v Fx) --x
waters . -
water . For
the waters came lip to my lips
-
DE - n--O
. s L-h-E n
p.
C j
*\x o.
-N
. N
O
x---p E
--L-T,
-,
N
-
d---.
4. It is done = C --
--C/- ---C.
- E
-C (v p-)
E C, -E.
3. some, any
articles
determiners.
English
correct
use
articles
determiners
technicalities
-- j---
(y o h--p.
E Eoo F---? y---- y C \-
N -E-.)
Soman: You are right, of course. I don't write
much, yet I take a fancy to pens.
(y-C E. \ ,
F o- G- /
d--.)
Mohan: Why waste so much money?
(C E p E-. E
hero action JF -J{- )
(-E E.
v-Ao-. N .
-- p N------E.)
(- s % h?)
Soman: Everybody has their fancy. Just as
you have a fancy to shoes, I have a
fancy to pens.
(pE .)
v - -J V =
-x---
238
-- h--j x- V-C/
Bho -
J-T--C.
5. The hero in the movie took the world by
storm =
The hero in the movie had the world by
storm =
E- hero JE -J{-/ J
o- .
a) Tendulkar took the world by storm by
being the youngest to score a century =
Tendulkar had the world by storm ... =
Century C-*
A *o--
-\ v%dE -J{- /
v-Eo a-u--J-.
b) She took the world by storm in her
maiden appearance on the screen =
--J -O E----
- %d-*C/ J o-
CC =
She had the world by storm ...
Take the world by storm =
( - o. -
x V. -
-q -h F L-.
F E-NC Nt-C------j
-h-.)
So I am going
this weekend.
(---
(E) -- M. SURESAN
-*C.
d -V E-*
N B----o.)
do you I suppose.
(E. a- V N
B-.)
( EN--- NvA
B-. p Sx
E--hC.)
Mohan: You take five, that won't be enough
for me. I'll have just forty winks.
(y NvA B. C
. Bh/
Ev-)
Soman: Do you really need to sleep now?
(E Ev---Lq- y?)
Mohan: I didn't get a wink of sleep last night.
Till eleven last night I watched the
movie Brahma, and after that some
how I couldn't get any sleep.
Spoken English
x -- h-- d--=
lesson
real life situations
English conversation
get/ have
expressions
get, have,
Get/ have
expressions English
take/ have
lesson
A a
. sx
a -E.
a
y----
aN
.
-N Eo
l. x -, h--xE ox, conversational/ spoken
English , bookish English C.
get/ have, take/ have expressions spoken
English - NE--h-. E E -- C -
C.
Look at the following expressions in the
conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
1. I don't write much, yet I take a fancy to
pens- take a fancy to = have a fancy to
2. I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell
phones - take an interest in = have an interest in.
3. Let's take five = Let's have five
4. I'll have just forty winks = I'll take forty winks.
5. The hero in the movie took the world by
storm = The hero in the movie had the
world by storm.
6. He just took a shot = He just had a shot.
-- cell phones
h/ d =
I have an uncle who has an interest in cell
phones.
a) Nehru took a deep interest in children =
Nehru had a strong interest in children =
j p Eo n o.
-. ' \---.
n u. Maiden appearance/
performance -s x n d-. Maiden century = century.
6. He just took a shot = vo .
(~uEo d- C/
a) =He just took a try = He just
had a try. O-Eo n . v-Ao*
E (N--O JhNy )
Maiden =
- -a?)
x- v N--i/ \ h/
d C/ d---.
b) President Kalam has an interest in
teaching =
( BJ o.
O ---- -.
v-Ao* .)
-ZA - d---/ h
-.
3. Let's take five = Let's have five. C
t-h- expression. DE n 5
EN--- NvA B---E.
E-- -x NvA
B--o. \ five correct 5
EN-E , Cl EN--- E.
4. I'll have forty winks ( -
B - English j
expression) = Bh/ Cl EN-
Ev-- = I'll take forty winks.
a) He never misses his forty winks after
lunch =
Lunch y B v
---.
u h- t --.
vo . %d J-*C.
vo: QUALIFY
nEo, Eo -Eo, - nu ----
N-J---.
v-, _.
---:
-- j---
(y-
busy
E-h-o)
(--o s -E?
o--Eo , - --t--a.)
(. BJ---d E--h-o
. E--- E busy )
Sankar: How about taking a look at the
Ravivarma paintings I bought last
week in Trivandrum?
( A-----
o N-t *v J h?)
Paintings = g-*-v. p -O-O
V --C. %---- \
--o. -G--* E-z- J-- \---C-p. fad. Fad
- v- -\-L
V h-, N-. C l
u, d- -J{ N
--C.
Sampath: How do you know that the paintings you buy are genuine or fake?
(y-N -, -M- E
---?)
-x---
(N -u-?/ --a?)
Sankar: Nearly Rs. 50000/-. I'm going to
buy a few more.
(j-. Eo ----o.)
(C Mx ..
g*v v-z ---.
p* j--g-*-v O
V *aC)
Sampath: I still don't understand the hold
they have on people's fancy. I too
like these paintings, but not to the
extent of throwing away good
money on them.
vo:
fake
= (-u) =
= ()
( L-
u--n) -j---E t-.
F u ---- s-AC.)
Reputation = *
( y o
l )
-- vu
-- ?
x -F --o.
u N ----LqC
x
--.
.
u take A/ n
C . E-- have .
conversational A/
\ C have.
N?
-. \ sink
n N?
4) Ravish *\L-T--?
*\Lo N-D--?
5) It is subject to rules . -\- subject
-- -n --N-?
- ux C jC?
7) I got married her, I married her
8) He says that Rama went to the cinema hall yesterday (or)
the previous day.
N?
C d?
. --, X- .
1. OK
-- -J %h-i N- . \-
v- o N-: OK Oll (American for all),
K (Korekt - American for correct) -E -C N-. -
C USA Red Indian -E E --J-. -i -J --u-i- N- .
Spoken English
239
Genuine
1) O.K. 2) Dinner
3) Sink
---:
x- h Ev- =
J l.
request
o \ com-
2. Dinner
h --o A.
(-E-: eat =
take = have. -N drink
have/ take )
N-t *v- h?
M. SURESAN
G- -o/ L-TC.
l.
-u--J- spoken English get/ take/
have - C. j x
-sEo -E* eat/ drink/
get/ take/ have conversation simple
natural C. --.
a) Take this money = Have this money =
-E-d
3) Of late, his reputation has taken a beating.
u s-A-C.
(- --s -B)
b) He took treatment for three months =
He underwent treatment for three months =
He had treatment for three months.
( ju -
--o)
Had C ( have/ has) ju N-
-- --.
W B- -x u-iC.
B- uo lunch. u u--, -
busy -x B- uo yp- C.
BJ y-y- Ea lunch. BJ- E
B--C vA- d, dinner vA . au x lunch uo B-E v 4
y * dinner B--. Supper C, vA
l-- B- B--, - .
3. Sink - , x v-----E wash
basin C. Sink -. v --, sink
E Fx-- block , v--Eo-E -.
-E C sink. - v -\
C wash basin.
4. Ravish , *\-- --. Ravel (American) =
unravel (British) *\ N-D-, -uEo C--
-- n hC. Ravish , rape E. p-,
C n.
He was ravished by her beauty. - LT-*C. Passive --p n hC.
Ravishing beauty = p / -{
L-T .
s-A-/ d-.
a) With a series of defeat, Indian cricket
team's image took/ had a severe beating =
cricket team
--
Bv s-AC.
vAe
5. subject to rules =
E--- . -- subject to
(E-- N) Jh--- E.
6. I am suffering from fever - \ fever , a d--.
E I have a fever, a cold, a cough, etc... --x, 'a'
p-- -L.
7. I got married to her = I married her.
I got married her
n-.
---() Rx E.
( v - -J Rx-h, I got her married )
I got her married
- uh Eo N p--p
.
uh -s, Eo E --G-, uh p
--J p--p previous day.
yesterday
-- j---
N-x --a.
= / h --
Keep off
- --E -j v .
Kashmir is a fine getaway = -
---E Kashmir -j
v - n getaway
Jh -- .
J K~ d --p-, J
-- C.
b) Some have tough time in life but the more
fortunate have it easy =
-x---
(F F -uT
Nv-A ---C.)
him =
240
boss *-. -
- -*--C.
E v-R-, - F v ?
Have a hand/ Take a hand=
( N---j) v -.
a) The teacher must have a hand/ take a
hand in the educational policy of the state=
Z Nu-N-- -u-- v
L.
b) He takes no hand/ He has no hand in the
running of the home. It's his wife that
decides every thing=
x N- E v/ v
. Eo Eg- E u.
c) A captain takes a hand/ has a hand in the
selection of players=
-x N captain v
C.
Take it easy
Sampanna: That's the problem. The distribution of work isn't proper in our
office. Some are overworked
while the others can take it easy.
( h boss Eo
Ah---E h. E v-R
N --.
N- - vu
.)
Sadguna: Why don't you ask him to let you
do it as in the past?
( Eo E -E-yE ---?)
Sampanna: I know he won't let me. Once he
has asked me to take my hands
off it, why should I poke my nose
in to it? I've enough self respect
to keep myself off it.
( o-E -E-y-E
. Lp----lE -o y - --aL?
T t-G- C
Lp--- -.
Poke my nose = E-N-- () -a.
Spoken English
--oC: Daily
(Eu @N -sx) -
NE- have, get, take, O L-a E. N high frequency
expressions- A - .
O-x - - ----n---C.
-- bookish (vC) E--.
- u (conversational ease)
C. Take/ have- -x get
have -x, take have .
-s p J-Eo l:
Take it easy = j serious B---/ l d-----. C
common expression. Eo E x,
dialogues No ?
Eo
lessons
life situations
vAD Ah/ vA u/
u- B--. (C \-\p A a. E-x - sC
--a.) = My boss has everything on
himself. expression take/
have (has) --p- have
take \.
a) Why do you take/ have everything on
yourself?= vAD/ Fo FAh --?/ Fo y h- --h-?
b) She takes everything on herself. Pity there
is none to share the work with her=
vAD
--C. -- E ------. -%-d- .
Pity= n L.
It's a pity= -%-d- .
M. SURESAN
N-
t-oO p-E-y.
(C -- lessons
to have a say)
EXERCISE
ANSWER
you've said?
Shankar:
(-o ^E
--o? yo
n -------o?)
Raghav: Take it easy buddy. I was only joking. (
o l d--.
-.)
Take it easy (to take things easy)= -
N-Eo u---C N----.
He takes exams easy= K-~
vu--i N----. (vl/ h
-- Take it easy Eo
-sx .)
joke
- s % h?
F u --. C
s.
Krishna: Fo l-- F x v -? Eo
--E O o o--
.
Shankar: F N- F-\- o-? o-C-.
Krishna: Eo y --
h --.
Shankar: d--. l---u ?
Krishna: F d.
-- j---
ready?
(----E
-?)
time
(-----f u-vA
v----.)
Successor (-N/ n J y
a-)
B-
v---- y u-
vA
Successor =
wait.
meeting correct
- E .
Bhargav: Let's wait and see. (l)
p?)
(-- E--
E---E--x-j
u B--o-.)
branch
(
(C C-o-, E -- ---x N -u
a.)
Bhushan: So what? ( ?)
boss
y-A--Lq.)
-x---
241
u --C.
E
car
l -v a.
3) Take advantage of = --Eo Cy-E --/ J-n-AE
-- a--.
a) He took advantage of the holidays to go to
Kashmir =
-
x--E
o.
Kashmir
with us -
h--} B--Ey
(p-- JE) P~-/ ED-/ u B--
Take to task -
P~-*C
u *a-- v-E
teacher.
K \--- --
- o --h.
--
b) He is too trusting
and kind hearted,
so people take
advantage of it and
deceive him =
c) The people in the area took the excise officials to task for permitting a liquor shop in
a residential area =
M. SURESAN
E n
--A-*-- excise C-- v E-D-.
(N --- 20 EN-
-u-i-E *a--i CC. d C-\- 20
EN---o \ -u C.)
Bhushan: But what has all this to do with our
meeting?
(F O meeting
N?)
Bhargav: Oh come now Bhushan, use your
- K t-. K wl
%-. C -- B-E v--Eo
h.
c) The clerks took advantage of the boss's
absence and went home early =
(Bhushan, h -*. MD
N-- h-o d
-u h, d
meeting -u- v
-C.)
2) Take off
E - -E h
y x--Rx--.
4) Take office: -NE -d-
3) Take advantage of
Bhushan: I understand. We can take advantage of his late arrival and start at
leisure.
6) Take to task
expressions
English
conversation
Fo conversational
. n --E
.
/ F\----
time
- ---dp, -E-Jh--E
time B--o.
( h manager p N
---o ?
nonsense man. We can't take liberties with him as we used to, with
his predecessor.
( L-. F x-p
u--- -E uh
o. C---- (-N
o uh ox)
- B-.
No nonsense = v-u-E, x-p
N-- N-yE.
Predecessor = v---()/ v- -()
v/ 'v \ - = -N/ n- -J o.
Spoken English
2004 N -d.
(n--C. l-ate --
x h E-
---a/C --
B-E E- ----a.)
YSR CM
4) Take office
Boss
-V- F B. yv E t--o.
. ---
B.
2) ... the flight took off 20 minutes late =
20 EN- u ---JC
plane.
--
( E- ----a)
B-E
h
N p
---o ?
O--Eo-F O conversation -
*a--p .
u-- -N-y.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
-%-i C.
--- u a.
Vinod: DEo -- B-E h
coffee l .
Pramod: -u-i plane x -
p-a.
Vinod: v-Aol.
Pramod: l. Plane x -
?
Vinod: o E-- -- p
late, train F, bus F.
Pramod: -z B---\x-.
Vinod:
Let's try.
-- j---
(--, y u
\- ----o. OJ-l
h o-d-o.)
Chummy- h .
(C . B- B,
. -- Rx
p-* t s--C. x Eo ------.
-- Eo a-J---o.
(y-oC E. y-E o
J- --p--* - d---o)
( x C E)
Bhanu: He is so good for company.
( *
company
(d _-J B--x? p-
C?)
Kalyan: Of course I did. His fees are prohibitive, however.
h)
(B--x--. F fees
J---.)
Prohibitive = (h-/ u)
-l/ -
E \.
(F - \ .
pleasant- E
vh. s-x ---)
Bhanu: How so? (?)
Kalyan: If you don't take me amiss, he is not
the good guy you take him for. He
has quite a lot of bad contacts.
-- teacher d .
take to n C. EE
---d.
1) Sugar E L- y, -o
, - ---d =
After coming to know that he is a diabetic,
he took to getting up early and going for a
walk.
-x---
242
watch K 4000 -. j
_. / .
b) Rs.3500/- is the take it or leave it price
of the sari=
< *J 3500 -. B-
B- .
O take conversation -
expressions. u take to, take
(somebody) for (something) expressions ---. Practice l.
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) Ever since you introduced me to him, I
have taken to him=
(C t d C .
-E -- N
O v --?)
Affect = v
p
.
Rain or the lack of it affects crops =
{, {- --O v
-C/ LT C.
Effect = v. (Rain or Lack of it has
( B--o?)
Kalyan: His fees and medicines in his own
medical shop cost us Rs. 1000/-.
Take or add some Rs.20/-. I should
take her to the doctor now again. I
must be going.
( fees, shop
L -u,
20 . Sx p--
d _- B--}L, h.)
Bhanu: Bye
Take
an effect on crops)
Kalyan: Bhanu, just think for a while. He can
get you too into bad company.
a) She did not take to the job in the beginning but began to like it after a few
months.
(h -*. F
-a).
u d---, E
Eo y d -jC.
( N --? E
v--E x-E -?)
Vo ~ j -
d--C.
---:
1. Could tense
a) Kumar: He is worried he has none to help him.
C -s-Eo-d -hC.
(--y
--E ---o)
Kesav: He could approach me.
present tense
\ -h C ,
( -a )
E.
Spoken English
--/ .)
y oO --, shirt y
- E--h-o.
awful= --i/ N--i/ --i, etc.
4) Take (somebody) for (something) = JE
J* --.
a) J* ----o?=
What do you take me for?
b) Don't take him for an ordinary man=
M. SURESAN
y o-n -/ y-----
y-- *---
4) That's my advice, take it or leave it=
D . J F d (B- ,
)
5) Take or add Rs. 20/- =
j - =
Rs. 20 that way or this way.
EXERCISE
Practise as many sentences as you can, on
the pattern below.
Subject
Verb
Object
know
your name
Sunil
reads
the Eenadu
(object
(--) EE --?
-. d Eenadu object.
sentences practice .
-E -u---.
positive of can
y o--E J-
--p--*, -
-G- p-C.
2) If you don't take me
amiss ... =
(y o n -,
y--- *- . -E
---o.)
contact: . ( o
uh)
B- B-,
--L---E
p No. \
--x-F,
x-F
pd -hC.
-- C, -s-Eo-d C.
2. Consequence of an imagined event ( --
- J-) If you went there now, he would be
happy. (y\-p- h imagined event, he would be
happy- ---h consequence)
Expressing a desire or inclination (J ) He may not
like to see me, but I'd meet him (I wish to meet him) - - o
- d----a, F -Eo -----o.
/ --GvEo
uh---)
a) I'd would say think that John would help us. (John
h--- t--)
b) We'd (we would) think that the job might not be so easy
( E - -E --o *a--)
u-n:
h --h?
Would request -L----E question form
L.
b) I'd (I would) I were the CM = CM
-C! (J/ wish) would -s-Fo .
-- j---
( l \?)
B--.)
Satyavanth: That need not be a cause for a
suicide.
(\ ho. CvsA
* --.)
Satyavanth: You do appear really shocked.
What's the matter, Prasanth?
( h *
t-u --o.)
Satyavanth: People perhaps have good reasons to take their own lives, but
the means they choose, Oh.
God! the less we talk of it, the
better.
(--t-u C -\-.)
Prasanth: He was upto his neck in debts. He
thought of making some money
by winning the elections. The
denial of ticket made him desperate.
(--
px
----. Eo- x L*
h
s
-C- -E
--o--. \- y---
E E J--C.)
upto his neck =
(C p N- u -.)
v-N--
He is head over heels ( -) in love
with her - -.
- - -- l- a
s - --h d O
L--/ L .
-sx take pity on have
pity on E -a.
a) Have pity on the old man and leave him
alone .
-L- O L * E C--
-x---
(-i , -E--.)
Prasanth: A pity really.
a Lo Ja-ho . J-Eo-Ep l. N --
3) to take place =
-N-/ -.
(C - J-T-xC. J----x
h-- C
. J-T
----E x
dC.)
- h.
O Eo O L L. E
l.
1) Take (one's) life - -
take life E. Take
M. SURESAN
(E O -hC.
N-K--u B----E
J--LpC u---E
-*-ho.)
Prasanth: As I rode along, people rushing to
the spot took me by surprise.
( j-O h
J--h -au L-T-*C.)
Satyavanth: Psychologists take pains to tell
people not to get depressed,
but that doesn't seem to deter
people from suicides.
(A--o-p --x
_ _---. - J
Eo-x ----E Kd\d
y--- t--u J-
Spoken English
t-u --
.
a) t-u --o =
He took his life.
b) Unable to bear the separation from her
lover, she took her (own) life .
vN- * - d--
v B-C.
- N- u:
Those who cannot give life have no right to
take life
.
v y--E--x v B \-.
( JE \ -J E.)
Conversation C NE--hC.
take life out of (some one) Dn.
- NT --- x C/ Ah (-:
v -h-o/ Bh-o ,
.)
He is very particular about my joining the
club. He is taking the life out of me .
x o -E d----o.
v -h-o--.
2) Take pity on = J O L .
a) He took pity on the old woman and
put her in an old age home .
%l-L O L-, -
%l-v- a.
b) None takes pity on him because he
C-C Nu-n- pd
n--u- - v--.
d) Unless one takes pains, one cannot succeed =
v---E N -.
O daily life situations E conversation
take A - a expressions. OE
practice .
EXERCISE
245
(E -%d)
Take
v--f.
c) He takes pains to see that his students
understand clearly what he teaches =
Rx Eo J-TC.
b) When did the match take place? =
u p J-TC?
c) The accident took place when I was
on my way to college
=
@ -o-p/ x--J op v J-TC.
Arun:
-o?
Amala: Eo *o q- J-TC.
Arun: \ J-TC?
Amala: x.
Arun: J-TC?
Amala: t ---. -E v - --o.u L- a--p,
L- L-TC.
Arun: E Eo h -hC. u
y. h.
Amala: u. - > - v
L----C. - -
h h C.
Arun: ? -p . j--
o d-E v -hC.
Amala: u. %-o-.
Arun: F .
u---x.
Amala: - Ky u
_ _-C. C -au
L-T-*C.
x - - J-TC.
e) When will the meeting take place? =
- p --C?
4) Take (some one) by surprise =
au L-T-.
a) His coming at that time of the night
took me by surprise =
vA - -au
L-T-*C.
b) I haven't told him I will be visiting him.
I want to take him by surprise =
E --E h-o-E -
p-. - au L-T--E.
c) His resignation has taken every one by
surprise =
@- vA-\-J-F a-u--J-*C.
v--/ v-B---
C C L-
5) Take pains =
expression.
j --E
h- ---
- 23 --- 2006
-- j---
( , vA 11 ---
K~ BJ--- o. TV
match ---. J-TC?)
Sharat: Not our way, certainly. I didn't watch
the match either till the end. When I
switched off the TV, Indians were
going down the hill. I'm sure they lost
the match.
(y-oC E. E h--x
p-h -?)
Sharat: OK. Go ahead with your plan of giving new comers a chance, and we
lose more than win.
(. h--x ---N-y-
- ---; -
\C.)
Bhagat: I feel experimenting isn't that bad.
, d -----od.
(, N l-. E
p --d -E ---E
J---C.)
-/ -
Sharat: I wish they stopped going on experimenting. Trying new players is OK,
but at the same time ensuring victory is important too.
-x---
244
F v-R/ -- x d.
Humiliation =
--x/ j -oC
(v- E -)
(-- x- B d,
match matches o
-E ---. E-----oF, a-u-- .)
6) go ahead =
N o y s-C---/ sC d (--T-)
-.
b) In spite of the doctor's warning, he goes
on smoking =
---- ---f.
E C-N---E xt
C.
go through u ---
-.
Go through n -.
a) What's the news today? I haven't gone
through the newspaper =
h? Rd
paper
-- .
h-Eo v-h .
O 'go' expressions.
(v- --T- h C. h v-- v-Ao-
*, E N --
u.)
I wish they stopped- C -E-.
I wish y they stopped - verb - past
tense. BE J BJ C, n --.
ensure- / --.
He invested a lot in business, but he
ensured that he did not lose, though he
might not make profits.
u- - -d- d.
--, d--
--o. (---
-o-.)
Bhagat: But experimenting and certainly of
success do not always go together.
When you experiment, you must be
prepared for failure.
(v- , N
C --E
-. v- --p j-uE l- L.)
Sharat: I go along with you upto that point,
but defeats in a row can demoralise
a team. Then it will be very difficult to
rebuild confidence in the team.
(-- -p--. F
- d knuEo s-B--. y d t-N-y-Eo
AJT -C- d -C.)
demoralise = t-kn-uEo s-B-/
t-N-y p-x .
Telling a student that he/ she is fit for
nothing demoralises them. =
y E
E---E Nu-Jn , / --
t-kn-uEo/ t-N-y-Eo p-.
Spoken English
Doctor J-*--p-,
Th o.
M. SURESAN
A AL, ---
L - = y-L, y--L ?)
Bhagat: OK. Let's agree to disagree.
(- N) J N.
a) The judgment went their way =
court
N-----p-, x- .
Go on E -- E
n .
Please go on. You were about to eat =
F. y A---o (A
-lE).
4) go together = (--E ) .
\- DEE - n do/ does
not go together E -.
a) Communism and capitalism do not go
together =
communism
, d---K N--E
-.
( --N---E p-)
--
(v--,
N *a- -
- -u L)
smoking
Bp x -- *aC.
* match xj J-TC (x
-- C)
c) This meeting too went all the way the
earlier meetings had gone =
meetings J-Tx-,
meeting J-TC. ( --o
)
2) Go down the hill = ----/- -
C- x.
L--.
c) Biryani and sambar/ chutney do not go
together =
GuF / o J .
DE uA-- C :
Idli and sambar go well together =
x, \ J--.
5) go along with (some one) =
J-TC?)
( -- , *a)
2) When I switched off the TV, they were
certainly going down the hill =
TV --p x () ----o.
3) I wished they stopped going on experimenting =
v- --T-h- *C.
4) Experimenting and certainly of success
don't go together =
v--, N --E .
5) I go along with you upto that point =
-- F --N-h.
6) Go ahead with your plans of giving new
comers a chance =
-J --N-.
a) I go along with you there; Tendulkar is
certainly a great player =
Tendulkar
p -- N-
F --N-h-o.
Verb
He
wants
Direct object
her
Infinitive
to sing
( -E --o)
-- v --N-h.
c) I go along with you upto the point that
Tendulkar is a great player but not
beyond that =
p player o--- v
-p--, --N-*-.
-- 27 --- 2006
Suhrid:
-- j---
Suhrid:
(t, o -L Eo shop. x xE
. - -E- -E-o- - BJ
-C.)
ping
Suhrid:
correct
(o -x Bd h
---E %p o-- E. v-- N- *o *o
- N l do
. x-x .)
Formalities = -.
p?)
To
--Ld --x.)
a day = -Ld (a- -/- a ,
etc)
Suhrid:
Suhrid:
Eo O
J-TC?)
shopping
(Rx
(, d Eo L Eo
~--u. LqN
-- o.)
Suhrid:
(Rx--- o?)
-x---
245
( . N L.
- C )
Is he very demanding?
( E\-*a --?)
Demanding= --oN -E d--d.
Srikanth: No, fortunately. When I asked him
of the type of clothes and other
things we have to give him, he
wasn't that particular. I understand
that any thing goes with him.
(Eo - -- --.
shop - current .
-x -u-iC.)
Suhrid:
(%-d- -h . y-Lq
d, h- -i-N
-E Eo -T--p, -
d-o. N- -E- y--E ---o.)
Particular = N- d-
.
y
Jh--o.
p
Jh-----o?)
Engineering --E o d- o.
Any thing goes = j J---C.
-u
--u ---N-?
3. VIII class social studies --- N
C.
The educated class understood the British
political institutions and came to know how the
British people enjoyed liberty, equality and fraternity in their
country
rules
v)
-.-N -, ---Lx.
Spoken English
y---.
Mx o V--x
\ N-
---E x.
Sight seeing
v- N,
N-, -%-u--.
game
j-- n h/
- d, \ n --
-u.
c) Going by his appearance, he appears to
be good =
E -Eod h *---
E-h-o.
4) Not go well with.
M. SURESAN
l- NvA BE, v
x.
shopping
c) Dushyanta met Shakuntala when he
went hunting =
--u-- Rx--p -
---o.
2) Go/ Goes = - --.
a) Jagdish: Will this shirt be ok for the
function?
shirt
(function
Naresh: Don't worry what you wear. Any
thing goes.
(
--- - --
( x-C n).
-- -s-x -- D,
*-D, Rx--\, x x *--.
Not go well with = *--/ --a.
a) My being elected leader did not go well
with him =
-- ---
bike
--- --- a.
-E *- --o, -E
*--E d.
5) The power went off - C go off past
tense T---E -n/ (lights)
J--.
--- x-C.
E v-/ -Eod h. C
- - N---C.
TE doctor
J--.
3) Going by =
conversation
K-~-ho
lights
v-P-. n- v-P- =
enter a place.
-?)
-o N -J-*
-l--. - --.)
---:
1. enter =
. u-Eo C N (O p
-?
Suhrid:
shop
-E - C.
c) They entered into an agreement = p -a--o.
enter n x, s N list, registers/
accounts \-.
a) The clerk entered the amount in the accounts book =
-h G- Eo a.
- -s n
.
(The hacksaw o-p Eo hacksaws F, A hacksaw
o-p, hacksaw F n h.)
3. u-Eo - -n- ---T- --C ---E-- --u.
x yvu (liberty), -y (equality), v-v (- fraternity) N-h-o-E Nu-C- -E--E
text book o enjoyed correct. - x-N
----N- Ox v- -p J n
n correct.
-- xN p --N-* y Ox EE v-E had enjoyed L. E \ C-
(Text book ). d text book correct.
2. A hacksaw, the hacksaw -
- 30 --- 2006
-- j---
ing made any such promise. She
has asked for at least two more
months time to return it.
(Eo-vA v d.
p h --C.)
(F- -? > C
_ j - BC, * AJ-T-h-E
-*aC, F --pC.
-y---C. AJ-T-y-E
-C.)
( l a-u--. v
* -n --
C v / .)
frozen = -x--Ja- u v . Keep
n --, E. Keep
\ n -n -- Ey- E.
Milk doesn't keep for more than half a day
if it is not boiled =
-- V --.
The Ganga Waters keep for a very long
time.
Akshara: I'd have, but you know we are running a school together. I can't go it
alone. I need her.
(-o. F Nl L \
--o . -\-o -. -- -.)
-x---
---o?)
( - K y -C.
hC E, DEo h t h.)
Abhaya: The sooner you do it the better.
(yC y h
*C.)
Akshara: I have to wait for a while. I have
gone broke after the jewellery I
bought at the beginning of the
month. I've to make do with the
fridge after all for the present.
Spoken English
246
- yo. -----
o J-nA --.
shall be
N -a.
vy C BC. u- @
Lx--E nA.
4) Go too far = N-K / --u-- E- NA-O-.
d ~-hC. u
.
d v-Aoh-o-p- T J-
M. SURESAN
(C K NA-O-. - -
o-. s B-oC AJT -
He went broke...
-- AE A- -C/
-C.
2) Go from bad to worse =
(s T--p y
E
-?)
Fx - -.
keep n --T- (continue)
E.
( v C.
o V J -. F
--.)
( AJ-Ta y *
-Lq.)
Akshara: What else am I doing?
(-- h-o?)
go - a
J--Eo-E l.
1) go bad = j (u n) x/ j--/ J-T--.
( - A-. Rx-.)
b) Vegetables go bad quickly in hot
weather.
x -- y Rx--/
J-T--. (rot Rx/ J-T-)
-E-: Keep X go bad.
, keep -- Ey- -- E.
d E uA- go bad. Conversational
English Ey- -- n keep
- --.
c) Tirupati Laddus keep for more than a
week if you keep them in the fridge.
v *, A-A f -o
\ V--.
d) Keep the vegetables in the fridge. They
don't go bad.
-Lo v d. -/ x.
- A- E--E n
= a bad food/ a bad food item.
a) -- = bad sambar
b) She became sick after eating the bad
curry.
nA y- ---C, ----E
.
c) The boy is going from bad to worse.
v ---o.
C B/ sE J-nA. C common expres-
3) Go broke =
sion.
a) The company will soon go broke if it doesn't stop its bad investments.
E--E x E C B/
Jh d--/ s -d-o.
c) Ramana: What prompted the farmer's
suicide?
(E t--u J--Lp-N?)
Prompt = J--p/ ---
Raghu: The recent cyclone washed off his
crop. He went broke upto his neck in
debts, he took his life.
( u *a -
C. -x px -, t-u --o.)
go broke s --
n, be broke E .
t sC d-d?)
b) Dismissing the coach for the bad performance of the players is going too far.
( E x-.)
Sarma: Isn't that going too far?
C K N-K . (
x-\-x-E)
5) Go to hell: C N d--p Ad.
-i/ Get out n C conversation expression p-,
v-h, lx -F- --o -s-x
---EC.
a) Pradeep: The exam is tomorrow. He is still
not serious about it.
( K~. d----x.)
Pramod: let him go to hell. I've warned him
enough. If he doesn't care, what am
I to do. He is grown up enough to
know what's good for him.
( --i-F/ -- ?)
b) I warn you not to smoke again. If you still
continue, go to hell. What do I care.
(smoke ---lE ho. y smoke
h- Fd. y --i ?)
c) Sudheer: I won't help you again.
Damodar: Go to hell. Who needs your help.
a) Kishore: Can you lend me Rs. 100/Krishna: I am broke. In fact I was thinking of
asking you.
( _ j-. --
-E-o-----o.)
be broke \ be be form
, am/ is/ are, was/ were, will be/
--C- 3 -- 2006
-- j---
(Discount sale
trousers
x? Shirts,
-J d, 50
-o T_* t--o.)
- p pant .
Pants --.
Men's wear = - h. -
Gents' wear . C modern
English --u .
Ladies/ ladies' wear present day
English J- Male, female .
Modern usage -- simple
men E, --J simple women
v correct.
Sarat: I did have a look at them yesterday, but
I observed nobody going for them.
(Eo , F y
E d-fx .)
y-----i
a
E
h -E-ho.
N (u s) .
=
engineering colleges seats S
o, --}---.
Vx -- l N--.
(y-C -n--C.)
3. Go far =
-x---
u- N--E-h, Vx h
degree E--.
4. go by - DEo lesson
--Eo-d E. DE extended use
l.
a) Appearance means a lot. Most people
always go by appearances.
247
=
-C L-T bikes
- scooters / scooter T --C.
J. vN- y--E
Nl.
-- --- -
Nl. K yn--.
5. Rs. 800 doesn't go far nowadays =
( -E--C. d d-
o d -- t--o-p-
y --. o
F --x- E---.)
Rock bottom prices = - .
Heap = d.
No takers = d--x / -x
Sarat: Didn't you buy anything? (y -?)
Rajat: You know I don't really going for such
cheap stuff. Buying things just because
they are a bargain goes against the grain.
( brother -- .
o--V 800 - d pants
o!)
A pair of trousers = --v-.
- pant - correct Englishtrousers. C E u p--p, a
pair of . a pair of scissors =
h, scissor .
Rajat: Rs. 800 ! come on, Sarat, Rs. 800
doesn't go far nowadays. A good pair
of trousers in my opinion costs at least
more than a thousand rupees.
(E-NC -! , Vx
800 ---? G-v
v * trousers F u
- \ -C.)
Sarat: You and my brother go too much by
the cost of things. Not all costly things
are good, are they?
Spoken English
u- N: conversational English ,
bookish (-x/ h-x ) English
o -E*, conversational English
expressions, natural (-) ,
E conversation --
-. .
p go a J-Eo expressions l.
1. go for - DEo -- lessons
DE u-i n,
(choose) -- E.
a) When you buy a bike, go for one that
gives good mileage =
300 .. n 80 ~ --
t---C/ N hC.
c) It doesn't go for more than Rs. 2000.
Eo - --- \---
.
2. p lesson go in for . Go
for, go in for- - common n,
--/ select/ choose E. go in
for --- _/ d- --N- (enjoy) n
C.
a) Indians go in for cricket a lot.
-C -B----L-p
d----o.
software
jobs
c) I don't know why he is going in for teaching when there are much better careers.
teaching
teaching job
* jobs
select ---o
n-- .
b) Don't go by what
he says.
Vx 800 ---?
go far, n p not .
----Eo-d
. (
tl)
5. Go x
n M. SURESAN
. Go
h- --/ *J-T--
n C.
a) His jeans has started going at the knees
= jeans x _ *- --dC.
b) I bought the type only two months ago,
but it is already going =
type -- o,
p C *J-T--C.
c) The tube in the front room is gone =
front room
tube light
--C.
y,
Eg--h.
brother
d u
sister o
*--C.
sweater
- _
Lesson 244
model
sentences
object + infinitive
pattern
-- . O frame
-Lq
. subject + verb +
. Eo model sentences
p
.
Sub
vb
obj
infinitive
E d----- (---)
-E-.
2. They were all going abegging =
-a
verb
that
clause
-v-o: ' E Eo
t doctor _ B--}-C C
h past tense
C-. E O
'But my Mother wanted me to take her to
the doctor'
take
present
tense
Past tense "took"
E a.
C
. \
--T-L !
->.-, ---.
---:
'But my mother wanted me to take her to doctor'take (1st Regular Doing Word - I RDW)
'to'
to
1st Regular doing word
to go, to
verbs
to take,
come, to take
to go, to come, etc
infinitives
tense
to
go,
come, take
to
come, to go, to take
infinitives.
Spoken English lessons
To take =
To
took
Past form
\
--C
. y
h
, N
. N
N
-.
, x, E y a
E -- B. --
B. N
O n, ,
-x
N-J-. n:
B-}-/ B-}--E/
B-}- E. y
E
--.
--- 6 -- 2006
-- j---
(T -E E----E-, o
-- *---.)
(-J- h-o?)
Mukhesh: For some one to help me in making arrangements for this function.
( function px -
j --x-.)
( l p-xF?/ \ px
. y, volunteers O
O --?)
( ? -/ A Jh A. Jh
l. --hC.)
( U--, l .)
( --?
u o p -. Oy
E d F- y --E
v-Ao.)
easier said than done =
p . C common expression. O conversation practice .
-x---
(o --? C K A.)
Mukhesh: Why not? What goes for you goes
for me too, doesn't it?
(C F *-.
Thanks.)
(F y-- l -o?)
be tensed up = tension .
With the exam just a few hours away, he
is tensed up =
Eo x K~ -
tension/ l --o.
Mukhesh: Perhaps I am, naturally. I'd go to
any length to make the function
memorable. I am straining every
nerve and muscle to see it a success.
248
1. Go it alone =
- -j
--.
a) Her daughters do not help her in cooking. She won't let them. She goes it
alone =
-x- .
x -E-y.
-J --C.
b) Fed up with the attitude of his sons and
daughters-in-law, the old widower is
going it alone and is happy =
-, x j-J N-T-,
l- (u-E uh) -J --o, -.
be fed up with = NT.
I am fed up with these TV serials =
TV serials
N-T-.
MBA
--E-
b) Politicians go to
any length to get
to positions of
power =
vA-W O -.
C- -- -
- -
-j --/
v-o-i
h.
M. SURESAN
--Jh-C
.
xC/ ---uC/
Jh------
x --E i hC.
E---i i --E l--
E-j --
Jh, ~o .
j -- . Jh
~o h.
Fo , F
y --?
2. go - n x.
lessons C J-C n.
x--j x
/ \- x.
d) Time - go by.
i) Years go by in no time = -q-
d -*--.
x -x-C.
*- C .
Give (somebody) a hand = -J
/ y. n Lend a
hand E .
companies E- y
(-J) j ---E
C.
d) Do you need help or will you go it alone?
O .
Spoken English
--E
--.
- doctor -E v
N-K- v----o.
\--- - ---E
Rx-- Jh -C-h.
5. Go by = lesson DE -o n Eo-d. going by his words =
Lo d h.
go by n t.
Don't go by his words = Lo d
xl/ tl E.
Go by J x n
C.
p x-C.
p go n l. C 'Jh-.
F ---E
----?)
(Mahesh
(? y --? F
Jh-C Jh-hC ?)
- Jh l. bike
? Market o u-h
bike .
d --- o. h -d.
give a hand u-y
---/ E--d E . DE Jh uA-, give
a hand, n E -hC .
Please give me a hand with the preparation of
this list =
G -K h .
Lend us a hand in helping the differently abled =
Exercise
Answer
Akhil:
h --?
Nikhil: \-x. --J --x.
Akhil: E \-J \.
B.
Nikhil: N- h -h-o?
Akhil: F L-? o-- -E - ---E?
Nikhil: ? Thank You.
Akhil: l N Jh-l E.
Nikhil: -- -d-. h
- l.
Akhil: .
--E- 9 -- 2006
-- j---
( -, N-?)
Sudhakar: Yes. I've something of interest for
you. The man who burgled
Sudha's place a week ago has
given himself up to the police.
(E- p--L. M
-d x T-. i aN .)
Turn the heat on = d-/
d-/ Ah .
Sudha
( _-o* h- o
-d?)
Sudhakar: I'm afraid only half the stuff. He
has sold off the rest.
( v -. N-C
-t-)
-x---
249
J conversation give
a high frequency expressions l.
1. give one self up = ya - T--
(u M)
a) On the run for the last two months, the
thief gave himself up (to the police) =
DE - -\----o.
vo ---o.
3. give a big hand = a-- (px y)
u -j C--O -*
vA v~- y-- G--C.
- p- A--o
T-- (M-).
Ah \---C.
(- */ C-- *) v
E Jh--L.
p -- x- px
d.
M- -dj Ah .
x J---o (n- CL).
- EL--h, A----x
T--.
px y G--C-.
u p C.
4. Give a pat on the back =
( . \ N-j
h- .)
Damodar: The police seem to have given a
good account of themselves in
acting so fast, and catching the
thief.
( y p-C-*,
d--- M- p
--d-o.)
Sudhakar: I don't give any credit to them for
that. The thief had an accident
and no longer was able to be on
the run. So he surrendered to the
police. The police are just giving
themselves airs.
(
N- M-
. - -q-- u,
J-- M T--.
} C-*-d y----o.)
Damodar: I thought that the thief had given
himself up because they had
given him good chase. I have
thought of giving the police a pat
on the back.
(
M - ---x
T-----E, x a-----o.)
chase - size z =
-.
Sudhakar: Nothing of the sort. You needn't
give them a big hand as they
haven't done any splendid job.
What Sudha got back is just a part
of her stolen goods.
Spoken English
Rebel
M- E N-
p-- |. --d N x u-hi vo
h-o. N Z v-y
M- * -
h-o.)
\ *a--
o--dC.
@N- A------ -.
E .
a) Dhoni gave a good account of himself in
today's game =
M. SURESAN
F p .
b) Give a good account of yourself in the
exam. I'll present you a bike =
bike
( h d-E uA-- x p
A----)
2. give up = C--/ --.
(- -uC. -xL.)
- u
-d?
2. Tag questions have, has, had
possess - n -T-*--p tag
h . OE p
ordinary verbs B--L?
: He had fish for breakfast, didn't he?
'have' - question tag 'do'
p--p L?
3. He may come, He daren't do that tag questions ---.
4. a) To get an entry into the hall, either you have to
buy a ticket or you have to give a donation.
b) To get an entry into the hall, you have either to
buy a ticket or give a donation. (Split infinitive)
j ux C d ---.
.N.-, .N..D, ---vA.
x v JlC.
(a-).
teacher
A----/ A--.
~ . F
h.
y K-
u s-A--o-p-, u
--.
x -B- J --.
O give - a Eo expressions.
C pattern sentences practice .
F v-o -, N -.
Sub
verb
obj
that clause
---:
1. Correct
2.
(-o n)
C - * question. Have, has, had possess, possesses, possessed n
*a--p -a: a) haven't...? b) don't...? 2 a) hasn't he/ she/ it?
b) doesn't he/ she/ it? 3 a) hadn't ... ? b) didn't ... ?
lA
not
\---C.
E
-C.
to
help
x C
kindly
--C- 24 -- 2006
-- j---
1. Give rise to =
Ny/ E-j --
-
( Ny, X- ---o?)
Viswesh: No, I haven't been able to. I called
his brother Tej but there wasn't any
response.
(. ------.
t . --.)
Pranesh: You'd better do it as soon as possible. Your silence any longer is likely
to give rise to avoidable suspicions.
(C y y h
*C. y x---
----E - a.)
is likely - is 'be' form a. -- -x N-J. is
likely n ya.
He is likely to come today = -E-
a/ a - C.
Avoidable = p--/ ----i)
Viswesh: That I know only too well. These
Rx -- ---
N-*aC/ --- -Ah-*-C.
b)
uu p N--
LTh.
His comments always give rise to controversy.
controversy =
Z- 'Z \ -
N.
Eo Lo -Ah-h--F,
-u- Ba.
2. Give a send off = O\ y.
a) Transfer teacher Nu-n
G-- O\-L-a =
Kd Eo x--\.
b) Mature people don't give vent to their
feelings without proper occasion
a-C.
night.
(C . - V-
-J- AJT x-E
l- -- BJ--- o.
Eo-vA - O\-L-a.)
Pranesh: That makes you free, I suppose.
You'd better make Srikar or Tej first.
But what do you want to meet them
for? I don't exactly remember.
(C p. x o-p
x sC L-T.
N -\ . o-O
x-o uA--- uh--J-.
C d---C. -E
- o- Et---
p. F - Ja ~N--y E/ Ja ~N E. -E
x l-------o.)
Pranesh: That's very good. They aren't all
that bad either. I am sure your
strained relations will give way to
unending friendship between you.
( J/ .)
-- real life situations a simple words get/ have/
do/ go a expressions J-Q-Lho . p ---i give
a expressions l.
Spoken English
-x---
her jealousy
250
-
x--\C.
n
5. Give way = *
a. F warm welcome/
.
warm send off = ~ --G-- y/
a) On hearing the news his joy
O\)
gave way to anger
b) A moving send off =
h N- ,
O\.
M. SURESAN
- ---C.
(Moving - n
b) With her mediation their ill feelings gave
--o. Moving n
way to good understanding
%-Eo C-L E .
u--Jh-y x y -The moving tale of Sita = %-Eo
- p-C.
C-L ( u) .
Mediation = u--Jhy.
c) She gave her husband a moving send off
Mediator = uJh.
at the station
Mediator = O-- ().
h Fo-x O\-L-*aC.
' \ -.
d) Give a send off = see off.
c)
All
over
India steam trains have given
O\-L-y n see (somebody)
way
to
electric
and diesel trains
off E .
,
NJ trains ,
e) We saw her off at the airport as she left
n
electric,
diesel
trains a-.
for the states
-J- Rx--p
N--v- O\-La.
EXERCISE
3. Give a hard time = s- L-T-/
Practise the following aloud in English:
J- .
Sita: O - E----?
a) Most mothers-in-law give their daugh -l C.
ters-in-law a hard time
Rao: . o.
C h -x-x J-
Sita: h-o. O x----
/ s- L-T-h/ C-h.
-- N-hC.
Rao: C \?
b) The teacher gave a real hard time to the
students by asking them to work beyond
Sita: x- O\-L-y--E d- RxC.
time
Rao: x *-. C-
p --d. (give a hard time
-B--i -- x sC
)
d teacher.
Sita: N %-d-
--. Eo
c) The British gave Indian freedom fighters
Cl *aC, F n-
a hard time
*-y a----.
yvu - vG--x
Rao: E *- .
sC d/ C-.
Sita: O p. d _ l?
K --- d give hell
Rao: -q oC -o.
.
. y d J* \-
d) The British gave real hell to Bal
x- *C.
Gangadhar Tilak
(warm =
Eo vA -
O\La.
(I saw him off last night. Give a send off o
see off (O\ p n)
\.)
x o-p x- --s-
L-T-/ s-C--d/ C-
4. I want to make it up with them
x @-------o
5. I gave them a bit of my mind
x q oC p-
u - --l d o-ox L- (u ).
Let me give you a bit of my mind. The
sooner you leave me the better
- oC pF, y y
\ * R *C (Get out
E).
6. I am sure your strained relations will give
way to unending friendship
O s-Ao - n E---i
o -----E t-o.
ANSWER
Sita: You don't appear to be so well. I am a
bit anxious.
Rao: Nothing's the matter. I am OK.
Sita: You are hiding something. Your silence
is giving rise to many suspicions.
Rao: Where is Indira?
Sita: She has gone to station to give a send
off to our son-in-law.
our son-inlaw
her husband, better.)
(\
-- 26 -- 2006
-- j---
(y u-i N-- J
d----Lq ---N-C.
J ---op j
u v-G----o.)
Santasa: Sorry.
mind.
( \ o-p-, *
T C. fx --,
E - - .)
Booking orders = h/ h- /
Fo, rate -E -x t--x
y/ t-x ---.
execute orders x, x -T ,
- . DEo delivering (--)
E .
Despatch orders = x -o -
x .
Santasa: Vinamra will be home now. Your
brother too will be about in a few
minutes. Let's all go to Vinamra's
and discuss the matter.
(p Nv x C. O
v Cl EN-x h. -
(K.
N
Jh Ja.)
(\ dq A-
o.)
f) The police are about/ around the place.
Don't forget to wear the helmet.
( d Mo. t d
Ja-.)
3) about E n. n
about around --o.
d\)
b) Is any one about, please?
(\----o o-?)
c) She was about/ around here a few minutes,
but is not to be seen now.
( N x --/ _
.
a) He is very slow
about taking decisions
Do something about it
Vignata: You
had
better not.
It's a matter
of investment of lakhs. Our money is
lying idle in the bank. We thought of
putting it to better use.
(-N Ja-. ~- -
d- N C. u
s - C. Eo -Cy-E-
a.)
Santasa: True. Let's be quick about it.
(. y l.)
Vignata: Let's be clear about what we are
going to do while we are about it.
( N/ E----p,
pd -*l.)
Santasa: We should also get loans from state
finance corporation and the banks.
(d jq p--, u
* B--L .)
Vignata: (There's) No use talking. Let's do
some thing about it and quickly too.
(- - . E
N y L J.)
Santasa: How do we go about it?
( v-Gl?/ v-G-
?)
Vignata: Our business is going to be computer hardware. We'll deal in computer hardware with an investment
of about 15 lakh rupees.
( u- x u
--o, 15 ~ d--.)
Santasa: Is your brother about? He can help
us in planning.
(O---o-u \--\-j- o?
xE ----.)
Vignata: We can expect him round about
10.30.
(
J ?)
Vignata: Yea. We've a good market for it,
Spoken English
Nv
Rx
N
Jal.)
-x---
251
(
4 ~-uC.)
O h -C -- rupees.
- prepositions x u-i
b) He came to me about 10/ around
E J* --o. p
10 at night and spent an hour
h N- E Jal.
talking. (vA C-
English Conversation do, get,
_ *a - x-.)
M. SURESAN c) About 10 lakh people gather at
have, go, give a high frequency - J* -Allahabad for the Kumbhamela.
o. prepositions use
(
.)
effective C. lesson
u about J* ---. 4. Do something about it.
(E N u.)
(pronunciation ' \-.)
C spoken English com1. C about
mon. u x - ~ -
Ja, J* E.
E C- n.
a) We talked about our college days.
No use drawing plans and discussing the
( @ V J* x-- a) matter.
Do something about it.
o.)
(v
. u / .)
(ux J* .)
b) He always talks about cleaning the place
c) Naturally the mother wants to know all
about the girl her son is going to marry.
( R} - t-E J*
Jh ----E Lx - -C.)
2. About v d/ *----
E n. n spoken English
about - -.
a) They spent the whole evening walking
about the town.
(- v-Eo v--- J*
x----F, -O .)
5. be about: v d \ .
a) Is your brother about
(- - -v--- -E
--x-o.)
c) Books were lying all about the room.
( h- *----
o.)
n about around .
d) Furniture lay all about/ all around the hall .
(--- NE--T---
.)
a) Go about = C spoken English
--- expression.
n: ( E) v-G-, N etc.
a) Pratibha: Let's stage a drama for our college day.
(
-- - --j- l.)
(. L E?)
b) How do we go about to get a passport?
(-d a----E L?)
expression \ questions h-C
-E-.
6. all about = n u u----
J* p--p .
a) The armed forces' job is all about defending the country.
(army, navy and air force)
~
E.
(Nu-n- K-~-
l- E.)
(O --o-u o \ o?
EXERCISE
Bhaskar: OK.
( (J-d) A- v
-- x.)
Eg- B---
u
h.)
\ about ,
at \- .
x J* F ?
Prabhakar: x J* F N-
L?x J* L--Lq
N-Fo .
Bhaskar: x d-\ o
Eo.
Prabhakar: FE x -L -E--
.
Bhaskar: . N J* E
---, J-.
Prabhakar: y-E
-Lq
.
Answer
Bhaskar: What do you know about them?
Prabhakar: What do you want to know about
them? I know about almost
everything that we should know
about them.
Bhaskar: One of them was about/ around
here the whole of yesterday.
Prabhakar: Your job is all about observing
their movements.
Bhaskar: I'll go about it seriously.
Prabhakar: It's about time you started it.
Bhaskar: OK.
- 28 -- 2006
-- j---
( x -o?)
Ratna: I was very much for buying it, but now
I am giving a second thought to it.
( ------)
Ratna: Fortunately none. In fact the house
has been vacant for quite some time
now, as it is very old and dilapidated
( - --o/
- d C, E Sx
-*----o)
(%-d- -h . x
C, PC---n x - S- C.)
Vacant= -= S. ' \
-.
Dilapidated= ----= PC---n
o/ L---xo (building N)
(? J-TC?)
Ratna: Aasa said she would buy one along
with me, next to mine, but she has
given up now.
(-, \ x
-C. E - p
-C.)
(. DEo -N--
v- 30 ~- 3 bed roomed flat
*a ).
Jagan: But her husband gave me to understand that they had almost paid the
advance.
Ratna: OK.
(F x yq d--x
h p (G-v
Lp-)
Ratna: But
something
happened in the
last
minute
and they gave
up the idea.
---
expression.
h D o , after thought.
B-o Eg--E - p---p
a - after thought. - -\ p---p a after
thought.
-a
G-v/ t Nu-nx L-T-.
3. Give the devil its due. --- p-L E Dn. f--x * --j
a--, to give the devil its due.
a) - t-_. E N--E-N- p--L . p P-h = Ravana was certainly bad, but
to give the devil its due, he was a great
devotee of Lord Siva.
(E *-J-~- J-TC. x
- --o.)
Jagan: But why should that make you change
your plans of buying the flat?
(F -x x - -
y- a--L?)
Ratna: (I) can't imagine being away from her,
as we have been neighbours for such
a long time.
(- ---
x,
-------o.)
Jagan: I understand that. I don't like her
much, but to give the devil its due, she
is quite helpful when help is needed.
(n ---. N-
d- E --- p--L
j - --p,
----C.)
Ratna: That way she is the opposite of our
other neighbour, Smitha. She gives
the slip exactly when we need her.
( N-, \N t
Jh uA-. d
- -\-----p --C.)
Jagan: Try to convince Aasa about the
advantages of having this flat. If you
bring some pressure on her, she will
certainly give in.
( x x J J*
- a-p. y Ah h
*a U--JhC.)
Ratna: Not immediately. She is busy carrying
out repairs to her old house. Because
of the incessant rains the roof which
had been leaking, suddenly gave way.
She is attending to that.
Spoken English
-x---
t, o
L*, y *a
-- o L- . (
o L --- E.)
a) *aC .
y *a --
----o.
give
a simple
expressions J* Ja-ho
. ---i
give a J-Eo expressions p l.
1. Give a second thought =
252
M. SURESAN
---*-. N--x
Eg Bo y E J*
-J -*-.
a) ---, J *--?= Don't be hasty. Why don't you
give a second thought to it/ why don't
you give it a second thought?
b) I am determined. No question of giving
a second thought to buying the car =
Eg--o. N - vh .
Determine= -N , bird ' , '
\ - Eg----/ d
Eg B--/ %-E-a- .
( ---J--p o - -
- .)
b) His buying the camera is only an after
thought. His idea was only to buy a TV =
----oC
y *a -.
TV. Camera
NE-
v-Eo L-T-.
n -J G-
E-x ----o, E E N
---**, --o.
Give a second thought have
G-v-Eo/ t-Eo
L-T-.
C \ passive -.
E .
d) --- - t-E Rx -----o. F a--o= He
wanted to marry her, but had second
thought (s) about it.
e) I was all for buying a flat, but on second
thoughts gave up the idea =
x E d -o F, --*--E -o.
f) She wanted to go, but on second
thoughts decided to stay on =
x- -C, E a-E
-E Eg---C.
EXERCISE
Sailesh:
E y - Ea---o?
Vignesh: . C *aC. ?
Sailesh: h -J -*.
\--E-E-- ?
Vignesh: C. p
T_ N- .
Sailesh: --L.
v * condition
.
Vignesh: \-E ----o?
Sailesh: T_ T_-d ?
N v-v-
s-. E -- p--L, -N- N-x, x- aC.
c) He is a rogue, but give the devil its due.
He helped me. =
t-_. E
* N---N- .
4. Give in = T--.
C p-. E *- T--.
b) They gave in only after a stiff fight =
-f - y T--
(v--)
5. Give way = lesson give way
/ --J/ --E n
y E ---o-. Give way,
lesson -s (Buildings, j-p
N) T--/ J-- E
n.
a) The old building gave way as too many
people climbed on its roof=
building
p-OC \ C - C
LC.
- t NJ-TC.
DEE - j-J -a.
c) Though we forced him he did not give
way on any point =
- ,
- -.
O give conversation a
expressions Eo. OE conversation
.
ANSWER
Sailesh: Are you determined/ Have you
decided to buy the car?
Vignesh: Yes. I am. I like the car. Why?
Sailesh: Give it a second thought. Don't you
feel that the price is rather high/ on
the high side?
Vignesh: The car is OK. Whatever I say, the
owner refuses to give in, in the
matter of the price.
Sailesh: To give the devil its due, he has
kept the car in good condition.
Vignesh: Then why do you say the price is
high?
Sailesh: A reduction is always a reduction,
you know?
-- j---
Hrithik: Where exactly is this conference
hall?
-x---
( J -d
\-C?)
253
( O p?)
Rithwik: At 5 on friday. That is the day after
(tomorrow). We've to see that nothing
goes wrong.
(y -h u--JzN, N
L-- u----
o. p-h-o.)
(v- -C-. x.
- -- L )
So? (?)
(K. v-h .
-\?)
( V -
v \ L).
Hrithik:
( -d _-o -d d j C.)
( ?)
- lesson
- .
n o around
- l.
around -n d E
. C --J L- n.
'about'
d C.
d o -- -L
E-C-hC.
around about - -
n -.
(200 C O ----E
. p-x u--~---E
T-- --- \ L.)
(C *o p-q C ?)
Rithwik: Just that. It's quite spacious. But the
problem is there isn't enough parking
place for all the cars and two wheelers that may come.
(. lC. E -u-N-
---E-ax x, Cyv
- E---E T A .)
(u--AC -Lq--p?)
-x)
(due to =
l x N---u.
Due to n j --Lq
.
The meeting is due to start in five minutes
=
EN-- O v
C.
The train due at 14.30 = j uo
2.30 L.
( u C--Nh?)
_-o \ vq p-q
--E B--a.)
( u AC \--?)
Rithwik: From Vizag. He lives there around
the Lawson's Bay.
Lawson's Bay
(C j. \
J--x .)
( Rx J - v-Eo
l?)
Rithwik: Lets go. ( .)
C-o- Lq C.
v-o: I. Present
---a--\-.
b) Around three hundred people gathered in
the place =
---C \ N--.
v vo
---.
j C jC?
II. I watched Rama load the gun to load.
What have you been done all nights? verb, have you been done, present perfect tense,
voice passive.
sentence
verb, be form + past parvoice passive.
have been
ticiple
- 'be' form; done (past participle) verb,
passive -
E,
-x n
y --f? E n E
I saw her open the letter to open.
C.
O n--N? p Tx- O -
\
Eo N-J-.
d,
-u, -.
j n.
---: I. What have you done all nights?
II. I watched Rama load the gun - C correct
question verb have you done, present
sentence - Rama gun load
perfect tense C. all nights
E. Sx to load n-. p-C
o-p n J--.
sentence .
What have you done all the night? (v
I saw her open the letter to open - I saw her
?) j, what have you done all the
open the letter ( letter open
nights? (Eo v p ?)
E) -? Sx to open
j n hC.
repeat ? n-.
\* xLq
hC.
b) If you go around the house, you are likely to
be suspected =
d AJT Eo --E-a.
N - conversation NE-
around -C-* . N practice h
O conversation simple , C.
Now look at the following sentences from the
conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1. We've (we have) to be there around one in
the afternoon =
--/ - v
\ L.
_ / J--x
200 C ---E a.
(- \/ J-
C. --\- L-.)
, around v-/ v
_ n -a.
Get around: DEE conversation - --. -u J-\ \- F/ -u p E F
n.
a) We can get around most of the problems in
the country by population control =
E-v--x -u-
-- C--N--a / ( -u-)
J-\ -\-a.
\ = pedal/ cycle
v-o: So, very, too - p,
---. You are very late. You are so
late . You are too late . -- -?
NL, h, X- .
---: So E. you are so good =
y/ O *--N/ EN/ x E
n. American English n
--.
eg: Thank you so much. (O thanks)
Very E .
He is a good man = *-
cycle
\- 4.30, v a.
_--\ C.
(jx a, E p-----E)
2. ' F j \x h.
- u- Tx- ---.
XE- ,
v-o: 1. ' j \ x
Nu u- J- \-J-
.
Go around n d AJT x.
Lawson's Bay
_ .
v-Eo ( v-Eo) J l?
, _, d--\ n around
---x about -a.
Exercise:
Write as many sentences as you can,
on the following pattern:
Subject + verb + 'wh' word + clause
He
knows
pattern
why
I am here
example
explained
how
Sentence 1)
n: E-\----o -
.
2) J -\ N-J-*C.
--. --
-i t.
Too A. j too , C A, --i---E- \ E, -x
---E.
a) It is very bad = C J--a
It is too bad = C A J-.
b) The doctor's fee is high/ very high =
Doctor
fee
B-
\/ \.
_ ju --a.
fee K \ ( d---).
_ ju -----a.
very, so, too -- lesson
-x N-J. .
you are so late - y u. h
--.
you are too late - y K -u a
--Lq E -. F d.