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9. GRAVITATION
Important Points:
1.
Keplers Laws
a) Law of Orbits:
Every planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one of the foci.
b) Law of Areas:
The areal velocity of the radius vector drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas
in equal time intervals.
c) Law of time Periods:
The square of the time period of a planet around the sun is proportional to the cube
of the semi-major axis. T 2 R 3
2.
I =
const
3.
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4. The ratio strengths of gravitational, weak nuclear, Electro magnetic and strong nuclear forces are
respectively 1:1031 :1036 :1038
5.
Gm1m2
r2
7.
: G = M 1L3T 2
8.
Gm
R2
Variation of g:
a) Acceleartion due to gravity at certain altitude (height)h is given by
2
R
2h
gh = g
g 1
R
R+h
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GMm mgr
=
2r
2
9.
Gravitational PE =
10.
Gravitational KE =
11.
GMm
mgr
=
2r
2
GMm
mgr
=
2r
2
GM
GM
gR = 7.92km / sec
R+h
R
GM
= 2 gR 11.2km / s
R
GM
iv. Geo-satellites are used to know the shape and size of the earth, communication purpose etc.
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A.
Units: N m2 / kg 2 .
Dimensional formula: M 1L3T 2
2.
A.
The force of attraction of between the bodies of masses m1 and m2 seperated by a distance r
is given by F =
3.
Gm1m2
Gm1m2
r
=
r
r2
r3
What would be the change in acceleration due to gravity ( g ) at the surface, if the
radius of the earth decreases by 2% , keeping the mass of the earth constant ?
A.
g=
GM
g
R
= 2
2
g
R
R
g
R
100 = 2
100
g
R
= 2 ( 2% ) = 4% .
If the radius decreases by 2%, then acceleration due to gravity also increases by 4%
4.
Hydrogen is in abundance around the sun but not around the earth. Explain?
A.
The escape velocity on earth is, which is less than r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen gas. But the
escape velocity on Sun is, which is greater than the r.m.s velocity of hydrogen gas. Hence the
hydrogen is abundance around the sun and less around the earth.
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Deduce the relation between acceleration due to gravity (g) at the surface of a
planet and gravitational constant (G)?
A.
GMm
(2)
R2
mg =
GMm
GM
Or g = 2
2
R
R
How does the acceleration due to gravity ( g ) change for the same values of height ( h )
and depth (d) ?
A.
If d = h,
2h
g h = g 1
g d = g 1
R
h h
gh
g h = g 1 = g d
R
R R
gh < gd
Hence for same value of d and h, the value of g decreases more at height compared to
depth.
R
b) For larger heights, the variation of g with height h is g h = g
R+h
g d = g 1
R
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If d = h,
gh =
g
and g d = 0
4
gh > gd
Hence for same value of d and h, the value of g increases more at height compared to depth.
3.
A.
Orbital Velocity:
The velocity to be given to a body in order to revolve round the earth in circular orbit
is known as orbital velocity.
Expression:
Consider a satellite of mass m revolving around the earth at a height h. Let M be the
mass and R be the radius of the earth. Let vo be the orbital velocity on the surface of
the earth. The gravitational force between earth and satellite provides necessary
Centripetal force.
mv02
( R + h)
V0
GMm
2
( R + h)
R
M
mvo 2
GMm
=
Or
( R + h ) ( R + h )2
vo =
vo 2 =
Gmm
( R + h)
GM
( R + h)
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But, g =
GM
( R + h)
GM
= g ( R + h)
( R + h)
vo = g ( R + h )
A.
Escape Velocity:
The minimum velocity required by a body to escape from the gravitational influence of
earth is called escape velocity (Ve ) of the body.
Expression:
Consider a body of mass m on the surface of the earth of mass M and radius R. Let Ve
be the escape velocity of the body.
The work done in bringing the body from infinity to the surface of the earth is stored as
gravitational potential energy.
Gravitational potential energy
GMm
------- (1)
R
The negative sign indicates that the body is bound to the earth.
1
2
But ,
g=
GM
R2
Ve = 2 gR = 11.2 Km/sec
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5.
A.
6.
If a nut becomes loose and gets detached from a satellite revolving around the earth,
will it fall down to the earth or will it revolve in the same orbit as the satellite? Give
reason for your answer?
A.
The nut is initially revolving around the earth along with the satellite. Hence it revolves in
the same orbit around the earth even after it becomes loose.
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A.
and
Height:
Let M be the mass, R be the radius and be the density of the earth .
On the surface of the earth g =
GM
R2
GM
( R + h)
(2)
R+h
If h <<R ,
2h
gh = g 1
R
Hence the acceleration due to gravity decreases with the increase of height.
Depth:
Let M be the mass , R be the radius and be the density of the earth .
On the surface of the earth g =
g =
GM
R2
4
R3
3
4
RG -------- (1)
3
The gravitational force at a depth d from the surface of the earth is only due to the
inner solid sphere of radius (R-d).
g d = G ( R d ) ------- (2)
3
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From equations (1) & (2),
gd
g
(R d )
R
d
g d = g 1
R
Thus the value of g decreases with i.e increases of depth.
2.
State Newtons universal law of gravitation. Explain how the value of the gravitational
constant (G) can be determined by Cavendish method?
A.
m1 m2
mm
or F = G 1 2 2
2
r
r
m1
GMm
, where d is the distance from the centre of big to its neighboring small
d2
sphere.
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F
A
S1
This produces a torque which deflects the rod. If L be the length of the rod, then the deflecting
gravitational torque = F L =
GMmL
d2
GMmL
d2
=
Or
G
=
MmL
d2
Thus the value of G can be determined G = 6.67 1011 Nm 2 kg 2 .
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Problems
1.
Two spherical balls each of mass 1kg are placed 1cm apart. Find the gravitational force
of attraction between them?
A:
m1 = m2 = 1kg ;
r = 1cm = 10 2 m
2.
The mass of a ball is four times the mass of another ball. When these balls are separated
by a distance of 10cm, the gravitational force between them is 6.67 107 N . Find the
masses of the two balls?
A:
m1 = m ; m2 = 4m ; r = 10 cm = 10 1 m ; F= 6.67 107 N
6.67 107 =
Gm1m2
r2
6.67 1011 m 4m
m = 5kg
102
m1 = 5 kg , m2 = 20kg
3.
At a certain height above the earths surface, the acceleration due to gravity is
4% of its value at the surface of the earth. Determine the height.
A:
g1
R2
4
R2
=
=
2
g
100 ( R + h ) 2
( R + h)
h = 4R = 4 x 6400 = 25600km
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4.
A Satellite orbits the earth at a distance equal to the radius of the earth .Find its
(i) Orbital Speed and (ii) Period of Revolution.
A.
M = 6 10 24 kg ; R= 6400km
GM
R+h
(ii)
5.
T=
2 ( R + h )
Vo
Or T =
2 2 6400 103
= 4 hours
5.592 109
The gravitational force of attraction between two objects decreases by 36% When
the distance between them is increased by 4m. Find the original distance
between them.
A.
F1 r2
=
F2 r1
100 r + 4
10 r + 4
=
=
64
r
8
r
Or
r = 16 m
6.
Two spherical balls of mass 1kg and 4kg are separated by a distance of 12cm. Find
the distance from 1kg at which the gravitational force on any mass become zero.
A.
m1 = 1Kg ; m2 = 4 Kg ; d = 12cm
Gmm1
Gmm2
=
2
2
x
(d x)
Or
1
4
=
2
2
x
(12 x )
x = 4cm
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