Equipos Mineros, Subterráneo y Superficial.

A Reference Guide to Mining Machine Applications
Field Guide 2009
Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.
Scope
This document is primarily intended for use by Caterpillar
and CAT dealer project managers as a ready reference
for the assessment of machine application and haul road
conditions on their project sites. It may also prove useful to
other Caterpillar and Cat dealer personnel and customers
in need of a concise reference tool.
It contains practical benchmarking data that is
achievable with correct and well-managed machine
application. It is also intended to provide guidance
on assessing haul road design and maintenance that
supports sound industry practices.
Contents
3
Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques
Cost-Per-Ton (CPT)...................................................... 5
Large Wheel Loaders.................................................. 7
Hydraulic Front Shovels............................................ 17
Hydraulic Backhoes................................................. 25
Electric Rope Shovels.............................................. 35
Electric Draglines...................................................... 51
Large Mining Trucks................................................. 63
Motor Graders............................................................ 71
Track-type Tractors................................................... 77
Wheel Dozers............................................................. 91
Wheel Tractor Scrapers........................................... 99
Haul Road Design and Maintenance
Design and Maintenance....................................... 113
Truck Dump Design and Maintenance
Truck Dump Operation............................................ 135
Cat Underground Machines
Underground LHD Loaders.................................... 145
Underground Mining Trucks.................................. 151
Underground Applications..................................... 157
Management Review
Strategies.................................................................. 179
Reference Information
Performance Handbook 39 Specifications......... 189
Mine Site Illustrations............................................ 248
Notes........................................................................... 250
Cost-Per-Ton (CPT)
Electric Rope Shovel
Hydraulic Front Shovel
$0.05 0.07/ton*
Reliable, low cost-per-ton
$0.10 0.15/ton*
Breakout force
and selectivity
Requires:
Long mine life
Electric grid
Hard floor
50-foot face
Well shot material
Clean-up support
Wheel Loader
$0.11 0.16/ton*
Mobility
Requires:
Solid floor
Well shot material
Dry floor
Requires:
Proper face height
Limited tramming
Clean-up support
Mass Excavator
$0.10 0.15/ton*
Breakout force
and selectivity
Requires:
Proper bench height
Limited tramming
Clean-up support
*Estimates Only
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques
Large Wheel Loaders
LARGE Wheel Loaders
Large Wheel Loaders

Optimal
Bench Height
Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift
Cycle Times
28 42 seconds (avg. 35 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock
90 110%
Most Efficient
Pass Match
4 6 passes
Conditions
Favorable to Large
Wheel Loaders
Level, dry, smooth, firm floors

Sufficient crossfall and drainage
in high rainfall areas to minimize tire
damage
Well-fragmented materials that
minimize crowding time, particularly
in the toe-area of the cut
Lower face profile
Multiple faces and frequent tramming
Conditions
Unfavorable to Large
Wheel Loaders
Poor underfoot conditions

wet, soft, jagged
Tight load areas
Poorly shot material
Things to watch for:

Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to floor
Operate in first gear, full throttle
Limit travel to 1 1/2 tire revolutions
Keep spillage to a minimum
Keep floor clean and smooth
Keep time in face below 12 seconds
Maintain proper bucket and lift kickout adjustment
Keep tight V loading pattern
Adjust Rim Pull Control setting
Work 1 1/2 bucket width dig pattern
LARGE Wheel Loaders
11

Keep frame straight when digging
Lift bucket before crowding
Fill bucket by the time lift arms are horizontal in face
Clean floor while approaching face when necessary with
minimum floor contact
Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge
Advance face left to right when possible
Minimize truck exchange time
Clean floor if required between trucks
Start of dig pattern:

Stage truck parallel to safety burm or bench
Dig material from behind truck
Position truck in pocket as soon as possible
Advance face in normal left to right pattern
LARGE Wheel Loaders
Parallel dig pattern:
Loading:
Quick truck exchange

Right to left set-up
Works well in narrow cuts
Trucks spotted 15-20
Operator controls dumping impact into bed (dump easy)

Place material vs. dumping material in truck bodies
Different loading tools have different effects on truck bodies
Pad body floors with smaller material before placing in
oversize material
DO NOT contact truck side rails
DO NOT push material in bodies
13
Things to watch for: GET

Smooth steady speed
Keep floor clean and smooth with minimal bucket contact
Maintain proper bucket kickout adjustment
Tips do not touch the floor more than 150 400 mm (6 16)
before the toe
LARGE Wheel Loaders
15

Clean floor while approaching face when necessary with minimum
floor contact
Rear of the bucket kept clear of the floor
Minimize floor contact (GET will overheat and melt)
Minimize speed
HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS
19
Hydraulic Front Shovels

Optimal
Bench Height
Just above boom/stick pivot
Cycle Times
Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock
90 100%
Most Efficient Pass

Match
4 6 passes
Conditions
Favorable to
Hydraulic Front
Shovels
Selective digging
Multiple targets
Tight load area
Tough digging
Can work in poor floor conditions
Define dig pattern, L to R or R to L,
and maintain pattern
Conditions
Unfavorable to
Hydraulic Front
Shovels
Excessive tramming
Low benches

Keep work areas as tight as possible; keep swing
distances to a minimum
Avoid excessive prying or corner loading
DO NOT swing into existing material
Maximize GET tip contact, minimize bowl contact
(i.e., boom up and curl bowl through material)
Use boom up to minimize bucket heel contact
1. First two passes:

Upper half of face
Single back-up
21
Less floor clean-up

Easier to maintain
Square set-up & dig
2. Third/fourth passes:
Load out the center
Double back-up
Tight working envelope
Highly productive
Square set-up & dig
3. Final pass:
Clean up floor
and advance
23

Left to right dig pattern
Single back-up loading
Trucks positions on clean floor
Shorter swing angles
Can Be Most Productive with
Shorter Reach Front Shovels
Right to left dig pattern

Single back-up loading
Greater swing angles
Hauler pre-positions
Hauler positions on swing radius of shovel
Truck spotted on clean floor
Quicker truck exchange time
Clean-up floor between shovel moves
HYDRAULIC BACKHOES
HYDRAULIC BACKHOES
27
Hydraulic BackhoeS
Optimal
Bench Height
Length of stick, or between truck side

rail and tail
Cycle Times
Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock
80 110%
Most Efficient Pass

Match
4 6 passes
Conditions
Favorable
to Hydraulic
Backhoes
Low to moderate bench heights

Truck spotted either on top of bench
or on the floor below the backhoe
Tight load area
Short swing - 60
Well-shot material
Remove farthest pass during truck
exchange "key cut"
Conditions
Unfavorable
to Hydraulic
Backhoes
High benches
Excessive tramming
Unstable benches
Low angle of repose material

Always maintain "key cut"
Start at "key cut" and work toward truck
Ideally dig no more than 45 either side of center line
Always work over idler and swing no more than 60
to truck
Prepare next cuts in advance
Maintain proper bench height
29
Hydraulic BackhoeS
ME Set-up (Both "Over the rail" and "Through gate")
"Over the rail" loading

Trucks on bottom level
Dig depth equals stick length
Minimum swing angles
Set-up provides ample dig
and reach
Alternate loading positions
Full Reach
Full Reach

Use "through the gate" loading
to increase production
Truck on bottom level
Clean floor between
backhoe move
Quicker truck exchange time
Hydraulic BackhoeS
31
ME Set-up (Box Cut Same Level)

"Through the gate" loading
Trucks & backhoe on same level
Single or double side loading
Minimum or maximum dig depth
60 maximum swing angle
MOST PRODUCTIVE
Through the gate loading

Trucks and backhoe on same
level
Single or double side loading
Minimum or maximum dig
depth
60 maximum swing angle
Maintain proper bench height

Load square to the face
Avoid excessive prying or
corner loading
Maximize GET tip contact,
(i.e., boom up and curl bowl
through material)
Minimizes bowl contact
Keeps heel clear of the
material
Keeps bucket throat open
Use "boom up" to minimize
bucket heel contact
Never operate with blunt GET
or bare bucket edge
Three ways to increase

productivity:
10 15% higher productivity
when bench is correct height
vs. too high
15 20% higher productivity
when trucks are spotted on
the floor below the excavator
vs. on top of bench
5% higher productivity when
excavator swings 60 vs. 90
33
Hydraulic Backhoes
Incorrect
electric rope shovels
Electric Rope Shovels
37

Optimal Bench
Height
Between Parallel Dipper Arm and Boom

Sheave (4100 / BE495)
Cycle Times
Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock
80 110%
Most Efficient Pass

Match
3 5 passes
Recommendations from Manufacturer
Conditions
Favorable to
Electric Rope
Shovels
Working a single face of the

correct height
Solid, level floor
Wide benches to facilitate truck
maneuverability
Well-shot material
Conditions
Unfavorable to
Electric Rope
Shovels
Poor underfoot
Low faces
Multiple faces

70 90 maximum swing angle
Efficient support machine activity to keep floor clean
Power cable maintenance
Never operate blunt GET or a bare edge
DO NOT allow floor clean-up machine to interfere with
truck loading
Target 2 side loading and "0" truck exchange time
Tail Swing
Tolerance
39
Truck Spotting
Tolerance range
Position truck in target tolerance range

Utilize marker on dipper handle or counterweight to assist truck
operator with pre-spotting and spotting
Keep mirrors on shovel and truck clean
Advance dipper up face to get maximum bucket load

Maintain floor grade
Do Not "jack boom"
Do Not stall during hoisting cycle
Operate machine as level as possible
Place material easily into body
Pad body for oversize material loading
Dig Angle Affect on Power Requirements

Dig Angle
Power Requirement to Lift Load*
100%
15
103.5%
30
115.4%
45
141.4%
60
200%
41

Adjusting the digging angle can also reduce the load on
wire ropes. Loading increases with the digging angle and
crowd distance
At a digging angle of 15 it takes 1.035 times as much power, or
3.5% more to lift a given load as it does directly below the boom
point. At an angle of 60 it takes twice as much power
Digging as low under the boom point as possible helps to reduce
rope stress and extend the useful life of the wire rope
* As a Percent of Load
43

Swing Angle vs. Productivity
Swing Arc Approximate Percentage of Optimum Output

45
126%
50
116%
60
107%
70
100%
100
88%
130
77%
180
70%

Avoid swing angles that exceed 70
Take advantage of previous dig pocket to reduce swing angle
45
Suggested Starting Points for Adjusting the

Tooth Angle and Rake Angle
The rake angle has a direct influence on tooth angle and the digging
force applied to the working face, as well as the amount of wear on
the dipper. The rake angle is optimized by adjusting the length of the
"Pitch Braces."
Hard Rock Digging
Medium Digging
Tooth Angle 46 48
48 50
Rake Angle 57 59
59 61
Material Digability
Approximate Dipper
Fill Factor
Easy Digging
1.05 1.20
Medium Digging
1.00 1.15
Hard Digging
0.90 1.00
Very Hard Digging
0.80 0.90

Double side load whenever possible
Keep exit from shovel in direct line to cable bridge
Clean-up floor between trucks not during truck loading cycle
Have trucks pre-spot when possible
47

Succeeding Cuts
Dig 3
Dig 2
Dig 1
Excavated
Material
#1
Original
Position
#2
New Position
Most Productive
( Lowest Cost-Per-Ton )

49
WHEEL DOZER CLEAN-UP

Evidence of previous
instances of forward
loading on the canopy
Dig 5
Dig 4
Dig 6

Dig 1
Dig 3
Dig 2
#1
#3
Most Productive
( Lowest Cost -Per-Ton )
#2
Load placement:
Correct load placement shown here
Observe Caterpillar 10/10/20 Payload Policy
Sideboards are designed to control material spillage not
increase payload

ELECTRIC DRAGLINES
53
Electric DraglineS

Excavation methods:
Simple side cast
Chop cut
Extended bench
Pull back
Terrace mining
Multi-seam
Strip or cast strip mine:

Soft rock mining coal and limestone
Usually rectangular in shape
Typically follow a flat ore seam
Recovered directly by digging tool (excavator and dragline)
Soft-to-medium-hard material
Flat or nearly flat, tabular deposits
Maximum depth of digging 90 m (300 ft)
Material destination is final unless rehanding becomes necessary
55
Electric DraglineS

As the bucket is drawn closer to the dragline, the power required to
lift the same load increases.
As with shovels, the most efficient digging range is directly beneath
the boom point. Casting the bucket beyond this point increases the
stress and load on the rope. As the bucket is pulled closer to the
dragline, digging efficiency decreases and the load on the rope
increases, including the dump rope(s).
57
Electric DraglineS
59
Electric DraglineS
Electric DraglineS
61

Large mining trucks
TRUCK OPERATING COST
Mine OPERATING COST
Effectson
onHauling
HaulingCosts
Costs
Effects
Effects on Mining Costs
Admin & Other

Functions, 16%
Haulage
65
LARGE MINING TRUCKS
Loading, 15%
Wear, 2%
Owning, 22%
Maintenance, 3%
Tires, 16%
Drilling, 4%
Support, 14%
Operator, 14%
Blasting, 6%
Fuel, 18%
Hauling, 45%
Repair, 25%
LARGE MINING TRUCKS
67
LOAD PLACEMENT ON TRUCKS

Incorrect Loading
Correct Loading

Proper truck positioning
Report safety issues
Monitor body wear patterns
Report any tire wear and rock spillage
Manage proper spotting
Control 2nd gear shift point for better TPMS ( Truck Payload
Management System) accuracy
Manage proper TPMS calibration and accuracy
Load placement:
Lateral
Centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow
Longitudinal
Centered on centerline of body
General
No substantial amount of material on headboard. Enough
freeboard to minimize spillage from sides through corners and
for rear of body on grades
Target 33% / 66% payload split on front / rear axles
Truck exchange time:

Elapsed time from when loaded
truck receives last loading pass
until next truck receives first
loading pass
Exchange time:
69
LARGE MINING TRUCKS

Caterpillar 10/10/20 Payload Management Policy
The mean (average) of the pay
load distribution shall not
exceed the target payload
No more than 10% of pay
loads may exceed 1.1 times
the truck target payload
No single payload shall ever
exceed 1.2 times the target
payload
No more than 10% of loads
above 1.10
No loads above 1.20
The average payload shall not
exceed the target
90% of loads should fall into this range

No more than 10% of loads should
exceed 110% of the target payload
No loads should be above 120% of
the target payload
Durability
Productivity
Number of Loads
Good 42 seconds or less

Acceptable 54 seconds
Unacceptable over 1 minute
80
90 %
85
90
95
100
105
% of Target Payload
SAFETY
10%
110
115
120
MOTOR GRADERS
73
Motor Graders
Favorable applications:
Haul road construction / maintenance

Selected load area cleanup
Selected dump area maintenance
Blasting cleanup
Reclamation
Snow removal
Utility ripping
Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear (6 11 km/h / 4 7 mph)

Use wheel lean and articulation to reduce turning radius
Rip in first gear; manually operate throttle
Excessive speed negatively affects cutting edge life
Change cutting edges when down to 10 mm (0.5 in)
Use ripper attachment to rip hard-packed top surface
Always use differential lock when blading and ripping
75
Motor Graders
Proper blade tip angle:
Moldboard top should be 50

100 mm (2 4 in) ahead of
cutting edge on Cat 16M and
24M Motor Graders
Constant tip angle minimizes
cutting edge wear
Maintain full blade contact

with floor to avoid high point
loading
Consider using track-type
tractors or wheel dozers
rather than motor graders
when unable to maintain full
blade loads in hard blading
material
Use wheel lean to hold front of
machine in line, will reduce
side draft forces and help
reduce turning radius
Always use differential lock
when blading and/or ripping
Proper blade angle:

Use widest possible
pass width
Reduce pass width (increas
angle) if material flows around
leading edge (toe)
Use maximum 10 blade angle
if using Graderbit system or
serrated edge
Maintain contact with road
surface across the full width
of the cutting edge
Cut
Normal
Properly trained operators use:
Carry
Differential lock
Proper coverage
Wheel lean
Articulated turns
Proper gear selection
Proper ripping practices
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
Track-Type Tractors
79
Favorable applications:
Production dozing (CarryDozer)
Dedicated waste dump operations
Stockpile operations / steep slopes
Haul road construction
Reclamation
Ripping

Excessive tramming between locations
Tram less than 5% of tractors work time
Loose or missing track hardware
Track-Type Tractors
Optimal track-type tractor - truck match ups:
81
Dozing Applications
Track-type Tractor
Truck
D9
777
D10
777 / 785 / 789
D11
789 / 793 / 797
Dozing in 1st gear

Steering with blade tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches
when blade is loaded
Minimized
corner loading,
Track-Type
Tractor prying and impact dozing
Maintain a steady dozing pressure
Keep unloaded travel distance to a minimum
83
track-type tractors
Dozing Applications
Back to front technique

(Less efficient technique)
Operator progresses the cut
from back to front
Push distance is reduced with
each pass
Efficiency suffers from uphill
blade loading
Doesnt fully utilize the slot
throughout the cut
Back each pass technique

Front to back technique
(Less efficient technique)
(Most efficient technique)
Operator starts each pass at

the back of the cut
Each pass uses the entire
length of the cut at a
uniform depth
Efficiency and productivity
suffer because the machine
travels the entire length of the
cut in both directions with
each pass
Most efficient method of dozing

Works cut from front to back
Push distance increases with each pass
Uses more efficient downhill blade loading
Slot is created and utilized throughout the cut
track-type tractors
85
Dozing Applications
Berm management
Berm height should not
exceed blade height
Berm should only be high
enough to trap material for
optimum loading
Center berm width should be
one-third the blade width
The smaller the berm, the
easier the disposal for
improved productivity
Berm management: criss /

cross berm removal
Blade positioning on dual tilt machines:

Begin cut with blade tilted forward
Begin to lay blade back when nearly full
Continue to fill blade while lying back
Tilt blade forward to unload material
Most efficient method of

center berm removal
Works cut from back to front
Push distance reduces with
each pass
Uses existing slots to hold
in material and increase
blade load
track-type tractors
87
ripping applications

Rip downhill when possible
If loading scrapers rip material in same direction as loading
1.5 2.5 km/hr (1.0 1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle is most
economical
Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions
Try cross ripping if material will not free up
Do not carry ripper beam in material
Ripper position
Begin pass with tip rearward
Pull tip forward after tip penetrates
Signs of incorrect positioning / operating

Excessive track slippage
Blunt tips (GET)
Breaking shank protector or
ripper tip pins
Ripper Ground Engaging Tools

Penetration ripper tip reinforcing ribs must face upward
Ensure ground engaging tool pins, retainers, and bolts
are installed correctly
Never operate a bare shank or worn tip
dozing applications
track-type tractors
89
Ripping Applications

Doze in 1st gear
Use slow steady speed (More speed = less production)
Steer with blade tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches
when blade is loaded
Minimize corner loading, prying and impact
Maintain a steady dozing pressure
Never back blade
Incorrect
1.5 2.5 km/hr (1.0 1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle is
most economical and recommended
Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions
Try cross ripping if material will not free up
Rip in 1st gear
Keep ripper beam parallel to the floor
Do not turn or reverse with shank in the ground
WHEEL DOZERS
93
Wheel Dozers
Size Comparison
Design Match-Up
Wheel Loader
Wheel Dozer
992K
990H
988H
980H
966F
854K
844H
834H
824H
814F
Wheel Dozer
814H
824H
834H
844H
854K
Track Type Tractor

D7R
D8T
D9T
D10T
D11T
95
Wheel Dozers
Wheel Dozer Clean-up (Electric Rope Shovels)
Keeps loads small and material should "roll"

Avoid excessive down pressure
Push the load keeping machine as straight as possible
Minimize heel-plate contact
Maintain full blade contact with floor
Keep heel plates parallel with floor and back of blade vertical
Extended
Material
Pass 1
Pass 2
3 Pass
Loading
Departing
Truck
Incoming
Truck
Wheel dozers are typically more cost-effective and offer

greater speed than track-type tractors in light applications.
Favorable Applications:
Loading area cleanup
Dump area maintenance
Haul road construction/maintenance
Blasting area cleanup
Reclamation
Sizing Wheel Dozers for the Truck Dump
Optimal wheel dozer truck match ups
Wheel Dozer
97
Wheel Dozers

Keep loads small and material
should "roll"
Minimize heel-plate contact
Maintain full blade contact
with floor
Avoid excessive down
pressure
Minimize speed and contact
to prevent cutting edges from
overheating and softening
Keep heel plate parallel
with floor and back of blade
vertical
Too Far Back
Truck
834
773 / 777
844
777 / 785
854
785 / 789 / 793
WHEEL tractor SCRAPERS
Economic Push / Haul Distances
Wheel tractor scrapers
101
Hauling System Overview
Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)
TTT W/Towed Scraper: 61 to 335m (200 1,100ft)
Provides loading and spreading advantages

AgTowed-Scraper: 182 to 793m (600 to 2,600ft)
WTS: 183 to 1646m (600 to 5,400ft)
Quick loading
High travel speeds
Economic zone of application ranges from 400 meters to 1600 meters
(quarter of a mile to a mile)
Economic advantage greatest on short hauls
Tandem engine, push-pull and auger arrangements do not require
loading tool
Short load times < 1 minute
Do not require spreading tool
Dumps on the run
Can achieve as much as 98% compaction in the fill
103

Earthmoving Overview: Cycle
Hauling System Overview
Load
(fixed time)
Haul
(variable time)
Return haul
(variable time)
Dump
(spread fixed time)
The 631, 637, and 657 G-Series wheel tractor scrapers are
designed and built with components and systems that meet
rugged mining applications.
Features & Benefits
Favorable Applications
Structures
Power train
Operator station
Electronic controls
Scraper bowl
Push-pull arrangement
(637G & 657G)
Auger arrangement
Pre-stripping
Dump area maintenance
Haulroad construction/
maintenance
Reclamation
Ore hauling
Machine Type
Push type
Most often used
Push tractor size important
Push-pull
High production
Increased HP of 2 machines
on 1 cutting edge
Odd number of machines
Push Loading Combinations

Track-type tractor power
aids loading
105
Push Loading scrapers

Single and twinengine scrapers are often push loaded by tracktype tractors for greater productivity
Favorable Applications:
Track-type tractor pushes

scraper through the cut
Added power and thrust
speeds loading and facilitates
rated payload on every pass
Clay-type overburden
Soft underfoot conditions
Confined areas
High speed / short hauls
Optimal scraper tractor

combinations are:
Loading time for open bowl push-loaded wheel tractor

Shorter time for tandem, longer time for single-powered scrapers.
Consult publications for self-loading (elevating / auger) and
push-pull machines.
Larger tractor loads quicker

and provides denser loads
Can use two track-type
tractors
Wheel Scraper
Track-Type Tractor
631G
D9 / D10
637G
D9 / D10
657G
D10 / D11
Good
24 30 seconds
Average
36 43 seconds
push tractor blade pitch
Push-Pull Scrapers
Tipped too far back

Excessive wear on
stinger bottom
Causes bowl to ride
up on blade
Catch scraper low on blade
then lower blade so stinge
rides in upper of tractor blade
Can move material at

lower cost than most
earth-moving systems
Push-Pull Arrangement
(637G & 657G) Combines the
horsepower of two machines
onto one cutting edge
Self-loading system
Both machines loaded
< 1 minute
Best for moving large amounts
of material quickly, and at the
lowest cost
107
Designed for large amounts

of material in high production
requirements
First scraper in the cut is
pushed by the second and, in
turn, pulls the second scraper
through the cut
Available for 637G and 657G
Both machines can be loaded
in less than a minute
Loading time for open bowl
push-pulling wheel tractor scraper*
Good
24 30 seconds
Average
36 43 seconds
Push-Pull considerations
haul road maintenance
Maximum production when

both operators work as a team
Can maintain haul road if a

motor grader is not available
or busy
Can trim high spots and fill
low ones
With ejector forward, acts
as a dozer
Provides haul road
compaction
Can deliver and self spread
road material
Proper technique can

pay dividends
Second scraper pulls to left
after disconnecting
Second scraper then leads
to the fill
Allows machines to swap
lead and follow positions
on each cycle
Three push-pull scrapers can
work together (cannot hook
together at same time)
Scraper Haul Roads

Setting up haul
Haul short return long
Grades vs. length of haul
Condition
Water
Curve
Curve speeds and center
of gravity
109
Scraper can substitute for a

motor grader
Rule of Thumb
Engage/Disengage
cushion hitch
Load time in 20 - 50 seconds
Walk out of cut "unassisted"
Carry bowl low to the ground
Haul short / return long
Control loping on travel roads
Don't move dirt twice
Load down hill
Straddle cut
Best compaction:
High speed / thin lifts
straddle cut
111
Fill Area

Design
Material type
Lift size
Spreading / dumping load
Speed
Using scrapers to mix materials
How to maximize compaction
Water
haul road design and maintenance
Haul Road design and maintenace
115
Haul Road Considerations
Truck & shovel; Crusher in-pit
Loader; Feed into in-pit crusher
Three key factors in haul road design:

Truck & shovel; Crusher at surface
Material quality
Design
Maintenance
Loader; Tram to in-pit crusher

117
horizontal and general vertical alignment

Design corners and crests
with clear visibility at
operating speeds
Design for worst case
scenarios
Rules of thumb:
If you can comfortably travel your haul roads at 60 km/h (35 mph)
in a light vehicle, this is an indicator of good haul road conditions
Haul roads begin at the loading face and end at the dump
Maintain good floor conditions approaching and at the dump
Maintain good floor conditions approaching and at the face
Travel at reasonable speeds in the load and dump zones
10 / 1
CROSS FALL
119
Sight Distance for Horizontal and Vertical Curves

"The extent of peripheral area visible to the vehicle operator"
Sight Distance
Line of Sight
Hazard
On flats
Vertical Curve
Case A
Required Stopping Distance
Maintain minimum slope

for drainage
Using 2% constant cross fall
with extreme caution and
travel loaded truck on the
"uphill" side
If constant cross fall is not
selected, crown haul roads
with minimum slope angle
Sight Distance
Line of Sight
Hazard
Vertical Curve
Case B

Sight Distance Line of Sight
USE EXTREME CAUTION
Case C Vertical Face or Obstruction

Sight Distance
Line of Sight
On grades
Minimal cross fall is required
unless rainfall is heavy
2% constant cross fall
Trees Removed and Slopes Laid Back

Case D
Must be sufficient for a machine to stop before reaching a hazard

or obstacle
Distance from the operators eye must equal or exceed required
stopping distances
121
Computing Haul Road Width on Horizontal Curves
Keep Grade Smooth and Constant
Articulated unit
1
10
Incorrect
U =
FA =
FB =
C =
Z =
Correct
Smooth, constant grades:

Grades less than 10% are recommended for maximum tire life
Consistent grades should be maintained
a Minimizes transmission shifts
a Maintains higher average speed
a Allow more constant braking effort on returns
W=2(U+F A+FB+Z)
FB
FA
FB
FA
Single unit
C=Z=(U+F A+FB)/2
Track width of machine (center-to-center tires)

Width of front overhang
Width of rear overhang
Total lateral clearance
Extra width allowance due to difficulty of driving on curves
Minimum haul road width for curved road segments must

account for vehicle tracking at front and rear
A wider road is required on curves to account for the overhang
occurring at the front and rear of machine
Road width on curve is determined by:
a Lateral clearance between passing haul trucks
a Extra width allowance to accommodate difficult driving
conditions
123

CORNERS
Road Width
One-way straights and corners
A minimum of 2 2.5 widths is recommended
Two-way traffic
In straights, a minimum of 3 3.5 truck widths
In corners, a minimum of 3.5 4 truck widths
One-way (straights/corners)
Two-way (In straights)
Radius of Turn
Speed in mph
Feet
10
15
50
13.0%
30.0%
20
25
30
35
40
45
100
7.0%
15.0%
27.0%
150
4.0%
10.0%
18.0%
28.0%
200
3.0%
8.0%
13.0%
21.0%
30.0%
300
2.0%
5.0%
9.0%
14.0%
20.0%
27.0%
500
1.0%
3.0%
5.0%
8.0%
12.0%
16.0%
21.0%
27.0%
700
1.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
9.0%
12.0%
15.0%
19.0%
1000
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
11.0%
14.0%
Two-way (In corners)
bench width
Truck should be able to clear loading tool under full acceleration
Minimum bench width is the truck turning radius plus the safety
berm plus loading tool swing radius (shovels)
Radius
Use maximum practical radius
Keep constant and smooth transitions
Superelevation
Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h (10 mph) as per
Performance Handbook
Greater than 10% superelevation should be used with caution
Drainage
125
safety berms (windrows)
wheel height

Slope must adequately carry away maximum expected rainfall,
with minimum puddling, pot-holing or water entry into road
sub-base
Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height

Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump
Safety berm along all haul road edges
Check your local mining regulations
127
rolling resistance
Haul Road Modeling

More severe
Tire load
94
inch
Permanent plastic strain

due to shear failure
Tire Penetration
For off-highway trucks running radial-ply tires, assume a

minimum rolling resistance of:
These are examples of a poorly constructed haul road (top)

and a well constructed haul road (bottom):
Top :
Poor drainage
Poor compaction
Poor road base material
Bottom :
Good drainage
Good compaction
Good road base material
1.2% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road

2.5% for a well-maintained road with little flexing
4% for a road with 25 mm (1 in) tire penetration
In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in
up to a 10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in
production costs.
Compaction
129

haul road economics
An example of high rolling resistance:
Performance vs Rolling Resistance

10,000 ft. Flat Haul
Fuel Cost
Soft and Wet Areas
Remove soft and wet spots

completely refill and compact
with good dry material
Without a good repair, these
spots will continually
deteriorate
10%
160%
0%
140%
Fuel Cost
Production
180%
-10%
120%
100%
-20%
80%
-30%
60%
Production
610 mm (24 in) deep tire penetration

30% rolling resistance
Reduced production
Excessive fuel burn
Reduced tire life
Reduced component life
-40%
40%
-50%
20%
0%
-60%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
Rolling Resistance
dust control
Points to Remember
Watering removes dust hazard and maintains compaction

Use "checkerboard" or "spot" intermittent pattern on grades to
reduce slippage risk during retarding on grades
"Spot" watering works well for areas with limited water supply
131
The haul road begins at the loading face and ends at the
dump point
Once a road deteriorates, it takes five times as long to repair it to
good condition again. Fix it once, fix it right!
If one can travel comfortably in a light truck at 60 km/h (35 mph),
then road surfaces are good
Good roads improve production, extend tire life and reduce overall
operating costs
133
Points to Remember
Factors effecting tire life:

Approximately 80% of all large tires fail before wear out
Other
8%
Wear
7%
Separation
(heat) 11%
Cut
45%
Impact
29%
Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine
truck dump design and maintenance
Truck Dump Operation
137
Truck Dump operation
Truck Dumps
Truck Dumps
The following procedures should be followed on each cycle.
After you have reversed in and in a stationary position:
Approaching the dump area:
Place hoist lever in RAISE position

Increase engine RPM to accelerate hoist speed
Watch for material to flow from truck bed and ensure material is
flowing over dump edge
Keep alert for dump edge movement
Reduce engine RPM as hoist cylinders reach full extension
Always enter the dump area in a clockwise direction

Approach the dump from the left
Keep the dump edge on the operators side of the truck
Drive parallel to the dump edge
Observe the dump edge for cracks
Work dump from cab side to the right with support
tractor following
139
Truck Dumps
Truck Dumps
After you have made the dump:
Clear material from tailgate by moving forward slowly

Do not move over one truck length with body raised
Never jerk the steering wheel from side to side to free
stuck material
Move gear selector into the desired gear after the body is
on the frame
Exit on established haulroad
Maintain eye contact with dump maintenance tool

whenever possible
Watch dump edge for stability
Dump away from safety berm if edge is unstable (dump short)
Maintain proper safety berm height
Lower body before moving from dump
Advance haulroad with dump
Maintain slight slope for water drainage
Poor Dump Practices
141

dump considerations

Body bulldozing
Pulling through berm after
dumping is hard on underside
of the body
Dumping into existing pile
Not lowering body prior to
moving forward
Damage indicates:
Pulling through pile
"Pinching" material under tail
Pushing with a dozer
Poor dumping practice can result in rear rib and tail area damage
143
Poor Dump Practices
Factors effecting tire life:

Approximately 80% of all large tires fail before wear out
Other
8%
Wear
7%
Separation
(heat) 11%
Cut
45%
Impact
29%
Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine
underground LHD Loaders
147
LHD Loaders
Optimal Bench
Height
Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift
Cycle Times
Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock
90 110%
Most Efficient Pass

Match
4 6 passes
Conditions
Favorable to LHD
Loaders
Level, dry, smooth, firm floors

Sufficient crossfall and drainage in high
rainfall areas to minimize tire damage
Well-fragmented materials that minimize
crowding time, particularly in the toearea of the cut
Lower face profile
Multiple faces and frequent tramming
Conditions
Unfavorable to LHD
Loaders
Poor underfoot conditions wet,

soft, jagged
Tight load areas

Lift bucket before curling when first entering pile
Keep frame straight when digging
Keep lift arms as low as possible when tramming
Keep time in face below 12 seconds
Never operate worn GET or bare bucket edge
Maintain proper bucket kick-out settings
Control tire slippage
Keep spillage to a minimum
Keep floor clean and smooth
Keep tight "V" loading pattern
Clean floor while approaching face when necessary with
minimum floor contact
Minimize truck exchange time
149
Management Strategies for LHDs
Loading:
Better bucket fill factors through:
Operator controls dumping impact into body (dump easy)

Place material vs. dumping material in body
Different loading tools have different affects on truck body
Pad body floor with smaller material before placing in
oversize material
DO NOT contact truck side rails
DO NOT push material in body
Improved material fragmentation

Correct bucket selection, GET selection and maintenance
Correct bench heights
Correct loader orientation to face
Faster loader cycle times through:

Correct orientation to face
Correct truck placement
Improved material condition
Improved floor condition
underground mining trucks
153
Caterpillar 10/10/20 Load Management Policy

The mean (average) of the pay
load distribution shall not
exceed the target payload
No more than 10% of payloads
may exceed 1.1 times the
truck target payload
No single payload shall
ever exceed 1.2 times the
target payload
No more than 10% of loads
above 1.10
No loads above 1.20
The average payload shall not
exceed the target
90% of loads should fall into this range

No more than 10% of loads should
exceed 110% of the target payload
No loads should be above 120% of
the target payload
80
90 %
85
90
95
100
105
% of Target Payload
SAFETY
Durability
Productivity
Number of Loads
10%
110
115

Safety issues
Body wear patterns
Tire wear / rock spillage
Proper spotting
120
155

Load Placement on Trucks
Correct Loading
Correct Loading
Incorrect Loading
Incorrect Loading
Load placement:
Loader operator spots truck

Insure truck doesnt have to turn around once loaded
Position truck away from overhead services
Position for fastest cycle times
Wheel loaders tight "V pattern"
Keep rear tires away from rocks and toe
Minimize wait time
Lateral (centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow)

Longitudinal (centered on center line of body)
Enough freeboard to minimize spillage from sides through corners
and from rear of body on grades
Target 33% / 66% payload split on front / rear axles
Establish a load placement pattern, first bucket back, then front,
then center
underground Applications
Modern Trackless Underground Mine
underground applications
159
cut and fill stope mining
Long Hole Stoping
161
block caving
Room and Pillar Mining
163
truck exchange

Truck exchange time:
Elapsed time from when loaded truck receives last loading pass
until next truck receives first loading pass
Exchange time:
Good 42 seconds or less
Acceptable 54 seconds
Unacceptable over 1 minute
165
Motor Graders
Motor Graders
Blade angle:
Grade in 1st gear

Determine drainage pattern prior to grading
Obtain road bed material sufficient to slope road
Always keep edges sharp for better penetration
Change edges prior to moldboard damage
Always lock differential when grading or ripping
Always perform articulated turns with wheel lean to reduce
turning radius
Use widest pass width possible

Increase blade angle if material flows around leading edge
Use 10 blade angle for Grader Bit System or serrated edge
167
MOTOR GRADERS
Proper blade tip angle:
Moldboard top should be
50mm (2 in.) ahead of cutting
edge on 120M-14M Motor
Graders
Constant tip angle minimizes
cutting edge wear
Proper blade angle:
Use widest possible pass
width
Reduce pass width (increase
angle) if material flows around
leading edge (toe)
Use maximum 10 blade angle
if using Graderbit system or
serrated edge
Maintain contact with road
surface across the full width
of the cutting edge
Haul Road Considerations
Cut
Normal
Three key factors in haul road design:

Material quality
Design
Maintenance
Carry
Keep Grade Smooth and Constant
169
safety berms (windrows)
Horizontal and General Vertical Alignment
Design corners and crests for

clear visibility at operating speeds
Design for worst case scenarios
Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height

Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump
Safety berm along all haul road edges
Check your local mining regulation
Smooth, constant grades:

Grades less than 10% are
recommended for maximum
tire life
Consistent grades should be
maintained
Minimizes transmission shifts
Maintains higher average speed
Allow more constant braking
effort on returns
Rolling Resistance
171
HAUL ROAD ECONOMICS
Performance vs Rolling Resistance

10,000 ft. Flat Haul
Fuel Cost
1.2% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road

2.5% for a well-maintained road with little flexing
10%
160%
0%
Fuel Cost
140%
-10%
120%
100%
-20%
80%
-30%
60%
Production
Tire Penetration
For off-highway trucks running radial-ply tires, assume a

minimum rolling resistance of:
Production
180%
-40%
40%
-50%
20%
0%
-60%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
Rolling Resistance
In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in

up to a 10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in
production costs.
173
Soft and Wet Areas
HAUL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Begin at face; end at dump

Truck travels at a reasonable and constant speed
Where trucks slow down evaluate the cause and repair
Remove and repair wet / soft spots
Ride in jump seat, if it is rough the road is too rough
Remove soft and wet spots completely and refill and compact
with good dry material
Without a good repair, these spots will continually deteriorate
Visual Inspections While Driving the Haul Road

Loading Zone
Smooth floors
Adequate water drainage
No debris spillage from trucks
No tight, high-speed turns as
trucks return to loading area
Loading zones that are too
tight, rough or congested
Trucks leave under full,
continuous acceleration
Haul Roads
Well maintained, smooth road
Sufficient drainage
Smooth, constant grades
Adequate passing room
Adequate corner radius
Expected haul road speeds are achieved
No debris on roads
No potholes, ruts, gullies
No rubber on tight or rocky turns
No high braking forces required on curves
Use reference signs where necessary
175
Dump Zone
Smooth floor to maintain speed
Braking in straight line before
turning and stopping to reverse
and dump
Stable dumping capability
Back height is adequate for
body
Trucks brake in straight line,
then turn and stop to reverse
to dump
Safety berms and ore pass stop
blocks are regulation height
Trucks dump the load
without delays
177
General Management Strategies: LHDs
General Management Strategies:

Underground Mining Trucks
Model the effects on total productivity through changes to:
Higher fill factors improve productivity and reduce cost per ton
Achieve higher fill factors through:
Better fragmentation
Correct bucket selection
Correct GET selection and maintenance
Correct bench heights
Correct operating techniques for maximum production
Faster cycle times improve productivity and reduce cost per ton
Achieve faster cycle times through:
Improved floor conditions
Proper tram distance to and from truck
Higher truck road speeds improve productivity and reduce

cost per ton
Achieve faster speeds through:
Smooth roads - load to dump
Reduced rolling resistance
Better road design
Better payload control
MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Strategies
management review
181

Haul Roads
Loading Zone
Smooth floors
Adequate water drainage
No debris spillage from trucks
No tight, high-speed turns as trucks return to loading area
Loading zones that are too tight, rough or congested
Location of 2nd gear reweigh
Trucks leave under full, continuous acceleration
Well maintained, smooth road

Sufficient drainage
Smooth, constant grades
Adequate passing room
Adequate corner radius
Expected haul road speeds
are achieved
No debris on roads
No potholes, ruts, gullies
No rubber on tight or
rocky turns
No high braking forces
required on curves
Dump Zone
Smooth floor to maintain speed
Entering parallel to edge
Braking in straight line before turning and stopping to
reverse and dump
Safety berms at regulated height along entire edge
Stable dumping capability
No debris in area
Strategies
management review
Management Strategies to Reduce Costs
Management Strategies for Wheel Loaders
Reducing your cost through proper operating procedures:
Better bucket fill factors through:
To minimize cost, first look at the big picture, then use a common
sense approach
Select proper type of equipment
Properly equip for the specific job
Properly match buckets and bodies
Stress teamwork and communication
Properly set-up load area
Improved material fragmentation

Correct bucket selection, GET selection and maintenance
Correct face heights
183
Faster loader cycle times through:

Improved floor condition
Strategies
185
management review
Management Strategies for Trucks
Management Strategies for Trucks
Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:
Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:
Smoother roads (including loading and dump zones)

VIMS System
Truck Payload Measurement (TPM)
Application Severity Analysis (ASA)
Road Analysis Control (RAC)
Minimize rolling resistance
Better haul road designs
Reduce switchbacks
Remove cross-overs that require stop signs
Constant grades that minimize transmission gear shifting
Better payload control to ensure highest possible gear on grade

Use VIMS System and VIMS Supervisor
Truck Payload Management System (TPMS)
Strategies
management review
187
Management Strategies to reduce cost
Average road speeds

Higher on-grade speeds
Reduced rolling resistance
Reduced corner severity
Removal of speed limits
Improved bucket fill factors and truck/loader match
Reduced truck exchange and waiting times
Reduced fuel consumption
Improved component life and machine/fleet availability
Improved tire life/reduced tire costs
Replace components when they reach 100% wear

Helps penetration thereby increasing bucket fill factor
Better penetration reduces fuel consumption and tire slip
Use worn GET wear patterns as a condition monitoring tool to
manage operating techniques
Use the best option for the application to maximize production
Protect, but dont over protect
Increases bucket / implement weight
Decreases payload
Affects GET component life
Reduces penetration and productivity
Better penetration reduces fuel consumption
Adversely affect operating techniques
Strategies
Reference information
Performance Handbook 39
Specifications
191
MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
MODEL
Operating Weight
Flywheel Power
Engine Model
Blade Capacity
SU
U
CD
Blade Width
SU
U
CD
(included end bits)
Track On Ground
Height To Top
of Canopy (ROPS)
Overall Length
SU-Blade & Single
Shank Ripper
D9T
D10T
D11T
D11T CD
105,600 lb
47900 kg
146,500 lb
66 451 kg
230,100 lb
104 600 kg
248,600 lb
113 000 kg
410 hp
306 kW
580 hp
433 kW
850 hp
634 kW
850 hp
634 kW
C18 ACERT
C27 ACERT
C32 ACERT
C32 ACERT
17.7 yd3 (13.5 m3)

21.4 yd3 (16.4 m3)
24.2 yd3 (18.5 m3)

28.7 yd3 (22 m3)
35.5 yd3 (27.2 m3)

45.0 yd3 (34.4 m3)
57 yd3 (43.6 m3)
14'2" ft/in (4.31 m)

15'3" ft/in (4.65 m)
15'11" ft/in (4.86 m)

17'3" ft/in (5.26 m)
18'4" ft/in (5.60 m)

20'10" ft/in (6.36 m)
22'0" ft/in (6.71 m)
11'5" ft/in
3.47 m
12'9" ft/in
3.89 m
14'7" ft/in
4.44 m
14'7" ft/in
4.44 m
13'1" ft/in
4.00 m
14'0" ft/in
4.26 m
15'1" ft/in
4.60 m
15'1" ft/in
4.60 m
1611" ft/in
4.91 m
30'1" ft/in
9.16 m
34'9" ft/in
10.59 m
35'1" ft/in
10.70 m
Performance Handbook 39 Specifications
193
WHEEL LOADERS
MODEL
Operating Weight
Engine
Flywheel Power
Rated Payload
Dump Height
Dump Reach
Bucket Size
Breakout Force
Full Turn Tip Load
992K
993K
993K HL
994F
994F HL
994F SHL
214,000 lb
97 069 kg
294,800 lb
133 637 kg
296,800 lb
134 603 kg
427,300 lb
193 820 kg
430,900 lb
193 782 kg
467,100 lb
207068 kg
C32 ACERT
C32 ACERT
C32 ACERT
3516B
3516B
3516B
801 hp
597 kW
945 hp
705 kW
950 hp
708 kW
1463 hp
1092 kW
1463 hp
1092 kW
1463 hp
1092 kW
25 T
22.7 t
25 T
22.7 t
38 T
35 t
35 T
32 t
35 T
32 t
15.1 ft/in
4623 mm
15'3" ft/in
4654 mm
17'11" ft/in
5465 mm
18'3" ft/in
5563 mm
19'0" ft/in
5931 mm
24'0" ft/in
7315 mm
76 ft/in
2311 mm
8'2" ft/in
2503 mm
8'4" ft/in
2616 mm
7'4" ft/in
2261 mm
8'11" ft/in
2643 mm
9'6" ft/in
2926 mm
14.0 - 16.0 yd3 16.0 - 19.0 yd3 17 yd3

10.7 - 12.2 m3 12.2 - 14.5 m3 13 m3
19.5 - 24.5 yd3

15.0 - 18.7 m3
19.5 - 41 yd3
15 - 31 m3
41- 47 yd3
31- 36 m3
130,390 lb
580 kN
159,562 lb
709 kN
159,416 lb
708.5 kN
222,553 lb
990 kN
203,968 lb
1015 kN
156,562 lb
696 kN
113,159 lb
51 328 kg
158,026 lb
71 667 kg
131,417 lb
59 599 kg
243,760 lb
110 568 kg
203,968 lb
92 518 kg
152,014 lb
68 952 kg
Mining safely.
Mining more. Mining right.
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
195
WHEEL DOZERS
MODEL
Operating Weight
Engine
Flywheel Power
Blade Capacity
SU
C
S
Blade Width
SU
C
S
Transmission Gears
Top Speed
Forward
Height To Top
of (ROPS)
Overall Length
(with Dozer)
Over Width
834H
844H
854K
103,849 lb
47 106 kg
156,120 lb
70 815 kg
216,273 lb
99 100 kg
C18 ACERT
C27
C32 ACERT
498 hp
372 kW
627 hp
468 kW
801 hp
597 kW
3.30 yd3 (25.0m3)
58.0 yd3 (45.0m3)
20"7 ft/in (6.32 m)

23"6 ft/in (7.2 m)
4F/3R
3F/3R
3F/3R
23.9 mph (38.5 km/h)
13.0 mph (21.5 km/h)
21.2 km/h (13.2 mph)
13'5" ft/in
4.09 m
16'6" ft/in
5.023 m
18'3" ft/in
5590 mm
34'2" ft/in
10.42 m
35'9" ft/in
10.94 m
44'0" ft/in
13405 mm
11'5" ft/in
3.47 m
14'4" ft/in
4.37 m
11'8" ft/in
3556 mm

MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
197
LARGE MINING TRUCKS

MODEL
777F
785D
789C
793D
Standard (MA1)
793D Additional
Retarding (MA2)
Dual Slope Lined
Dual Slope
Dual Slope
MSD II
MSD II
360,000 lb
163 293 kg
550,000 lb
249 433 kg
700,000 lb
317 460 kg
846,000 lb
383 673 kg
846,000 lb
383 673 kg
Maximum Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE)
199,115 lb
90 316 kg
78.8 yd3
60.2 m3
146.6 tons
133 m tons
102 yd3
78 m3
198 tons
180 m tons
137 yd3
105 m3
252 tons
228 m tons
195 yd3
140 m3
250 tons
227 m tons
195 yd3
140 m3
Engine
C32 ACERT
3512C HD-EUI
3516B EUI
3516B HD EUI
3516B HD EUI
No. Cylinders
12
12
16
16
16
Gross Power
1,016 hp
758 kW
1,450 hp
1 082 kW
1,900 hp
1 417 kW
2,415 hp
1 801 kW
2,415 hp
1 801 kW
Tires
27.00R49 (E4)
33.00R51
37.00R57
40.00R57
40.00R57
Top Speed (Loaded)
40.1 mph
64.5 km/h
33.6 mph
54.1 km/h
32.7 mph
52.6 km/h
33.7 mph
54.2 km/h
33.7 mph
54.2 km/h
Loading Height
14'7" ft/in (empty)

4.43 m (empty)
16'4" ft/in
4.97 m
17'1" ft/in
5.21 m
19'4" ft/in
5.87 m
19'4" ft/in
5.87 m
Overall Length
34'6" ft/in (operating)

10.53 m (operating)
37'10" ft/in (base body)

11.31 m (base body)

11.63 m (base body)

13.05 m (base body)

13.01 m (base body)
Overall Width
21'4" ft/in
6.49 m
21'10" ft/in
6.64 m
25'2" ft/in
7.67 m
27'2" ft/in
8.28 m
27'2" ft/in
8.28 m
Body Type
Gross Machine
Operating Weight*
Target Payload*
*Reference Caterpillars 10/10/20 Payload Policy Revision #4 for

information on gross machine operating weight and target payload.
Mining safely.
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
199
LARGE MINING TRUCKS

MODEL
Body Type
Gross Machine
Operating Weight*
Target Payload*
Maximum Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE)
Engine
No. Cylinders
Gross Power
Tires
Top Speed (Loaded)
Loading Height
Overall Length
(Base Body)
Overall Width
(Operating)
793D Extra
Top Speed (MA3)
793D Extra Life

Wheel Stations (MA4)
793D
High Altitude (MA5)
797B
MSD II
MSD II
MSD II
MSD II
846,000 lb
383 673 kg
846,000 lb
383 673 kg
846,000 lb
383 673 kg
1,375,000 lb
623 583 kg
250 tons
227 m tons
250 tons
227 m tons
250 tons
226 m tons
394 tons
354 m tons
195 yd3
140 m3
195 yd3
140 m3
195 yd3
140 m3
290 yd3
220 m3
3516B HD EUI
3516B HD EUI
3516B HD EUI
3524B EUI
16
16
16
24
2,415 hp
1801 kW
2,415 hp
1801 kW
2,415 hp
1801 kW
3,550 hp
2648 kW
40.00R57
40.00R57
40.00R57
59/80R63
37.3 mph
60 km/h
33.7 mph
54.2 km/h
33.7 mph
54.2 km/h
42 mph
67.6 km/h
19'4" ft/in
5.87 m
19'4" ft/in
5.87 m
19'4" ft/in
5.87 m
23'6" ft/in
7.15 m
42'9" ft/in
13.01 m
42'9" ft/in
13.01 m
42'9" ft/in
13.01 m
47'3" ft/in
14.4 m
27'2" ft/in
8.28 m
27'2" ft/in
8.28 m
27'2" ft/in
8.28 m
31'9" ft/in
9.66 m
*Reference Caterpillars 10/10/20 Payload Policy Revision #4 for

information on gross machine operating weight and target payload.
Mining safely.
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
MODEL
Operating Weight (Empty)*
Gross Machine Weight
Target Payload
Maximum Capacity**
Heaped (2:1) (SAE)
Engine
No. Cylinders
Gross Power SAE J1995
Tires
Circular Clearance Dia.
Top Speed (Loaded)
Height To Top of Cab
Wheelbase
(Front-Center of Bogie)
Overall Length
Loading Height (Empty)
Height @ Full Dump
Width (Operating)
Front Tire Tread
201
ARTICULATED DUMP TRUCKS

735
740
740 Ejector
69,206 lb (31 391 kg)
72,973 lb (33 100 kg)
78,507 lb (35 610 kg)
141,297 lb (64 091 kg)
160,055 lb (72 600 kg)
162,282 lb (73 610 kg)
36 Tons (32.7 tonnes)
42 Tons (38 tonnes)
42 Tons (38 tonnes)
25.8 yd (19.7 m )
31.4 yd (24 m )
30.2 yd3 (23.1 m3)
ACERT C15
ACERT C15
ACERT C15
435 hp (324 kW)
469 hp (350 kW)
469 hp (350 kW)
26.5R25 Radials
29.5R25 Radials
29.5R25 Radials
56'5" ft/in (17.2 m)
56'5" ft/in (17.2 m)
59'6" ft/in (18.2 m)
31.9 mph (51.3 km/h)
34 mph (54.7 km/h)
34 mph (54.7 km/h)
12'1" ft/in (3.7 m)
12'3" ft/in (3.75 m)
12'3" ft/in (3.75 m)
17'2" ft/in (5.23 m)
17'2" ft/in (5.23 m)
18'3" ft/in (5.58 m)
35'7" ft/in (10.89 m)
35'7" ft/in (10.89 m)
38'0" ft/in (11.59 m)
9'10" ft/in (2.98 m)
10'6" ft/in (3.2 m)
10'1" ft/in (3.07 m)
22'4" ft/in (6.81 m)
23'4" ft/in (7.1 m)
12'6" ft/in (3.82 m)
12'6" ft/in (3.82 m)
12'6" ft/in (3.82 m)
8'8" ft/in (2.69 m)
8'8" ft/in (2.69 m)
8'8" ft/in (2.69 m)

* Includes coolant, lubricant and a full fuel tank.
** Rating dependent on optional equipment. Maximum gross weight

(empty weight plus payload) should not be exceeded.
Mining safely.
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
MODEL
Operating Weight (Empty)*
Flywheel Power
Base: Gears 1 - 8
VHP: Gears 4 - 8
Engine Model
No. Cylinders
Blade Length
Minimum Turn Radius**
Full Articulation &
Front Wheel Steer
Top Speed
Forward
Reverse
Height To Top of ROPS
Overall Length
Overall Width
At Top of Front Tires
203
MOTOR GRADERS
14M
16M
24M
47,133 lb
21 379 kg
57,452 lb
26 060 kg
137,692 lb
62 456 kg
259 hp (193 kW)

274 hp (204 kW)
297 hp (221 kW)

312 hp (233 kW)
533 hp (397 kW)
C11
C13 ACERT VHP
C18 ACERT
14'0" ft/in
4287 mm
16'0" ft/in
4877 mm
24'0" ft/in
7315 mm
25'11" ft/in
7.9 m
29'3" ft/in
8.9 m
40'9" ft/in
12.4 m
31.0 mph (49.8 km/h)

24.5 mph (39.4 km/h)
33.5 mph (53.9 km/h)

26.5 mph (42.6 km/h)
26.7 mph (43.0 km/h)

25.6 mph (41.2 km/h)
139.2"
3535 mm
145.8"
3703 mm
171.3"
4352 m
370.6"
9412 mm
392.2"
9963 mm
558.8"
14 194 mm
109.9"
2791 mm
121.9"
3096 mm
168.5"
4280 mm
* Operating weight based on standard machine configuration with

full fuel tank, coolant, lubricants and operator. 24H includes ripper.
** Minimum turning radius Combining the use of articulated frame steering,

front wheel steer and unlocked differential.
Mining safely.
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
205
WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS

MODEL
Approx. Operating
Weight Empty
Flywheel Power
Tractor
Scraper
Engine Model
Tractor
Scraper
Capacity
Struck
Heaped
Rated Load
Top Speed (Loaded)
Width of Cut
Height To Top
of Scraper
Overall Length
Overall Width
627G
631G
637G
657G
86,957 lb
37 922 kg
105,002 lb
47 628 kg
114,559 lb
51 963 kg
150,760 lb
68 384 kg
330/365 hp
(246kW/272kW)
239/266 hp
(178 kW/198 kW)
462/500 hp
(345kW/373kW)
462/500 hp
(345kW/373kW)
266/283 hp
(198 kW/211 kW)
564/600 hp
(421kW/447 kW)
410/451 hp
(306kW/337 kW)
C15 ACERT
C9 ACERT
C18 ACERT
C18 ACERT
C9 ACERT
C18 ACERT
C15 ACERT
15.7 yd3 (12 m3)

22 yd3 (17 m3)
24 yd3 (18.3 m3)

34 yd3 (26 m3)
24 yd3 (18.3 m3)

34 yd3 (26 m3)
32 yd3 (24.5 m3)

44 yd3 (33.6 m3)
52,800 lb
23 950 kg
81,600 kg
37 013 kg
81,600 lb
37 013 kg
104,000 lb
47 174 kg
32 mph
51 km/h
33 mph
53 km/h
33 mph
53 km/h
33 mph
53 km/h
9'11" ft/in
3.02 m
11'6" ft/in
3.51 m
11'6" ft/in
3.51 m
12'8" ft/in
3.85 m
12'6" ft/in
3.81 m
139 ft/in
4.18 m
13'9" ft/in
4.18 m
15'2" ft/in
4.62 m
42'3" ft/in
12.88 m
48'3" ft/in
14.71m
48'3" ft/in
14.71 m
53'1" ft/in
16.2 m
11'9 ft/in
3.58 m
12'11 ft/in
3.94 m
12'11" ft/in
3.94 m
14'4" ft/in
4.35 m
Mining safely.
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
MODEL
Engine Power
Engine
Empty Weight
Loaded Weight
Capacity M3
Heaped (2:1) (SAE)
SAE Body Capacity
Dump (D)
Ejector (E)
Loading Height
Overall Length
Overall Width
207
UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS

AD30
AD45B
AD55B
408 hp
304 kW
587 hp
438 kW
776/805 hp
597/600 kw
C15 ACERT ATAAC
C18 D1 ATAAC
C27 ACERT
66,140 lb
30 000 kg
89,303 lb
40 500 kg
110,231 lb
50 000 kg
132,280 lb
60 000 kg
188,528 lb
85 500 kg
231,485 lb
105 000 kg
18.8 yd3
14.4 m3
27.9 yd3
21.3 m3
35.2 yd3
26.9 m3
14.8 yd3 (11.3 m3) (D)

18.8 yd3 (14.4 m3) (D)
22.9 yd3 (17.5 m3) (D)
27.9 yd3 (21.3 m3) (D)

32.8 yd3 (25.1 m3) (D)
35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (D)
19.9 yd3 (15.2 m3) (E)
30.0 yd3 (22.9 m3) (E)
35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (E)
7'10" ft/in
2 385 mm
9'7" ft/in
2 925 mm
10'0" ft/in
3 045 mm
33'4" ft/in
10 153 mm
36'6" ft/in
11 194 mm
39'8" ft/in
12 064 mm
8'10" ft/in
2 690 mm
9'10" ft/in
3 000 mm
11'0" ft/in
3 346 mm
* 1400kg (308701b) tramming only, 12, 500kg,

NOTE: R1700G and R2900G XTRA: For Load, Haul, Carry Only
@rated load. Not truck loading @ rated load.
MODEL
Operating Weight
Engine Power
Engine
Rated Payload
Overall Length
Width Bucket Standard
Bucket Size
Breakout Force SAE
Static Tipping Load
209
UNDERGROUND MINING LOADERS

R1300G
R1600G
R1700G
R2900G
R2900G Xtra
46,021 lb
20 875 kg
65,698 lb
29 800 kg
84,880 lb
38 500 kg
110,692 lb
50 209 kg
122,522 lb
55 757 kg
165 hp
123 kW
270 hp
201 kW
323/353 hp
241/263 kW
430/447 hp
321/333 kW
430/447 hp
321/333 kW
3306 DITA
3176C EUI ATAAC
C11 ACERT ATAAC
C15 ACERT ATAAC
C15 ACERT ATAAC
14,991 lb
6800 kg
22,487 lb
10 200 kg
30,865 lb*
14 000 kg*
37,920 lb
17 200 kg
44,092 lb
20 000 kg
28'7" ft/in
8714 mm
31'10" ft/in
9710 mm
34'9" ft/in
10 600 mm
35'11" ft/in
10 949 mm
37'10" ft/in
11 083 mm
7'6" ft/in
2318 mm
8'11" ft/in
2723 mm
9'6" ft/in
2894 mm
10'5" ft/in
3176 mm
11'5" ft/in
3472 mm
3.1 - 4.4 yd3

2.4 - 3.4 m3
5.5 - 7.7 yd3

4.2 - 5.9 m3
6.0 - 11.4 yd3

4.6 - 8.8 m3
9.4 - 11.6 yd3

7.2 - 8.9 m3
11.6 - 15.2 yd3

8.9 - 11.6 m3
27,518 lb
12 480 kg
42,505 lb
19 280 kg
44,321 lb
20 100 kg
60,298 lb
27 346 kg
60,298 lb
27 346 kg
44,866 lb
20 351 kg
61,950 lb
28 100 kg
78,119 lb
35 434 kg
39,923 lb
88 015 kg
123,911 lb
56 205 kg
charts.qxp
2/16/09
10:00 AM
Page 21
MOTOR GRADERS Bias Ply*

Model
Tire Size
Ply Rating
120M
13.00-24
14.00-24
17.5-25
14.00-24
17.5-25
14.00-24
17.5-25
14.00-24
17.5-25
16.00-24
20.5-25
23.5-25
29.5-29
12
12, 16
12, 16
12, 16
12, 16
12, 16
12, 16
12, 16
16
16
16, 20
16, 20
28
12M
140M
160M
14M
16M
24M
MOTOR GRADERS Radial Ply

Model
120M
12M
140M
160M
14M
16M
24M
Tire Size
13.00R24
14.00R24
17.5R25
13.00R24
14.00R24
17.5R25
14.00R24
17.5R25
14.00R24
17.5R25
16.00R24
20.5R25
23.5R25
29.5R29
Strength
Rating
,
,
211
reference information
kPa
172
172
172
172
172
172
200
200
172
172
172
GOODYEAR
BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
psi
25
25
25
25
25
25
29
29
25
25
25
kPa
248
228
276
248
303
276
303
352
324
303
276
psi
36
33
40
36
44
40
44
51
47
44
40
kPa
241
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
172
241
207
241
psi
35
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
25
35
30
35
kPa
345
276
241
276
241
276
276
276
276
310
379
241
310
psi
50
40
35
40
35
40
40
40
40
45
55
35
45
MICHELIN
GOODYEAR
BRIDGESTONE
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
248
241
207
207
207
207
241
207
241
207
207
207
207
345
36
35
30
30
30
30
35
30
35
30
30
30
30
50
345
345
276
310
310
241
345
207
345
276
345
276
241
379
50
50
40
45
45
35
50
30
50
40
50
40
35
55
248
200
303
228
200
248
200
248
228
248
200
172
324
36
29
44
33
29
36
29
36
33
36
29
25
47
303
248
400
324
276
352
276
372
303
372
303
303
372
44
36
58
47
40
51
40
54
44
54
44
44
54
241
207
241
207
241
207
241
207
241
207
207
310
35
30
35
30
35
30
35
30
35
30
30
45
310
241
310
276
345
276
345
310
379
310
310
379
45
35
45
40
50
40
50
45
55
45
45
55
*Standard tire and ply rating. Refer to Tire Load Worksheet to determine proper ply rating.

WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS Bias Ply
Model
623G
627G
631G
637G
657G
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Ply Rating
611
613G
29.5-25
23.5-25
28
16, 20
303
324
44
47
psi
kPa
248
324
36
47
345
50
psi
kPa
345
50
621G
29.5-29
33.25-29
34
26, 32
427
400
62
58
427
276
62
40
379
55
379
55
623G
33.25-29
26, 32
400
58
372
54
379
55
379
55
627G
33.25-29
26, 32
400
58
400
58
379
55
379
55
631G
637G
37.25-35
37.25-35
36, 42
36, 42
427
448
62
65
372
427
54
62
448
448
65
65
448
448
65
65
Model
613G
621G
GOODYEAR
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Tire Size
WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS Radial Ply
611
213
Tire Size
26.5R25
29.5R25
23.5R25
29.5R29
33.25R29
29.5R29
33.25R29
29.5R29
33.25R29
37.25R35
37.25R35
40.5/75RR39
Strength
Rating
,
,
,
kPa
psi
kPa
MICHELIN
GOODYEAR
BRIDGESTONE
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
414
348
310
448
379
379
379
517
517
586
60
50
45
65
55
55
55
75
75
85
414
348
310
379
310
379
379
414
517
517
60
50
45
55
45
55
55
60
75
75
503
372
372
572
448
448
448
476
524
600
73
54
54
83
65
65
65
69
76
87
503
324
372
572
351
427
448
427
476
600
73
47
54
83
51
62
65
62
69
87
379
379
517
448
517
448
517
448
552
552
620
55
55
75
65
75
65
75
65
80
80
90
379
379
517
448
517
448
517
448
552
552
620
55
55
75
65
75
65
75
65
80
80
90

ARTICULATED TRUCKS Radial Ply
MICHELIN
Inflation Pressure
Strength
725
730
730 EJ
735
740
740EJ
23.5R25
750/65R25
23.5R25
750/65R25
750/65R25
26.5R25
850/65R25
29.5R25
850/65R25
29.5R25
Model
725
730
730 EJ
735
740
740EJ
Tire Size
23.5R25
750/65R25
23.5R25
750/65R25
750/65R25
26.5R25
850/65R25
29.5R25
850/65R25
29.5R25
GOODYEAR
Inflation Pressure
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
345
276
414
310
414
345
414
414
345
50
40
60
45
60
50
60
60
50
379
310
448
345
414
345
414
414
414
55
45
65
50
60
50
60
60
60
379
310
448
345
414
345
414
414
414
55
45
65
50
60
50
60
60
60
372`
372
303
276
448
372
324
54
54
44
40
65
54
47
372
448
352
400
400
372
448
54
65
51
58
58
54
65
372
448
352
400
400
372
427
54
65
51
58
58
54
62
ARTICULATED TRUCKS Radial Ply

Strength
Rating
215
BRIDGESTONE
Inflation Pressure
Center
Front
Rear
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
379
310
414
345
310
483
448
379
55
45
60
50
45
70
65
55
379
310
483
379
414
448
414
483
55
45
70
55
60
65
60
70
379
310
483
379
414
448
414
483
55
45
70
55
60
65
60
70

MINING TRUCKS & TRACTORS Radial Ply MICHELIN
Model
Tire Size
770
772
773F
775F
777F
784C
785C
789C
793F
18.00R33
21.00R33
24.00R35
24.00R35
27.00R49
797F
33.00R51
37.00R57
40.00R57
46/90R57
59/80R63
Strength
Rating
,
217
GOODYEAR
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
BRIDGESTONE
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
752
703
703
703
703
109
102
102
102
102
752
703
703
703
703
109
102
102
102
102
800
703
676
703
724
116
102
98
102
105
800
703
600
703
724
116
102
87
102
105
800
689
689
689
689
116
100
100
100
100
800
689
689
689
689
116
100
100
100
100
Consult Michelin
Consult Michelin
703
655
724
703
703
655
724
703
102
95
105
102
102
95
105
102
Consult Goodyear
800
752
772
116
109
112
Consult Goodyear
Consult Bridgestone Consult Bridgestone
800
752
724
724
724
724
689
116
109
105
105
105
105
100
724
724
724
689
105
105
105
100

WHEEL LOADERS Bias and Bias Belted
Model
904B
906
908
914G
924H
924Hz
928Hz
930H
938H
950H
962H
966H
972H
980H
988H
990H
992K
993K
994F
Tire Size
12.5-18
12.5-20
14.5-20
15.5-25
17.5-25
17.5-25
20.5-25
17.5-25
20.5-25
23.1-26
17.5-25
20.5-25
23.1-26
20.5-25
23.5-25
23.5-25
26.5-25
26.5-25
29.5-25
35/65-33
41.25/70-39
45/65-45
50/65-51
49.5/85-87
50/80-57
52/80-57
53.5/85-57
58/85-57
219
Ply Rating
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
12
12
14
16, 20
16, 20
16, 20
20, 26
20, 26
22, 28
42
42
58
62
76
68
68
76
84
GOODYEAR
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
241
241
276
276
241
310
241
345
241
345
241
400
372
427
448
476
427
627
552
655
600
35
35
40
40
35
45
35
50
35
50
35
58
54
62
65
69
62
91
80
95
87
172
172
241
172
172
228
172
241
172
241
172
276
276
276
276
303
276
427
352
503
400
25
25
35
25
25
33
25
35
25
35
25
40
40
40
40
44
40
62
51
73
58
241
241
276
276
241
310
241
345
241
241
345
241
241
310
345
379
414
448
586
655
586
724
724
724
724
724
724
35
35
40
40
35
45
35
50
35
35
50
35
35
45
50
55
60
65
85
95
85
105
105
105
105
105
105
172
172
241
172
172
241
172
241
172
172
241
172
172
207
207
241
276
276
379
414
414
483
483
483
483
483
483
25
25
35
25
25
35
25
35
25
25
35
25
25
30
30
35
40
40
55
60
60
70
70
70
70
70
70
charts.qxp
2/16/09
10:00 AM
Page 31
WHEEL LOADERS Radial Ply

Model
Size
904B
906
908
914G
924H
924Hz
928Hz
930H
938H
950H
962H
966H
972H
980H
988H
990H
992K
993K
994F
Tire Size
335/80R18 XM27
335/80R18 SPT9
365/80R20 SPT9
375/75R20 MX27
405/70R20 SPT9
425/75R20 XM27
405/70R20 SPT9
15.5R25
17.5R25
17.5R25
20.5R25
550/65R25
17.5R25
20.5R25
600/65R25
17.5R25
20.5R25
600/65R25
20.5R25
550/65R25
650/65R25
23.5R25
650/65R25
750/65R25
23.5R25
650/65R25
26.5R25
750/65R25
26.5R25
750/65R25
29.5R25
35/65R33
45/65R39
45/65R45
50/65R51
55/80R57
55.5/80R57
60/80R57
Strength
Index
,
,
,
,
,
,
221
MICHELIN
DUNLAP
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
303
276
276
310
276
276
241
276
379
310
310
379
310
310
345
345
310
276
276
276
276
276
345
345
379
379
483
586
586
552
552
703
703
44
40
40
45
40
40
35
40
55
45
45
55
45
45
50
50
45
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
55
55
70
85
85
80
80
102
102
221
193
193
172
172
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
241
207
207
207
207
207
207
241
241
241
241
276
414
414
276
455
600
600
32
28
28
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
40
60
60
40
66
87
87
276
276
241
276
40
40
35
40
172
172
172
207
GOODYEAR
psi
25
25
25
30
BRIDGESTONE
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
Inflation Pressure
Front
Rear
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
448
476
476
448
476
503
627
552
655
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
65
69
69
65
69
73
91
80
95
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
303
303
303
303
303
303
427
352
503
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
62
51
73
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
310
276
345
310
379
414
448
586
655
620
724
724
724
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
45
40
50
45
55
60
65
85
95
90
105
105
105
276
276
310
276
310
310
310
310
207
172
207
172
241
276
276
379
414
483
483
483
483
40
40
45
40
45
45
45
45
30
25
30
25
35
40
40
55
60
70
70
70
70

UNDERGROUND MINING Bias & Bias Belted
Model
223
Wheel
Size
Tire
Size
BRIDGESTONE
Inflation Pressure
Front*
Rear*
Ply Rating
kPa
psi
kPa
psi
R1300
R1600
R1700G &
R1700G SUPA14
R2900 &
R2900 SUPA 20
14.0 x 25
13.0 x 25
22.0 x 25
17.5 x 25
18.0 x 25
26.5 x 25
20
28
32
680
680
580
100
100
85
580
414
414
85
60
60
25.0 x 25
29.5 x 29
34
640
94
414
60
ARTICULATED
TRUCKS
AD45
AD55
AE40 Series II
25.0 x 29
28.0 x 33
29.5 x 29
29.5 x 29
35/65R33
29.5 x R29
40
40
640
620
94
90
640
620
94
90
RIGID
TRUCKS
69D Dump
69D Ejector
73D
13.0 x 33
13.0 x 33
15.0 x 35
18.0 x R33
18.0 x R33
21.0 x R35
36
40
42
640
620
700
94
91
102
640
620
700
94
91
102
LOAD - HAUL
DUMP
*For standard loading applications.

NOTE: When tramming cycles exceed 150 m (500 ft) contact tire supplier.
NOTE: The operating inflation pressure is based on the weight of the ready-to-work machine without
attachments, at rated payload and in average operating conditions. The tire pressure for each
application may vary. The tire pressure should always be obtained from your tire dealer.
225
UNDERGROUND MINING Bias & Radial Ply

Model
Wheel
Size
Tire
Size
Ply Rating
Front*
kPa
LOAD - HAUL
DUMP
ARTICULATED
TRUCKS
LOAD - HAUL
DUMP
ARTICULATED
TRUCKS
Inflation Pressure
psi
Rear*
kPa
psi
BRIDGESTONE Bias
R1300G
R1600G
R1700G
R2900G
R2900G Xtra
AD30
AD45B
AD55
R1300G
R1600G
R1700G
R2900G
R2900G Xtra
AD30
AD45B
AD55
14.0 x 25
13.0 x 25
20.0 x 25
25.0 x 29
17.5 x 25
18.0 x 25
26.5 x 25
29.5 x 29
20
28
36
34
22.0 x 25
25.0 x 29
28.0 x 33
26.5R25
29.5R29
35/65R33
MS
MS
MS
14.0 x 25
13.0 x 25
20.0 x 25
25.0 x 29
17.5 x 25
18.0 x 25
26.5 x 25
29.5 x 29
20
28
36
34
22.0 x 25
25.0 x 29
28.0 x 33
26.5R25
29.5R29
35/65R33
MS
MS
MS
*For standard loading applications.

NOTE: When tramming cycles exceed 150 m (500 ft) contact tire supplier.
689
676
621
586
689
689
621
621
648
586
655
648
100
98
90
85
586
414
414
414
BRIDGESTONE Radial
100
100
90
90
94
85
95
94
586
407
414
414
414
621
655
648
85
60
60
60
85
59
60
60
60
90
95
94
NOTE: The operating inflation pressure is based on the weight of the ready-to-work machine without
machine attachments, at rated payload and in average operation conditions.

LIQUID BALLASTING* TABLE 75% Fillage***
BIAS PLY TIRES

Mixing Proportions
Weight
Increase
Per Tire
13.00-24TG
14.00-24TG
15.5-25
16.00-24TG
17.5-25
18.00-25
18.4-34
20.5-25
23.1-26
23.5-25
24.5-32
26.5-25
26.5-29
28L-26
29.5-25
29.5-29
29.5-35
30.5L-32
33.25-35
37.25-35
38-39
35/65-33
40/65-39
41.25/70-39
45/65-45
227
CaCl**
Water
RADIAL PLY TIRES

Mixing Proportions
Weight
Increase
Per Tire
CaCl**
Water
kg
lb
kg
lb
liter
gal
kg
lb
kg
lb
liter
gal
188
215
192
333
262
454
417
405
522
585
703
758
752
709
970
1050
1159
874
1485
1712
1870
1339
2077
1897
2548
414
475
423
735
577
1002
919
892
1151
1291
1549
1671
1658
1563
2139
2315
2556
1928
3275
3775
4123
2953
4580
4183
5617
55
63
56
98
77
134
123
119
154
173
207
224
222
209
286
310
344
258
439
505
552
396
614
561
753
122
140
125
217
170
296
272
263
340
382
458
494
490
462
632
684
758
570
968
1115
1218
873
1353
1236
1659
132
151
136
234
185
322
295
284
367
412
496
533
530
500
685
738
821
617
1048
1211
1317
942
1465
1336
1794
35
40
36
62
49
85
78
75
97
109
131
141
140
132
181
195
217
163
277
320
348
249
387
353
474
185
256
224
355
311
502
448
633
841
928
1073
1190
1286
1592
2128
1430
2194
407
565
493
783
686
1107
987
1396
1853
2045
2368
2623
2835
3508
4692
3152
4836
57
79
69
109
95
154
137
194
258
284
328
365
394
487
653
438
673
125
173
151
240
210
340
303
428
568
627
723
804
869
1074
1439
967
1483
128
179
155
246
216
348
310
439
583
644
745
825
892
1105
1476
992
1522
34
47
41
65
57
92
82
116
154
170
197
218
236
292
390
262
402
*Ballast weight for bias ply tires from Goodyear data, radial ply weights from Michelin data.
Contact your tire supplier for additional information. Under abnormal tire wear conditions,
ballasting of rear tires may be desirable. Ballasting of front tires also should only be done
where extremely rapid tire wear rates are encountered. Excessive weight will reduce
machine performance.
**1.6 kg (3 12 lb) Calcium Chloride per gallon water. Solution weighs 4.6 kg (10.15 lb) per gallon.
***Fillage beyond 75% of tire enclosed volume is not recommended.

With liquid ballasting, inflation pressure must be checked at least once per day.
NOTE: When liquid ballasting telehandler tires, consult Telehandlers Operation and
Maintenance Manual for requirements.Total machine mass including all
attachments in operating condition, all reservoirs at full capacity and ballasted
tires must not exceed certification mass listed on the ROPS certification label.

CONVERSION FACTORS
MULTIPLY METRIC UNIT
kilometer (km)
meter (m)
meter (m)
centimeter (cm)
millimeter (mm)
sq kilometer (km2)
hectare (ha)
sq meter (m2)
sq meter (m2)
sq centimeter (cm2)
cu centimeter (cm3)
cu meter (m3)
liter (L)
liter (L)
km/h
liter (L)
liter (L)
metric ton (t)
metric ton (t)
kilogram (kg)
gram (g or gr)
kilonewton (kN)
newton (N)
cu centimeter (cm3)
kilograms/cu meter
kilograms/cu meter
229
CONVERSION FACTORS
BY
.6214
1.0936
3.28
.0328
.03937
.3861
2.471
10.764
1550
.1550
.061
1.308
61.02
.001308
.621
.2642
.22
.984
1.102
2.205
.0353
225
.225
.0338
1.686
.062
TO OBTAIN ENGLISH UNIT
mile
yard
foot
foot
inch
square mile
acre
square foot
square inch
square inch
cubic inch
cubic yard
cubic inch
cubic yard
mph
U.S. gallon
Imperial gallon
long ton
short ton
pound, avdp.
ounce, avdp.
pound (force)
pound (force)
fluid ounce
pounds/cu yd
pounds/cu ft
kilograms/sq cm (kg/cm2)
kilocalorie (kcal)
kilogram-meter (kgm)
meter-kilogram (mkg)
metric horsepower (CV)
kilowatt (kW)
kilopascal (kPa)
bar
tons/m3
decaliter
mile, statute (m)
yard (yd)
foot (ft)
inch (in)
sq mile (mile2)
acre
sq foot (ft2)
sq inch (in2)
cu yard (yd3)
cu inch (in3)
cu foot (ft3)
cu inch (in3)
cubic yard (yd3)
mph
Ton mph
U.S. gallon (US Gal)
BY
14.225
3.968
7.233
7.233
.9863
1.341
.145
14.5
1692
.283
1.609
.9144
.3048
25.4
2.590
.4047
.0929
.000645
.7645
16.387
.0283
.0164
764.55
1.61
1.459
3.785
pounds/sq in
Btu
foot-pound
pound-foot
hp
hp
psi
psi
pounds/cu yd
bushel
kilometer
meter
meter
millimeter
sq kilometer
hectare
sq meter
sq meter
cu meter
cu centimeter
cu meter
liter
liter
km/h
tkm/h
liter
NOTE: Some of the above factors have been rounded for convenience. For exact
conversion factors please consult International System of Units (SI) table.

CONVERSION FACTORS (CONTINUED)
U.S. gallon
long ton (lg ton)
short ton (sh ton)
pound (lb)
ounce (oz)
pound (lb) (force)
pound (lb) (force)
fluid oz (fl oz)
lb/cu ft (lb/ft3)
lb/cu yd (lb/yd3)
pounds/sq. in.
psi
psi
Btu
foot-pound (ft-lb)
horsepower (hp)
horsepower (hp)
pounds/cu yd
pounds (No. 2 diesel fuel)
bushel
BY
.833
1.016
.907
.4536
28.35
.00445
4.45
29.57
16.018
.5933
.0703
.0689
6.89
.2520
.1383
1.014
.7457
.0005928
.1413
3.524
231
TEMPERATURE FACTORS
Imperial gallon
metric ton
metric ton
kilogram
gram
kilonewton
newton
cu centimeter
kg/cu meter
kg/cu meter
kilogram/sq cm
bar
kilopascal
kilogram-calorie
kilogram-meter
metric horsepower
kilowatt
tons/m3
U.S. gallon
decaliter
CELSIUS
320
C = (F 32) 1.8
300
580
FAHRENHEIT
F = (C 1.8) + 32
280
520
260
480
240
220
200
440
400
180
360
160
320
140
280
120
100
240
212
200
80
160
60
37
20
NOTE: Some of the above factors have been rounded for convenience. For exact
conversion factors please consult International System of Units (SI) table.
600
120
98.6
80
32
0
-20
-40
-40

EQUIVALENTS
APPROXIMATE COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION FACTORS
METRIC UNIT EQUIVALENTS
ENGLISH UNIT EQUIVALENTS
MATERIALS
1 km
1m
1 cm
1 km2
1 ha
1 m2
1 cm2
1 m3
1 liter
1 metric ton
1 quintal
1N
1 kg
1g
1 bar
1 cal
1 cal
1 cal
1 CV
1 kg/cm2
1 mile
1 yd
1 ft
1 sq mile
1 acre
1 sq ft
1 cu ft
1 gal
1 gal
1 quart
1 fl oz
1 sh ton
1 lg ton
1 lb
1 Btu
1 Btu
1 Btu
1 mechanical hp
1 atmosph.
Concrete
Clay Loam
Dry
Wet
Rutted
Sand
Dry
Wet
Quarry Pit
Gravel Road (Loose not hard)
Packed Snow
Ice
Earth
Firm
Loose
Coal, Stockpiled
1000 m
100 cm
10 mm
100 ha
10,000 m2
10,000 cm2
100 mm2
1000 liters
1000 cm3
1000 kg
100 kg
0.10197 kgm/s2
1000 g
1000 mg
14.504 psi
427 kgm
0.0016 cvh
0.00116 kwh
75 kgm/s
0.97 atmosph.
233
1760 yd
3 ft
12 in
640 acres
43,560 sq ft
144 sq in
7.48 gal liq
231 cu in
4 quarts liq
32 fl oz
1.80 cu in
2000 lb
2240 lb
16 oz, avdp
778 ft lb
0.000393 hph
0.000293 kwh
550 ft-lb/sec
14.7 lb/in2
RUBBER TIRES
TRACKS
.90
.45
.55
.45
.40
.90
.70
.70
.20
.40
.65
.36
.20
.12
.30
.50
.55
.50
.27
.12*
.55
.45
.45
.90
.60
.60
*Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27
POWER UNIT EQUIVALENTS
kW
hp
CV
PS
1 hp
1 hp
1 hp
Kilowatt
Mechanical Horsepower
Cheval Vapeur*
Pferdestrke**
1.014 CV
1.014 PS
0.7457 kW
1 PS
1 PS
1 PS
1 kW
1 kW
1 kW
1 CV
0.986 hp
0.7355 kW
1.341 hp
1.36 CV
1.36 PS
* (Steam Horsepower) French Designation For Metric Horsepower

** (Horsepower) German Designation For Metric Horsepower

MATERIALS
LOAD FACTORS
SWELL %
WEIGHT* OF MATERIALS
kg/m3
Basalt
Bauxite, Kaolin
Caliche
Carnotite, uranium ore
Cinders
Clay
Natural bed
Dry
Wet
Clay & gravel
Dry
Wet
Coal
Anthracite, Raw
Anthracite, Washed
Ash, Bituminous Coal
Bituminous, Raw
Bituminous, Washed
Decomposed rock
75% Rock, 25% Earth
50% Rock, 50% Earth
25% Rock, 75% Earth
Earth
Dry packed
Wet excavated
Loam
Granite Broken
Gravel
Pitrun
Dry
Dry 6-50 mm (1/4"-2")
Wet 6-50 mm (1/4"-2")
235
LOOSE
lb/yd3
kg/m3
BANK
lb/yd3
.67
.75
.55
.74
.66
51
33
80
35
50
1960
1420
1250
1630
560
3300
2400
2100
2750
950
2970
1900
2260
2200
860
5000
3200
3800
3700
1450
.82
.81
.80
22
23
25
1660
1480
1660
2800
2500
2800
2020
1840
2080
3400
3100
3500
.85
.85
18
18
1420
1540
2400
2600
1660
1840
2800
3100
.74
.74
.93
.74
.74
35
35
8
35
35
1190
1100
530-650
950
830
2000
1850
900-1100
1600
1400
1600
590-890
1280
2700
1000-1500
2150
.70
.75
.80
43
33
25
1960
1720
1570
3300
2900
2650
2790
2280
1960
4700
3850
3300
.80
.79
.81
.61
25
24
23
65
1510
1600
1250
1660
2550
2700
2100
2800
1900
2020
1540
2730
3200
3400
2600
4600
.89
.89
.89
.89
12
12
12
12
1930
1510
1690
2020
3250
2550
2850
3400
2170
1690
1900
2260
3650
2850
3200
3800
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.

Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.

MATERIALS
LOAD FACTORS
SWELL %
WEIGHT* OF MATERIALS
kg/m3
Gypsum
Broken
Crushed
Hematite, iron ore, high grade
Limestone
Broken
Crushed
Magnetite, iron ore
Pyrite, iron ore
Sand
Dry, loose
Damp
Wet
Sand & clay
Loose
Compacted
Sand & gravel
Dry
Wet
Sandstone
Shale
Slag Broken
Snow
Dry
Wet
Stone Crushed
Taconite
Top Soil
Taprock Broken
Wood Chips**
237
LOOSE
lb/yd3
kg/m3
BANK
lb/yd3
.57
.57
.85
75
75
18
1810
1600
1810-2450
3050
2700
4000-5400
3170
2790
2130-2900
5350
4700
4700-6400
.59
.85
.85
69
18
18
1540
1540
2790
2580
2600
2600
4700
4350
2610
3260
3030
4400
5500
5100
.89
.89
.89
12
12
12
1420
1690
1840
2400
2850
3100
1600
1900
2080
2700
3200
3500
.79
24
1600
2400
2700
4050
2020
3400
.89
.91
.60
.75
.60
12
9
65
33
65
1720
2020
1510
1250
1750
2900
3400
2550
2100
2950
1930
2230
2520
1660
2940
3250
3750
4250
2800
4950
.60
.58
.70
.67
65
70
43
51
130
520
1600
1630-1900
950
1750
220
860
2700
3600-4200
1600
2950
2670
2360-2700
1370
2610
4500
5200-6100
2300
4400
**Weights of commercially important wood species can be found in the last pages of the
Logging & Forest Products section. To obtain wood weights use the following equations:
lb/yd3 = (lb/ft3) x .4 x 27
kg/m3 = (kg/m3) x .4
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.

Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.
239
TYPICAL ROLLING RESISTANCE FACTORS

UNDERFOOTING
TIRES
BIAS RADIAL
A very hard, smooth roadway,

concrete, cold asphalt, or dirt
surface, no penetration or flexing
A hard, smooth, stabilized surfaced
roadway without penetration under
load, watered, maintained
A firm, smooth, rolling roadway with
dirt or light surfacing, flexing slightly
under load or undulating, maintained
fairly regularly, watered
A dirt roadway, rutted or flexing
under load, little maintenance,
no water, 25 mm (1") tire
penetration or flexing
A dirt roadway, rutted or flexing
under load, little maintenance,
no water, 50 mm (2") tire
penetration or flexing
Rutted dirt roadway, soft under
travel, no maintenance,
no stabilization, 100 mm (4")
tire penetration or flexing
Loose sand or gravel
Rutted dirt roadway, soft under
travel, no maintenance,
no stabilization, 200 mm (8")
tire penetration and flexing
Very soft, muddy, rutted roadway,
300 mm (12") tire penetration, no
flexing
1.5%*
FORMULAS AND RULES OF THUMB

TRACK**
TRACK
+TIRES
1.2%
0%
1.0%
Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)

Lbs. Per Bank Yard
2.0%
1.7%
0%
1.2%
Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor
3.0%
2.5%
0%
1.8%
4.0%
4.0%
0%
2.4%
Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour
Bank Yards = Loose yds. X
Bank Yards = Compacted Yards

Shrinkage Factor
Trips per Hour =
5.0%
5.0%
0%
3.0%
8.0%
8.0%
0%
4.8%
100
100 + % Swell
60 min.
Cycle Time (min.)
Or
Working Min. per Hr.

Cycle Time (min.)
Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time

Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)
Variable Time = Total Haul Time + Total Return Time
10.0%
10.0%
2%
7.0%
14.0%
14.0%
5%
10.0%
20.0%
20.0%
8%
15.0%
*Percent of combined machine weight.

**Assumes drag load has been subtracted to give Drawbar Pull for good to moderate conditions.
Some resistance added for very soft conditions.
Travel Time (min.) =
Distance (ft.)
Speed (ft. per min.)
Or
Distance (ft.)
Mph X 88
Rolling Resistance (lbs.) =

RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)
Or
40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1 tire penetration)
X Weight on Wheels (lbs.)
Or
2% + 1 1/2% (for each 1 tire penetration)
X Weight on Wheels (lbs.)
241
FORMULAS AND RULES OF THUMB (CONTINUED)

Grade Resistance (lbs.) =
20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons)
Or
% grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.)
Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) =
Rolling Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %)
+ Grade Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %)
Total Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade Resistance (lbs.)
Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) =
Coeff. of Traction X Weight on Drivers
Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet
Hourly Prod. Required =
No. Units Required =
Quan. (b.c.y.)
Working Time (hr.)
Hourly Prod. Required

Unit Prod.
No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle time

Pusher cycle time
Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min.
33000
Typical dragline calculating factors:

Using 110 swing, average swing cycle
For 1/2 yd. = 24 seconds
For 11/2 yd = 30 seconds
For 2 yd. = 33 seconds
Bucket Factors:
Easy digging = approx. 95-100% of rated capacity
Med. digging = approx. 80-90% of rated capacity
Medium hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacity
Hard digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity
Typical shovel calculating factors:

Using 90 swing average swing cycle
For 1/2 yd. = 20 sec.
For 1 yd. = 21 sec.
For 1 1/2 yd. = 22 sec.
For 2 yd. = 23 sec.
For 2 1/2 yd. = 24 sec.
Dipper Factors:
Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacity
Medium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacity
Medium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacity
Hard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity
243
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
APOTHECARIES WEIGHT
20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scruple
8 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
3 scruples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram
12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
DRY MEASURE
2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt
4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel
8 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck
36 bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 caldron
NOTE: Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
27.344 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram
25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt
16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton
2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton
TROY WEIGHT
24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pwt
20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
NOTE: used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels
CLOTH MEASURE
2 1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail
4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard
CUBIC MEASURE
1,728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard
128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood)
40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping)
2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel
231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon
1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel
LIQUID MEASURE
4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt
4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon
2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt
31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 barrel
2 barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hogshead
LONG MEASURE
12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot
40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong
3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd
8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. Mile
5 1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod
3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league
MARINERS MEASURE
6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom
120 fathoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cable length
7 1/2 cable lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 mile
5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. mile
6076.1 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nautical mile
PAPER MEASURE
24 sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quire
20 quires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ream ( 480 sheets)
2 reams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bundle
5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale
245
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (CONTINUED)
SQUARE MEASURE
144 sq. inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. foot
40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood
9 sq. feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. yard
4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre
30 1/4 sq. yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. rod
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile
METRIC EQUIVALENTS LINEAR MEASURE

1 centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3937 inches
1 inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters
1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.937 inches
1decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot
1 foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.048 decimeters
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0936 yards
1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter
1 dekameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9884 rods
1 rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter
1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.62137 mile
1 mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/5 lbs
1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds
1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch
1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters
1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot
1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters
1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq. yds
1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8361
1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods
1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres
1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare
1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile
1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers
SURVEYORS MEASURE
7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link
25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod
4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain
10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile
36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 township
TIME MEASURE
60 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 min.
60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr.
24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day
7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week
28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month
30 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 month . . . . . . . . . . . .in computing interest
365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr
366 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr.
APPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS
1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds
1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5/8 of a mile
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5/8 bushels
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/2 acres
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/5 lbs
1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds
METRIC EQUIVALENTS WEIGHTS

1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce
1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds
1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton
1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tons
247
MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL DATA
METRIC EQUIVALENTS MEASURE OF VOLUME

1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch
1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters
1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot
1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters
1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards
1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter
1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord
1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 quart dry . . . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid
1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters
1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter
1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks
1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter
1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels
1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter
To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831

To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416
To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854
To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416
To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072
To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236
Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times
Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single
One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds
One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds
One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes
A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 8 1/3 lbs. and contains
231 cubic inches
There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square
foot of grate surface
A cubic foot of water contains 7 1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches,
and weighs 62 1/2 pounds
Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour
To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they
are eaten deep enough
A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot per minute,
or 550 lbs. on foot per second
To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water,
multiply the height of the column in feet by .434
Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has
a pressure equal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch)
TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit)

Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zero
Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zero
Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zero
Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zero
Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 173 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zero
Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 306 above zero
Blood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zero
Eggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero
MISCELLANEOUS
3 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm
4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand
6 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 span
18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit
21.8 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Bible cubit
2 1/2 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 military pace
CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, Caterpillar Yellow and the

POWER EDGE trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity used
herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.
Typical Open Pit Mine
249
Typical Cast or Cast Strip Mine
Mine Site Illustrations
Notes
251
Notes
253
255
Notes
This document is available: @ www.cat.com/mining

Reference #AEXQ0030-02
www.cat.com/mining
2009 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.

CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, "Caterpillar Yellow," and the POWER EDGE trade dress as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission. Cat and Caterpillar are registered trademarks of
Caterpillar Inc., 100 N.E. Adams, Peoria IL 61629.
AEXQ0030-02

Equipos Mineros, Subterráneo y Superficial.

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A Reference Guide to Mining Machine Applications

Field Guide 2009

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Electric Rope Shovel

Hydraulic Front Shovel

Large Wheel Loaders

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

LARGE Wheel Loaders

Large Wheel Loaders

Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift

28 42 seconds (avg. 35 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor

Level, dry, smooth, firm floors

Poor underfoot conditions

Things to watch for:

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

LARGE Wheel Loaders

Things to watch for:

Start of dig pattern:

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

LARGE Wheel Loaders

Parallel dig pattern:

Quick truck exchange

Operator controls dumping impact into bed (dump easy)

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Things to watch for: GET

LARGE Wheel Loaders

Things to watch for: GET

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS

Hydraulic Front Shovels

Just above boom/stick pivot

24 28 seconds (avg. 26 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor

Most Efficient Pass

Things to watch for:

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS

Things to watch for:

Things to watch for:

1. First two passes:

Less floor clean-up

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS

Things to watch for:

Things to watch for:

Right to left dig pattern

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.

Length of stick, or between truck side

24 28 seconds (avg. 26 seconds)