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Analysis:: Introduction
Panida Jirutitijaroen
Fall 2011
17/08/2011
8/11/2011
Assessment
Tentative syllabus
Learning outcomes
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Assessment
Homework 20%
To test your understanding in the fundamental concepts
Final 30%
To test your knowledge in the subject.
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Tentative Syllabus
Week
1
2:17/08
3:24/08
4:31/08
5:07/09
6:14/09
Recess:
21/09
7:28/09
8:05/10
9:12/10
10:19/10
11:26/10
12:02/11
13:09/11
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Topics
Instructor
PJ
PJ
CS
CS
CS
CS
CS
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
Assignment
Homework 1,
Homework 4
Mini-Project 1
Homework 2
Case Study 1
Homework 3
Case Study 2,
Mini-Project 2
Due
Homework 1
Homework 2
Homework 3
Mini-Project 1
Homework 4
Homework 5
Homework 6
Homework 5
Mini-Project 2
Homework 6
Learning Outcome
Understand fundamental concepts in power
system analysis, namely, power flow, optimal
power flow, state estimation, transient stability,
small-perturbation stability, load-frequency
control.
Apply fundamental to solve application problems.
Formulate the problem
Design the experiment
Draw conclusion
Todays Outline
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Reading Materials
MATLAB tutorial
Background reading
Chapter 2 Basic Principle, Power Systems Analysis 2nd edition
by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal.
Chapter 2 Fundamentals, Power System Analysis and Design
4th editionby J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J.
Overbye.
Todays material
Chapter 9.1-9.3, Network Matrices, Power Systems Analysis
2nd edition by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal.
Supplementary reading
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Electric Power System by Xiao-Ping
Zhang
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11
Balanced 3 Circuit
Why 3-phase?
More efficient use of equipment
and materials: 3 conductors
instead of 6.
Saving in I 2 R losses
Positive
sequence,
Vcn 1 120
Van 10
abc
Negative
sequence,
acb
Vbn 1 120
Vbn 1 120
Van 10
Vcn 1 120
12
A One-line Diagram
Show the
interconnections of a
transmission system
Generator
Load
Transmission line
Transformer
3 circuit
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13
14
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15
Generator
Transmission line
Transformer
Load
COMPONENT MODELING
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16
Generator
Simple steady-state equivalent circuit.
Governor controls valve which, as a result,
controls constant power.
Generator field current controls constant
voltage magnitude.
Ea
+
~
-
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PGi jQGi
zG
PDi jQDi
17
Load
Steady-state mode, three types: Constant power (kVA with pf) such as motor load.
PDi jQDi
18
V1
I2
z
y
2
y
2
V2
y 1
I1 2 z
I 1
2
z
1
V
1
z
y 1 V2
2 z
19
Transformer Model
Transformer (except phase shifting
transformer)
Caution: usually the transformer parameter is
given as per unit. If there is a change of base,
this value needs to be adjusted accordingly.
I1
yp.u.
I2
V1
V2
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I1 yp.u. yp.u. V1
I y
y
p.u. V2
2 p.u.
20
A Tap-Changing Transformer
A tap-changing transformer,
yp.u.
I2
I1
V1
V2
V1
V2
I1
a:1
yp.u.
I2
1 a
a 1
y
y
y
y
p.u.
p.u.
2
a
a
V1
I1 a 2
a
V
I y
2
y 2
a
21
a:1
V1
-
I2
y
2
y
2
V2
-
y
1
1 a 1
2
I1 a z 2 a
az
I
1
2
az
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I1
1
az
I2
V1
V2
y
1 a 1
2
2
a z 2a
a 1 1 y
a z 2
V1
az
a 1 1 y 1 V2
a z 2 az
22
NETWORK MODELING
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Iq
Vp
y1
V
y
y2
Vq
-
Vq
1
1
1
I p Vp 1
y1 V p Vq
y
I p 1 z
z
z
z
I 1
Vq V p
1
1
q
I q Vq y2
V p y2 Vq
z
z
z
z
1
z V p
1 Vq
y2
z
24
where
Ip
+
Vp
-
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y1
y2
Vq
-
Ybus
I p y1 z
I 1
q
z
1
V
p
z
1 Vq
y2
z
25
Off-diagonal entries:
Ybusk, m = Negative of the admittance of all components
connected between node i and j.
26
G1
zG1
y12
Load
yload
y13
Z- impedance
Y- admittance
z G2
y34
3
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y24
G2
27
Motivation
Triangular Factorization
Gaussian elimination
NETWORK SOLUTION
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Motivation
Given Ybus, nodal voltage equation is,
I YbusV
29
30
Solution Procedure
From
Ybus LU ,
I YbusV LUV
First we find,
~
I LV
Then,
Forward substitution
~
V UV
Backward substitution
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0 u33
l31 l32 1 0
From original Y bus
u12
u13
u11
1st iteration
Calculate new value and overwrite
Y21(1) Y21(0)/Y11(0)
the original Y bus to save memory
Y31(1) Y31(0)/Y11(0)
2nd iteration
Y22(1) Y22(0) [Y21(0)Y12(0)]/Y11(0) Y32(2) Y32(1)/Y22(1)
Y23(1) Y23(0) [Y21(0)Y13(0)]/Y11(0) Y33(2) Y33(1) [Y32(1)Y23(1)]/Y22(1)
Y32(1) Y32(0) [Y31(0)Y12(0)]/Y11(0)
Y33(1) Y33(0) [Y31(0)Y13(0)]/Y11(0)
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k = k+1
Y bus is n x n matrix
Yes
k=n
No
Ykk 0
No
END
Yes
Yik
Yik
Ykk
i = k+1, , n
YikYki
Yij Yij
Ykk
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i, j = k+1, , n
33
3 1 5
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Motivation
Kron reduction
NETWORK REDUCTION
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Motivation
Consider the matrix in this example.
1
G1
I1 y11
0 y
21
0 y31
I 4 y41
y12
y13
y22
y23
y32
y33
y42
y43
Impedance
Load
y14 V1
y24 V2
y34 V3
y44 V4
G2
3
37
KRON Reduction
Eliminate node with zero injection to reduce
the size of Y bus matrix.
y y
y y
I1 y11
I y
2 21
0 y31
y12
y22
y32
13 31
y
y13 V1
11
I1
y33
I
y23 V2
2 y21 y13 y31
y33 V3
y33
y31
y32
V3
V1
V2
y33
y33
To eliminate node k:
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new
ij
yij
y33 V1
y y
y22 23 32 V2
y33
y12
yik ykj
ykk
13 32
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40
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Title data
Bus data
Branch data
Loss zone data
Interchange data
Tie line data
41
14-Bus
Common
Data
Format
Title data
Bus data
Branch data
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Title Data
Columns 2- 9 Date, in format DD/MM/YY with
leading zeros. If no date provided, use 0b/0b/0b
where b is blank.
Columns 11-30 Originator's name (A)
Columns 32-37 MVA Base (F*)
Columns 39-42 Year (I)
Column 44 Season (S - Summer, W - Winter)
Column 46-73 Case identification (A)
Date
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Originators name
MVA base
Year Season
Case Identification
43
Bus Data
Bus number
Type of bus, 0-load bus, 2-generator bus, 3 swing bus
Generation (MW)
Generation (MVAR)
Load P (MW)
Controlled voltage (pu) Shunt susceptance B (pu)
Load Q (MVAR)
Final voltage (pu) and angle (degree)
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44
Branch Data
V4
-
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V7
-
45
46
MATLAB Basics
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/le
arn_matlab/bqr_2pl.html
Read
Matrices and Arrays:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/learn_
matlab/f2-8955.html
Programming:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/learn_
matlab/f4-8955.html
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Next Lecture
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48