Lec 1

EE5702R Advance Power System
Analysis:: Introduction
Panida Jirutitijaroen
Fall 2011
17/08/2011
8/11/2011
EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen
Assessment
Tentative syllabus
Learning outcomes
ABOUT THIS CLASS
8/11/2011
About This Class

Instructors:
Asst. Prof. Panida Jirutitijaroen (1st half)
Assoc. Prof. Chang Che Sau (2nd half)
Core module for MEng or PhD students majoring in Power

and Energy area, seen from suffice R.
Assume that all students have adequate background in
power systems analysis equivalent to EE4501.
Assume that all students are familiar with software used to
perform analysis such as C program or MATLAB.
Fundamental materials for power systems analysis.
Followed by case studies to discuss current research
activities. Students prepare report and discuss their
findings in class.
8/11/2011
Assessment
Homework 20%
To test your understanding in the fundamental concepts
Case Study 10%

To apply your knowledge to analyze and evaluate related
materials in research papers
Two Mini-Projects 40%

To be able to formulate the problem, run experiments,
analyze the results and draw conclusion based on the
knowledge acquired.
Final 30%
To test your knowledge in the subject.
8/11/2011
Tentative Syllabus
Week
1
2:17/08
3:24/08
4:31/08
5:07/09
6:14/09
Recess:
21/09
7:28/09
8:05/10
9:12/10
10:19/10
11:26/10
12:02/11
13:09/11
8/11/2011
Topics
Instructor
Overview of power system

operation. Network representation.
Power flow analysis I
Power flow analysis II
Economic dispatch and optimal
power flow
Power system state estimation I
Power system state estimation II
PJ
Case study 1&2 presentation

Transient stability I
Transient stability II
Small-perturbation stability I
Small-perturbation stability II
Load-frequency stability
PJ
CS
CS
CS
CS
CS
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
Assignment
Homework 1,
Homework 4
Mini-Project 1
Homework 2
Case Study 1
Homework 3
Case Study 2,
Mini-Project 2
Due
Homework 1
Homework 2
Homework 3
Mini-Project 1
Homework 4
Homework 5
Homework 6
Homework 5
Mini-Project 2
Homework 6
Learning Outcome
Understand fundamental concepts in power
system analysis, namely, power flow, optimal
power flow, state estimation, transient stability,
small-perturbation stability, load-frequency
control.
Apply fundamental to solve application problems.
Formulate the problem
Design the experiment
Draw conclusion
Understand and evaluate research papers using

fundamental concepts.
8/11/2011
Todays Outline
Overview of power systems

Component modeling
Network modeling
Network solution
IEEE test system
Homework 1
8/11/2011
Reading Materials
MATLAB tutorial
Background reading
Chapter 2 Basic Principle, Power Systems Analysis 2nd edition
by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal.
Chapter 2 Fundamentals, Power System Analysis and Design
4th editionby J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J.
Overbye.
Todays material
Chapter 9.1-9.3, Network Matrices, Power Systems Analysis
2nd edition by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal.
Supplementary reading
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Electric Power System by Xiao-Ping
Zhang
8/11/2011
Main components in power systems

One line diagram
Power system operation and control
OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEMS
8/11/2011
Main Components of a Power System

Generation (11 36 KV)
Transmission and distribution (110 765 KV)
Load (0.12 138 KV)
Industrial customer (23 138 KV)
Commercial customer (4.16 34.5 KV)
Residential customer (120 240 V)
8/11/2011
10
Taken from FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC

POWER SYSTEMS by Xiao - Ping Zhang
8/11/2011
11
Balanced 3 Circuit
Why 3-phase?
More efficient use of equipment
and materials: 3 conductors
instead of 6.
Saving in I 2 R losses
Any pair of voltage sources

differ by 120 with equal
impedance
2 sequences, positive and
negative
In practice, phase sequence
depends on how we label the
wires.
8/11/2011
Positive
sequence,
Vcn 1 120
Van 10
abc
Negative
sequence,
acb
Vbn 1 120
Vbn 1 120
Van 10
Vcn 1 120
12
A One-line Diagram
Show the
interconnections of a
transmission system
Generator
Load
Transmission line
Transformer
3 circuit
8/11/2011
13
Power System Operation and Control

Power flow analysis is the fundamental tool
for,
Operational planning
Operation control
Security analysis
Power system planning
Security-constrained economic dispatch

Optimal power flow
8/11/2011
14
Energy Management System
8/11/2011
15
Generator
Transmission line
Transformer
Load
COMPONENT MODELING
8/11/2011
16
Generator
Simple steady-state equivalent circuit.
Governor controls valve which, as a result,
controls constant power.
Generator field current controls constant
voltage magnitude.
Ea
+
~
-
8/11/2011
PGi jQGi
zG
PDi jQDi
17
Load
Steady-state mode, three types: Constant power (kVA with pf) such as motor load.
PDi jQDi
Constant current (A) such as welding machine

with constant current source.
I Di
Constant impedance (Ohm) such as lighting.

z Di
8/11/2011
18
Transmission Line Model

Medium-length model (-equivalent circuit)
I1
+
V1
I2
z
y
2
y
2
V2
y 1
I1 2 z
I 1
2
z
1
V
1
z
y 1 V2

2 z
Z is the series impedance of the line = R + jX (ohm)

Y is the total shunt admittance of the line = -jB (mho)
8/11/2011
19
Transformer Model
Transformer (except phase shifting
transformer)
Caution: usually the transformer parameter is
given as per unit. If there is a change of base,
this value needs to be adjusted accordingly.
I1
yp.u.
I2
V1
V2
8/11/2011
I1 yp.u. yp.u. V1

I y
y
p.u. V2
2 p.u.
20
A Tap-Changing Transformer
A tap-changing transformer,
yp.u.
I2
I1
V1
V2
V1
V2
I1
a:1
yp.u.
I2
1 a
a 1
y
y
y
y
p.u.
p.u.
2
a
a
V1
I1 a 2
a
V
I y
2
y 2
a
What will happen if the we have phase-shift transformer instead

of a tap-changing transformer?
8/11/2011
21
A Transmission Line with Transformer

Transmission line with transformer
I1
a:1
V1
-
I2
y
2
y
2
V2
-
y
1
1 a 1
2
I1 a z 2 a
az
I
1
2
az
8/11/2011
I1
1
az
I2
V1
V2
y
1 a 1
2
2
a z 2a
a 1 1 y

a z 2
V1
az

a 1 1 y 1 V2

a z 2 az
22
Node voltage equation

Bus admittance matrix
Bus admittance matrix by inspection
Example
NETWORK MODELING
8/11/2011
23
Node Voltage Equation

Ip
Iq
Vp
y1
V
y
y2
Vq
-
Vq
1
1
1
I p Vp 1
y1 V p Vq
y
I p 1 z
z
z
z
I 1
Vq V p
1
1
q
I q Vq y2
V p y2 Vq
z
z
z
z
1
z V p
1 Vq
y2
z
Z = impedance (R+jX) and Y = admittance

8/11/2011
24
Bus Admittance Matrix

Ybus : Bus admittance matrix
Matrix form of node voltage equation,
I YbusV
I = Vector of injected node current

V = Vector of node voltage
Iq
z
where
Ip
+
Vp
-
8/11/2011
y1
y2
Vq
-
Ybus
I p y1 z
I 1
q
z
1
V
p
z
1 Vq
y2
z
25
Bus Admittance Matrix by Inspection

Symmetric matrix:
Ybusk , m Ybusm, k
Diagonal entries:
Ybus k, k = Sum of the admittance of all components
connected to node i.
Off-diagonal entries:
Ybusk, m = Negative of the admittance of all components
connected between node i and j.
Can Y-bus be non-symmetric?

8/11/2011
26
Bus Admittance Matrix: Example

1
G1
zG1
y12
Load
yload
y13
Z- impedance
Y- admittance
z G2
y34
3
8/11/2011
y24
G2
27
Motivation
Triangular Factorization
Gaussian elimination
NETWORK SOLUTION
8/11/2011
28
Motivation
Given Ybus, nodal voltage equation is,
I YbusV
Our goal is to find node voltage magnitude

and angle.
Different operating condition leads to
different external sources (current injection).
Most of the time Y bus remains constant.
To find V, (not so) simple Y bus inversion?
8/11/2011
29
Numerical Solution of Linear Equations

Matrix inversion is NOT an easy job for a large
dimension problem.
Common computationally efficient algorithm: Triangular factorization
Ybus LU
L is lower triangular matrix
U is upper triangular matrix.
Applicable to square matrix, not necessarily

symmetric.
Together with Gaussian elimination
8/11/2011
30
Solution Procedure
From
Ybus LU ,
I YbusV LUV
First we find,
~
I LV
Then,
Forward substitution
~
V UV
Backward substitution
8/11/2011
31
Lower and Upper Triangular Matrix

1 0 0 u11 u12 u13 Work backward to find the
M LU l21 1 0 0 u22 u23 ls and us elements
0 u33
l31 l32 1 0
From original Y bus
u12
u13
u11
M l21u11 l21u12 u22

l21u13 u23
l31u11 l31u12 l32u22 l31u13 l32u23 u33
u11 u12 u13

Y l21 u22 u23
l31 l32 u33
1st iteration
Calculate new value and overwrite
Y21(1) Y21(0)/Y11(0)
the original Y bus to save memory
Y31(1) Y31(0)/Y11(0)
2nd iteration
Y22(1) Y22(0) [Y21(0)Y12(0)]/Y11(0) Y32(2) Y32(1)/Y22(1)
Y23(1) Y23(0) [Y21(0)Y13(0)]/Y11(0) Y33(2) Y33(1) [Y32(1)Y23(1)]/Y22(1)
Y32(1) Y32(0) [Y31(0)Y12(0)]/Y11(0)
Y33(1) Y33(0) [Y31(0)Y13(0)]/Y11(0)
8/11/2011
32
Triangular Factorization Algorithm

START, k = 1
k = k+1
Y bus is n x n matrix
Yes
k=n
No
Ykk 0
No
END
Yes
Yik
Yik
Ykk
i = k+1, , n
YikYki
Yij Yij
Ykk
8/11/2011
i, j = k+1, , n
When will the algorithm

be unstable and how to
prevent it?
33
Triangular Factorization Example

Find L and U of the following matrix.
5 3 2
A 3 2 1
3 1 5
8/11/2011
34
Ill-Conditioned Y bus Matrix

If Ykk is very small, the algorithm may be unstable.
Can be fix by permutation.
In addition, the computation time depends on number
of non-zero elements, permutation may help to reduce
this number.
For more information, read:
FERNANDO L. ALVARADO, WILLIAM F. TINNEY, and MARK
K. ENNS, SPARSITY IN LARGE-SCALE NETWORK
COMPUTATION, Advances in electric Power and Energy
Conversion System Dynamics and Control, Academic
Press, 1991, C. T. Leondes, editor (with permission).
Corrections 15 Feb 93.
8/11/2011
35
Motivation
Kron reduction
NETWORK REDUCTION
8/11/2011
36
Motivation
Consider the matrix in this example.
1
G1
I1 y11
0 y
21
0 y31

I 4 y41
y12
y13
y22
y23
y32
y33
y42
y43
Impedance
Load
y14 V1
y24 V2

y34 V3

y44 V4
G2
3
What is the current injection to node 2 and 3?

8/11/2011
37
KRON Reduction
Eliminate node with zero injection to reduce
the size of Y bus matrix.
y y
y y
I1 y11
I y
2 21
0 y31
y12
y22
y32
13 31
y
y13 V1
11
I1
y33
I
y23 V2

2 y21 y13 y31
y33 V3
y33
y31
y32
V3
V1
V2
y33
y33
To eliminate node k:
8/11/2011
new
ij
yij
y33 V1

y y
y22 23 32 V2
y33
y12
yik ykj
ykk
13 32
i,j = I,2, .. ,n,

38
Test case archive

IEEE common data format
14 bus test system
IEEE TEST SYSTEM
8/11/2011
39
Power Systems Test Case Archive

Managed by Richard D.
Christie, an Associate
Professor at the
University of
Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
http://www.ee.washing
ton.edu/research/pstca
/
Thanks!, Richard.
8/11/2011
40
IEEE Common Data Format

http://www.ee.washing
ton.edu/research/pstca
/formats/cdf.txt
8/11/2011
Title data
Bus data
Branch data
Loss zone data
Interchange data
Tie line data
Data type codes:

A - Alphanumeric (no
special characters)
I - Integer
F - Floating point
* - Mandatory item
41
14-Bus
Common
Data
Format
Title data
Bus data
Branch data
8/11/2011
42
Title Data
Columns 2- 9 Date, in format DD/MM/YY with
leading zeros. If no date provided, use 0b/0b/0b
where b is blank.
Columns 11-30 Originator's name (A)
Columns 32-37 MVA Base (F*)
Columns 39-42 Year (I)
Column 44 Season (S - Summer, W - Winter)
Column 46-73 Case identification (A)
Date
8/11/2011
Originators name
MVA base
Year Season
Case Identification
43
Bus Data
Bus number
Type of bus, 0-load bus, 2-generator bus, 3 swing bus
Generation (MW)
Generation (MVAR)
Load P (MW)
Controlled voltage (pu) Shunt susceptance B (pu)
Load Q (MVAR)
Final voltage (pu) and angle (degree)
Name (left justify)
8/11/2011
44
Branch Data
Tap bus number Branch resistance R (pu)

Z bus number
Branch reactance X (pu)
Line charging B (pu) (total line charging,

Transformer turns ratio
for each bus, this has to be divided by
two)
0.978:1
j0.20912
Example:
V4
-
8/11/2011
V7
-
45
Homework 1: 14-Bus Test System
Find Ybus of this system

8/11/2011
46
MATLAB Basics
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/le
arn_matlab/bqr_2pl.html
Read
Matrices and Arrays:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/learn_
matlab/f2-8955.html
Programming:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/learn_
matlab/f4-8955.html
8/11/2011
47
Next Lecture
Power flow equations

Power flow problem
Iterative solution techniques
N-R Application to power flow problem
Mini-project I
8/11/2011
48

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EE5702R Advance Power System

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

ABOUT THIS CLASS

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

About This Class

Core module for MEng or PhD students majoring in Power

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Case Study 10%

Two Mini-Projects 40%

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Overview of power system

Case study 1&2 presentation

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Understand and evaluate research papers using

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Overview of power systems

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Main components in power systems

OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEMS

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Main Components of a Power System

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Taken from FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Any pair of voltage sources

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Power System Operation and Control

Security-constrained economic dispatch

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Energy Management System

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Constant current (A) such as welding machine

Constant impedance (Ohm) such as lighting.

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Transmission Line Model

Z is the series impedance of the line = R + jX (ohm)

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

What will happen if the we have phase-shift transformer instead

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

A Transmission Line with Transformer

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Node voltage equation

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Node Voltage Equation

Z = impedance (R+jX) and Y = admittance

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Bus Admittance Matrix

I = Vector of injected node current

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Bus Admittance Matrix by Inspection

Can Y-bus be non-symmetric?

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Bus Admittance Matrix: Example

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Our goal is to find node voltage magnitude

EE5702R Advance Power System Analysis:: Introduction by P. Jirutitijaroen

Numerical Solution of Linear Equations