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Basics
8GEP
DF accuracy
DF sensitivity
Minimum signal duration
Immunity to reflections
Immunity to strong signals
DF scan speed
DF methods used
l
l
l
8GEP
Correlative interferometer
Watson-Watt
Doppler
2
Components of a DF system
DF antenna
Processing
unit
Display
and control
DF antenna
User interface
8GEP
Receiver(s)
Typically 5-9
antenna
elements in a
circular array
Integrated
antenna switch
Software for
display and
control
Position fix and
map display
software
Stationary DF systems
l
l
Mobile DF systems
l
Target Tx
Mobile DF
Mobile DF
Target Tx
Result
8GEP
Triangulation
Running fix
Homing
8GEP
A directional antenna is
rotated to find the
direction with maximum
signal level.
DF
Receiver 3
DF 3
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
DF 1
DF 2
DFs in Radiomonitoring
Number of receive channels
8GEP
Receiver
Q4
A/D + DSP
DFs in Radiomonitoring
Number of receive channels
R&S
Competitor
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
DFs in Radiomonitoring
Requirements for a DF
Requirements for a DF
provide accurate results in unfavorable antenna environments
without reflections
test field
8GEP
with reflections
real environment
DFs in Radiomonitoring
Requirements for a DF
Requirements for a DF
provide accurate results in unfavorable antenna environments
Na r r o w -/w i d e -a p e r t u r e
DF a n t e n n a s
undistorted
wave front
distorted
wave front
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accuracy RMS
e + e2 + ... + eN
1
N
DFs in Radiomonitoring
Requirements for a DF
Requirements for a DF
provide accurate results for weak signals
Example of (old)
R&S DF antennas
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
Requirements for a DF
Attention: Polarization
The DF antenna is designed for vertical polarization
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
Requirements for a DF
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Traditional DF techniques
Directional antennas the simplest solution
8GEP
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Traditional DF techniques
Adcock/Watson-Watt
Birds eye view on the antenna array
Sum pattern
North-South-Axis
Monopole
Difference pattern
EastWestAxis
Unique set of magnitudes for every direction due to the antenna pattern.
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Traditional DF techniques
Adcock/Watson-Watt
Adcock
Antenna
WatsonWatt
Processing
8GEP
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Traditional DF techniques
Adcock/Watson-Watt
Crossed ferrite
loops
8GEP
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Crossed dipole
elements
Crossed monopole
elements
Crossed
loops
DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Traditional DF techniques
Adcock/Watson-Watt
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Modern DF techniques
Correlative Interferometer
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Bearing calculation by
comparison of measured and
calculated phase differences
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87
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measured
phase differences
05
12
calculated
phase differences
for different directions
of arrival of a plane wave
56
87
22
05
K()
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Modern DF techniques
Special correlative interferometer: vector matching
Calibration in 10
steps and for a
sufficient number of
frequencies,
interpolation
Calibrated phase
differences
DF antenna array
matched to an aircraft
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Accuracy depends
on the geometry of
the antenna array
and the accuracy of
the calibration
process.
DIRECTION FINDER BASICS
DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Modern DF techniques
Correlative Interferometer
Superior immunity to reflections
Measurement of elevation possible
Higher Bandwidth per antenna compared to other techniques
8GEP
DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Modern DF techniques
Super Resolution
High resolution direction finding by means of complex mathematical
algorithms (MUSIC, ESPRIT). Advantage: co-channel interferers are
measured seperately: Several DF results per frequency.
MUSIC
Transformation through
Eigenvektor Zerlegung
300
10*log(Pmu),10*log(Pkonv) /dB
350
250
200
150
100
50
0
22
-50
50
100
150
200
250
alpha / grad
300
350
400
DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Modern DF techniques
Super Resolution
Individual
DF results for
all emitters
Automatic calculation
of the number of
emitters
Level and DF
quality for all
emitters
8GEP
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
DF techniques
Modern DF techniques
Super Resolution
Highest immunity to reflections, some methods DF reflections
separately, separate DF results for co-channel interferers
Measurement of elevation possible
8GEP
DFs in Radiomonitoring
Modern DF Processing
Modern DF Processing
Calibration: look-up table
During calibration
During operation
DF system
DF system
Memory
DF result at
150 MHz: 305
Look-up-table: 305300
Corrected DF result: 300
DF result: 300
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
Modern DF Processing
Modern DF Processing
Calibration: general hints
Is error correction
needed?
Practical
considerations
Result and
improvement
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
Modern DF Processing
Modern DF Processing
Coherent averaging
First scan
Second scan
Channel Channel
1
2
Channel
N
Antenna
signals
1-9
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Channel Channel
1
2
Channel
N
Antenna
signals
1-9
Antenna
signals
1-9
: : :
: :
DF results are
calculated from
averaged antenna
signals. This improves
sensitivity and accuracy
dramatically.
Radiolocation
Location accuracy with triangulation
TRIANGULATION
R= k B
R
B
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Radiolocation
Location accuracy with triangulation
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Radiolocation
Location accuracy with triangulation
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DF error in
degrees
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The peak is at 15
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50 m
100 m
50 m
Different array
diameters possible.
150 m
8GEP
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DFs in Radiomonitoring
Thank You For Your Attention
8GEP
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