Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Lecture 12: Oblique Incidence I

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Lecture 12: Oblique incidence I

Daniel Sj
oberg
Department of Electrical and Information Technology
October 6, 2011
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
3 Transverse impedance and propagation
4 Critical angle, Brewster angle
5 Evanescent and complex waves
6 Zenneck surface wave
7 Conclusions
Daniel Sj
oberg, Department of Electrical and Information Technology
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
7 Conclusions
Daniel Sj
Key questions
How to analyze the oblique incidence of waves on an

interface?
What are typical results?
What are special characteristics of lossy media?
Daniel Sj
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
7 Conclusions
Daniel Sj
The spelling
Willebrord Snel van Royen (15801626)

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Oblique incidence
(Fig. 7.1.1 in Orfanidis)
The waves can be written

E + ejk+ r ,
E ejk r ,
E 0+ ejk+ r ,
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E 0 ejk r
Matching
Matching tangential fields on the boundary z = 0 implies
0
E T+ ejk+ r + E T ejk r = E 0T+ ejk+ r + E 0T ejk r

E T+ ejkx+ x + E T ejkx x = E 0T+ ejkx+ x + E 0T ejkx x
Since this applies for all x on the boundary z = 0, we must have
0
0
kx+ = kx = kx+
= kx
and similarly for any y components. Since kx = k sin = k0 n sin ,

this implies
+ = =
0
0
+
=
= 0
n sin = n0 sin 0
where we used k = nk0 and k 0 = n0 k0 . Since k k = k 2 = 2

we have
q
kz = k 2 kx2 ky2
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A graphical argument
The condition k 2 = 2 describes a sphere (or circle) in k-space.
kz
k 2 = 2
k02 = 2 0 0
k0
kx
Can also be used for photonic crystals.

Daniel Sj
Sometimes no solutions!
When the wave is incident from a denser medium, it may not be
possible to satisfy the phase matching with real wave vectors.
kz
k 2 = 2
k
k02
= 0 0
kx
k0 =?
Corresponds to total internal reflection.

Daniel Sj
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
7 Conclusions
Daniel Sj
Transverse impedance
The complete components of the forward field is
sin )A+ +
E + (r) = [(
x cos z
y B+ ]ejk+ r
1
sin )B+ ]ejk+ r
H + (r) = [
y A+ (
x cos z
The transverse components can then be written

E T+ (r) = [
xC+ +
y B+ ]ejk+ r
C+
B+ jk+ r
H T+ (r) = [
y
x
]e
TM
TE
where C+ = cos A+ and
TM = cos TM, parallel, p-polarization
TE =
TE, perpendicular, s-polarization
cos
Daniel Sj
Transverse refractive index
For dielectric media, that is, = 0 , we have

r
0
0
0
=
= =

r
n
This motivates the introduction of the transverse refractive index
via T = 0 /nT , or
n
TM, parallel, p-polarization
cos
= n cos TE, perpendicular, s-polarization
nTM =
nTE
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Similarity with normal incidence

Making the substitutions (where T can be either TM or TE)
T ,
ejkz ejkz z = ejkz cos
everything we derived on propagation in layered structures for

normal incidence remain valid. For instance,

jk `

ET1+
e z
0
ET2+
=
ET1
ET2
0
ejkz `
and
ET1
HT1

=

cos(kz `)
jT sin(kz `)
ET2
1
HT2
jT
sin(kz `)
cos(kz `)
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Reflection at an interface
In particular, at an interface we can define the matching matrix

0
1
ET+
1 T
ET+
=
0
ET
ET
T T 1
where T and T are the Fresnel coefficients
0
T
nT n0T
T
=
0
T + T
nT + n0T
2 0
2nT
T = 0 T =
T + T
nT + n0T
T =
which take different values depending on polarization.
Daniel Sj
Fresnel coefficients, explicit form

Writing out nTM = n/ cos and nTE = n cos , the explicit form
of the Fresnel reflection coefficient is (after some algebra)
TM
TE
q
0
0
( nn )2 sin2 ( nn )2 cos
=
=q
0
0
n cos 0 + n0 cos
( nn )2 sin2 + ( nn )2 cos
q
0
0
0
cos ( nn )2 sin2
n cos n cos
q
=
=
0
n cos + n0 cos 0
cos + ( nn )2 sin2
n cos 0
n0 cos
From the rightmost expressions, we find

TM 1,
TE 1,
regardless of n and n0 .
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as
90
Demo
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
7 Conclusions
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Critical angle
Refraction
Reflection
sin c0 =
n
n0
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sin c =
n0
n
Examples
Prism
Optical manhole
Optical fiber
(Figs. 7.5.2, 7.5.3, 7.5.5 in Orfanidis)

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Optical manhole Snels window
http://www.uwphotographyguide.com/snells-window-underwater,
photo taken using fisheye lens to cover the angle.
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Total internal reflection: numbers

Using the critical angle, the reflection coefficients can be written
p
sin2 c sin2 sin2 c cos
TM = p
sin2 c sin2 + sin2 c cos
p
cos sin2 c sin2
p
TE =
cos + sin2 c sin2
With > c this is (using the branch 1 = j)

p
j sin2 sin2 c sin2 c cos
1 + jxn2
TM = p
=
1 jxn2
j sin2 sin2 c + sin2 c cos
p
cos + j sin2 c sin2
1 + jx
p
TE =
=
1 jx
cos j sin2 c sin2
where x =
sin2 sin2 c
,
cos
and sin c = 1/n. Thus |TE,TM | = 1.
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Phase shift at total reflection

The TM and TE polarization are reflected with different phase
1 + jxn2
= ej+2jTM
1 jxn2
1 + jx
=
= e2jTE
1 jx
TM =
TE
where
tan TM = xn2 ,
tan TE = x
The relative phase change between the polarizations is

TM
= ej+2jTM 2jTE
TE
Thus, if is chosen so that TM TE = /8, we have

TM
TM 2
j+j/4
=e
= e2j+j/2 = ej/2
TE
TE
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The Fresnel rhomb

Thus, after two reflections the TM and TE polarizations differ in
phase by /2.
Using a glass with n = 1.51, we have c = 41.47 . The angle

54.6 results in TM TE = /8. The angle 48.6 would also
work, see Example 7.5.6.
Ideally there is no frequency dependence, that is, the Fresnel
rhomb can convert linear to circular polarization in a much wider
band than a quarter wavelength plate.
Daniel Sj
Goos-Hanchen shift
The phase shift in the reflection coefficient also gives rise to the
Goos-Hanchen shift (see Example 7.5.7).
DTE =
2 sin 0
p
,
k0 n sin2 0 sin2 c
DTM =
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(n0 )2 D
(n2
TE
+ 1) sin 0 (n0 )2
Goos-Hanchen shift
The phase shift in the reflection coefficient also gives rise to the
Goos-Hanchen shift (see Example 7.5.7).
DTE =
2 sin 0
p
,
k0 n sin2 0 sin2 c
DTM =
Daniel Sj
(n0 )2 D
(n2
TE
+ 1) sin 0 (n0 )2
Goos-Hanchen shift
Goos-Hnchen shift (n=1.50)
3.5
TE
TM
3.0
2.5
D/
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.040
50
60
70
Angle of incidence
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80
90
The Brewster angle (TM polarization)

TM
q
0
0
( nn )2 sin2 ( nn )2 cos
=q
0
0
( nn )2 sin2 + ( nn )2 cos
tan B =
n0
n
0
B + B
=
Daniel Sj
0
tan B
=
n
n0
Brewster angle, reflection

0 = 33.7 , and
For glass with n = 1.5, we have B = 56.3 and B
c = 41.8 .
Can be used to obtain linear polarization, but loses power through

partial transmission of TE component.
Daniel Sj
Measuring Brewsters angle between classes
Hastings A. Smith, Jr, The Physics Teacher, Feb 1979, p. 109.
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
7 Conclusions
Daniel Sj
What happens on the other side at total reflection?

Even though we have total reflection, there are fields on the far
side of the interface. The transmission coefficients are
TM = 1 + TM ,
TE = 1 + TE
which are nonzero unless TM = TE = 1. The z wavenumbers

are
p
kz = 2 0 kx2
p
kz0 = 2 0 0 kx2
Since kx = k sin , k = 0 , and 0 = sin2 c , we have

p
p
sin2 c sin2 = jk sin2 sin2 c = j0
Note the branch 1 = j must be taken in order to have

0
0
exponential decay ejkz z = e z .
kz0 = k
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Exponential decay
The transmitted wave has spatial dependence
0
ejkz z ejkx x = e z ej x
Exponential attenuation in the z-direction, same transverse phase
as in incident wave ( 0 = kx ).

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Evanescent waves
An evanescent wave oscillates so quickly in x (kx > k 0 ) that it is
exponentially attenuated in z (kz = j) due to kx2 + kz2 = (k 0 )2 .
Thus, there is a region close to the surface containing reactive

fields (non-propagating). The size of the region is on the order
1
1
= = p
= p
2
2
2
k sin sin c
2 sin sin2 c
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Typical field distribution
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Complex waves
The generalization of evanescent waves, which are strictly defined
only in lossless media, is necessary for lossy media = R jI . In
order to avoid using complex angles , use the wavenumbers
TM = cos =
kz
kz
=
,
k

TE =
=
=
cos
kz
kz
The wave vector k = j

may be complex, but must satisfy
k k = 2
The real vectors and need not be
parallel.
Daniel Sj
Evanescent square root
A recurring
task is to take the square root
p
kz = 2 0 kx2 = j. In order to guarantee > 0, the
square root is defined as
(p
2 0 (R jI ) kx2 if I 6= 0
p
kz =
j kx2 2 0 R
if I = 0
Thus, everything works fine for complex valued material
coefficients, but real valued needs some extra attention for
evanescent waves.
Matlab code sqrte.m in Orfanidis files.
Daniel Sj
Oblique incidence on a lossy medium
To the left: kx = k sin , kz = k cos .

To the right: kx0 = kx , kz0 = z0 jz0 .
0
0 k sin tan
z
= z0 j
, implying elliptic
It can be shown that TM
0
TE
z jz +k sin tan
polarization of the reflected wave.
Daniel Sj
No standard Brewster angle for lossy media

The TM reflection coefficient is
0 TM
k 0 kz 0
= z0
TM = TM
0
TM + TM
kz + kz 0
which cannot be exactly zero when , kz and kx are real and 0 is
complex.
But when kx = x jx and kz = z jz , we can achieve

TM = 0. This is the Zenneck surface wave.
Daniel Sj
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
7 Conclusions
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The Zenneck surface wave
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Conditions for the Zenneck wave

The TM reflection coefficient is
TM =
kz0 kz 0
=0
kz0 + kz 0
kz0 = kz 0
Using kx2 + kz2 = 2 0 and (kx0 )2 + (kz0 )2 = 2 0 0 and kx = kx0

we find
0

0
k x = 0
,
k
=
,
k
=
z
0
0
z
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
This results in complex wave vectors on both sides of the interface.
For weakly lossy media (0 = R jI where I /R 1, we can
estimate
r
x

=
|z |
R
Thus, the attenuation in the z-direction (z ) is larger than in the
x-direction (x ) if R > .
Daniel Sj
Example: air-water interface

Consider an interface between air ( = 0 ) and sea water:
0 = 810 j/,
= 4 S/m
The wave numbers at 1 GHz and 100 MHz are

f = 1 GHz
/0 = 81 72j
k = j = 20.94
k 0 = 0 j0 = 203.76 77.39j
kx = x jx = 20.89 0.064j
kz = z jz = 1.88 + 0.71j
kz0 = z0 jz0 = 202.97 77.80j
f = 100 MHz
/0 = 81 720j
k = j = 2.094
k 0 = 0 j0 = 42.01 37.54j
kx = x jx = 2.1 0.001j
kz = z jz = 0.06 + 0.05j
kz0 = z0 jz0 = 42.01 37.59j
Thus, the attenuation in the z-direction is much larger than in the

x-direction, and the wave can propagate relatively freely along the
interface.
Daniel Sj
Typical field distribution, Zenneck wave
Daniel Sj
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Snels law
7 Conclusions
Daniel Sj
Conclusions
I
The tangential wavenumber kx is the same in both mediums

due to phase matching.
All standard formulas for normal incidence are valid when

considering tangential field components, and splitting the field
into TM and TE polarizations.
p
The normal wavenumber kz = 2 kx2 may be real or
imaginary in the lossless case, or complex in the lossy case.
The critical angle is the largest angle of refraction, or the

smallest angle of total reflection.
There is a phase shift at total internal reflection, which is

different for different polarizations.
Complex wave vectors k = j are necessary for lossy

media.
Daniel Sj

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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Lecture 12: Oblique incidence I

How to analyze the oblique incidence of waves on an

What are typical results?

What are special characteristics of lossy media?

Willebrord Snel van Royen (15801626)

(Fig. 7.1.1 in Orfanidis)

The waves can be written

E T+ ejk+ r + E T ejk r = E 0T+ ejk+ r + E 0T ejk r

and similarly for any y components. Since kx = k sin = k0 n sin ,

where we used k = nk0 and k 0 = n0 k0 . Since k k = k 2 = 2 

Can also be used for photonic crystals.

Corresponds to total internal reflection.

The transverse components can then be written

Transverse refractive index

For dielectric media, that is, = 0 , we have

Similarity with normal incidence

ejkz ejkz z = ejkz cos

everything we derived on propagation in layered structures for

which take different values depending on polarization.

Fresnel coefficients, explicit form

From the rightmost expressions, we find

(Fig. 7.5.1 in Orfanidis)

(Figs. 7.5.2, 7.5.3, 7.5.5 in Orfanidis)

Optical manhole Snels window

Total internal reflection: numbers

With > c this is (using the branch 1 = j)

and sin c = 1/n. Thus |TE,TM | = 1.

Phase shift at total reflection

The relative phase change between the polarizations is

The Fresnel rhomb

(Fig. 7.5.6 in Orfanidis)

Using a glass with n = 1.51, we have c = 41.47 . The angle

(Fig. 7.5.7 in Orfanidis)

(Fig. 7.5.7 in Orfanidis)

The Brewster angle (TM polarization)

(Fig. 7.6.1 in Orfanidis)

Brewster angle, reflection

(Fig. 7.6.2 in Orfanidis)

Can be used to obtain linear polarization, but loses power through

Measuring Brewsters angle between classes

Hastings A. Smith, Jr, The Physics Teacher, Feb 1979, p. 109.

What happens on the other side at total reflection?

which are nonzero unless TM = TE = 1. The z wavenumbers

Since kx = k sin , k = 0 , and 0 =  sin2 c , we have

Note the branch 1 = j must be taken in order to have

(Fig. 7.8.1 in Orfanidis)

(Fig. 7.8.1 in Orfanidis)

Thus, there is a region close to the surface containing reactive

Typical field distribution

The wave vector k = j

Evanescent square root

Oblique incidence on a lossy medium

(Fig. 7.9.1 in Orfanidis)

To the left: kx = k sin , kz = k cos .

No standard Brewster angle for lossy media

(Fig. 7.6.3 in Orfanidis)

But when kx = x jx and kz = z jz , we can achieve

The Zenneck surface wave

(Fig. 7.10.1 in Orfanidis)

Conditions for the Zenneck wave

Using kx2 + kz2 = 2 0  and (kx0 )2 + (kz0 )2 = 2 0 0 and kx = kx0

Example: air-water interface

where we used k = nk0 and k 0 = n0 k0 . Since k k = k 2 = 2

Since kx = k sin , k = 0 , and 0 = sin2 c , we have

Using kx2 + kz2 = 2 0 and (kx0 )2 + (kz0 )2 = 2 0 0 and kx = kx0