Orc Analysis

NARUITELJ
Regionalna energetska agencija sjever,

Miroslava Krlee 81, Koprivnica
VEZA
Ugovor o usluzi tehnike ekspertize u sklopu projekta Inovativno
iskoritavanje nisko-temperaturnih geotermalnih izvora u jugoistonoj
Europi, datum 30. rujan 2013.
Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle technology applied for

electric and heat energy production using renewable energy
from geothermal wells
IZDAVA:
North-west Croatia Regional Energy Agency
Andrije aje 10
10 000 Zagreb
http://www.regea.org
AUTORI:
Dr. sc. Julije Domac

Mr. sc. Velimir egon
Adam Babi, mag. Ing. mech.
VODITELJ PROJEKTA:
ODOBIO VODITELJ PROJEKTA:
OODOBRIO RAVNATELJ
Dr.sc. Julije Domac
Zagreb, prosinac 2013
Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle technology applied for electric and heat energy production using
renewable energy from geothermal wells
Table of Contents
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 2
2.
ORC systems - technical data .......................................................................................................... 3
3.
2.1.
Organic Rankine cycle systems (ORC systems)........................................................................ 3
2.2.
ORC system powered by geothermal energy .......................................................................... 7
2.3.
ORC system powered by biomass ......................................................................................... 10
Geothermal wells Ka-1 and Mol-32 ............................................................................................. 11

3.1.
ORC system application - only geothermal energy ............................................................... 13
3.1.1.
3.2.
Investment costs of geothermal plant .......................................................................... 14
ORC system application - geothermal and biomass energy .................................................. 15
3.2.1.
Investment costs of combined geothermal and energy plant ...................................... 17
4.
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 18
5.
Literature ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Summary
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology is modern and highly energy efficient. It allows electric
energy production from renewable sources like geothermal wells, biomass, Sun and waste heat
energy. Organic Rankine Cycle technology is based on Rankine cycle with high-molecular-mass
organic fluid. Key is in organic fluid which evaporates on significantly lower temperature and
pressure than water in classic Rankine cycle. This system is described in first part of study with accent
on biomass and geothermal ORC systems.
Second part of study is based on two Croatian wells and finding solutions how to apply ORC
technology for electric energy production. However both wells are characterized by low geothermal
water temperature (about 60 C) and small heat power. ORC technology demands at least 100 C of
geothermal water temperature.
This study offers two solutions. First one is based on drilling the well hole deeper, this procedure
provides higher geothermal water temperature and more heat power. Other solution is based on
second energy source. More heat power and higher temperature of organic fluid can be achieved by
including biomass boiler in system. Furthermore, heat pump is also required. It lifts heat energy from
geothermal well on higher temperature level. With biomass boiler and heat pump in system, deeper
drilling of well is not required.
Investment costs of proposed solutions are high. Plant with overall thermal power 1,000 kW and
electric power about 200 kW cost approximately 3,180,000.00. One third of investment costs is for
reinject drillhole and completion of production drillhole, that is the main reason for so high
investment costs. Many parts of plant have to be custom made and there is a lot of special work so it
is very difficult to estimate costs precisely.
1. Introduction
Croatia has many geothermal wells, mostly with temperatures below 100 C and this is the main
impeller for this study. Namely, goal of this analysis is to find a way how to use heat energy from
geothermal energy sources for electric energy production through Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
technology. Nowadays, ORC systems are cutting edge technology in world, but in Croatia are known
only two implementations (in city of Novska and city of Udbina) and both are in pellet industry. This
technology is based on thermodynamic process of Rankine Cycle but instead of water, working fluid
is organic liquid with low vaporization temperature. Technology is described more detail in second
chapter.
In the third chapter are given parameters about two real geothermal wells in city of Krievci and
village of Molve. These wells are characterized by low geothermal water temperature and small
power. Despite that, in the same chapter possibilities of using ORC technology on mentioned wells
are presented. The two solutions are given for each well. First one is based on geothermal energy
only, but with some changes on drillholes. Second solution includes biomass energy. With biomass as
heat energy source much larger power plant can be planned without any big changes on drillholes.
Estimated investment costs are given after presented solutions.
In last part of this paper is given conclusion with recommendations for further steps about these two
wells and ORC technology.
2. ORC systems - technical data

2.1.
Organic Rankine cycle systems (ORC systems)
The Organic Rankine Cycle's principle is based on a turbogenerator working as a normal steam
turbine to transform thermal energy into mechanical energy and finally into electric energy through
an electric generator. Instead of the water steam, the ORC system vaporizes an organic fluid,
characterized by a molecular mass higher than water. Vaporization and condensation in ORC is on
lower pressure and lower temperature than standard water cycle. Thermodynamic cycle of ORC
system is shown in Figure 2.1 by temperature-entropy diagram and scheme.
Figure 2.1 Organic Rankine cycle

By courtesy of Turboden srl www.turboden.it
A heat source heats liquid (water or thermal oil) to a high temperature, typically about 300C, in a
closed circuit. The hot liquid passes through heat exchanger in ORC module (pre-heater and
evaporator). In heat exchanger heat is transferred from hot liquid to organic working fluid in ORC
system and consequently organic working fluid evaporates (from point 3 to point 4). Then organic
vapor expands in the turbine (from point 4 to point 5), producing mechanical energy, further
transformed into electric energy through a generator. Turbine is directly coupled to the electric
generator through an elastic coupling. The vapor is then cooled, first in regenerator and then in
condenser. Regenerator is not obligatory part of the ORC system but it increases energy efficiency of
such systems. Condenser in scheme has water as a cooling fluid, but organic working fluid can be
cooled by air also. In water condenser, water warms up at about 80 - 90C and can be used for
different applications requiring heat, for example district heating, wood drier or something else.
Finally, condensed organic fluid is pumped back into the regenerator to close the circuit and restart
the cycle.
In next table are compared main characteristics of water and high molecular mass organic fluid as a
working fluid in Rankine cycle.
Table 2.1 Comparison of water and organic fluid as a working medium

Water
small, fast-moving molecules
metal parts and blade erosion
multistage turbine and high mechancal stress
High molecular mass organic fluid

very large flow rate
larger-diameter turbine
no wear of blades and metal parts
ORC unit with main parts can be seen in next figure. Blue arrows mark cooling water inlet and outlet
while yellow arrows mean hot liquid inlet and outlet.
Figure 2.2 Components of an ORC unit

The ORC system has high overall energy efficiency: 98% of incoming thermal power in the thermal oil
or water is transformed into electric energy (around 20%) and heat (78%), with low thermal leaks, 2
% due to thermal isolation, radiance and losses in the generator (Figure 2.3). These data are provided
by producing company of ORC systems Turboden srl. Electric efficiency of ORC systems can be higher
(around 24% and more) in non cogenerative cases.
Figure 2.3 Energy distribution

Except high overall energy efficiency, ORC system has next advantages:
Very high turbine efficiency (up to 90%);
Low mechanical stress of the turbine (low peripheral speed);
Direct drive of turbine to the electric generator without reduction gear (low RPM of the
turbine);
No erosion of the turbine blades (absence of moisture in the vapor nozzles);
Low mechanical stress of the cycle (much lower pressure than steam cycle);
Very long operational life of the machine (designed for 20+ years)
Automatic operation of plants without need of onsite attendance by licensed operators;
High availability (greater than 98 %);
Partial load operation down to 10 % of nominal power (Figure 2.4);
Low Observations&Measurements requirements (O&M) - about 3 to 5 hours per week.
Partial load efficiency curve is shown in Figure 2.4. ORC system can operate down to 10 % of nominal
load with 45 % of the cycle efficiency. ORC system has 90 % of efficiency down to 50 % loading.
Figure 2.4 ORC partial load efficiency

Earlier in the text is mentioned Turboden srl as an ORC system producer. This producer is dominant
in Europe by number of installed ORC unit. Company ORMAT is dominant in North America. These
and other producers and characteristics of their product are described in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 List of world main ORC system producer
Producer
Electric power
(kW)
Electric efficiency
(%)
Temperature of hot
liquid (C)
Ormat
200 7,500
150 to 300
Turboden srl
300 2,000
16 to 20
100 to 300
HMK GmbH
50 2,000
9 to 21
120 to 350
Khler und Ziegler Anlagentechnik
GmbH
70 - 200
11
100
Ergion GmbH
4 - 300
13 to 16
120 to 300
Adoratec GmbH
300 1,750
15 to 18
300
WSK Energie und Umwelttechnik
GmbH
52 - 65
~16,3
Source: Bian D. (2012), Optimization of middle-temperature waste heat utilization by means of ORC process,
Thesis, Faculty of Engineering Rijeka
As a heat source can be used biomass, heat waste, geothermal and solar energy. Biomass as a heat
source for ORC unit is the most popular, second place hold heat waste energy, geothermal energy is
third and solar energy is the rarest. These renewable heat sources are true value of ORC systems,
namely ORC technology is not about the lowest price per kWel possible, but about sustainable
investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency. Payback period of investment depend on the
specific application and local market, according to producer information payback period is about 4 to
5 year.
2.2.
ORC system powered by geothermal energy
In cases when geothermal energy is used as heat source in ORC system, there is no unique solution.
Every ORC system for geothermal energy is custom made. Hot water resource should be between
100 C and 200 C. ORC unit size could be up to 15 MWel and have a high efficiency cycle. Efficiency
can be enhanced with two-level cycles. During designing, it has to be pay attention on some specific
potential problems.
Main issues to consider:
Corrosion special and costly materials for the heat exchangers, great influence on the cost
of the unit and longer delivery period;
Scaling limits in cooling the geothermal brine;
Fouling removable covers and straight cleanable tubes;
Working fluid flammability, critical in urban areas and for insurance cost;
Vapor plume and need for makeup water in case of evaporative devices;
Larger footprint and noise emissions from the fans in case of air cooling.
ORC systems with geothermal energy can be cooled by evaporative towers or air condensers. Their
characteristics are shown in next table.
Table 2.3 Characteristics of cooling devices
Evaporative towers
Smaller footprint
Efficient in hot dry climate
Higher own-consumption
Fresh water consumption
Chemical water treatment
Air condensers
Larger footprint
Efficient in cold climate
Lower own consumption
No water needed
Virtually no environmental impact and operating costs
Other important decision to make is choosing of optimal organic fluid in ORC system. Decision
making parameters are:
Cost;
Enthalpy drop & flow rate;
Pressure levels;
Environmental friendliness;
Heat input curve;
Cooling system.
Thermodynamic process of Rankine Cycle with isopentane as a working fluid is shown in next figure.
Figure 2.5 Rankine Cycle with organic working fluid isopentane

Source: Short Course on Geothermal Drilling, Resource Development and Power Plants,
organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 16-22, 2011. Dr. Pll Valdimarsson,
University of Iceland
In next figures can be seen one real geothermal plant with ORC unit. On photos is Hochtief plant
located near Mnchen. Hochtief plant is made for electric energy production only and its electric
power is 5 MW.
Figure 2.6 Geothermal plant near Mnchen

More geothermal plants are listed in table on next page. It is important to notice that minimal
geothermal water temperature is 106 C in plant in Austria and that was the first Turboden
geothermal plant, after that, all plants have higher geothermal water temperature.
Table 2.4 European geothermal ORC systems

Start-up
date
03/2001
06/2008
Customer/end user
Marktgemeinde
Altheim GmbH
GEIE-Groupement
Europeenne d'Interet
Economique
Geothermal water
temperature (C)
Heat &
power
1000
106
Power only
1500
175
5000
140
500
150
Country
Description
Altheim
Austria
Soultz-sousForets
France
12/2012
Karl Lausser GmbH
Sauerlach
(Munich)
Germany
03/2012
Enel
Livorno
Italy
12/2012
Hochtief EM
03/2013
Hochtief EM
Duermhaar
(Munich)
Kirchstockach
(Munich)
Geothermische
Kraftweksgesellschaft Traunreut
Traunreut GmbH
*Under construction
UC*
Power
(kW)
City
Heat &
Power
Supercritical
prototype
Germany
Power only
5600
138
Germany
Power only
5600
138
Germany
Heat &
power
4100
118
2.3.
ORC system powered by biomass
The most common type of ORC systems is type with biomass as energy source. Such systems can
produce heat and electrical power with high efficiency and user friendly operation. The generated
power usually ranges between 200 kW and 5 MW electric. Heat energy can be used in many various
applications like:
District heating networks;
Timber drying in sawmills;
Sawdust drying in wood pellet factories;
Greenhouses;
Swimming pools;
Trigeneration.
In combustion chamber of boiler can burn forestry residues, sawdust, wood chips, bark, treated
wood, dried sewage sludge, straw, green cuttings, waste material etc.
Scheme of real ORC system with all main parts is shown in Figure 2.7. Thermal power of that plant is
2,220 kW. Flow rate is about 16 kg/s and temperature change is about 50 C, from 300 C to 250 C.
ORC unit has electric power output 400 kW and thermal power is around 1,780 kW. Only 40 kW of
power is thermal loss. District heating is good way to use thermal power, but beside that it has to be
installed additional coolers in system for cases when district heating is turned off or below nominal
capacity. In presented example (Figure 2.7) district heating water flow rate is 14,2 kg/s with
temperatures 60/90 C.
Figure 2.7 Scheme of ORC system powered by biomass fuel

10
3. Geothermal wells Ka-1 and Mol-32

Geothermal wells Ka-1 and Mol-32 are in central focus of this study. It has to be found solution how
to use effective their thermal energy by ORC technology. Main results of conducted measurements
are given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Characteristics of geothermal wells Ka-1 i Mol-32
Location
Name of well
Temperature of geothermal water on the ground (C)
Thermal potential (kW)
Krievci
Molve
Ka-1
Mol-32
68
60
750*
300*
Yes (too much sulfate,
Corrosive characteristics of geothermal water
chloride and gasses
No**
CO and HS)
Flow rate (m/day)
390
150
Temperature on the bottom of the well (C)
83,9
97,8
Well depth (m)
1,496
1,623
*In case when outlet temperature of geothermal water is 20 C.
**Required detailed analysis.
Source: INA (2009), Izvjetaj o rezultatima proizvodnog ispitivanja i hidrodinamikog mjerenja u buotini
Krievanka-1 (Ka-1), SD Naftaplin, Sektor proizvodnje nafte i plina
INA (2005), Izvjee o obavljenim radovima na geotermalnoj buotini Molve-32, Sektro proizvodnje nafte i plina,
Okrug Podravina
Thermal potential is 300 kW in Mol-32 and 750 kW in Ka-1 but this worth in case when geothermal
water is cooled on 20 C. These wells are very small by its power size and they have low temperature
of geothermal water. For Ka-1 were made some studies of how to utilize heat energy from
geothermal well. Heat energy could be used for heating of nearby schools and school hall and it is
estimated currently is required about 425 kW of heat power. Near the well are located two
swimming pools. Swimming pools are used only in summer because then they are heated by solar
energy. In case they will be heated, it is required 225 kW of heat power for small pool and 1,000 kW
for big pool. If swimming pools will be heated then is required to build building for pools or for one of
them. Overall heat power is 1650 kW.
11
Figure 3.1 Landscape around Ka-1

Source: Google Earth
Heat energy demands of surrounding buildings of well Mol-32 are not yet investigate (Figure 3.2).
Assumption is that this heat energy will be optimally used by cooperation with some industry.
Currently there is not any satisfied industry but this will be ideal for pellet industry, greenhouses,
sawmills or something similar where is required big amount of heat energy. Very positive
characteristic of this well is good chemical quality of water so water is not corrosive. This property
influence significantly on capital costs of power plant because there is no need for special stainless
material.
Figure 3.2 Landscape around Mol-32

Source: Google Earth
12
3.1.
ORC system application - only geothermal energy
Wells Ka-1 and Mol-32 with current parameter are not satisfied for commercial production of heat
and electric energy through ORC system. It has to be higher geothermal water temperature and
higher heat power. In the winter will be primary to satisfied heat demand of local building, industry
or something else. All excess of heat energy will be used through ORC unit for electric energy
production. Of course, during summer when heat demand will be low, electric energy production will
be the highest. Also, higher power size gives shorter payback period of investment.
Wells could be improved by deeper drilling and by more drillholes. Deeper well will be result with
higher geothermal water temperature and probably by increasing of heat power. More drillholes will
give more power.
Scheme of complete system is shown on Figure 3.3. Except production well there is also injection
well because geothermal water on temperature 60 C has to be return. Other solution is cooling
water on temperature below 30 C (according the current law about waste water). This solution can
be implemented in well Mol-32, but it is not satisfied for well Ka-1 because of problematic water
chemical properties.
Figure 3.3 Scheme of geothermal plant

Source: North-West Croatia Regional Energy Agency, own drawing
Well Ka-1 and Mol-32 should be improved according to Table 3.2 and Table 3.3. Further analysis is
made with assumption goal state of wells will not change during exploitation. Exact way of goal state
achievement has to be determinate after detail analysis.
13
Table 3.2 Current and goal state of well Ka-1

Current state
68
750
4.5
Geothermal water temperature (C)

Heat power (kW)
Water flow rate (l/s)
Goal state
100
1,000
6.0
According Geothermal well preliminary testing procedure Krizevci Croatia made by company EFLA it
can be expected higher geothermal water temperature and increasing of its flow capacity. That will
be result with heat power about 1,000 kW (in case water is cooled on 20 C).
In well Ka-1 heat exchanger, pipeline and pump have to be made from special stainless material
because water is corrosive. 1000 kW heat power will satisfied heat demand of local schools, school
hall and smaller swimming pool. When heat energy is not required ORC unit will work full capacity.
Its electric power should be approximately 200 kW.
Table 3.3 Current and goal state of well Mol-32
Current state
60
300
1.7
Geothermal water temperature (C)

Heat power (kW)
Water flow rate (l/s)
Goal state
100
1,000
6.0
In well Mol-32 has to be significantly increased flow rate of geothermal water to achieved better
economic aspects of investment into ORC technology. Currently there is not any serious industry or
heating network so this system can be made for electric power production only (200 kWel). Other
possibility is to install this system together with some heat energy consumer like greenhouses. Excess
of heat energy then could be used for electric power production.
3.1.1. Investment costs of geothermal plant
Precise investment cost of geothermal plant is very difficult to give because there is a lot of custom
made parts and there is no standard prices. In table below are given cost estimations based on costs
of other geothermal plants.
Table 3.4 Investment costs*
Mol-32
850,000.00
1,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,000,000.00
60,000.00
200,000.00
5,110,000.00
ORC unit with all associated parts

Completion of current drillhole
New production drillhole
Reinject drillhole
District heating system
Other expenses
Total expenses
*Estimated, without VAT
14
Ka-1
1,100,000.00
600,000.00
1,000,000.00
180,000.00
200,000.00
3,080,000.00
3.2.
ORC system application - geothermal and biomass energy
Other possibility of using geothermal heat energy without any huge changes on current well is to
connect well system with biomass boiler system. In that case, plant power can be significantly
increased, depend about boiler power. This solution include heat pump into the whole system, this is
presented in next figure (Figure 3.4). Current geothermal water temperature is lower than minimal
required temperature for ORC unit. This is the reason for including high temperature heat pump into
the system. After temperature is increased liquid goes to heat exchanger with organic working fluid.
Appropriate organic fluid will be determinate by ORC unit producer. After first heat exchanger
working fluid goes to evaporator. Evaporator is connected to the biomass boiler through pipeline
with thermal oil. After that, organic vapor propel turbine and consequently generator produce
electric energy. Cooling of organic vapor is made in two steps. First, vapor goes into heat exchanger
where water is heated. This water is used for fulfilling building or industry heating demand. Second
step is complete condensation of organic vapor in air condensers. If there is no any heating demand,
organic vapor goes directly into condensers. Then pump push liquid into the cycle again.
Figure 3.4 Scheme of plant based on geothermal and biomass energy

Source: North-West Croatia Regional Energy Agency, own drawing
15
All main parts are shown in upper scheme and power of them is given in next table.
Table 3.5 Power of main parts
Mol-32
350
650
1,000
780
200
Rated heating output of heat pump (kW)

Heat power of biomass boiler (kW)
Overall heat power (kW)
Potential heat power of district heating (kW)*
Electric power of ORC unit (kW)
Ka-1
850
600
1,450
1,140
290
*Included thermal losses of 2%
Heat pump has to be for high temperature sources. Electric power of compressor for Mol-32 will be
around 50 kW and for Ka-1 around 100 kW. Electric power of ORC unit in both cases is below 300
kW because of current national tariff system for electric energy from renewable sources. Electric
power of ORC unit in Molve is only 200 kW. Reason for that is very small thermal power of
geothermal well. Such system can be economically payable very hard. In both cases boiler should be
powered by woodchips so it have to be planed woodchips storage and associated equipment.
Heat energy of plant in city of Krievci can be efficiently used for heating of school buildings, school
hall and smaller swimming pool. Also, there is capacity for even more building or factory which can
be include into the heating network. On the other hand, plant in village of Molve is great for
connecting with some industry. Possible solution for sawmill and pellet factory are given in next two
figures (Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6). Also, similar industry can be made in city of Krievci near Ka-1.
Figure 3.5 Scheme of sawmill with ORC unit

16
Figure 3.6 Scheme of pellet factory with ORC unit

There is second option for using of heat energy from geothermal well with combination of heat
energy from biomass. In that case have to be achieved goal state of wells shown in Table 3.2 and
Table 3.3 and then is not required heat pump. Instead of heat pump geothermal water is pumped
directly into heat exchanger with organic fluid. Then organic vapor condensate at low temperature
(below 80 C) and cannot be made district heating network.
3.2.1. Investment costs of combined geothermal and energy plant

Like in chapter 3.1.1 precise investment cost of this plant is very difficult to give because there are a
lot of custom made parts so there are not standard prices. In this case is not required to build any
new drillholes except reinject drillhole, but significant costs are now biomass boiler and heat pump.
Table 3.6 Investment costs*
ORC unit with all associated parts
Biomass boiler with biomass storage and equipment
Reinject drillhole and completion production drillhole
Heat pump and required equipment
District heating system
Other expenses
Total expenses
*Estimated, without VAT
17
Mol-32
850,000.00
700,000.00
1,200,000.00
100,000.00
30,000.00
300,000.00
3,180,000.00
Ka-1
1,350,000.00
700,000.00
1,200,000.00
200,000.00
150,000.00
300,000.00
3,900,000.00
4. Conclusion
ORC technology and its possibilities are quite unknown in Croatia so in first part of this paper
principles of technology and its main parts are presented. ORC systems powered by geothermal and
biomass energy are more detailed elaborated.
Further research of ORC technology is made based on two Croatian wells. Both wells have low
geothermal water temperature (about 60 C) and this is a big lack for ORC technology. Namely, for
ORC technology, temperature of geothermal water should be at least 100 C. Other problem is small
heat power of wells. Geothermal well with more power is more suitable for investment in ORC
system because payback period is shorter.
In this paper two different solutions are given, both based on increasing of temperature and heat
power. That can be achieved by drilling holes deeper or by including another source of energy like
biomass. Goal state of wells is geothermal water temperature of 100 C and overall heat power
about 1,000 kW. Primary this heat power will be used for local buildings heating or potential industry
heating. Excess of heat energy will be introduced in ORC unit and it will serve for electric energy
production. Simple scheme of whole system is shown on Figure 3.3. ORC unit will work with full
capacity in summer when building heating demands are low. In village of Molve good option is to
install ORC unit made only for electric energy production because nearby well has no serious heat
energy demands. Other solution is more complex and includes biomass boiler and heat pump.
Scheme of this system is given in Figure 3.4. In this case it is not necessary to make huge changes on
wells therefore heat pump and biomass boiler are included in system. Heat pump gives temperature
above lower limit for ORC system and biomass boiler increases thermal power of system.
Next step should be making of detail economic analysis of these projects, but it has to be said wells
Ka-1 and Mol-32 are not in optimal conditions for ORC technology. This is the main reason for high
investment costs shown in chapters 3.1.1 and 3.2.1. However, ORC technology has definitely huge
potential in Croatia because of renewable sources usage and high energy efficiency.
18
5. Literature
Bini R., Di Prima M., Guercio A. (2010), Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in biomass plants: an overview
on different applications, available at:
http://www.turboden.eu/en/public/downloads/10A02943_paper_marco.pdf, Turboden Srl
Bian D. (2012), Optimization of middle-temperature waste heat utilization by means of ORC
process, Thesis, Faculty of Engineering Rijeka
Bundesverband Geothermie, The Altheim Rankine cycle turbogenerator,
http://www.geothermie.de/wissenswelt/archiv/englisch/the-altheim-rankine-cycleturbogenerator.html
available
at:
Duvia A., Guercio A., Rossi di Schio C. (2009), Technical and economic aspects of Biomass fuelled CHP
plants based on ORC turbogenerators feeding existing district heating networks, available at:
http://www.turboden.eu/en/public/downloads/09A06400_paper_orc_turboden_clotilde.pdf,
Turboden srl
Duvia A., Tavolo S. (2008), Application of ORC units in the pellet production field: technical-economic
considerations and overview of the operational results of an ORC plant in the industry installed in
Mudau (Germany), available at:
http://www.turboden.eu/en/public/downloads/Turboden_Paper_on_ORC_application_in_the_pelle
t_production.pdf, Turboden srl
EFLA Orkuverk Itd., (2009), Implementation of energy efficiency measures with district geothermal
heating in city of Krizevci, preliminary report
EIHP (2012), Razvojna studija i studija izvodljivosti grijanja javnih objekata geotermalnom energijom
u Gradu Krievcima, Zagreb
INA (2009), Izvjetaj o rezultatima proizvodnog ispitivanja i hidrodinamikog mjerenja u buotini
Krievanka-1 (Ka-1), SD Naftaplin, Sektor proizvodnje nafte i plina
INA (2005), Izvjee o obavljenim radovima na geotermalnoj buotini Molve-32, Sektro proizvodnje
nafte i plina, Okrug Podravina
Ministry of Economy (2013); Pravilnik o istraivanju i eksploataciji mineralnih sirovina, Croatia
Peretti I. (2008), Application of ORC units in sawmills. technical-economic considerations, available at:
http://www.turboden.eu/en/public/downloads/08A03722_paper_turboden_segherie.pdf, Turboden
srl
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NARUITELJ

Regionalna energetska agencija sjever,

Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle technology applied for

Dr. sc. Julije Domac

Mr. sc. Velimir egon

ODOBIO VODITELJ PROJEKTA:

Mr. sc. Velimir egon

Dr.sc. Julije Domac

Zagreb, prosinac 2013

ORC systems - technical data .......................................................................................................... 3

Organic Rankine cycle systems (ORC systems)........................................................................ 3

ORC system powered by geothermal energy .......................................................................... 7

ORC system powered by biomass ......................................................................................... 10

Geothermal wells Ka-1 and Mol-32 ............................................................................................. 11

ORC system application - only geothermal energy ............................................................... 13

Investment costs of geothermal plant .......................................................................... 14

ORC system application - geothermal and biomass energy .................................................. 15

Investment costs of combined geothermal and energy plant ...................................... 17

2. ORC systems - technical data

Organic Rankine cycle systems (ORC systems)

Figure 2.1 Organic Rankine cycle

Table 2.1 Comparison of water and organic fluid as a working medium

High molecular mass organic fluid

Figure 2.2 Components of an ORC unit

Figure 2.3 Energy distribution

Figure 2.4 ORC partial load efficiency

ORC system powered by geothermal energy

Figure 2.5 Rankine Cycle with organic working fluid isopentane

Figure 2.6 Geothermal plant near Mnchen

Table 2.4 European geothermal ORC systems

Karl Lausser GmbH

ORC system powered by biomass

Figure 2.7 Scheme of ORC system powered by biomass fuel

3. Geothermal wells Ka-1 and Mol-32

Figure 3.1 Landscape around Ka-1

Figure 3.2 Landscape around Mol-32

ORC system application - only geothermal energy

Figure 3.3 Scheme of geothermal plant

Table 3.2 Current and goal state of well Ka-1

Geothermal water temperature (C)

Geothermal water temperature (C)

ORC unit with all associated parts

*Estimated, without VAT

ORC system application - geothermal and biomass energy

Figure 3.4 Scheme of plant based on geothermal and biomass energy

Rated heating output of heat pump (kW)

*Included thermal losses of 2%

Figure 3.5 Scheme of sawmill with ORC unit

Figure 3.6 Scheme of pellet factory with ORC unit

3.2.1. Investment costs of combined geothermal and energy plant

*Estimated, without VAT

Turboden srl (2013), Turboden Biomass solutions, available at:

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