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17. Identify the two regions of the adrenal gland, and cite
the hormones secreted by each.
18. List the three zones of the adrenal cortex.
19. What effect would ele
20. Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.
21. Increased amounts of light would inhibit the
production of which hormone?
22. List three possible functions of melatonin.
23. Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and
the hormones produced by each.
24. Why does a person with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
urinate frequently and have increased thirst?
25. What effect would increased levels of glucagon have on
the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?
26. Identify two hormones secreted by the kidneys.
27. Identify a hormone released by adipose tissue.
28. Describe the action of renin in the bloodstream.
29. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, and glucagon
causes glucose levels to rise. What is this type of
hormonal interaction called?
30. The lack of which hormones would inhibit skeletal
formation?
31. Why do levels of GHRH and CRH rise during the
resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
32. Discuss the general role of the endocrine system in the
functioning of other body systems.
15. What three zones make up the adrenal cortex, and what kind
of hormones does each zone produce?
16. Which two hormones are released by the kidneys, and what is
the importance of each hormone?
17. What are the four opposing effects of atrial natriuretic peptide
and angiotensin II?
18. What four cell populations make up the endocrine pancreas?
Which hormone does each type of cell produce?
LEVEL 2 Reviewing Concepts
19. What is the primary difference in the way the nervous and
endocrine systems communicate with their target cells?
20. In what ways can a hormone modify the activities of its
target cells?
21. What is an endocrine reflex? Compare endocrine reflexes and
neural reflexes.
22. How would blocking the activity of phosphodiesterase affect a
cell that responds to hormonal stimulation by the cAMP
second-messenger system?
23. How does control of the adrenal medulla differ from control
of the adrenal cortex?
24. A researcher observes that stimulation by a particular
hormone induces a marked increase in the activity of G
proteins in the target plasma membrane. The hormone being
studied is probably
(a) a steroid.
(b) a peptide.
(c) testosterone.
(d) estrogen.
(e) aldosterone.
25. Increased blood calcium levels would result in increased
(a) secretion of calcitonin.
(b) secretion of PTH.
(c) retention of calcium by the kidneys.
(d) osteoclast activity.
(e) excitability of neural membranes.
26. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin levels are frequently
normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of
insulin. This suggests that the target cells
(a) are impermeable to insulin.
(b) may lack enough insulin receptors.
(c) cannot convert insulin to an active form.
(d) have adequate internal supplies of glucose.
(e) both b and c.
Chapter 18
Answers to Checkpoints
Page 596
1. A hormone is a chemical messenger that is secreted by one cell
and travels through the bloodstream to affect the activities of cells
in other parts of the body.
2. Paracrine communication is the use of chemical messengers to
transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue.
3. The four mechanisms of intercellular communication are direct,
paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic.
Page 603
4. Neural responses occur within fractions of a second and are of
short duration. Conversely, endocrine responses are slow to appear
but last for minutes to days.
5. A substance that inhibits adenylate cyclase, the enzyme that
converts ATP to cAMP, would block the action of any hormone that
requires cAMP as a second messenger.
6. A cells hormonal sensitivities are determined by the presence or
absence of the receptor complex needed to bind a given hormone.
Page 608
7. The two lobes of the pituitary gland are the anterior lobe and the
posterior lobe.
8. In dehydration, blood osmotic concentration is increased, which
would stimulate the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release
more ADH.
9. Somatomedins mediate the action of growth hormone. Elevated
levels of growth hormone typically accompany elevated levels of
somatomedins.
10. Elevated circulating levels of cortisol inhibit the endocrine cells
that control the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland, so ACTH
levels would decrease. This is an example of a negative feedback
mechanism.
Page 614
11. Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin are
hormones associated with the thyroid gland.
12. An individual whose diet lacks iodine would be unable to form
the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). As
a result, you would expect to see signs and symptoms associated
with their deficiency: decreased metabolic rate, decreased body
temperature, a poor response to physiological stress, and an
increase in the size of the thyroid gland (goiter).
13. Most of the bodys reserves of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine
and T4, are bound to blood-borne proteins called thyroid-binding
globulins. Because these compounds represent such a large
reservoir of thyroxine and T4, it takes several days after removal of
the thyroid gland for blood levels of thyroxine and T4 to decline.
Page 615
14. The parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior surfaces
of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.
15. The hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands is parathyroid
hormone (PTH).
16. The removal of the parathyroid glands would result in a
decrease in the blood concentration of calcium ions. Increasing the
amounts of vitamin D and calcium in the diet could counteract the
effects.
Page 619
17. The two regions of the adrenal gland are the cortex and
medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids (primarily
aldosterone), glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol, hydrocortisone, and
corticosterone), and androgens; the medulla secretes epinephrine
and norepinephrine.
18. The three zones of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep
are the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.
19. One function of cortisol is to decrease the cellular use of
glucose while increasing both the available glucose (by promoting
the breakdown of glycogen) and the conversion of amino acids to
carbohydrates. Therefore, the net result of elevated cortisol levels
would be an elevation of blood glucose.
20. Pinealocytes are the special secretory cells in the pineal gland.
21. Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production (and
release) of melatonin from the pineal gland, which receives neural
input from the optic tracts. Melatonin secretion is influenced by
lightdark cycles.
22. Melatonin inhibits reproductive functions, protects against free
radical damage, and influences circadian rhythms.
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23. The cells of the pancreatic islets (and their hormones) are alpha
cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (GHIH), and F
cells (pancreatic polypeptide).
24. An individual with type 1 or type 2 diabetes has such high
blood glucose levels that the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the
glucose; some glucose is lost in urine. Because the urine contains
high concentrations of glucose, less water can be reclaimed by
osmosis, so the volume of urine production increases. The water
losses reduce blood volume and elevate blood osmotic pressure,
promoting thirst and triggering the secretion of ADH.
25. Increased levels of glucagon stimulate the conversion of