PRACTICUM REPORT OF MECHANICAL FLUID LAB

FLUID MECHANICS
BERNOULLIS THEOREM

GROUP 21

Day/Date
Assistant
Approval
Grade
Signature

Rivanto

1306437031

Danny Tirta Winata

1306437025

Rafitya Rahisa

1306437063

Zain Azzaino

1306437044

Fhassi Maulavi Anfiqi

1306437050

: Friday, 3 October 2014

:
:
:
:

LABORATORIUM HIDROLIKA HIDROLOGI DAN SUNGAI

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK SIPIL
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
2014

Friction in Pipes

A. Objectivers
1. Examining the change in pressure due to friction in the circular pipe with an average
flow rate
2. Indicate the presence of laminar flow and turbulent flow

B. Basic Theory
Flow pressure loss in the pipe caused by the force of the friction in the pipe. The
higher the flow rate, then greater the pressure loss. Fluid flow can be determine into
three types there are:
1. Laminar flow

Laminar flow is flow of the liquid that moves in layers, or lamina lamina
with another layer which slide through smoothly. In laminar flow, viscosity
serves to reduce the tendency of the relative motion between the layers. So,
the laminar flow had fulfill the law of newton which is can be described as
(1)

2. Turbulent flow

Turbulent flow is a flow which the movement of the fluid particles is very
uncertain due to mixing and rotation of particles between the layers,
resulting in the exchange of momentum from one part of the fluid to another
fluid in large scale. In turbulent flow conditions, the turbulent that occurred
generate shear stress force the evenly distributed throughout the fluid that
resulting losses of flow.
3. Transitional flow

Transitional flow is a flow that is the transition between laminar to turbulent

flows.

Reynolds Number
Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that determined a flow into
laminar, transitional or turbulent. Reynolds number can be calculate using these
formula.
(2)
Where,
V = the average speed of the fluid flow (m/s)
D = inner diameter of the pipe (m)
= dynamic viscosity of the fluid(

= fluid density

Judging from the flow velocity , Reynolds assumed or categorized laminar

flow when the flow has a number Re is less than 2300, for the transition flow is the Re
2300 and 4000 numbers are also commonly referred to as the critical Reynolds number,
whereas turbulent flow Re number has more than 4000.
Coefficient of friction
The coefficient of friction is influenced by the speed because the velocity
distribution in laminar flow and turbulent flow is different, then the friction coefficient
different for each type of flow. Pressure loss in the pipe flow arises due to friction in the
pipe. The higher the flow rate, the greater the pressure loss. Loss of energy (
to the pressure loss (h2 - h1), because the velocity is constant along the pipe.
According to Poiseuille for the laminar flow:

) is equal

Where,

= fluid density

= kinematic viscosity
= average flow velocity
L = pipe length
D = Diameter of pipe
g = earth gravitation

Darcy and Weisback gives the relationship between pressure loss and velocity
turbulent flow as follows:

Which if Poiseuille dan Darcy-Weisback formula is merge then :

C. Apparatus
a. Hydraulic table
b. Stopwatch
c. Measuring Glass
d. Friction in pipe instruments
e. Hand pump

D. Procedure
a. Water Manometer Procedure

1. Practitioner turning on the pump and opening the flow regulator valve on the
end of the pipe on the hydraulics table, let the water flow until all the air out.
2. Practitioner closing the valve and watching both of the water manometer
gauge until it gained in a balanced state.
3. Practitioner opening the valve on the flow hydraulics table.
4. Practitioner opening the valve on the pipe end slowly.
5. Practitioner noting the height difference in the water manometer.
6. Practitioner measuring the flow rate by using a measuring cup and a stopwatch.
7. Practitioner redoing step 4 to 7 for a range of different pressures until there are
7 variations.
b. Mercury Manometer procedure
1. Practitioner closing both of the valve, then removing the pipe connect to the
water manometer and connecting the pipe to the mercury manometer.
2. Practitioner turning on the pump and opening the flow regulator valve on the
end of the pipe on the hydraulics table, let the water flow until all the air out.
3. Practitioner closing the valve and watching both of the mercury manometer
gauge until it gained in a balanced state.
4. Practitioner opening the valve on the flow hydraulics table.
5. Practitioner opening the valve on the pipe end slowly.
6. Practitioner noting the height difference in the mercury manometer.
7. Practitioner measuring the flow rate by using a measuring cup and a stopwatch.
8. Practitioner redoing to step 5 to 8 for a range of different pressures until there
are 7 variations.

E. Data Processing
L = 0.5 m

T = 30

Pipe diameter =

g = 9,8

Pipe diameter =

Volume (ml)
Water
mercury
24
32
48
49
57
64
69
74
74
75
76
90
80
99

water
14.87
15.2
14.97
15.2
14.88
14.9
14.85

Data Collection
Water (mm)
h1
h2
204
230
188
240
176
250
163
260
150
270
138
280
127
290

|
|

Mercury (mm)
h1
h2
258
280
248
290
238
300
228
310
218
320
208
330
198
340

Time (s)
mercury
2096
3.08
3.22
3.1
3
2.88
3.25

|
|

Water Data Processing Results

h1
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
Average

h2
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

hf
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16

Q
1.61399E-06
3.15789E-06
3.80762E-06
4.53947E-06
4.97312E-06
5.10067E-06
5.38721E-06

A
0.000007065
0.000007065
0.000007065
0.000007065
0.000007065
0.000007065
0.000007065

V
0.2284484
0.4469773
0.5389406
0.6425299
0.7039092
0.7219634
0.7625202

f
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

Re
854.55
1671.98
2015.99
2403.48
2633.08
2700.61
2852.32

0.10

4.08285E-06

0.000007065 0.5778984

0.03

2161.71

Mercury Data Processing Result

h1
0.258
0.248
0.238
0.228
0.218
0.208
0.198

h2
0.280
0.290
0.300
0.310
0.320
0.330
0.340

Average

hf
0.299
0.571
0.843
1.115
1.387
1.659
1.931

Q
1.52672E-08
1.59091E-05
1.98758E-05
2.3871E-05
0.000025
0.00003125
3.04615E-05

A
V
f
0.000007065 0.002161 7058.17543
0.000007065 2.2518175
0.01241
0.000007065 2.8132734
0.01174
0.000007065 3.378764
0.01076
0.000007065 3.5385704
0.01220
0.000007065 4.423213
0.00934
0.000007065 4.311612
0.01144

Re
8.08
8423.26
10523.47
12638.77
13236.55
16545.68
16128.22

1.12

2.09118E-05

0.000007065 2.9599159 1008.32048

11072.00

and log V2, where X is log V2 and Y is log

Linear regression relation between log

Water Manometer Table

Mercury Manometer Table

log V2
log Hf
-1.28242 -1.58502665
-0.69943 -1.28399666
-0.53692 -1.13076828
-0.38421 -1.01322827
-0.30497 -0.92081875
-0.28297 -0.84771166
-0.2355
-0.7878124

log V2
-5.330707
0.7050664
0.8984239
1.0575157
1.0976557
1.2914757
1.2692793

Water Manometer Table

log and log V2

0
-1.5

-1

-0.5

Axis Title

-0.5
y = 0.7414x - 0.6867
R = 0.9559

-1

Series1
Linear (Series1)

-1.5

Axis Title

-2

log hf
-0.5240384
-0.2432118
-0.0740694
0.04735276
0.14213908
0.21989874
0.28582725

Mercury Manometer Table

log and log V2

log

0.4

-6

0.2
y = 0.0975x - 0.0346
R = 0.6838
0
-4

-2

Series1

-0.2

Linear (Series1)

-0.4

log V2

-0.6

Linear regression relation between log f (friction factor) and log Re, where log Re is Xaxis and log f is Y-axis
Water Manometer Table

Mercury Manometer Table

log f

log Re

log Re

log f

-1.260578939
-1.542543696
-1.551826131
-1.586991012
-1.573828071
-1.522718044
-1.510291203

2.931734993
3.22323237
3.304487776
3.380840223
3.420463509
3.431462044
3.455198254

0.90759342
3.925480084
4.022158823
4.101704746
4.121774729
4.218684742
4.207586554

3.848692449
-1.906254269
-1.930469347
-1.968139031
-1.913492678
-2.029553045
-1.941428155

Water Manometer Graph

Log f VS Log Re
0
2.8

3.2

3.4

3.6

Log f

-0.5
-1

Series1

y = -0.5172x + 0.2033
R = 0.7251

Linear (Series1)

-1.5
-2

Log Re

Mercury Manometer Graph

Log f VS Log Re

5
4
3

y = -1.8051x + 5.4568
R = 0.9946

Log f

2
1

Series1

0
-1 0

Linear (Series1)
1

-2
-3

Log Re

Reynolds number and value of VC:

Linear regression relation between log V and log

is Y-axis
Water Manometer Table
log V
-0.641211893
-0.349714517
-0.268459111
-0.192106663
-0.152483378
-0.141484842
-0.117748633

, where log V is X-axis and log

Mercury Manometer Table

log hf
-1.585026652
-1.283996656
-1.13076828
-1.013228266
-0.920818754
-0.847711656
-0.787812396

log V
-2.665353466
0.352533197
0.449211936
0.52875786
0.548827842
0.645737855
0.634639667

Water Manometer Graph

Log v VS log hf
0
-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.2 0
-0.4

Log V

-0.6
-0.8
-1

y = 1.4828x - 0.6867
R = 0.9559

-1.2
-1.4
-1.6

Log hf

-1.8

Series1
Linear (Series1)

log hf
-0.524038411
-0.243211801
-0.074069402
0.047352761
0.14213908
0.219898739
0.285827253

Mercury Manometer Graph

Log v VS Log hf
0.4
0.3
0.2

Log V

y = 0.1949x - 0.0346
R = 0.6838
-3

-2

0.1
-1

0
-0.1 0

Series1

-0.2

Linear (Series1)

-0.3
-0.4
-0.5

Log hf

-0.6

Error Calculation
|

Error Calculation of

0,07

Error calculation of

0,6

F. Analysis

Procedure Analysis
This experiment aims to determine the change in pressure due to friction
in a circular pipe with an average flow velocity and to know what kind of stream
of water flowing in the pipe. In the lab will use two kinds of pressure gauge
manometer and the mercury manometer. In preparation, laboratory assistant
and the practitioner prepare equipment to be used by placing it on the table as
well as the end of the pipe hydraulics experimental apparatus connected with
the supply of the table hydraulics. Practitioner begins with an explanation by the
assistant to do the reading on the manometer. At first practitioner open flow
regulator valve and drain the water until all the air squeezed out until there are
no air bubbles in the pipeline. The entire air bubbles must be removed from the
tube in order to obtain accurate data by value, because air pressure can affect
the reading on the manometer.
Next the practitioner closes the flow, then set until the pressure in both
pipes are in a stable state. Furthermore measurement of the flow rate out of a
pipe test performed using a closed tube and stopwatch. When reading the water
from the manometer we used about 15 second for discharge measurement,
since the discharge flow is likely to be small. The measurement was performed at
different pressure by regulating the flow of water to the height h1 with 7
repetitions. Whenever repetition of the different pressure readings do not forget
to also measure the flow rate.

In subsequent readings, the reading of the mercury manometer, valve

closed again, and so release the hydraulics pipe enters the table and then
connect it to the tank. Make sure the water supply of the table hydraulics
connected to the tank, to start reading on a mercury manometer. Practitioner
perform the same procedure as in the water manometer readings, the first
pressure stabilized beforehand so that h1 and h2 indicate the same figure, the
following readings were taken at different pressures to see h2 are decreasing
according to 7 data variables. In contrast to the use of water manometer,
mercury manometer discharge measurement take only 3 second due to debit
that tend to be larger than the water manometer.

Graphs and Result Analysis

From the table it appears that the data on both the manometer, the
value of Re increases with increasing flow rate. The increasing value of Re can
also be seen in the higher flow rate.
There are at least four graphs of water and mercury manometer
consisting of a graph of the logarithm Reynolds number (Re log) and the
logarithm of the frequency of friction (log f) and velocity logarithmic relationship
graphs (log V) with a total head logarithmic (log hf). The graph is the result of the
use of the method of linear regression equation to the data obtained practicum.

Log f VS Log Re
0
2.8

3.2

3.4

3.6

Log f

-0.5
-1

y = -0.5172x + 0.2033
R = 0.7251

Series1
Linear (Series1)

-1.5
-2

Log Re

Log f

Log f VS Log Re
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1 0
-2
-3

y = -1.8051x + 5.4568
R = 0.9946

Series1
6

Linear (Series1)

Log Re

The first two graphs shows the relationship between log Re (X) and log f
(Y) on a water manometer, where the regression equation is y = -0.5172x +
0.2033 and y = -1.8051x + 5.4568. This shows that the value of a growing log Re
will decrease the value of log f, which means there is a reverse ratio between the
values of Re and f.
Finding the critical velocity in this experiment, using linear regression
relationship between log v log hf. From the linear regression equation log f vs log
Re which has been obtained from the manometer (water and mercury), obtained
the value of x to find the critical Vc = yraksa yair using the equation, where the
next value of x that has been obtained is used to find the critical value of Re for

speed (Re for critical velocity = (Re) 10x). Kinematic viscosity of water at a
temperature of 30 C is equal to

m2 / s.

Finding the critical velocity in this experiment, using linear regression

relationship between log v log hf. From the linear regression equation log f vs log
Re which has been obtained from the manometer (water and mercury), obtained
the value of x to find the critical Vc = yraksa yair using the equation, where the
next value of x that has been obtained is used to find the critical value of Re for
speed (Re for critical velocity = (Re) 10x). Kinematic viscosity of water at a
temperature of 30 C is equal to

m2 / s.

From the following equation obtained critical velocity of 2.67 m / s. When

a fluid flows through a circular pipe with a certain flow rate, fluid experience
friction due to the viscosity and leads to a change in pressure. When the fluid
moves through a pipe with constant diameter and with a low speed, the
movement of each particle along a line generally parallel to the pipe wall. When
the flow rate increases, the peak point reached when the particle motion
becoming more random and complex. Speed, about which this change occurs is
called the critical velocity (Vc), and flow at a higher velocity levels called
turbulent and at a pace lower level is called laminar. The critical speed can also
describe the Reynolds number at the transition state that determines the
boundary between laminar and turbulent flow patterns.

Log v VS Log hf
0.4
0.3
0.2

Log V

y = 0.1949x - 0.0346
R = 0.6838
-3

0.1

-2

-1

0
-0.1 0

-0.2

Series1
Linear (Series1)

-0.3
-0.4
-0.5

Log hf

-0.6

Log v VS log hf
0
-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.2 0
-0.4
-0.6

Log V

-0.8
-1

y = 1.4828x - 0.6867
R = 0.9559

-1.2

Series1
Linear (Series1)

-1.4
-1.6

Log hf

-1.8

The next 2 graphs also important because it has the relationship between
log V (X) and log hf (Y) where the water manometer regression equation is y =
0.1949x - 0.0346, while the mercury manometer is y = 1,4828x 0.6867
This graph gives an overview of the results to changes in pressure,
determine the hf pressure difference at each flow rate. It appears that if the
average speed is less than the critical speed, the hf value found using the mean
velocity. Conversely, if the average speed is greater than the critical speed, the
value hf searched using the critical velocity.

Using the linear equations obtained by the graph, we use the following forula to find hf
log hf = a + b log V
hf = 10a . Vb

hf at Water Manometer = 0.08

hf at Mercury Manometer = 0.6

Then we determine the type of the flow using these standards

, Laminer
, Transition
, Turbulent
Water
Re
854.5451102
1671.984972
2015.987224
2403.478398
2633.076692
2700.611074
2852.320042

Flow Type
laminer
laminer
transition
transition
transition
transition
transition

Mercury
Re
8.083387906
8423.257625
10523.46649
12638.76812
13236.5477
16545.68462
16128.22427

Flow Type
laminer
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent

c. Error Analysis
The value of relative error of hf which is obtained at water manometer is
1% and for mercury manometer is 41.17%.
The error might be caused by :

Error on inaccurate measurement of time possible suppression of

late stopwatch to measure the resulting differences in the flow
rate.

error reading the volume of water in a measuring cup

errors reading manometer scale due to fluctuation

G. Conclusion

The value of critical velocity is Vc = 2.67 m/s

More friction causes less pressure.

Laminar flow requires Re < 4000.

Transition Flow requires 2000 < Re <4000.

Turbulent flow requires Re > 4000.

H. Reference

Exoeriment Guidance Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. Laboratory Hydraulics,

Hidrology dan river Civil Engineering University of Indonesia. Depok. 2014.

Potter, Merle. C and Wiggert, David. C. Mechanics of Fluids. Prentice Hall

Englewood Cliffs : NJ 07632.