1.

(a)

Define the term isotope.

atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
OR same element with different number of neutrons
NOT same atom with different number of neutrons
accept same atomic number with different mass number
(1)

(b)

The diagram shows part of the mass spectrum for chloroethane, C 2H5Cl.
What ions are responsible for the peaks at m/e 66 and 64, and 29 and 28?
66 &/or 64: C2H5CI+ (1) 2 isotopes of chlorine (1); NOT 13C (abundance too
low)
29 & 28:

C2H5+ (1)

C2H4+ (1)

penalise missing charges ONCE and ONCE ONLY

(4)

(c)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

M(g) M+(g) + e (2) if no state symbols (max 1)
OR words including gas phase (1) energy per mole of atoms (1)
(2)

(d)

The graph shows a plot of 1g(ionisation energy) vs number of the electron removed for
sodium. Explain the form of this graph in terms of the electron structure of sodium.

lg
(io n is a tio n
e n e rg y ) 6
5
4
3
2
1
1

5
7
4
6
8
N u m b e r o f e le c tro n re m o v e d

10

11

1 electron in outer shell, 8 next shell, 2 next shell / 2,8,1

OR 1s2 2s2 2p3 3s1 (1)
large / significant energy difference between levels
OR comment on magnitude of differences between 1 & 2 and 9 & 10 (1)
ionisation energy increases / is higher nearer nucleus
OR comment on increase from left to right (1)
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Gateway International School (PVT) Limited

2.

Give the electronic configuration for Fe and for Fe 3+ in the table below.
3d
Fe:
Fe

3+

4s

(A r)

(1 )

(A r)

(1 )

Suggest why Fe3+ is a more stable ion than Fe2+ under normal conditions.
(numbers of electrons acceptable)
half filled d (sub-) shell / orbital in Fe3+ / paired electrons in Fe2+ (1)
(3)

3.

Give the electron structure of the vanadium atom and the V2+ ION:
4s

3d
(A r)

V
V

2+

(A r)

V: 3d3 4s2 3d electrons must be unpaired (1)

V2+: 3d3 (1)
If V incorrect but contains 4s electrons and these are lost allow second mark
(Total 2 marks)

4.

Below are given the atomic and ionic radii for a number of elements
Give an explanation for each of the following:

(i)

A to m

R a d iu s /n m

Io n

R a d iu s /n m

N
M
A
F
C
I

0 .1
0 .1
0 .1
0 .0
0 .0
0 .1

N a+
2+
M g
3+
A l

C l
I

0 .1
0 .0
0 .0
0 .1
0 .1
0 .2

a
g
l
l

57
36
25
71
99
33

02
72
53
33
80
16

The magnesium atom is smaller than the sodium atom.

greater nuclear charge / more protons (1) exerting greater attraction on electrons / in
same energy level / electrons in same shell / electronic structures same / some degree of
shielding (1)

(ii)

The sodium ion is smaller than the sodium atom.

loss of outer shell (1) same nuclear charge (1) (and fewer electrons so nucleus able to
contract electron cloud)

Gateway International School (PVT) Limited

(iii)

Aluminium fluoride is ionic, aluminium iodide is covalent.

AI3+ large charge, small radius (highly polarising) (2)
for covalency cation must distort anion (1)
small F not distorted (by AI3+ ionic) (1)
large I is distorted (by AI3+ covalent) (1)
OR

AI AI3+ high ionization energy or equivalent (2)

F F liberates more energy than I I (2)
\ AIF3 energetically more favourable (1)

OR

F very electronegative (1)

F more electronegative than iodine (1)
Attracts electrons better (1)
From AI (1)
Occurs to such an extent that transfer of electrons results (1)
(Total 9 marks)

5.

Using the following data, construct a Born-Haber cycle for potassium chloride and use it to find
the electron affinity of chlorine.
DH/kJ mol1
First ionisation energy of potassium
Enthalpy of atomisation of potassium
Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine
Enthalpy of formation of potassium chloride
Lattice enthalpy of potassium chloride

+419
+89.2
+121.7
436.7
711

K + (g ) + C l (g )
H

at

E .A .

K + (g ) + C l2 (g )

p a th fo r K (s ) K + (g ) (1 )

p a th fo r C l 2 (g ) C l (g ) (1 )
H la t ( 1 )
H f (1 )

K + (g ) + C l (g )

io n

K (g ) + C l2 (g )
H

at

at

K (s) + C l 2 (g )
H

K C l(s )

Accept as a cycle
Diagram without values and without DH, but all species identified (2) max
DHf = DHa(K) + DHa(CI2) + DHion(K) + EA(CI) + DHlat (1)
(or any equivalent rearrangement)
or \ EA(CI)
= (436.7) (+89.2) (+121.7) (+419) (+419) (711) (1)
= 355.6 (kJ mol) (1)
correct answer with no working (1)
(Total 6 marks)

Gateway International School (PVT) Limited

6.

(a)

(i)

(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
OR
2
2 6 2 6 0 2
(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
OR
2
2 6 2 6 2 0
(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
ALLOW subscript numbers in place of superscripts
6

2p 2px 2py 2pz numbers must be superscript

3p 3px 3py 3pz numbers must be superscript
IGNORE caps
(b)

(i)

Energy/ enthalpy / heat energy change / required per mole (1)

NOT evolved
for the removal of 1 electron (1)
from gaseous atoms NOT molecules (1)
OR
+
nd
rd
X(g) X (g) + e states required for 2 and 3 marks (2)
Can be actual symbol of an element
ACCEPT - e

(c)

(-)

(ii)

(Even though) there is a greater nuclear charge / number of protons

OR nuclear charge increases down the group (1)
outer / valency electron(s) further from nucleus NOT shell on its own (1)
and more shielded OR more (filled) inner shells/electrons (1)
3

(i)

Similarity: number of protons (proton number) (1)

IGNORE electrons
NOT atomic number
Difference: number of neutrons
[correct numbers can be given]
NOT atomic mass or number of nucleons (1)

24 78.6 25 10.1 26 11.3

100

(ii)

= 24.3

Method (1)
Answer must be to 3 SF (1)
Correct answer to 3 SF with some working (2)
-1

IGNORE g or g mol other wrong units lose a mark

2
[11]

Gateway International School (PVT) Limited

7.

A Born-Haber cycle for the formation of calcium oxide is shown below.

C a 2+ (g ) + O

Ca

Ca

2+

2+

(g ) + O (g ) + 2 e

(g )

(g ) + O 2 (g ) + 2 e

C a (g ) + O 2 (g ) + e

C a (g ) + O 2 (g )

C a (s) + O 2 (g )

C aO (s)
Data DH/kJ mol1
DH1 = + 193; DH2 = 590; DH3 = +1150; DH4 = +248; DH6 = 3513;
(i)

Identify the change which represents the lattice enthalpy of CaO

DH6 (1) or the process equivalent ie Ca2+ + O2 CaO
if above equation given state symbols not required here.
(1)

(ii)

Use the data above to calculate DH5

DH5 = (DH7 DH6) (DH1 + DH2 + DH3 + DH4)
= (3513 635) (193 + 590 + 1150 + 248)
= 2878 2181 = (+)697 (kJ mol1)
correct answer and some working (3)
correct answer and no working (1)
if due to arithmetical error (ie a wrong number) (max 2)
if due to wrong sign (0)
(3)

Gateway International School (PVT) Limited

(iii)

Use this value of DH5 to calculate the first electron affinity of oxygen, given that the
second electron affinity of oxygen is +844 kJ mol1.
DH5 = 1st E.A. + 2nd E.A. or 697 = 1st + 844 (1)
\ 1st E.A. = 697 844 = 147 kJ mol1 (1)
mark both marks for this consequentially on the answer given in (a)(ii)
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

8.

(i)

Write an equation the enthalpy change for which would be the enthalpy of formation of
zinc sulphide, ZnS.
Zn(s) + S(s) ZnS(s) (1) allow 1/8S8
must have correct state symbols
(1)

(ii)

In the smelting of zinc ores, the following reaction occurs:

ZnS(s) + 1O2(g) ZnO(s)

DH

= 441 kJ mol1

Use this, together with the data below, to calculate a value for the enthalpy of formation of
ZnS.
ZnS(s) + 1O2(g) ZnO(s)
S(s) + O2(g) SO2 (g)

Data:

DH
DH

= 441 kJ mol1
= 297 kJ mol1

correct answer by any method with full sensible working (5)

if correct answer but no working then (1) only
incorrect answer means max 4 as follows:
(2) for cycle of DH statement (penalise (1) for each error)
(2) for substitution of correct values and signs in the appropriate equation
(penalise (1) for each error)

Zn

348

Example

ZnS

S
297

ZnO

441

SO

OR
ZnS + 1O2 ZnO + SO2
DHreact

= DHf[ZnO] + DHf[SO2] DHf[SnS]

441

= -348 - 297 - DHf[ZnS]

DHf[ZnS]

= -204 ignore units

(5)
(Total 6 marks)

Gateway International School (PVT) Limited