Shortreviewonmetal

R i
Review
To have better properties, materials can be fabricated and be
composed of different compounds / atoms alloys material.
Example : to imoprove mechanical properties and corrosion resistance such as
various steels

The properties of the alloys is strongly dependent on the

characteristic of microstructure of the alloys.
The
Th characteristic
h
t i ti on th
the alloys
ll
can b
be d
described
ib d using
i Ph
Phase
Diagram of the alloys. The characteristic is determined by elements
present, composition, heat treatment.
Valuable informations of alloys are often explainable from their
Phase Diagram
g

Material performance depend on

micro structure
Material processing
Material structure
Material properties
Material performance

 PhaseDiagramsfor

metallicsystem
lli
ReviewonBinary
Review on Binary
p
phasediagram
g
Theironcarbon
system

S
Some
d
definitions
fi iti
Componentt : pure/stable
C
/ bl compounds
d ((metals
l or oxides)
id ) off which
hi h an alloy
ll
is composed
System : material under consideration or possible alloys consisting of the
same components.
Solid solution : a solution that consists of at least two different
components.
liquid solution is produced as the molecules intermix and its compositions is
homogeneous throughout.
solid solution : impurity atoms are randomly and uniformly distributed within the solid

Solubility limit : maximum concentration of solute can be dissolved in the

solvent in a solid solution.
Phase : homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and
chemical charateristics

S
Some
d
definitions
fi iti
(2)
Equilibrium : a state or condition where free energy of the system is
minimum (time independent property) a function of temperature,
pressure and composition.
Phase equillibrium: equillibrium state when it applies to a system
consists of more than one phase
phase.
Metastable state: a non equilibrium condition of a system since the
eq ilibri m state is very
equilibrium
er slowly
slo l to reach
reach.

Water - Sugar

If more than one phase exist in a given system, each will have its
own distinct properties

A boundary separating the phases will exist across which there will be
discontinuous and abrupt change in physical and/or chemical properties
Water and ice, as well as, a substance with two or more polymorphic forms
are identical in chemical make up
up, but their respective physical characteristic
differ.

Nickel - Copper

Three different phase regions or

fields appear on the diagram :
phase, liquid L and two phase
+L

Below 1080 C, copper and

nickel are mutually soluble in
each other in the solid state for
all composition
Melting
point of
Cu
The copper-nickel system are
termed isomorphous due to this
complete liquid and solid
solubility of the two component.
Why???

Melting
point of Ni

Temperature, C

Th phase
The
h
composition
iti
TA

L (liquid)

L+
B

TB

Tie line / Isotherm

TC
CL

Co

C Composition, wt%

Development of
microstructure
equilibrium process

With continued cooling, both compositions and relative amount each of the phases will
change
g

The composition of the liquid and the phase will follow the liquidus and solidus lines, respectively
The fraction of phase increases with continued cooling.

Over all alloy composition remains unchanged during the cooling

The final product is a polycrystalline phase solid solution that has uniform 35% Ni-65% Cu

Development
p
of
microstructure
nonequilibrium
process

Condition of equilibrium solidification is realized only for extremely slow cooling rates

In practical situations, cooling rates is too rapid to allow compositional readjustments (by diffusional
processes).
)
Diffusion rates are slow for solid phase and decrease with the decrease in temperature.

The degree of displacement of non-equilibrium solidus curve from the equilibrium one
depends on the cooling rate, the slower cooling rate, the smaller the displacement
Important consequences for alloys that have solidified under non-equilibrium condition

Segregation : concentration gradients are established across the grains (not in liquid phase)
This can be eliminated by a homogenization heat treatment carried out below the solidus curve.

I
Iron-Iron
I
Carbide
C bid (F
(Fe-Fe
F 3C) Ph
Phase Di
Diagram
BCC

FCC

BCC

Iron carbide

Iron-Iron
Iron
Iron Carbide (Fe-Fe
(Fe Fe3C) Phase Diagram
E t ti reaction
Eutectic
ti att 1147C:
1147C
cooling

(2
L(4.3
(4 3wt %C )
(2.14
14 wt %C ) Fe3C (6
(6.7
7 wt %C )

heating

Eutectoid reaction at 727C:

(0.022wt %C) Fe3C(6.7wt %C)

(0.76wt %C)
heatingg
cooling

Development of microsructure in iron-carbon alloys

The most commond Fe-C alloys:
Pure iron (< 0.008 wt%C)
Steel (0.008 wt%C 2.14 wt%C)
Cast iron (2.14 wt%C 6.70 wt%C)
The microstructure of the alloys is strongly dependent on
both the C content and temperature
p
treatment during
g
fabrication.

Development of microsructure
in iron-carbon alloys

Heating or cooling through eutectoid

Development of microsructure
in iron-carbon alloys

Schematic representation of the equilibrium microstructure

for an iron carbon alloy of hypo-eutectoid composition as it is cooled from within
teh austenite phase region to below the eutectoid temperature

Development of microsructure
in iron-carbon alloys

Photograph of a 0.38 wt % C steel having a microstructure consisting of pearlite

and proeutectoid ferrite

Development of microsructure
in iron-carbon alloys

Schematic representation of the equilibrium microstructure

for an iron carbon alloy of hyper-eutectoid composition as it is cooled from within
the austenite phase region to below the eutectoid temperature

T
Transformasi
f
i Austenite
A t it
Austenite
Slow
C li
Cooling

Pearlite ( + cm) +
a proeutectoid phase

Moderate
Cooling

Rapid
Q
Quenching
hi

Bainite
( + cm phase)

Martensite
(BCT phase)

Most of p
phase transformation do not occur instantaneously,
y,
consideration is given to the dependence of transformation
progress on time (the transformation rate).

Phase transformation is divided into 3 classification

simple diffusion-dependent transformation, ex. Pure
metal
diffusion-dependent transformation, pearlite, spheroidite
diffusion-less transformation, ex. Martensitic

Reheating

Tempered Martensite
( + cm Phase)
(
Ph )

Isothermal
transformation
diagram

austenite to pearlite
t
transformation
f
ti

Isothermal transformation diagram for a eutectoid iron-carbon alloys with

superimposed isothermal heat treatment curve (ABCD)

The difference in microstructure between coarse pearlite and fine pearlite

Isothermal transformation diagram for a eutectoid iron-carbon alloys that has been
extended to lower temperatures

Photomicrograph of steel having a spheroidite microstructure and the

martensite microstructure

The complete
Th
l t iisothermal
th
l ttransformation
f
ti di
diagram ffor an iiron carbon
b alloy
ll off
eutectoid composition (left) and that for an alloy steel (type 4340)

Micro-structural
Micro
structural
determination for
three isothermal
h t ttreatments
heat
t
t

Mechanical behaviour of iron-carbon

iron carbon
alloys

Mechanical behaviour of iron-carbon

iron carbon
alloys

Mechanical behaviour
of iron-carbon alloys

Mechanical behaviour of iron-carbon

iron carbon
alloys

Electron micrograph of tempered martensite

Mechanical behaviour of iron-carbon alloys

Hardness versus tempering time for a water quenched eutectoid plain carbon (1080) steel

Review of phase transformations and

mechanical
h i l properties
ti ffor iiron-carbon
b
alloys

Review of phase transformations and

mechanical
h i l properties
ti ffor iiron-carbon
b
alloys