INTRODUCTION

Dc Motor
1.1 -description
The device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called
as a motor. The motor that utilizes a DC supply to produce mechanical output is
DC Motor. The advantages of using these types of motors over conventionally
used AC motors are stated below.
DC motors have higher controller efficiency.
DC motors have typical 98% efficiency.
DC motors have better overload and peak voltage characteristics.
The main advantage of using these DC motors ids that the speedtorque characteristics can be varied to almost any useful form. [1]
A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) is a control
loop feedback mechanism(controller) widely used in industrial control systems. A
PID controller calculates an error value as the difference between a
measured process variable and a desired setpoint. The controller attempts to
minimize the error by adjusting the process through use of a manipulated
variable.[2]

The speed control of a motor is frequently required in industrial applications,

robotics, home
appliances, etc. In this report, we have implemented a DC motor speed control
system. The idea of a speed control system is to maintain the speed of the motor
at the desired value under various condition. In practice, the DC motor is a
nonlinear device and its speed varies because
of change in load demand, disturbances, etc. We have implemented the PID
controller algorithm which is a popular controller in industries.
The block diagram of a DC motor speed control system is shown in figure(1). The
motor speed is sensed by an optical switch and converted to feedback voltage.[3]

1.2- dc motor driver

In a DC motor driven by sine wave power-on driving and having hall elements
shift-mounted relative to a stator for detecting the position of a rotor, a reduction in
starting torque is eliminated by avoiding a braking action occurring when
switching phases on starting the motor .

In the case of the sine wave power-on

driving, the braking action may occur owing to delay of the current flowing

through the windings of the motor by the influence of an inductance value of stator
windings and induced voltage of the motor. In order to avoid the braking action,
hall elements for detecting the position of the rotor are shift-mounted. However,
the braking action would be likely to occur on the contrary, because the induced
voltage is low when the motor is started. To solve this problem, according to the
invention the 120 rectangular wave power-on driving is executed for starting the
motor until the number of revolutions of the motor has attained a predetermined
value after starting, thereby reducing the undesirable braking action.[4]

Dc motor speed sensor:

The brushless DC motor requires position and speed sensors for control. However,
it is desirable to eliminate these sensors from the standpoints of size and cost
reduction, maintenance and reliability. The approach to the sensor less operation
becomes different, depending on the flux distribution. The paper presents the speed
and position sensor less control of the brushless DC motor with a sinusoidal flux
distribution, which provides high quality torque control. Two approaches are
presented and compared; one is based on the voltage model of the motor and the
other is based on the current model. Experimental results using a 1.2 kW, 164 V,
1200 RPM, six-pole motor which is controlled by a TMS320C25 DSP are shown
for comparison, which demonstrate desired characteristics both in steady state and
starting condition

1.3 dc motor controller:

DC motor controller includes at least one of the following: an output current
sensor circuit 12 which senses the current flowing through the motor driver 16
and outputs a current sensor signal to the micro computer 8; a temperature

sensor 13 senses the temperature of the motor driver and outputs a temperature
sensor signal to the micro computer 8; a vehicle direction changing sensor 6
which prevents an overload of the DC motor 17 by sensing an abrupt change in
direction the vehicle is being driven and outputs a vehicle direction changing
sensor signal to the micro computer 8; and a battery voltage sensor 7 which
senses the voltage of the battery 1 and outputs a battery voltage sensor signal to
the micro computer 8. Most preferably, the DC motor controller includes each of
the above device

1.4- PLC
1.4.1 A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.
Programmable logic controllers, also called programmable
controllers or PLCs, are solid-state members of the computer family,
using integrated circuits instead of electromechanical devices to
implement control functions.
They are capable of storing instructions, such as sequencing, timing,
counting, arithmetic, data manipulation, and communication, to control
industrial machines and processes. .

1.4.2 PLC Characteristics.

The most important and essential characteristics of a plc that portray its unique
aspects which are:
It is field programmable by the user.
It contains programmed functions.
It scans memory and inputs and outputs (I/O) in a deterministic manner.
It provides error checking and diagnostics.

 It can be monitored.
It is packaged appropriately.
It has general purpose suitability.

1.4.3 Components of the PLC

A schematic diagram of a programmable logic controller is presented. The basic
components
of the OPLC are the following
Input module
Output module
Processor
Memory
Power supply
Programming device

Fig(2) Components Of PLC

1.5 literature survey

1.5.1 D.C Motor Speed Control Using PID Controller
Prepared by
Dalal Hafedh
1.5.2 Control Of D.C Motor Speed Using Digital PID Controller.
Prepared by
Samer Abed-Alhussien
&
Raya khalid
Department of Control &System Engineering (2010-2011)
1.5.3 Design And Implementation Of a DC Motor Speed Controller Based
On a PLC

Prepared by
Nermeen abed-alwahed & Sura Sabrry
Department Of Control &System Engineering (2014-2015)

1.6 Motivation of designing a DC motor speed control.

References
[1].Books on DC motors: Driving DC Motors by G. MAIOCCHI, DC Motors and
drives by BL. THERAJA. January 2011
[.2]. Araki, M. 6--"PID Control".
.^ Jump up to:a b c Bennett, Stuart (1993). A history of control engineering, 19301955. IET. p. Jp. 48. ISBN ----978-0-86341-299-8.

.[3] I. J . Nagrath and M .Gopal, Control Systems Engineering, (Wiley Eastern

Limited). December 1, 2009
[4].William H. Yeadon, Alan W. Yeadon. 485206"%%%Handbook of small electric
motors.", McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001. Page 4-134

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