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LAMINAR
NATURAL
ENCLOSED
CONVECTION
RECTANGULAR
G. DE VAHL
IN AN
CAVITY
DAVIS*
INTRODUCI-ION
NOMENCLATURE
cavity width;
acceleration due to gravity ;
cavity height ;
fluid pressure ;
Prandtl number, v/a ;
Rayleigh number, j?gd3( q - TJav ;
fluid temperature ;
temperatures of cold, hot wall of
cavity ;
velocity components in the x, y directions ;
dimensional coordinates (Fig. 1);
dimensionless coordinates (x = xl/d;
Y = yl4
Greek symbols
fluid thermal diffusivity ;
coefficient of cubical expansion ;
;
dimensionless temperature, (T - TJ/
(Th - T,);
1676
G.
DE
VAHL
r,r
i-d--
FIG.
I Rectangular
PREVIOUS
cavity notation
WORK
DAVIS
LAMINAR
NATURAL
1677
CONVECTION
FORMULATION
OF THE PROBLEM
1678
G.
DE
VAHL
au
au
a2
ay
u-++_~---
1
p.
ap
3x1
+ vv2u
PO
av
ayf
udT+ v!?=
ay
x=1/d:
and
t+b=
at
x=0
(3)
assumptions,
-PdT.
8=
Y = yld;
T-T,.
K-T,
and
a(*,
$1
ah
Y)
0)
at
y = 0
and
y = 1:
aglay = 0, e = y.
(7c)
OF THE
EQUATIONS
(74
and
NUMERICAL
V28
a*lax = aelax = 0
+ =
a$jax = 0, 0 = y
x=1/d:
and
* =
aVT
PO
x=0
(W
(W
p. w
dp
-=
Equations (5) and (6) are subject to the conditions that $ and its first derivatives vanish at
the boundaries, and that 8 or its normal derivative are specified at the boundaries. The method
of solution is unaffected by the prescription on 8.
We have considered here
or
1 ap
---++v20
ax
Ra = B(Th - T,)9d3
the Rayleigh number.
CoJ
at
+gP-Po
a0
u-+v-=
ai
DAVIS
(6)
LAMINAR
NATURAL
4. Equation
CONVECTION
1679
1680
G. DE VAHL
(a) (0
DAVIS
(d(ii)
(b)(i)
FIG. 2. Contour maps of typical stream function distributions. l/d = 1. (a) Linear; (i) Ra = 103, Pr = 10
(ii) Ra = 2 x 104, Pr = 10. (b) Insulated; (i) Ra = 1.2 x 104, Pr = lo3 (ii) Ra = 5 x 104, Pr = 103.
LAMINAR
NATURAL
1681
CONVECTION
(4 6)
(a)
(b) (0
W 00
00
FIG. 3. Contour maps oftypical isotherm distributions. l/d = I. (a) Linear;(i) Ra = 103, Pr = 10. (ii) Ra = 2 x 104,
Pr = 103. (b) Insulated; (i) Ra = 1.2 x 104, Pr = lo3 (ii) Ra = 5 x 104, Pr = 103.
1682
G.
DE VAHL
DAVIS
(4
(b)
x 105, Pr = 103. @) Ra, = 125 x 106,
FIG. 4. Contour maps of I) and 0. I/d = 5. Insulated. (a) Ral = 1.25
Pr = 103.
LAMINAR
NATURAL
CONVECTION
1683
:...................................................................*...............................
:
(a) (0
W(ii)
..
FIG. 5. Contour
(ii) u-component.
1684
G. DE VAHL
DAVIS
(b)
(a)
FIG. 6. Contour
LAMINAR
NATURAL
CONVECTION
1685
Rayleigh numbers. This phenomenon was observed by Elder [l] and by Martini and Churchill [6]. It is predicted by Elders approximate
analysis. The streamline distribution is shown
in Fig. 8.
When the reversal ofmotion was first observed
in these computations, it was suggested to me
that it might have been a consequence of trying
to fit a 7-point approximation (as was being
used at the time) to a curve which was essentially
straight in the central region of the cavity.
However, repetition of the calculations using
5 and 3-point formulae revealed the same
effect. (Figures 7 and 8 are taken from the 3-point
results.)
It seems that, at sufficiently high Ra, the
boundary-layer flow is so well established that
the strong vorticity near the walls is able to
sustain a weak return motion in the outer part
of the boundary layer and that, in this region
of return flow (near the mid-height of the cavity),
the opposite boundary layer is less able to
influence this flow.
G.
DE
VAHL
DAVIS
ti)
vo
O-4
(ii)
02
Iii)
(iii1
Iii11
02
0
i/
Of-
(VI
02
(vi)
o-2
0 ~
02
%
02
o-4
0.6
Y
O-8
10
OZ
04
06
08
temperature
gradient
point. I/d = 1.7-pt.
ro
FIG. 9. Temperature
distribution
at mid-height
of cavity.
I/d = 1. Pr = 103. (a) Linear, 7-pt. (b) Insulated,
3-pt. (i1
Ra = 103fii)5 x 103(iii) 104(iv)5 x IO(v) lOs(vi)I.5 x 10
mid5-pt.
LAMINAR
NATURAL
1687
CONVECTION
Pr
NU
Conditions
(SWY),
9,
1000
10
0.1
1.033
I.033
1.033
1,186
1.186
1.171
0.916
0.916
0.913
I/d = 1, 5-pt.,
linear
10000
1000
IO
0.733
1.765
1.767
1.773
6.391
6.380
6.249
0,024
0.023
0005
f/d = I, 3-pt,
linear
50000
1000
10
1
4.103
4.075
3.845
6.781
6.726
6.258
- 0.067
- 0.066
- 0.060
l/d = 1, 7-pt,
insulated
100000
1000
100
10
1
5.927
5926
5.911
5-723
8.414
8.412
8,357
7.786
-0.021
- 0.020
-0.017
-0-005
I/d = 1,3-pt,
insulated
150000
1000
loo
10
1
6.717
6.715
6.698
6.499
8.848
8.842
8.790
8.191
1000
l/d = 1, 3-p&
insulated
oGo3
0+X34
0.006
0.019
-_
Ra
Author
Poots
Wilkes
loo0
ivu
lQ410
1.041(8)
n.a.
5000
&ll
Nu
4.3157
1.4191
4,3*
1.41(5)
4.31
1.419
3/,
6.2492
l-7735
6.2t
1,70(6)
n.a.
na.
10000
NU
1688
G.
(4 (0
DE
VAHL
DAVIS
(a)00
(b) (ii)
FIG. 12. Contour maps showing the distribution
and relative magnitude of the inertia and buoyancy terms in the
= 0.184 (ii) Buoyancy-maximum
=
vorticity transport
equation. (a) Ra = 103,Pr = lo3(i) Inertia-maximum
0.121 x lO.(b)Ra = 103,Pr = 10-lfi)Inertia-maximum
= 0.155 x 104(ii)Buoyancy-maximum
= 0.121 x 10.
LAMINAR
NATURAL
CONVECTION
(f) Heat-transfer
1689
results
co-
0ay i
Nu2L
k
At
Nu +
so
Odx.
low
1690
G.
DE
VAHL
DAVIS
Oi
04
x
OE
O@
IC
cd8/dyjo
(4
FIG. 14. Local heat-transfer
coefficient
at the cold boundary. (a) l/d = 1, linear, 3-pt. (b) I/d = 1, insulated,
insulated 3-pt.
65 -Y
PO015
CL)
0 Elder
(1)
Wilkes IL)
s
2
I
2 XIO1
5x10
2x104
5x104
2x105
LAMINAR
NATURAL
9
8
7
6
5
4
s3
with some
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out in part at the University of
New South Wales, with the financial support of the
Australian Atomic Energy Commission; and in part at
New York University, with the support of NASA Contract
1691
CONVECTION
REFERENCES
1. J. W. ELDER,Laminar free convection in a vertical slot,
J. Fluid Mech. 23(l), 77-98 (1965).
Heat transfer by free convection
2. G. K. BATCHELOR,
across a closed cavity between vertical boundaries at
different temperatures, Q. Appl. Math. 12(3), 209-233
(1954).
3. H. BBNARD,Les to~billons cellulaires dans une nappe
liquide transportant de la chaleur par convection en
regime permanent, Ann. Chim. Phys. 23,62 (1901).
4. G. POOTS,Heat transfer by laminar free convection in
enclosed plane gas layers, e. JI Mech. Appl. Math. 11(3),
257-273 11958).
5. J. D. HELL& and S. W. CHURCHILL,Transient and
steady state, free and natural convection, numerical
solutions. A.2.Ch.E. Jl 8,69Q-695 (1962).
6. W. R. MARTIMand S. W. CHURCHILL,Natural convection inside a horizontal cyhnder, A.1.Ch.E. Ji 6(2),
251-257 (1960).
I. E. R. MENOLDand S. DSTRACB,Natural convection in
a horizontal cylinder at large Prandtl numbers, Report
No. FTAS/TR-65-4, Engineering Division, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio (1965).
8. J. 0. WILKE~and S. W. CHURCHILL,
The finite difference
computation of natural convection in a rectangular
enclosure, A.1.Ch.E. Jll2, 161-166 (1966).
9. J. 0. WILKES, The finite difference computation of
natural convection in an enclosed rectangular cavity,
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan (1963).
Numerical solution of the
10. K. AZIZ and J. D. HELLUM.S,
three-dimensional equations of motion for laminar
natural convection, Physics Fluids 10(2), 314324 (1967).
11. J. W. ELDW, Numerical experiments with free convection in a vertical slot, J. Fluid Mech. 24(4), 823-843
(1966).
12. G. DE VAHLDAVISand C. F. KET~LEBOROUGH,
Natural
convection in an enclosed rectangular cavity, Trans.
Inst. Ertgrs, A~fra~ia MCl, 43-49 (1965).
13. G. DE VAHL DAVIS, Laminar natural convection in a
rectangular cavity, Report No. F-67-2, School of
Engineering and Science, New York University, N.Y.
(1967).
14. F. LANDISand H. YANOWITZ,Transient natural convection in a narrow vertical cell, in Proceedings of the
Third International Heat Transfer Conference, Am. Inst.
Chem. Engrs, New York (1966).
1.5.E. R. G. ECKERTand W. 0. CARLSON,Natural convection in an air layer enclosed between two vertical mates
with different temperatures, int. J. Hear Mass Trkfer
2, 106-120 (1961).
1692
G. DE VAHL
APPENDIX
1
(DX) = Yj&
-3
4-l
-1
0
o-1
0
o-1
(A.3)
10
0
1
-4
1
3
(A-1)
and
V28 = (RHSB),
where the right-hand
are matrices.
DAVIS
(A.2)
(A.4)
Rkumk-On dtcrit une etude du mouvement bidimensionnel laminaire et permanent dun tluide dans une
cavite fern&, le mouvement Ctant engendrb par un gradient de temperature normal a la direction de la
force volumique. Les equations qui rtgissent ce mouvement ont btt rtsolues numeriquement. Les resultats
sont compatibles avec quelques resultats thtoriques et experimentaux anttrieurs et en constituent une
extension. Les valeurs maximales du nombre de Rayleigh (bad sur la hauteur de la cavite) qui ont 6%
LAMINAR
NATURAL
CONVECTION
considCrQs ttaient de 2 X 10 pour une cavitCcar& et de 1,25 x lo6 pour une cavitt dont le rapport de
la hauteur sur Ikpaisseur 6tait &gal B 5. Quelques nouveaux d&ails de l8coulement B des nombres de
Rayleigh tlevts ont &t&d6couverts. On a trouvt que des nombres de Prandtl8ev6s exercent une influence
stabilisatrice sur la solution numtrique, tandis quils ont seulement un effet faible sur les rtsultats finaux
(dans la gamme 10-l < Pr < 103).
Zusammenfassung-Es wird von einer Untersuchung berichtet fiber stationlre, laminare, zweidimensionale
Fliissigkeitsbewegungen in einem Hohlraum. Die Bewegung wird von einem Temperaturgradienten
senkrecht zur Richtung der Massenkraft hervorgerufen. Die charakteristischen Gleichungen wurden
numerisch gel&t. Die Ergebnisse sind vergleichbar mit einigen theoretischen und experimentellen Resultaten und bilden deren Erweiterung. Die Maximalwerte der betrachteten Rayleigh-Zahlen (gebildet mit
der Hohlraumhiihe) betrugen 2 x lo5 fiir einen quadratischen Hohlraum und 1,25 x lo6 fiir einen
Raum vom H6hen-Breiten-VerhZiltnis 5. Einige neue Einzelheiten der Strijmung bei hohen RayleighZahlen waren zu erkennen. Es zeigte sich, dass hohe Prandtl-Zahlen einen stabilisierenden Einfluss auf
die numerische Lijsung ausiiben, wLhrend sie nur einen geringen Einlluss auf die Endergebnisse haben
(im Bereich 10-l $ Pr 4 103).
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1693