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Introduction
Use of PLCC in modern electrical power system is mainly for telemetry and telecontrol. Tele means remote.
Telemetry refers to science of measurement from remote location.
Different types of data transmission system can be used depending upon the network requirement and conditions.
Main data transmission system for telemetry and telecontrol are:
1. Use of telephone lines
2. Use of separate cables
3. Power Line carrier communication
4. Radio wave micro wave channel
The output of PLCC goes to coupling capacitor and then to transmission line and travels to another end where
it is received through coupling capacitor and inputted to relay and control panel at that end.
Major goal/Application of PLCC
PLCC in modern electrical power system substation is mainly used for following purpose:
1. Carrier protection relaying of transmission line so that:
o Inter trip command can be issued by relay due to tripping of circuit breaker at any one end.
o To trip the line circuit breaker nearest to the fault, this is done by:
a) Distance protection relay (V/I characteristics)
b) Differential comparison method
c) Phase comparison method
2. Station to station communication between operating personnel
3. Carrier telemetring, electrical quantities that are telemetered are kW, kVA, kVAR, Voltage and Power factor
etc.
Following methods are used for telemetring as well as telecontrol:
o Simplex
o Duplex
o Multiplex
o Time division Multiplex
Many factors will affect the reliability of a power line carrier (PLC) channel.
If both of these requirements are met then the PLC channel will be reliable.
The factors affecting reliability are:
1. The amount of power out of the transmitter.
2. The type and number of hybrids required to parallel transmitters and receivers.
3. The type of line tuner applied.
4. The size of the coupling capacitor in terms of capacitance.
5. The type and size, in terms of inductance, of the line trap used.
6. The power line voltage and the physical configuration of the power line.
7. The phase(s) to which the PLC signal is coupled.
8. The length of the circuit and transpositions in the circuit.
9. The decoupling equipment at the receiving terminal (usually the same as the transmitting end).
10. The type of modulation used to transmit the information, and the type of demodulation circuits in the receiver.
11. The received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Main Components of PLCC
1. Coupling Capacitor
From
Line
Coupler
Attenuator
Matching
Element
Band Pass
Filter
Amplifier
Detector
Carrier
Receiver
Protective
Relay
Fig: PLCC component - Transmitters and receivers
The coaxial cable provides shielding so that noise cannot get into the cable and cause interference. The coaxial
cable is connected to the line tuner which must be mounted at the base of the coupling capacitor.
If there is more than one transmitter involved per terminal the signal must go through isolation circuits,
typically hybrids, before connection to the line tuner.
4. Hybrids and Filters
The purpose of the hybrid circuits is to enable the connection of two or more transmitters together on one
coaxial cable without causing intermodulation distortion due to the signal from one transmitter affecting the
output stages of the other transmitter.
Hybrids may also be required between transmitters and receivers, depending on the application.
The hybrid circuits can, of course, cause large losses in the carrier path and must be used appropriately.
High/low-pass and band-pass networks may also be used, in some applications, to isolate carrier equipment
from each other.
5. Line Tuners
The purpose of the line tuner in conjunction with the coupling capacitor is to provide low impedance path for
the carrier energy to the transmission line and a high impedance path to the power frequency energy.
.
The line tuner/coupling capacitor combination provides a low impedance path to the power line by forming a
series resonant circuit tuned to the carrier frequency.
6. Master Oscillator and Amplifiers
High frequency carrier signal is generated in oscillator.
Oscillator can be crystal oscillator with which operation for a particular bandwidth can be achieved. The output
voltage of an oscillator is held constant by voltage stabilizer.
The output of oscillator is fed to amplifier so that loses in transmission can be compensated.
Losses occurring in carrier current is termed as attenuation of carrier signal.
They are mainly: Losses in coupling equipment which are constant losses for a given carrier frequency
bandwidth.
The electronics are used for setting the source operating point, controlling the light output stability, and
varying the optical output in proportion to an electrically formatted information input signal.
Optical fiber:
The optical fiber is placed inside a cable that offers mechanical and environmental protection.
A variety of fiber types exist, and there are many different cable configurations depending on whether the
cable is to be installed inside a building, in underground pipes, outside on poles, or underwater.
Receiver:
Inside the receiver is a photodiode that detects the weakened and distorted optical signal emerging from the
end of an optical fiber and converts it to an electric signal.
The receiver also contains amplification devices and circuitry to restore signal fidelity.
Passive devices:
The passive devices are optical components that require no electronic control for their operation.
Among these are optical connectors for connecting cables, splices for attaching one bare fiber to another,
optical isolators that prevent unwanted light from flowing in a backward direction, optical filters that select
only a narrow spectrum of desired light, and couplers used to tap off a certain percentage of light, usually for
performance monitoring purposes.
Optical amplifiers:
After an optical signal has traveled a certain distance along a fiber, it becomes weakened due to power loss
along the fiber.
At that point the optical signal needs to get a power boost.
Traditionally the optical signal was converted to an electric signal, amplified electrically, and then converted
back to an optical signal.
The invention of an optical amplifier that boosts the power level completely in the optical domain
circumvented these transmission bottlenecks.
Active components:
Lasers and optical amplifiers fall into the category of active devices, which require an electronic control for
their operation.
These include light signal modulators, tunable (wavelength-selectable) optical filters, variable optical
attenuators, and optical switches. Chapter 10 gives the details of these devices.
BENEFITS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM :
Some of the innumerable benefits of optical fiber communication system are:
Immense bandwidth to utilize
Total electrical isolation in the transmission medium