IMAGEENHANCEMENT

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Textbook
Digital Image Processing
by Gonzales/Woods
Acknowledgements
Dr. Rolf Lakaemper

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UNIT3

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Image ENHANCEMENT
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in the
Image
ENHANCEMENT
SPATIAL
DOMAIN
in the
SPATIAL DOMAIN

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Pointprocessing/intensitytransformations/graylevel
transformations
>ImageNegatives
>LogTransformations
>PowerLawTransformations
>PiecewiseLinearTransformationFunctions

Contraststretching
Thresholding
Graylevelslicing
Bitplaneslicing

Maskprocessing/spatialfiltering

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Spatialdomaintechniques

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Imageenhancement:
1. Improvingtheinterpretabilityorperceptionof
informationinimagesforhumanviewers
2. Providing`better'inputforotherautomatedimage
processingtechniques
Spatialdomainmethods:
operatedirectlyonpixels
Frequencydomainmethods:
operateontheFouriertransformofanimage

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ImageEnhancement(Spatial)

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Thesimplestkindofrangetransformationsare
theseindependentofpositionx,y:
g=T(f)
Thisiscalledpointprocessing.
Important: everypixelforhimself spatial
informationcompletelylost!

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PointProcessing

T transforms the given image f(x,y)

into another image g(x,y)
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f(x,y)

g(x,y)

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Remember ?

Operation on the set of image-pixels

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12 200 20 10

(Operator: Div. by 2)

100 10 5

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Spatial Domain

Operation on the set of neighborhoods

N(x,y) of each pixel
6

(Operator: sum)

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12 200
6

12 200 20 10

226

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Spatial Domain

Operation on a set of images f1,f2,

6

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12 200 20 10
(Operator: sum)

11

13 3

14 220 23 14
5

20 3

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Spatial Domain

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Operation on the set of image-pixels

Remark: these operations can also be seen as operations on the
neighborhood of a pixel (x,y), by defining the neighborhood as the
pixel itself.
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The easiest case of operators

g(x,y) = T(f(x,y)) depends only on the value
of f at (x,y)
T is called a
gray-level or intensity transformation
function

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Spatial Domain

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Basic Gray Level Transformations

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Image Negatives
Log Transformations
Power Law Transformations
Piecewise-Linear Transformation
Functions

For the following slides L denotes the max. possible gray value of the
image, i.e. f(x,y) [0,L-1]

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Transformations

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Output gray level

Image Negatives: s=L-r-1

Input gray level

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Transformations

Log Transformations:
s = c * log (1+ r)

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Transformations

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Transformations

Log Transformations

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InvLog

Log

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Acathoderaytube(CRT),forexample,
convertsavideosignaltolightinanonlinear
way.ThelightintensityI isproportionaltoa
power() ofthesourcevoltageVS
ForacomputerCRT, isabout2.2
Viewingimagesproperlyonmonitorsrequires
correction

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Whypowerlawsarepopular?

Power Law Transformations or

Gamma Transformations
s= cr

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Transformations

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varying gamma () obtains family

of possible transformation curves
>1
Compresses dark values
Expands bright values
<1
Expands dark values
Compresses bright values

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Transformations

Used for gamma-correction

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Transformations

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Used for general purpose contrast manipulation

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Transformations

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Piecewise Linear Transformations

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Transformations

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Thresholding Function

Output gray
level

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r1=r2 and s1=0 and s2=L-1

g(x,y) =
L if f(x,y) > t,
0 else
t = threshold level

Input gray level

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Piecewise Linear Transformations

Gray Level (Intensity level) Slicing

Purpose: Highlight a specific range of gray values
Two approaches:
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1. Display high value for range of interest, low value

else (discard background)

2. Display high value for range of interest, original

value else (preserve background)

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Piecewise Linear Transformations

Gray Level Slicing

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Piecewise Linear Transformations

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Bit-plane Slicing
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Extracts the information of a

single bit-plane

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Piecewise Linear Transformations

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Piecewise Linear Transformations

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BP 0

BP 5

BP 7

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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 Smootheningfilters
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Lowpassfilters
Medianfilters

Sharpeningfilters
Highboostfilters
Derivativefilters

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Spatialfilters

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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 Uses
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Blurring
Noisereduction

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Smoothinglinearfilters/averaging
filters/lowpassfilters(linearfilter)

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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 Objective:
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Replacethevalveofthepixelbythemedianofthe
intensityvaluesintheneighbourhoodofthatpixel

Principlefunction:
Forcepointswithdistinctintensitylevelstobemore
liketheirneighbours

Uses:
Noisereduction
Lessblurring
Reduceimpulsenoise

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Orderstaticfilter/(nonlinear
filter)/medianfilter

 Objective:
Highlightfinedetailsinanimage
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Applications:
Electronicprinting
Medicalimaging
Industrialinspection
Autonomoustargetdetection

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Sharpeningspatialfilters

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Principle:
Subtractanunsharpimagefromtheoriginalimage

Uses:
Printingindustry
Publishingindustry

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Highboostfiltering/
Highfrequencyemphasisfilter/
Unsharpmasking

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Processsteps:
1.blurtheoriginalimage
2.subtracttheblurredimagefromtheoriginal
(thedifferenceisthemask)
3.addtheweightedmasktotheoriginal

 Thederivativesofdigitalfunctionsaredefined
intermsofdifferences.

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Derivativefiltering

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1. Mustbezeroinareasofconstantintensity
2. Mustbenonzeroattheonsetofanintensity
steporramp
3. Mustbenonzeroalongtheramps

Secondderivative
1. Mustbezeroinareasofconstantintensity
2. Mustbenonzeroattheonsetandendofan
intensitysteporramp
3. Mustbezeroalongtherampsofconstantslope

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Firstderivative:

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Firstderivativesinimageprocessingare
implementedusingmagnitudeofthegradient.
Uses:
Industrialinspection
Enhancedefects
Eliminateslowlychangingbackgroundfeatures

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Usingthefirstorderderivativesfor(non
linear)imagesharpeningTheGradient

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 Uses
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Highlightsintensitydiscontinuitiesinanimage
Deemphasizesregionswithslowlyvaryingintensity
levels.

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Usingthesecondderivativesfor(linear)
imagesharpeningTheLaplacian

Different variants of the Laplacian

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Spatial Filtering

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Histogramprocessing

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Histogramprocessing
Histogramequalization
Histogrammatching/specification

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number of pixels

Remember:
The histogram shows the number of
pixels having a certain gray-value

Gray-value (0..1)

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Histograms

The NORMALIZED histogram is the

histogram divided by the total number
of pixels in the source image.
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The sum of all values in the normalized

histogram is 1.
The value given by the normalized
histogram for a certain gray value can
be read as the probability of randomly
picking a pixel having that gray value

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Histograms

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What can the (normalized)

histogram tell about the
image ?

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Histograms

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Histograms

1.The MEAN VALUE (or average gray

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level)

M = g h(g)
g

1*0.3+2*0.1+3*0.2+4*0.1+5*0.2+6*0.1=
2.6

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

1 2 3 4 5 6

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The MEAN value is the average gray

value of the image, the overall

brightness appearance.

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Histograms

2. The VARIANCE
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V = g (g-M)2 h(g)
(with M = mean)
or similar:

The STANDARD DEVIATION

D = sqrt(V)

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Histograms

VARIANCE gives a measure about the

distribution of the histogram values
around the mean.
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0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
V1

>

V2

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Histograms

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The STANDARD DEVIATION is a value

on the gray level axis, showing the
average distance of all pixels to the
mean
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
D1

>

D2

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Histograms

VARIANCE and STANDARD DEVIATION

of the histogram tell us about the
average contrast of the image !
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The higher the VARIANCE (=the higher

the STANDARD DEVIATION), the
higher the images contrast !

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Histograms

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xaxis valuesofintensitiesrk
yaxis h(rk)orp(rk)

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ImageHistograms

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Histogramequalization

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Arandomvariable X hasdensity,where isanonnegative

Hence,ifF isthecumulativedistributionfunction ofX,then:

Theprobabilitydensityfunction(PDF)ofacontinuousdistributionis
definedasthederivativeofthecumulativedistributionfunction
[source:wikipedia]

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Inprobabilitytheory,aprobabilitydensityfunction (abbreviatedas
pdf,orjustdensity)ofacontinuousrandomvariable isafunction
thatdescribestherelativelikelihoodforthisrandomvariableto
occuratagivenpointintheobservationspace.Theprobabilityofa
randomvariablefallingwithinagivensetisgivenbytheintegral of
itsdensityovertheset.

Histogram Equalization:

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Preprocessing technique to
enhance contrast in natural
images
Target: find gray level
transformation function T to
transform image f such that the
histogram of T(f) is equalized

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Histograms

 Idea:applyamonotonetransformresultinginan
approximatelyuniformhistogram

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HistogramEqualization(Idea)

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Histogram Equalization

Example:

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We are looking for

this transformation !

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Discrete:
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g1 is mapped to the (normalized)

number of pixels having
gray-values 0..g1 .

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Histogram Equalization

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HistogramEqualization

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Histogrammatchingor
Histogramspecification
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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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