Table of Contents

1.0

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.0

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.0

OBJECTIVES .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.0

THEORY .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.0

PROCEDURES ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.0

APPARATUS ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.0

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.0

DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.0

CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.0

RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.0

REFERENCES .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.0

APPENDICES................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

PROCESS ENGINEERING
LAB 1
FLOWMETER MEASUREMENT

1.0 ABSTRACT
Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus that consists of a classical venturi meter is
designed to be used with hydraulics bench for students to study the characteristics of flow
through the converging and diverging section.By adjusting a flow regulator valve at the outlet
of the test section,water with different flow rate is allowed to flow through the venturi meter.
During the experiment, manometer tube display different level of water heights at the
converging and diverging section of the venturi meter tube that represent the static pressure
profile at that section. Hypodermic tube is used to measure the total head pressure along the
venturi meter tube. The time to collect 0.003 m3 water in the tank is measured.From the result
calculated after the experiment, it can be seen that the velocity is high at the narrow part of
the venturi tube and low at wider section of the tube. As the velocity is increased, the total
head, h* also increase. Thus, the total head value is highest at h1 and the lowest at h3. The
calculated percentage of error in the experiment is 18.5%

2.0 INTRODUCTION
SOLTEQ Flowmeter Measurement Apparatus (Model: FM101) apparatus is
designed to operate together with a basic hydraulic bench or any water supply. It is to
familiarize the students with typical methods of flow measurement of an incompressible
fluid.
The apparatus is able to demonstrate the flow measurement comparison by using a venturi
device, orifice device and rotameter. The flow comparison can be further be used to
2

compare against the flow measurement of the hydraulics bench which can be either by
Gravimeteric or Volumetric Method, depending on the type of hydraulics bench in use.
Other features of the flow apparatus include a 90 degree elbow with pressure tappings
before and after this elbow. The purpose of these features is to provide an added function
to this apparatus to allow students to calculate the total head loss and loss coefficient when
fluid flows through these devices.
In short, the apparatus allows following range of experiment to be carried out:
a) Direct comparison of flow measurement using venturi, orifice, rotameter and bench.
b) Determination of total head loss and loss coefficient of fluid flow through a 90 degree
elbow.
c) Comparison of pressure drop against each device.

3.0 OBJECTIVES

To demonstrate Bernoullis Theorem

4.0 THEORY
The Bernoulli theorem is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation,
and is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are
negligible. The equation is obtained when the Eulers equation is integrated along the
streamline for a constant density (incompressible) fluid. The constant of integration (called
the Bernoullis constant) varies from one streamline to another but remains constant along a
streamline in steady, frictionless,incompressible flow. Despite its simplicity, it has been
proven to be a very powerful tool for fluid mechanics.Bernoullis equation states that the
sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy (static head) and Potential
energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at any point remains constant provided
the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and the fluid used is incompressible. This is
however, on the assumption that energy is neither added to nor taken away by some external
agency. The key approximation in the derivation of Bernoullis equation is that viscous
effects are negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational, and pressure effects. We can
write the theorem as
Pressure head ()+ Velocity head ()+ Elevation (Z) = a constant
3

Where, P = the pressure.(N/m2)

r = density of the fluid, kg/m3
V = velocity of flow, (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
Z = elevation from datum line, (m)
P1/w+V12/2g+Z1= P2/w+V22/2g+Z2= constant
Where P/w is the pressure head
V/2g is the velocity head
Z is the potential head.
The Bernoullis equation forms the basis for solving a wide variety of fluid flow problems
such as jets issuing from an orifice, jet trajectory, flow under a gate and over a weir, flow
metering by obstruction meters, flow around submerged objects, flows associated with pumps
and turbines etc.The equipment is designed as a self-sufficient unit it has a sump tank,
measuring tank and a pump for water circulation as shown in figure1. The apparatus consists
of a supply tank, which is connected to flow channel. The channel gradually contracts for a
length and then gradually enlarges for the remaining length. In this equipment the Z is
constant and is not taken for calculation.

5.0 PROCEDURES
1.The General Start-up Procedures in Section 1.4 is performed.
2. All manometer tubings are checked to properly connected to the corresponding
pressure taps and are air-bubble free.
3.The discharge valve is adjusted to a high measurable flow rate.
4. After the level stabilizes,the water flow rate is measured using volumetric method.
5.The hypodermic tube (total head measuring) is gently slided connected to
manometer #H, so that its end reaches the cross section of the Venturi tube at
#A.The readings from manometer #H and #A is taken.
4

6.Step 5 is repeated for other cross sections (#B, #C, #D, #E and #F).
7. Step 3 to 6 is repeated with three other decreasing flow rates by regulating the
venturi discharge valve.
8. The velocity, ViB is calculated using the Bernoullis equation where;ViB ==
9. The velocity, ViC is calculated using the continuity equation where ViC = Qav / Ai
10.The difference between two calculated velocities is determined.

6.0 APPARATUS
1) Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Unit (Model: FM24)
2) Tap water

Figure 1: Parts Identification Diagram

1. Manometer Tubes
2. Test Section
3. Water Inlet
4. Unions
5. Air Bleed Screw
6. Flow Control Valve
7. Gland Nut
8. Hypodermic Probe
5

9. Adjustable Feet

Figure 2 : Front view of Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Unit

Figure 3 : Top view of Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Unit

a) Venturi
The venturi meter is made of transparent acrylic with the following
specifications:
Throat diameter : 16 mm
Upstream Diameter: 26 mm
Designed Flow Rate: 20 LPM
b) Manometer
are eight manometer tubes; each length 320 mm, for static

pressure and total head measuring along the venturi meter.

release as well as tubes pressurization.

c) Baseboard
The baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with 4 height adjustable
stands to level the venturi meter.
d) Discharge Valve
One discharge valve is installed at the venturi discharge section for flow
rate control.
e) Connections
Hose Connections are installed at both inlet and outlet.
f) Hydraulic Bench
Sump tank : 120 litres
Volumetric tank : 100 litres
Centrifugal pump : 0.37 kW, 50 LPM

7.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

EXPERIMENT 1 ,Data analysis:
Volume (L)/(m)
Average time (min)
Flow rate (LPM)

3.0
0.35
8.6

Cross
section
#

Using Bernoullis equation

h*=hH

hi

A
B

(mm)
175.0
179.0

(mm)
165.0
162.0

Difference

VIb=

Using continuity
equation
VIc=
Ai=

(m/s)
0.44
0.49

(m2)
0.000531
0.000366

(m/S)
0.17
0.10

VIb-ViC

(m/s)
0.27
0.39
7

C
D
E
F

172.0
170.0
169.0
168.0

157.0
153.0
155.0
158.0

0.83
0.58
0.52
0.44

0.000201
0.000314
0.000350
0.000531

0.71
0.46
0.38
0.27

0.12
0.12
0.14
0.17

EXPERIMENT 2, Data analysis,

Volume (L)/(m)
Average time (min)
Flow rate (LPM)

3.0
0.2
15.0

Cross
section
#

Using Bernoullis equation

h*=hH

hi

A
B
C
D
E
F

(mm)
185.0
189.0
179.0
177.0
174.0
172.0

(mm)
166.0
159.0
104.0
138.0
196.0
154.0

Difference

VIb=

Using continuity
equation
VIc=
Ai=

(m/s)
0.61
0.70
1.21
0.87
0.74
0.59

(m2)
0.000531
0.000366
0.000201
0.000314
0.000350
0.000531

(m/S)
0.14
0.02
-0.03
0.07
0.08
0.12

VIb-ViC

(m/s)
0.44
0.68
1.24
0.80
0.66
0.47

EXPERIMENT 3, Data analysis,

Volume (L)/(m)
Average time (min)
Flow rate (LPM)

3.0
-0.15
20.0

Cross
section
#

Using Bernoullis equation

h*=hH

hi

A
B
C
D
E
F

(mm)
240.0
235.0
230.0
222.0
219.0
204.0

(mm)
200.0
188.0
48.0
134.0
154.0
179.0

Difference

VIb=

Using continuity
equation
VIc=
Ai=

(m/s)
0.89
0.95
1.89
1.31
1.13
0.89

(m2)
0.000531
0.000366
0.000201
0.000314
0.000350
0.000531

(m/S)
0.26
0.04
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.26

VIb-ViC

(m/s)
0.63
0.91
1.66
1.06
0.88
0.63

Calculation
At flow rate,Qav=8.6 LPM@cross section #A
8

ViB=

=0.44m/s
Ai= x

= x
=530.93mm2 x
=0.000531m2

VIc=

=0.26m/s

8.0 DISCUSSIONS
From the result obtained through this experiment,it is been observed that when the pressure
difference increase,the flow rates of the water increase and thus the velocity also increase for
both convergent and divergent flow.When the pressure difference increase,the result show a
rise at each manometer tubes.This is shown in all the results table,where the velocity of water
that flow in tapered duct increase as the duct area decrease,regardless of the pressure
difference and type of flow of each result taken.It also can be concluded that the diameter of
the tube will affect the differences in velocity as a bigger tube will cause the difference in
velocity become bigger while the smaller tube cause the velocity difference between ViB and
ViC to be smaller.

9.0 CONCLUSIONS
The results show the reading of each manometer tubes increase when the pressure difference
increase.We can conclude from the result obtained that the Bernoullis equation is valid for
convergent and divergent as both of it does obey the equation.As the pressure difference
9

increase for both flow,the time taken for 3L water collected increase and the flow rates of
water also increase.Thus,as the velocity of the same channel increase,the total head pressure
also increase for both convergent and divergent flow.

10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. It is important to drain all water from the apparatus when not in use. The apparatus
should be stored properly to prevent damage.
2. Any manometer tube, which does not fill with water or slow fill, indicates that tapping
or connection of the manometer is blocked. To remove the obstacle, disconnect the
flexible connection tube and blow through.
3. The apparatus should not be exposed to any shock and stresses.
4. Always wear protective clothing, shoes, helmet and goggles throughout the
laboratory session.
5. Always run the experiment after fully understand the unit and procedures.

11.0 REFERENCES
http://virtual-labs.ac.in/labs/CEVL/CEVL03-HFM/Data%20files/01%20Bernoulli's_experiment.pdf
http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Bernoulli-Theorem-531858.html,Bernoullis theorem essay
by Vannereesa
http://fenglab.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/3/3/24334557/c._bernoullis_theorem_demonstration.pdf,c
hemical engineering laboratory 1,laboratory manual
https://www.scribd.com/doc/131472020/Fluid-Lab-2-Bernoulli-Exp ,published by CT Fatimah
Ngagiman
Bernoulli's Theorem FM24,Complete Manual

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12.0 APPENDICES

11