PHYSICS

PROJEC T

Submitted BY:
SAURAV
PANDEY
CLASS:
XII-A

TO STUDY
THE EFFECT
OF TEMPERATURE
ON MAGNETIC
STRENGTH

-: Certificate : Guided By :- Mrs. Aradhna Goyal

Class :XII A
Year :2012- 2013
Roll No :9185574
School :- Balwantray Mehta Vidya
Bhawan
Certified to be the bonafide work is done by
Master ___Saurav Pandey___ of class XII-A in the
Physics Lab during the year 2012-2013.
Date :-20-01-2013
Submitted for Central Board of Secondary
Education.
Examination held in Physics lab at Balwantray
Mehta Vidya Bhawan School
EXAMINER
Date :-_________

ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal,Mr. A.K Tripathi, Balwantray Mehta Vidya
Bhawan School for his encouragement and for all the
facilities that he provided for this project work. I
sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into
his fold for which I shall remain indebted to him. I extend
my hearty thanks to Mrs.Aradhna Goyal, Physics
teacher,who guided me to the successful completion of
this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement , immense motivation , which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of this
project work
I cant forgot to offer my sincere thanks to Mr.Sunil,lab
assistant and also to my classmates who helped me to
carry out this project work successful and for their
valuable advice and support , which I received from them
time to time.

-: CONTENTS :1-- Introduction

2-- Objective
3-- Material required
4-- Theory
5-- Procedure
6-- Observation
7-- Conclusion
8-- Bibliography

OBJECTIVE
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS EXPERIMENT IS TO
DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
THE STRENGTH OF A MAGNET.

HYPOTHESIS
It is believed that the colder the magnet, the stronger the
magnetic force. Graphically, the results will resemble an
exponential curve, with magnetic force decreasing as temperature
increases. Our independent variable is temperature. Our
dependent variable is magnetism; this will be calculated using the
amount of paperclips that the magnet is able to collect at each
measured temperature

MATERIAL REQUIRED

Safety glasses
3-4 permanent bar magnets
Tongs for magnet
Ice
Water
Insulating container
Three strong bowls
Small pot
Burner for heating water or oven
Paper clips(1000)

INTRODUCTI
ON

Magnets are frequently used in daily life. For example, magnets are used in
manufacturing, entertainment, security, and they play a crucial role in the
functioning of computers. Even the earth itself is a magnet.
A magnet is any object that produces a magnetic field . Some magnets,
referred to as permanent, hold their magnetism without an external electric
current. A magnet of this nature can be created by exposing a piece of metal
containing iron to a number of situations (i.e. repeatedly jarring the metal,
heating to high temperature). Soft magnets, on the other hand, are those that
lose their magnetic charge properties over time. Additionally, paramagnetic
objects are those that can become magnetic only when in the presence of an
external magnetic field.
A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic force is
exerted. The motion of negatively charged electrons in the magnet
determines not only the polarity, but also the strength of the magnet (Cold
magnet).
Magnets are filled with magnetic lines of force . These lines originate at
the north pole of the magnet and continue to the south pole. The north pole
is positive. Magnetic lines of force do not intersect one another.
Magnetism is created by the alignment of small domains within a
specific set of metal. These domains function as all atoms do, thus the
temperature affects the movement. The higher the heat, the greater the
energy, and as such the movement of the particles. In contrast, cold
temperature slows the movement (magnetic Field Strength and Low
Temperatures). Slower movement leads to more fixed directions in terms of
the domains.
In the 1800s, Pier4re Curie discovered that there exists a temperature
at which objects that were previously permanently magnetic lose this
characteristic . The temperature at which this demagnetization occurs is
called the Curie point. As the temperature of the magnet approaches this
point, the alignment of each domain decreases. As such, the magnetism
decreases until the Curie point is reached, at which time the material becomes
paramagnetic.

THEORY
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property
of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as
iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is
magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday
example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator
door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are
strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or
ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare
earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone.
Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones
attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered
magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one
of several other types of magnetism.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials
like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay
magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent
magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials such as alnico
and ferrite that are subjected to special processing in a powerful
magnetic field during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline
structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a
saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied, and this
threshold depends on coercivity of the respective material. "Hard"
materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low
coercivity.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or,
alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of
magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization.

PROCEDURE
Cold Process
1.
2.
3.
4.

Place paperclips in bowl.

Situate scale near bowl.
Weigh magnet and record.
Place magnet and freezer thermometer in freezer set to lowest
temperature possible.
5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the temperature
of the freezer.
6. Record temperature read by freezer thermometer.
7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
8. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.
9. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.
10. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet and
the paperclips combined.
11. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.
12. Set freezer to 5-Celsius degrees higher than previous temperature.
(Note: freezer accuracy is dubious. Use temperature read by freezer
thermometer)
13. Repeat steps 4-12 until freezer and magnet have reached zero degrees
Celsius.
.

Hot Process
1. Place paperclips in the bowl.
2. Situate scale near bowl.

3. Weigh magnet and record.

4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature possible.
5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the

temperature of the oven.

6. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.
8. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.
9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the
magnet and the paperclips combined.
10. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.
11. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.
12. Repeat steps 6-11 until magnet reaches room temperature.

OBSERVATION
MAGNETS UNDER
EXTREME HEAT

Time after removal from oven

(minutes)
0

Weight attracted
(in grams)
200

200

10

240

20

210

25

230

30

220

35

206

40

204

45

200

50

185

MAGNETS UNDER EXTREME

COLD
Temperature
(degree celsius)
-21.3

Weight attracted
(in grams)
275

-19.4

275

-18.1

265

-15.3

270

-13.7

260

-6.7

245

-4.6

220

-1.7

200

225

conclusion
Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between temperature and
magnetic domains (the atoms inclination to spin in a certain direction). When
exposed to extreme temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized;
magnetic properties are then affected. While cold strengthens magnets, heat
can result in the loss of magnetic properties. In other words, too much heat
can completely ruin a magnet. Excessive heat causes atoms to move more
rapidly, disturbing the magnetic domains. As the atoms are sped up, the
percentage of magnetic domains spinning in the same direction decreases. This
lack of cohesion weakens the magnetic force and eventually demagnetizes it
entirely.
In contrast, when a magnet is exposed to extreme cold, the atoms slow down
so the magnetic domains are aligned and, in turn, strengthened.
Ferromagnetism
The way in which specific materials form permanent magnets or interact
strongly with magnets. Most everyday magnets are a product of
ferromagnetism.
Paramagnetism
A type of magnetism that occurs only in the presence of an external magnetic
field. They are attracted to magnetic fields, but they are not magnetized
when the external field is removed. That's because the atoms spin in
random directions; the spins arent aligned, and the total magnetization is
zero.
Aluminum and oxygen are two examples of materials that are paramagnetic
at room temperature.
Curie Temperature
Named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, the Curie Temperature is the
temperature at which no magnetic domain can exist because the atoms are
too frantic to maintain aligned spins. At this temperature, the
ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. Even if you cool the
magnet, once it has become demagnetized, it will not become magnetized
again. Different magnetic materials have different Curie Temperatures, but
the average is about 600 to 800 degrees Celsius.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.icbse.com
www.sciencebuddies.com
www.technopedia.com
www.wikipedia.com
NCERT Physics book
www.howmagnetswork.com