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Culture Documents
aux
I
You
He
She
It
You
We
They
am
are
is
is
is
are
are
are
verbo
eating
talking
listening
reading
going
looking
wearing
sitting
something.
to somebody.
to something.
something.
somewhere.
at something.
something.
somewhere.
aux
I
You
He
She
It
You
We
They
am
are
is
is
is
are
are
are
verbo
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
eating
talking
listening
reading
going
looking
wearing
sitting
something.
to somebody.
to something.
something.
somewhere.
at something.
something.
somewhere.
Nota: Contracciones: Se suele contraer "It is" con "it's", "it is not" con "it's not" o
"it isn't", "you are" con "you're", "we are not" con "we're not" o "we aren't", "that
is" con "that's", "that is not" con "that's not" o "that isn't", etc. (Nota: "I am not"
solamente se contrae con "I'm not").
La estructura bsica del interrogativo del presente continuo: (anywhere = alguna o
cualquier parte, anybody = cualquiera, alguien, anything = cualquier cosa, algo)
aux
suj
Am
Are
Is
Is
Is
Are
Are
Are
I
you
he
she
it
you
we
they
verbo
eating
talking
listening
reading
going
looking
wearing
sitting
something?
to somebody?
to something?
something?
somewhere?
at something?
something?
somewhere?
Af.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Neg.
I am.
you are.
he is.
she is.
it is.
we are.
you are.
they are.
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
I'm not.
you aren't. (you're not)
he isn't. (he's not)
she isn't. (she's not)
it isn't. (it's not)
we aren't. (we're not)
you aren't. (you're not)
they aren't. (they're not)
2. Para indicar que algo es temporal "I'm living in Madrid." vs. "I live in
Madrid." Ambas oraciones se traducen: "Vivo en Madrid", pero la primera indica
que pienso que es una situacin temporal.
3. Para hablar de situaciones que van cambiando "It's getting hotter and
hotter." (Cada vez hace ms calor)
4. Para hablar sobre planes en el futuro - "I'm having lunch with the boss
tomorrow." (Voy a comer con el jefe maana.)
Un video en Castellano: Presente continuo para futuro.
"Going to" - Existe otra estructura similar en presente continuo para hablar sobre
intenciones en el futuro. La estructura se construye con el verbo "to be" seguido
por "going to" y el infinitivo de otro verbo, por ejemplo: "I am going to have
lunch with the boss tomorrow." (Voy a comer con el jefe maana.)
Para saber ms sobre las distintas formas de hablar sobre el futuro: Futuros.
El presente continuo y verbos de estado:
Generalmente el presente continuo no acepta los verbos de estado sin un cambio
de significado. Algunos verbos de estado son: "hate" (odio), "like" (gustar),
"want" (querer), "have" (tener), y "know" (saber). Se utilizan estos verbos para
hablar de algo que "est" o "no est", o "es" o "no es". Por ejemplo, el "odio" se
tiene o no se tiene, pero normalmente uno no puede estar "odiando". Igualmente
tampoco puede estar "gustando", "queriendo", "teniendo" o "sabiendo". En vez
del presente continuo utilizamos el presente simple para expresar estos estados.
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Una vez ya tenemos claro qu es y cmo se usa el Present Perfect, vamos a centrarnos en
elPasado Perfecto y la diferencia entre ste y el Pasado Simple. Parece un lo, pero en realidad
ya veris que es una piece of cake
El Pasado Perfecto equivale, en espaol, al pretrito pluscuamperfecto (haba comido) o
alpretrito anterior (hube comido).
Cmo se forma
Lo vemos en unos cuadros para tener una idea rpida y clara de su estructura:
Forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + HAD + PARTICIPIO DE PASADO
She had
eaten
Forma interrogativa:
HAD + Sujeto +PARTICIPIO DE PASADO + ?
Had she
eaten ?
Forma negativa:
Sujeto + HADNT + PARTICIPIO DE PASADO
She
hadnt
eaten
Cmo se usa
Este tiempo se usa para hablar de una accin pasada finalizada.
Si despus de leer esto os sents como que ests viviendo un momento dj vu, y que esto
tambin os suena de algoPues os dir por qu
El pasado simple tambin haca referencia a una accin pasada y finalizada.
Dos tiempos iguales? Pues spero, no. Vayamos por partes
Hagamos esto un poco ms dinmico, os propongo un ejercicio de buscar las diferencias.
2)
Ahora en la segunda.
4)
-En la primera, ella se comi el sandwich y despus se cepill los dientes. (Lo raro sera hacerlo al
revs, no?)
-En la segunda, ellos fueron amigos y despus se casaron. (Os digo lo mismo, lo raro sera que
hubiese sido a la inversa aunque nunca se sabe!)
5)
6)
Voil!! Pues ya tenis la clave que explica las diferencias entre el pasado simple y el pasado
perfecto.
Aunque ambos tiempos hacen referencia a una accin pasada, existe un orden cronolgico entre
ambas. El pasado perfecto se refiere a una accin anterior a otra en el pasado.
Si fusemos a representarlos en una lnea temporal tendramos esto:
Adems de las partculas que acompaan al Present Perfect, tambin suelen llevar expresiones
temporales como: after (despus), as soon as (tan pronto como), y until (hasta).
ej:
The children didnt go out, until they hadnt finished their homework.
Los nios no salieron hasta que no hubieron terminado los deberes
**En este tipo de oraciones en donde se usan el pasado simple y el perfecto, es frecuente
encontrarnos expresiones temporales del tipo after, before, by the time y when, que nos indican
el orden en el que suceden los acontecimientos.
ej: By the time he came home, his parents had already gone to bed.
Cuando lleg a casa, ya sus padres se haban ido a la cama
Ms claro ahora? Pues a ponerlo en prctica!
Ejercicios:
Fill in the correct form of the past perfect simple or past simple as in the examples.
1. After the boss _____Peter, he _______ to work in the company. (hire/begin)
2. _____you _______ the news before you _______ it on TV? (hear/see)
3. Maria didnt want to see the film because she _______ the book yet. (see/not read)
4. The film ______ already _______when we _______ the cinema. (begin/ enter)
5. Until Sarah ________ Michael, she ____ never ______a boyfriend. (meet, have)
6. Bob __________ for years before he finally _______ terribly ill. (smoke/ get)
7. _______ ever _______walking to school by herself before then? (go)
8. How many goals ______ the boys _____ by the time it started raining? (score)
9. You ________ them to go to the beach, hadnt you? (not allowe)
10. You _______ in weeks? Thats why you ______ so tired in class. (sleep / look)
Solucin:
1. had hired/began
2. Had Heard/saw
3. hadnt read
4. had/begun/entered
5. met/had had
6. had smoked/got
7. Had gone
8. had scored
9. had allowed
10 hadnt slept / looked
PRONUNCIACION
TERMINACION
NFINITIVO
PASADO Y
PARTICIPIO
SIGNIFICADO
act
Acted
Actuar
id
add
Added
Sumar, aadir
id
aid
Aided
Ayudar
id
arrest
Arrested
Arrestar
id
assist
Assisted
Ayudar
id
attend
Attended
Asistir, ir
id
address
Addressed
Dirigirse
advertise
Advertised
Anunciar
amuse
Amused
Entretener
approach
Approached
Acercarse
ask
Asked
Preguntar, pedir
accompany
Accompanied
Acompaar
accustom
accustomed
Acostumbrar
agree
agreed
Concordar
annoy
annoyed
Molestar
answer
answered
Responder
appeal
applealed
Atraer
appear
appeared
Aparecer
arrange
arranged
Arreglar, ordenar
arrive
arrived
Arribar
accompany
accompanied
Acompaar
accustom
accustomed
Acostumbrar
agree
agreed
Concordar
annoy
annoyed
Molestar
answer
answered
Responder
appeal
applealed
Atraer
appear
appeared
Aparecer
arrange
arranged
Arreglar, ordenar
board
boarded
Abordar
id
balance
balanced
Equilibrar
banish
banished
Desterrar
bark
barked
Ladrar
bless
blessed
Bendecir
brush
brushed
Cepillar
behave
behaved
Comportarse
belong
belonged
Pertenecer
beg
begged
suplicar, mendigar
believe
believed
Creer
boil
boiled
Hervir
breathe
breathed
Respirar
id
complete
completed
Completar
id
consist
consisted
Consistir
id
count
counted
Contar
id
close
closed
Cerrar
cook
cooked
Cocinar
crash
crashed
Chocar
cross
crosssed
cruzar
call
called
Llamar
care
cared
Cuidar
carry
carried
Llevar
change
changed
Cambiar
check
checked
Chequear
charge
charged
cargar, cobrar
clean
cleaned
Limpiar
climb
climbed
escalar, subir
comb
combed
Peinar
cover
covered
Cubrir
cry
cried
Llorar
crawl
crawled
gatear, arrastrarse
dance
danced
bailar
dress
dressed
vestir
dropp
dropped
dejar caer
dial
dialed
sintonizar, marcar
die
died
morir
declare
declared
declarar
delay
delayed
demorar
deliver
delivered
entregar
deny
denied
negar
dine
dined
cenar
dry
dried
secar
enclose
enclosed
incluir, encerrar
enjoy
enjoyed
disfrutar
engage
engaged
comprometer
envy
envied
envidiar
express
expressed
expresar
exclaim
exclaimed
exclamar
explain
explained
explicar
fail
failed
fracasar, fallar
fasten
fastended
abrochar
file
filed
archivar
fill
filled
llenar
fire
fired
follow
followed
seguir
frighten
frightened
espantar
fry
fried
freir
finish
finished
terminar
fish
fished
pescar
fix
fixed
fixed
gain
gained
ganar
guess
guessed
adivinar
help
helped
ayudar
hope
hoped
esperar, desear
happen
happened
suceder
hurry
hurried
apurar (se)
imagine
imagined
imaginar
iron
ironed
planchar
judge
judged
juzgar
kiss
kissed
besar
kill
killed
matar
laugh
laughged
reir
leak
leaked
gotear
like
liked
gustar
lock
locked
look
looked
mirar
mark
marked
marcar, sealar
milk
milked
ordear un animal
miss
missed
extraar
manage
managed
manejar
marry
married
casar (se)
massage
massaged
masajear
measure
measured
medir
move
moved
mover
observe
observed
observar
offer
offered
ofrecer
open
opened
abrir
order
ordered
ordenar
peform
performed
ejecutar
phone
phoned
telefonear
plan
planned
planear
play
played
jugar, tocar
plough
ploughed
arar
pour
poured
derramar, verter
pray
prayed
orar
prefer
prefered
preferir
prepare
prepared
preparar
pull
pulled
tirar
park
parked
estacionar
pass
passed
pasar
pick
picked
recoger
please
pleased
complacer
polish
polished
pulir
practise
practised
practicar
promise
promised
prometer
pronounce
pronounced
pronunciar
punish
punished
castigar
push
pushed
empujar
repeat
repeated
repetir
id
report
reported
reportar, informar
id
request
requested
solicitar, pedir
id
rest
rested
descansar
id
reach
reached
alcanzar
refuse
refused
rehusar
raise
raised
levantar
rain
rained
llover
realice
realized
darse cuenta
register
registered
matricularse, registrar
receive
received
recibir
Remain
remained
quedar, sobrar
Remenber
remenbered
recordar
Repair
pepaired
reparar
Require
required
requerir
Reserve
reserved
reservar, guardar
Row
rowed
remar
Resolve
resolved
resolver
Return
returned
retornar, volver
Search
searched
buscar, registrar
Save
saved
salvar
0serve
served
servir
settle
settled
arreglar, establecer
sign
signed
firmar
smile
smiled
sonreir
snow
snowed
nevar
spill
spilled
derramar
stay
stayed
permanecer, quedarse
study
studied
estudiar
suffer
suffered
sufrir
swallow
swallowed
tragar
slip
slipped
resbalar
smoke
smoked
fumar
stop
stopped
detener, parar
switch
switched
conectar, accionar
stretch
stretched
estirar
talk
talked
conversar
thank
thanked
agradecer
touch
touched
tocar, palpar
trap
trapped
atrapar
tire
tired
cansar, fatigar
train
trained
entrenar
travel
traveled
viajar
trouble
troubled
molestar
try
tried
tratar, intantar
turn
turned
girar, voltear
unpack
unpacked
desempacar
use
used
usar
visit
visited
visitar
id
wait
waited
esperar
id
want
wanted
querer, requerir
id
walk
walked
caminar
wash
washed
lavar
watch
watched
observar, mirar
wish
wished
desear, anhelar
work
worked
trabajar
wrap up
wrapped up
envolver
wreck
wrecked
naufragar
warm
warmed
calentar
warn
warned
advertir
water
watered
regar
weigh
weighed
pesar
whistle
whistled
silbar