Thanks Dr.Reem for this great idea.

Biology
Unit 1
Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules
Glossary and words meanings

Matter:

Anything that has a mass and occupies a space
Element:

Substance which can't be broken into other substances by chemical reactions

Compound:

Substance consisting of two or more elements combined in fixed ratios.

Emergent properties

Arise from interaction of elements (ex: Na "metal" combines with Cl
"poisonous gas" forming table salt which is edible).
Trace elements

(In Bio means): Elements needed by the body in small amounts
Goiter

Disease arises due to iodine deficiency

Atom:

Smallest indivisible unit of matter

Molecule:

A group of atoms bonded together

Atomic number:

Number of protons or electrons inside the atom
Mass number or atomic mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons)
Atomic mass:

The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atomic particle, sub-atomic particle,
or molecule.
Isotopes:

Different atomic forms of the same element (differ in number of neutrons).
Radioactive tracers:

Chemical Compounds in which one or more atoms have been replaced by
radioisotope to be tracked.
Radiometric dating:

A technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon by determining
the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample
Orbital:

Definition of orbitals: An energy state in the atomic model which describes
where an electron will likely be
Chemical Bonds:

A mutual attraction between two atoms resulting from a redistribution of their
outer electrons

Covalent bonds:

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs
between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between
atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.
Molecule:

A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that

has the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are
made up of atom s that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds
form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electron s among atoms.
Single Bond:

A covalent bond in which one electron pair is shared by two atoms
Double Bond:

A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two
chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two.
The most common double bond, which is between two carbon atoms, can be
found in alkenes
Electronegativity:

Is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional
group to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself.
Polar Covalent Bonds:

Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons
are not equally shared because one atom spends more time with the
electrons than the other atom.(Difference in Electronegativity from .5 to less
than 1.7)
Non Polar Covalent bonds:

A bond in which electrons are shared between elements having a difference

in electronegativity of less than 0.5
Ions:

An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by
gaining or losing one or more electrons
Cations:

A positive ion; an atom or group of atoms that has lost one or more electrons
Anions:

A negatively charged ion, especially one that migrates to the anode in
electrolysis.An ion with net negative charge, having more electrons than
protons. In electrolysis, anions migrate to a positively charged anode.
Ionic compound:

An ionic compound is a compound formed by ions bonding together
through electrostatic forces.
Salts:

In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization
reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of related numbers of
cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the
product is electrically neutral (without a net charge).
Hydrogen Bonds:

An electrostatic bond between a hydrogen atom in a covalent bond and an
electronegative atom. as oxygen. Also, a chemical bond formed between an
electropositive atom (typically hydrogen) and a strongly electronegative atom,
such as oxygen or nitrogen
Van Der Waals interaction:

A weak attractive force between atoms or nonpolar molecules caused by a

temporary change in dipole moment arising from a brief shift of orbital
electrons to one side of one atom or molecule, creating a similar shift in
adjacent atoms or molecules.
Reactants:

Substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are consumed during
the reaction to make products.
Products:

A product is a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction .
Chemical equilibrium:

The definition of chemical equilibrium is the point at which the concentrations
of reactants and products do not change with time. It appears as though the
reaction has stopped but in fact the rates of the forward and
reverse reactions are equal so reactants and products are being created at
the same rate

Page 78
Structure
Mechanism
Defend

Invade
Neatly packaged
Relevant

Colony

Multidisciplinary

Volley of

Blurry boundary

(
)

Page 79
combination
Poisonous
Edible
Approximately

Variation
Minute quantities

Adequate

Backbone

Earthbound
Interchangeably
Essential

Deficiency

Ingredient

Arsenic

Page 80
Abbreviation
Subatomic
collision

Imply
Tightly

Dense

Vicinity

Serpentine

Array
Presumably

Page 81
Minuscule
Subscript
Otherwise
Balanced
Negligible
Track
Metabolism
Kidney disorder
Injecting
Sophisticated
Detect
Diagnostic

Account for
Slightly
difference
Average
Tendency
Radioactive
Decay
Spontaneously
Incorporated

dose
Intense
Imaging
Instruments

Page 82
Severity
Fallout

Exaggerate
Gnats

Relic
Fossils

Buzzing

Capacity

Potential Energy

Documenting

Bouncing

Insight
Analogy

Page 83
Electron shell

Staircase

Correlated

Page 84
Harness
Thermal energy

Rows

Concentric circles

Available
Excite

Electron
distribution
Valence electrons

Page 85
Valence Electrons
Toothpaste
Inert
Concentric paths
Convenient
Concentric Circles
Dumbbell
Accommodate
Subdivided into
Separate Electron Orbitals
Superimposed electron orbitals

GYM ( (



( )

Page 86
Dry Ionic Compounds


(
)

Recall

Lewis Dot Structure

Structural Formula
Ball-and-stick models

Page 87

Tug-of-war
Standoff

Page 88

Salt Crystals
Three-dimensional lattice
Indispensable
The reversibility of weak bonding
Crucial
Page 89

( )


= ( )

Accumulate
Anatomy
Minuscule hair-like projections
Numerous
Linear
Artificial Adhesive
Cumulative

Page 90



( )
( )
( )
( )
( .
)

Undergo rearrangement
Teardrops
Motif
Opiates
Morphine
Heroin
Opium
Endorphins
Signaling molecules

Pituitary gland
Euphoria

Page 91



(
)

Coefficients
Redistribute
Photosynthesis
Sequence of
Collide
Accumulate
Equilibrium point