Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Page
www.irf.com
AN-1135
0. Introduction
Through the use of IRs Class D audio chipsets, class D audio amplifiers are achieving superior
efficiency and audio quality in todays audio market. To optimize the performance of class D
audio amplifiers, designers should be diligent in designing the schematic, selecting appropriate
components, and laying out the PCB (printed circuit board). While the first 2 steps have well
established guidelines for design, the layout of a class D amplifier remains the most obscure
part of the design process. The purpose of this application note is to highlight aspects of the
PCB layout which require a designers careful attention.
www.irf.com
AN-1135
www.irf.com
AN-1135
Protection
Control
Clock Sync
Volume
Control IC
www.irf.com
AN-1135
www.irf.com
AN-1135
www.irf.com
AN-1135
SPEAKER CH-1
POWER SUPPLY
SPEAKER CH-2
LPF CH-2
LPF CH-1
INPUT CH-1
VOL-IC
INPUT CH-2
www.irf.com
AN-1135
This section picks up IRS2092 as an example to explain these 5 critical current loops
which are common to IRs digital audio gate driver family.
During the turn on of the low side MOSFET, three current loops are active around the gate
driving stage of the amplifier, as shown in Figure 7:
The green loop is the path of current discharging the gate of the high side MOSFET.
Current carries charge away from the gate of the high side MOSFET through the
internal MOSFET between HO and VS in the audio IC.
The pink loop is the path of current charging the gate of the low side MOSFET. Charge
supplied by the bus capacitor of VCC traverses the internal MOSFET between VCC and
LO in the IRS2092 to charge the gate of the low side MOSFET.
The orange loop is the path of current charging the high side bootstrap capacitor, CVBS.
During low side turn on, the VS node is pulled down to B allowing the diode between
VCC and VB to turn on. The bus capacitor of VCC proceeds to charge the bootstrap
capacitor in preparation for high side turn on.
During the turn on of the high side MOSFET, 2 current loops are active around the gate
driving stage, as shown in Figure 8:
The blue loop is the path of current discharging the gate of the low side MOSFET.
Current carries charge away from the gate of the low side MOSFET through the
internal MOSFET between LO and COM in the audio IC.
The red loop is the path of current charging the gate of the high side MOSFET. Charge
supplied by the high side boot strap capacitor traverses the internal MOSFET between
VB and HO in the IRS2092 to charge the gate of the high side MOSFET.
www.irf.com
AN-1135
IRS2092(S)
+B
VAA
CSH
16
GND
VB
15
IN-
HO
14
COMP
VS
13
CSD
VCC
12
VSS
LO
11
VREF
COM
10
OCSET
DT
ON
Speaker
OFF
Vcc
12V
-B
The current loops active during each switch transition must be laid out carefully to optimize the
performance of the amplifier. The IRAUDAMP4 and IRAUDAMP5 reference board demonstrate
how to route current loops effectively in the gate driving stage of a Class D audio amplifier to
minimize EMI. These reference designs use the IRS20955S and IRS2092S Class D audio IC
respectively and IRF6645 DirectFETs.
www.irf.com
AN-1135
The orange loop is active when the high side MOSFET is turned on to allow current to
flow from the positive terminal of the +B capacitor through the high side MOSFET. The
current then proceeds to flow from the low pass filter to the negative terminal of the +B
capacitor.
The green loop is active when the low side MOSFET is turned on to allow current to
flow from the positive terminal of the B capacitor through the low pass filter. The
current then proceeds to flow from the low side MOSFET to the negative terminal of
the B capacitor.
www.irf.com
AN-1135
10
The blue loop in figure 13 is the reverse recovery current of the body diodes in the high
side and low side MOSFETs. During each switching cycle, the reverse recovery charge
required to turn off the body diodes injects current spikes into the negative voltage bus.
A capacitor dedicated to absorbing the high frequency noise should be placed closely
to the drain of the high side MOSFET and source of the low side MOSFET to minimize
the current loop area and distance.
+B
Speaker
-B
www.irf.com
AN-1135
11
Among the three current loops mentioned in this stage, the reverse recovery current has the
most high frequency components. The orange and green loops contain the second most high
frequency components. PCB designers should prioritize the loop layouts accordingly when
minimizing loop areas and distance. The green loop induces negative voltage spike as shown
in figure 14 and 15. Negative spike at VS should be minimized by reducing stray inductances
along the current path.
VS
CSH
IRS2092
COM
SOURCE
GATE
DRAIN
www.irf.com
AN-1135
12
www.irf.com
AN-1135
13
Layout
Consideration
Preferred
Layout
Technique
Audio Input
Error amplifier
IC input circuitry
Positive and Negative
Bus Capacitors
- Audio Output
Avoid common impedance
between the ground reference
of different channels as well as
the ground reference for the
input and the output.
www.irf.com
AN-1135
14
Gro
und
Of I Refere
C In
n
put ce
Gr
Aud ound R
io In
e
put o ference
f All
o
Cha f
nnels
of
ce tput
en
fer Ou
Re dio
nd 2 Au
ou
Gr nnel
a
Ch
ro
u
Bu nd
s Re
C fe
ap r
ac en
ito ce
rs of
GROUND
of
eference
Ground R
Output
io
ud
A
1
Channel
www.irf.com
AN-1135
15
Figure 18 Example of Adoption of Star Ground and Ground Planes in IRS2092 Design
2-3. Shielding
In a design with multi layers, care should be taken for capacitive coupling between the layers.
Keep in mind that the Class D amplifier is dealing with >100dB signal-to-noise ratio. A small
amount of noise injecting the front end stage could result significant performance degradations.
Fig 19 and Fig 20 show a recommended shielding structure for the IRS2092.
The noisiest part of the design is the high side MOSFET and its gate driver stage. Try to avoid
stray capacitance between the nodes in the high side circuitry and input OTA stage as much as
possible.
www.irf.com
AN-1135
16
3. Summary
Step-by-step design tips on how to layout a Class D amplifier properly is discussed. A good
PCB layout occupies small area and yields good overall performance. By following the above
guidelines, the PCB designer should be able to build high performance Class D amplifier in a
smallest size.
www.irf.com
AN-1135
17
Revision History
2008.5.28
Minor English mistakes corrected
-
www.irf.com
AN-1135
18