56

CHAPTER 1

PRECALCULUS REVIEW

Exercises
The exercises in this section should be done using a graphing calculator
or computer algebra system.
1. Plot f (x) = 2x 4 + 3x 3 14x 2 9x + 18 in the appropriate
viewing rectangles and determine its roots.
2. How many solutions does x 3 4x + 8 = 0 have?
3. How many positive solutions does x 3 12x + 8 = 0 have?
4. Does cos x + x = 0 have a solution? A positive solution?

5. Find all the solutions of sin x = x for x > 0.

6. How many solutions does cos x = x 2 have?
7. Let f (x) = (x 100)2 + 1000. What will the display show if you
graph f (x) in the viewing rectangle [10, 10] by [10, 10]? Find an
appropriate viewing rectangle.
8x + 1
8. Plot f (x) =
in an appropriate viewing rectangle. What are
8x 4
the vertical and horizontal asymptotes?

12. If P0 dollars are deposited in a bank account paying 5% interest

!
"N
afcompounded monthly, then the account has value P0 1 + 0.05
12
ter N months. Find, to the nearest integer N, the number of months
after which the account value doubles.
In Exercises 1318, investigate the behavior of the function as n or x
grows large by making a table of function values and plotting a graph
(see Example 4). Describe the behavior in words.
13. f (n) = n1/n
#
$ 2
1 n
15. f (n) = 1 +
n
$
#
1 x
17. f (x) = x tan
x

4n + 1
6n 5
$
#
x+6 x
16. f (x) =
x4
14. f (n) =

$ 2
#
1 x
18. f (x) = x tan
x

19. The graph of f ( ) = A cos + B sin is a sinusoidal wave for

any constants A and B. Confirm this for (A, B) = (1, 1), (1, 2), and
(3, 4) by plotting f ( ).

9. Plot the graph of f (x) = x/(4 x) in a viewing rectangle that

clearly displays the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

20. Find the maximum value of f ( ) for the graphs produced in Exercise 19. Can you guess the formula for the maximum value in terms
of A and B?

10. Illustrate local linearity for f (x) = x 2 by zooming in on the graph

at x = 0.5 (see Example 6).

21. Find the intervals on which f (x) = x(x + 2)(x 3) is positive by

plotting a graph.

11. Plot f (x) = cos(x 2 ) sin x for 0 x 2 . Then illustrate local

linearity at x = 3.8 by choosing appropriate viewing rectangles.

22. Find the set of solutions to the inequality (x 2 4)(x 2 1) < 0 by

plotting a graph.

Further Insights and Challenges

23.
Let f1 (x) = x and define a sequence of functions
by fn+1 (x) = 12 (fn (x) + x/fn (x)). For example, f2 (x) = 12 (x + 1).
Use a computer algebra system
to compute fn (x) for n = 3, 4, 5 and

plot fn (x) together with x for x 0. What do you notice?

24. Set P0 (x) = 1 and P1 (x) = x. The Chebyshev polynomials (useful in approximation theory) are defined inductively by the formula
Pn+1 (x) = 2xPn (x) Pn1 (x).

(a) Show that P2 (x) = 2x 2 1.

(b) Compute Pn (x) for 3 n 6 using a computer algebra system or
by hand, and plot Pn (x) over [1, 1].
(c) Check that your plots confirm two interesting properties: (a) Pn (x)
has n real roots in [1, 1] and (b) for x [1, 1], Pn (x) lies between
1 and 1.

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISES

1. Express (4, 10) as a set {x : |x a| < c} for suitable a and c.

2. Express as an interval:
(a) {x : |x 5| < 4}

(b) {x : |5x + 3| 2}

3. Express {x : 2 |x 1| 6} as a union of two intervals.

4. Give an example of numbers x, y such that |x| + |y| = x y.

5. Describe the pairs of numbers x, y such that |x + y| = x y.

6. Sketch the graph of y = f (x + 2) 1, where f (x) = x 2 for

2 x 2.

In Exercises 710, let f (x) be the function shown in Figure 1.

7. Sketch the graphs of y = f (x) + 2 and y = f (x + 2).
% &
8. Sketch the graphs of y = 12 f (x) and y = f 12 x .

9. Continue the graph of f (x) to the interval [4, 4] as an even function.

10. Continue the graph of f (x) to the interval [4, 4] as an odd function.

Chapter Review Exercises

26. Let h(z) = 2z2 + 12z + 3. Complete the square and find the minimum value of h(z).

3
2

27. Let f (x) be the square of the distance from the point (2, 1) to a
point (x, 3x + 2) on the line y = 3x + 2. Show that f (x) is a quadratic
function, and find its minimum value by completing the square.

1
0

2
3
FIGURE 1

28. Prove that x 2 + 3x + 3 0 for all x.

In Exercises 2934, sketch the graph by hand.

In Exercises 1114, find the domain and range of the function.

11. f (x) =

x+1

13. f (x) =

2
3x

57

4
12. f (x) = 4
x +1
14. f (x) =

'

31. y = sin

x2 x + 5

15. Determine whether the function is increasing, decreasing, or neither:

1
(a) f (x) = 3x
(b) f (x) = 2
x +1
(c) g(t) = t 2 + t

29. y = t 4

(d) g(t) = t 3 + t

16. Determine whether the function is even, odd, or neither:

(a) f (x) = x 4 3x 2
(c) f (x) = 2

32. y = 10x

1
34. y = 2
x
%
&
35. Show that the graph of y = f 13 x b is obtained by shifting the
% &
graph of y = f 13 x to the right 3b units. Use this observation to sketch
(
(
the graph of y = ( 13 x 4(.
33. y = x 1/3

36. Let h(x) = cos x and g(x) = x 1 . Compute the composite functions h(g(x)) and g(h(x)), and find their domains.
37. Find functions f and g such that the function
f (g(t)) = (12t + 9)4

(b) g(x) = sin(x + 1)

x 2

30. y = t 5

18. Line passing through (1, 4) and (1, 6)

38. Sketch the points on the unit circle corresponding to the following three angles, and find the values of the six standard trigonometric
functions at each angle:
2
7
7
(a)
(b)
(c)
3
4
6

19. Line of slope 6 through (9, 1)

39. What is the period of the function g() = sin 2 + sin 2 ?

20. Line of slope 32 through (4, 12)

40. Assume that sin = 45 , where /2 < < . Find:

In Exercises 1722, find the equation of the line.

17. Line passing through (1, 4) and (2, 6)

(a) tan

21. Line through (2, 3) parallel to y = 4 x

23. Does the following table of market data suggest a linear relationship between price and number of homes sold during a one-year period?
Explain.
Price (thousands of $)

180

195

220

240

No. of homes sold

127

118

103

91

24. Does the following table of revenue data for a computer manufacturer suggest a linear relation between revenue and time? Explain.

Revenue (billions of $)

(c) csc

41. Give an example of values a, b such that

22. Horizontal line through (3, 5)

Year

(b) sin 2

2001

2005

2007

2010

13

18

15

11

25. Find the roots of f (x) = x 4 4x 2 and sketch its graph. On which
intervals is f (x) decreasing?

cos a
a
=
2
2
"
!
42. Let f (x) = cos x. Sketch the graph of y = 2f 13 x 4 for
0 x 6.
(a) cos(a + b) = cos a + cos b

(b) cos

43. Solve sin 2x + cos x = 0 for 0 x < 2.

44. How does h(n) = n2 /2n behave for large whole-number values of

n? Does h(n) tend to infinity?

Use a graphing calculator to determine whether the equa45.

tion cos x = 5x 2 8x 4 has any solutions.
Using a graphing calculator, find the number of real roots
46.
and estimate the largest root to two decimal places:
(a) f (x) = 1.8x 4 x 5 x
(b) g(x) = 1.7x 4 x 5 x

58

CHAPTER 1

PRECALCULUS REVIEW

47. Match each quantity (a)(d) with (i), (ii), or (iii) if possible, or state
that no match exists.
2a
(a) 2a 3b
(b) b
3
(c) (2a )b
(d) 2ab 3ba
% &ab
(i) 2ab
(ii) 6a+b
(iii) 23
48. Match each quantity (a)(d) with (i), (ii), or (iii) if possible, or state
that no match exists.
!a "
ln a
(a) ln
(b)
b
ln b
(d) (ln a)(ln b)
(c) eln aln b
a
(ii) ln a ln b
(iii)
b
'
3
49. Find the inverse of f (x) = x 8 and determine its domain and
range.
(i) ln a + ln b

x2
50. Find the inverse of f (x) =
and determine its domain and
x1
range.
51. Find a domain on which h(t) = (t 3)2 is one-to-one and determine the inverse on this domain.
52. Show that g(x) =

{x : x = 1}.

x
is equal to its inverse on the domain
x1

53. Suppose that g(x) is the inverse of f (x). Match the functions
(a)(d) with their inverses (i)(iv).
(a) f (x) + 1
(b) f (x + 1)
(c) 4f (x)
(d) f (4x)
(i) g(x)/4

(ii) g(x/4)

(iii) g(x 1)

(iv) g(x) 1

54.
Plot f (x) = xex and use the zoom feature to find two
solutions of f (x) = 0.5.