Internal Combustion Engine

(ICE)
It is an engine in which
the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined
space called a combustion chamber and
the products of combustion takes part
directly in power generation.
Eg:

Petrol, Diesel, and Gas engines,

cycle gas turbines.

open

ECE & ICE

External Combustion Engine

(ECE)
It is a heat engine which burns fuel to heat a
separate fluid (usually water) which then,
in turn, performs work.

Eg: Steam Engines, Steam turbines

Stirling engines.

and

Example

In steam engines,
the combustion process
are used to produce steam
then, steam is used to
do work on a steam piston.

Comparison of ECE and ICE

E.C Engine

I.C. Engine

The combustion of fuel takes place The combustion of fuel takes place
outside the engine working cylinder
inside the engine workingcylinder.
The working of ECE is smooth and silent These engines are very noisy
running.
The working pressure and temperature The working pressure and temperature
inside the engine cylinder is low
inside the cylinder is very high
Because of low-pressure temperature, Because of very high pressure and
ordinary alloys can be used.
temperature special alloys must be
used.
It is heavy and cumbersome. It has low It has high efficiency about 35-40 %.
efficiency about 20 -25 %
It can not be started instantaneously

It can be started instantaneously.

Components of ICE

Components of ICE

Crank Shaft

Crank Shaft

Functions of COMPONENTS
Cylinder
Cylinder liner
Water Jacket
Cylinder head
valves etc.
Piston
Piston rings

: Provides space for combustion

: provides inner surface for CC.
: To cool the engine and to
prevent overheating
: Covers the cylinder top and
holds spark plug,
: To develop mechanical energy
: To lubricate the cylinder
and
prevent gas leak into crank case

Connecting rod
: To convert reciprocating
motion of the piston into oscillating
motion.
Crankshaft

: To convert oscillating motion

into rotary motion.

Flywheel : To smoothen the turning moment.

Crank case : To hold crankshaft and lub
oil.

Valves
Spark Plug
Fuel Injector
Gudgeon pin

: To control air and gas flow

: To ignite air-fuel mixture
: To inject fuel
: To connect small end of
connecting rod with piston
Crank pin
: To connect big end of
connecting rod with crank.
Timing gears : To transmit power from
crankshaft to cam shaft
Cam, Push Rod, Rocker arm: To operate valves

CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.
ENGINES

(I) According to the type of fuel

used

Petrol engine
Diesel engines or oil engine
and
Gas engine

Petrol engine

A CAR ENGINE

Petrol engine

Petrol engine

Petrol engine

Petrol engine

Petrol+Air

Diesel Engine

Water Cooled Diesel

Engine

Diesel Engine

Diesel Engine

Gas Engine

2-Stroke DTX 23 cc Gas Engine

Gas engine

Gas + Air

(II) According to the cycle of

operation
Otto cycle (constant volume cycle) engines
Diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle)
engines, and
Dual combustion cycle (semi diesel or
limited pressure cycle) engines

Otto Cycle

OTTO CYCLE

Diesel Cycle

Dual Cycle

(III) According to the speed of the

engine
Slow speed engines,
Medium speed engines, and
High speed engines

16 HP 850 RPM Lister Type, Slow

Speed Diesel Engine

High Speed Diesel Engine

(3000 rpm)

130-h.p., six cylinder, high speed Diesel engine,

illustrating the main components

the interior of a 130-h.p., high speed Diesel

engine

This engine develops

320 to 360 brake horsepower at 800 to 900 revolutions per
minute

(IV) According to the cooling

system

Air cooled engines

Water cooled engines, and

Evaporative cooling engines.

Air Cooled Petrol Engine

Air Cooled Petrol Engine

Air Cooled Petrol Engine

Air Cooled Petrol Engine

Air Cooled Petrol Engine

Air Cooled Petrol Engine

Cooling System: Air
cooling by a fan fixed
on
flywheel
and
through
streamline
designed
cowling.

Air Cooled Diesel Engine

13 hp
aircooled
four stroke
diesel
engine.

Compressor unit, air cooled, with Diesel engine, 2

stages, for working pressures up to 40 bar.

Water Cooled Petrol Engine

Dirt Bike (GAS-114) (Water Cooled Engine;

Front And Rear Disc Breaks)

Diesel Engine And Engine Pumpset

Cooling : Engine can be cooled with the help of run

through water supply arrangement or with radiator / tank
cooling in water cooled engine.

ISUZU 6BD1T Water-Cooled

Diesel Engine

India tractor with water cooled 2 cylinder 4 stroke Diesel engine. 10

gears forward and 2 gears reverse are for 1 to 22 km/h speed.

(V) According to the method of

fuel injection

Carburettor engines,

Air injection engines

Airless or solid injection engines

(VI) According to the method of

igniting the fuel

Spark ignition engines (briefly

written as S.I. engines)
Compression ignition engines
(briefly written as C.I.
engines), and

(VII) According to the number of

strokes per cycle

Four stroke cycle engines,

and
Two stroke cycle engines

(VIII) According to the number of

cylinders

Single cylinder engines,

Multi-cylinder engines

(IX) According to the orientation of

cylinders

Vertical engines
Horizontal engines

Vertical engines

Vertical engines

Vertical engines

Horizontal engines

Horizontal engines

Horizontal engines

Horizontal engines

(X) According to the arrangement

of Multi cylinder engines

In-line multi-cylinder engines

Vertical engines,
Horizontal engines

Radial engines,
V-type multi-cylinder engines
Opposite cylinder engines and
Opposite piston engines

Vertical In line engines

Vertical In line engines

Vertical In line engines

Vertical Inline engines

Volvos 5-cylinder (in-line) aluminium

block Petrol Engine (1991)

In-line multi-cylinder engines

An inline 4 cylinder engine

In-line multi-cylinder engines

Horizontal Inline engines

Radial Engine

Twentyfour Cylinder multibanked, six bank radial,

petrol engine, four strokes, liquid cooled Engine

V-type multi-cylinder engines

V Engine - the cylinders are arranged in two

banks set at an angle to one another

Flat (also known as horizontally opposed or a

boxer) -- the cylinders are arranged in two banks
on opposite sides of the engine

A V-6 cylinder engine

Opposite Cylinder Engine

Opposite Cylinder Engine

Opposite Piston engines

Opposed Piston Engine

Opposed Piston Engine

(XI) According to the valve

mechanism

Overhead valve engines

I Head engines
T-Head Engines
F Head Engines
Side valve engines

Overhead valve engines

I Head
engines

Overhead valve engines

Overhead valve engines

Overhead valve engines

T-Head Engines

L - Head

F - Head

(XII) According to the type of

motion of working element

Reciprocating IC engines

Rotary IC engines

(XIII) According to the method of

governing

Hit and miss governed engines

Quantitatively governed engines, and

Qualitatively governed engines

4 Processes in all IC
Engines

(i) Suction Process,

(ii) Compression Process,
(iii) Expansion or working Process,
(iv) Exhaust Process

An inline 4 cylinder engine

2S and 4S Engine

4S Engine

FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

In a four stroke engine,
the working cycle is completed in four
strokes of the piston or two revolutions
of the crankshaft.
This is achieved by carrying out
suction, compression expansion
exhaust processes in each stroke.

and

Working of
a
4S Petrol Engine

Intake (Suction) Process

Compression Process

Power Process

Exhaust Process

Theoretical Valve Timing Diagram

for 4S Cycle Petrol Engine

Actual Valve Timing Diagram for

4S Cycle Petrol Engine

SI engine
IVO
IVC
IGN
EVO
EVC

LOW SPEED
10 bTDC
10 aBDC
15 bTDC
25 bBDC
05 aTDC

HIGH SPEED
10 bTDC
60 aBDC
30 bTDC
55bBDC
20aTDC

Ideal P-V Diagram of 4S Cycle

Petrol Engine

Actual p-V Diagram for

4S Cycle Petrol Engine

Working of
4S Cycle Diesel Engine

Actual Valve Timing Diagram for

4S Cycle Diesel Engine

Ideal p-V Diagram for

4S Cycle Diesel Engine

Actual p-V Diagram for

4S Cycle Diesel Engine

IMPORTANT NOTE
From the thermodynamic point
of view there is no difference
between two stroke and four
stroke cycle engines,
The
difference
mechanical.

is

purely

ADVANTAGES of
2S OVER 4S CYCLE ENGINES
It gives twice the number of power strokes
than the four stroke cycle engine at the same
engine speed.
In actual practice, a two stroke cycle
engine develops 1.7 to 1.8 times (greater
value for slow speed engines) the power
developed by four stroke cycle engine of
the same dimensions and speed.
This is due to lower compression ratio and
effective stroke being less than the
theoretical stroke.

Disadvantages of
2S over 4S Cycle Engines
Low thermal efficiency because of lower compression
ratio.
Low overall efficiency, due to more loss of fuel due to
valve overlap.
High polluting emissions.
High Cylinder temperature because of high rate of
power stroke.
Greater wear and tear due to High Cylinder
temperature
High capacity of the cooling system is required.
Large consumption of lubricating oil because of high
operating temperature.
Noisy exhaust because of short time available for their
delivery.

2S Engine

TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

The working cycle is completed in two strokes
of the piston or one revolution of the
crankshaft.
This is achieved by carrying out
the suction and compression processes in
one stroke (or more precisely in inward
stroke),
expansion and exhaust process in the
second stroke (or more precisely in outward
stroke).

Working of 2S Cycle Petrol Engine

Theoretical Port Timing Diagram of

2S Cycle Petrol Engine

TPC,
EPC

TPO, EPO

Actual Port Timing Diagram of 2S

Cycle Petrol Engine

Ideal P-V Diagram of 2S Cycle

Petrol Engine

Actual P-V Diagram of 2S Cycle

Petrol Engine

Working of 2S Cycle Diesel Engine

Actual Port Timing Diagram of 2S

Cycle Diesel Engine

Ideal P-V Diagram of 2S Cycle

Diesel Engine

Actual P-V Diagram of 2S Cycle

Diesel Engine

PE and DE

Working of a Petrol Engine

WORING of a 4S Diesel Engine

Comparison of PE with DE
PETROL ENGINES

DIESEL ENGINES

A petrol engine draws a mixture of A diesel engine draws only air during suction
petrol and air during suction stroke
stroke
The carburettor is employed to mix air The injector or atomiser is employed to inject
and petrol in the required proportion
the fuel at the end of compression stroke
and to supply it to the engine during
suction stroke
Pressure at the end of compression is Pressure at the end of compression is about 35
about 10 bar
75 bar
The charge (i.e., petrol and air mixture The fuel is injected in the form of fine spray. The
is ignited with the help of spark
temperature of the compressed air (about
plug.
600C) at a pressure of about 35 bar is
sufficiently high to ignite the fuel.
The combustion of fuel takes place The
combustion
of
fuel
takes
place
approximately at constant volume.
approximately at constant pressure. In
In other words. It works on Otto
other words, it works on Diesel cycle
cycle
A petrol engine has compression ratio A
approximately from 6 to 10.

diesel engine has compression

approximately from 15 to 25

ratio

The starting is easy due to low The starting is little difficult due to high
compression ratio.
compression ratio
As the compression ratio is low, As the compression ratio is high, the
the petrol engines are lighter diesel engines are heavier and costlier
and cheaper
The running cost of a petrol The running cost of diesel engine is
engine is higher cost of petrol.
low because of the lower cost of diesel
The maintenance cost is less

The maintenance cost is more

The thermal efficiency is about The thermal efficiency is about 35%

25%
Overheating trouble is more Overheating trouble is less due to high
due to low thermal efficiency
thermal efficiency
These are high speed engines

The are relatively low speed engines

The petrol engines are generally

employed in light duty vehicles
such as scooters, motorcycles,
cars .These are also used in
aeroplanes.

The diesel engines are generally

employed in heavy duty vehicles like
buses, trucks and earth moving
machines etc.