Training report on

Industry academia interaction training

program
For Petroleum Engineering Students

Dated from
16-06-2014 --- 01-07-2014
Venue: University Senate Hall, JNTUK

Submitted
By
Manikanta
.P

Department
Of
Petroleum Engineering & Petrochemical Engineering
University College of Engineering (Autonomous)
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge my sincere gratitude towards Prof.K.V.RAO
sir, in organizing 16 day workshop for the benefit of students and
bringing all the way, Industry people for this interaction programme.
Without the support and help from industries, this programme
wouldnt have been realized, I would be obliged to ASHOK VARMADirector-Onshore (ONGC) for his continuous support and affinity
towards our University.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Soma sekhar garu, for taking
initiation in allocating resourceful speakers for each and every lecture
of this programme.
The structure of this programme wouldnt be fleshed without the guest
speakers from ONGC, Aker solutions, Reliance Industries, Expro Gulf,
OIL Limited. I thank every speaker for sharing their precious experience
with us.
My sincere thanks to SPE Kakinada section for accepting and
supporting this event.

I would like to thank all the University officials for providing excellent
ambience for this workshop and their support in guiding us towards
excellence in carriers.

Lectures in 16 day workshop:

1. 1.Seismic data acquisition
------Mr. Ashcharya chaubhey
2. Seismic data processing
-------Mr. V. Sasibusan sharma
3. Open hole logging
-------Mr. Raj bob
4. Cased hole logging
-------Mr. Chandrasekhar
5. Offshore installations
-------Mr. Pavan kumar
6. Cement volume calculations
-------Mr. Kodhandapani
7. Well completions
-------Mr. Swarna raju
8. Well testing
-------Mr. Somasekar
9. Deep water field development
-------Mr. Narhari
10.KG basin reservoirs
-------Mr. Raghu ram
11.Flow assurance
-------Mr. Kishan rao
12.Subsea installations
--------Mr. Tormond amlien
13.Water injection systems
--------Mr. Gopal Rao
14.Work over operations
--------Mr. P.V.N. Rao
15.Artificial lift
--------Mr. Bhaskar rao
16.Enhanced oil recovery techniques
--------Mr. Dilip kumar
17.Subsea maintenance and operations
-------Mr. Alan doughlas
18.Well services
--------Mr. Y.R.L Rao
19.Offshore oil exploration and safety
--------Mr. Prasad
20.New exploration licensing policy
--------Mr. Sasibushan sharma
21.Produced water treatment and project management
-----Mr. Ramakotaiah
22. Production decline analysis, Offshore platforms, Natural gas reserves,
Overview of Indian gas sector, LNG, liquefaction and maintenance process,
Prevention And Control of cross country Pipelines, Nodal Analysis, Significant
gas fields In World --- Prof. K. V. Rao

Day 1: SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION

--- MR. Ashcharya chaubey (ONGC,
Rajahmundry)
In this lecture MR.CHAUBEY has explained data acquisition methods starting right
from need for seismic study and how are they generated.
I have listed out some key points delivered in his lecture and concepts I benefitted
from this lecture.
Characterization of seismic waves:

seisimic waves

Body waves

surface waves

P -waves

love waves

S waves

Rayleigh waves

Body waves are crucial in building subsurface strata image. Hence properties are
summarized:
S -waves doesnt pass through (l)&(g) as they cannot regain change in
volume
P waves are first arrivals since they travel in all phases parallel to direction
of propagation
SEISMIC SOURCES:
Land
1. Dynamite
2. Vibrosis
Water
1. Air gun
Depending on location we choose source. Locations where top layers
are unconsolidated it is preferable to use vibrosis otherwise much of

energy is absorbed by surface waves and no deeper penetration is

achieved.
Air guns are pressure packed cylinders which would generate elastic
waves without disturbance to marine environment.
Seismic receivers:
Land---- 1.geophones
Water---- 2.hydrophones
Geophones operate on principle of moving coil galvanometer
where minute motion of ground is detected by placing coil in
between permanent magnet
Hydrophones are series of cables work on principle of piezoelectric
effect.
CLASSIFICATION OF SEISMIC SURVEY:
2D ---- a series of shot lines and another series of
Receiver lines placed perpendicular .Thus data generated is
2D.
3D ---- in this multiple receiver lines are arranged so that more area is
covered while acquiring the data.
4D ---- after the well is put into production time lapsed survey is 4D.
4C ---- here both vertical and horizontal velocity components are taken.
ACQUISITION METHODS:
Common midpoint shot gather --- with the advent of this method multiple
o Arrivals can be diminished.
Split spread --- shot is transmitted by placing receivers at equal offsets on
either side of source.
For marine acquisition different methods are followed.
One is parallel method, where receiver cables are placed to source lines.
What I had learnt from this session apart from literature:
1. The area of data acquired is limited by number of source to receiver
configurations. Hence best possible configuration is arranged.

2. Folding of different time intervals in same layer from different rays

eliminate multiple reflections and ground roll.
3. Slicing of 3D data is helpful in identifying the changes in heterogeneity of
reservoir (faults).
4. Even the costs of 3D survey is accounted to be high the probability of
success ratio in identifying prospect is high with high resolution and
accuracy.

Day 1: DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION

----Mr. V. Sasibusan sharma
After acquiring the data, processing is essential in order to remove ground roll,
ghost waves, reverberations, diffraction effects.
In this following lecture, procedure has been discussed by MR. V. Sashibushan
Sharma in a sequential steps to process the data.

wavelet processing
normal move out correction
stacking
DE convolution
Migration
Interpretation

WAVELET PROCESSING:
Our primary aim is to convert to wavelets into zero phase which enables to
improve resolution and polarity detection.
NORMAL MOVEOUT:
Since all the subsurface strata is dipping rather than horizontal as assumed,
it is preferable to plot all the data on horizontal by taking dip as zero and
zero offset time.
VERTICAL STACKING:
It reduces random noises by summing up wavelet amplitudes at same
location.

DECONVOLUTION:
Here much of Ground Roll and ghost waves are detected and filtered by
compressing the frequency and amplitude so that resolution is increased.
MIGRATION:
With case of dipping beds migration helps in correcting dipping reflections
into proper spatial relationship.
It also helps in diminishing diffraction effects especially at faults.
DATA INTERPRETATION:
Slicing of 3D data is done to identify heterogeneous reservoir
characteristics.
We generate data to time depth conversion thus a 2D seismogram is
generated.
Similarly synthetic seismogram is generated from sonic log data and
both Graphs are correlated to check the degree of accuracy.
Things learnt apart from literature:
Upon generating the data and plotting the contour upto reservoir
boundaries, it is job of geophysicist to identify sweet spots in interval so
that maximum data is acquired in building reservoir model with
stipulated number of wells.

DAY 2: OPEN HOLE LOGGING

---Mr. Raj bob, ONGC-In this lecture we have gone through series of open hole log tools and their
principles discussed by MR. Raj bob. Later based on the data obtained from logs
formation physical characteristics are evaluated.
WORKING PRINCIPLES
Resistivity
1. Normal configuration
2. Lateral

3. Latero
Normal configuration: in here two measuring electrodes, one at bottom
hole and other at surface measure the potential diff. across formation.
Since electrodes are much apart vertical resolution is low and thin beds
cannot be detected.
Hence well go for lateral configuration were two measuring electrodes are
placed in borehole.
LATERAL CONFIGUATION: in this case the pit fall is side by defect
were much current chooses least resistive path to reach receivers.
Hence only thick resistive beds are detected
LATERO CONFIGURATION: two same potential electrodes are placed
so that current is focused linearly into formation beds.
DENSITY
1. Gama-Gama
2. LDT
Here the principle is Gama rays generated are emitted into formation
resulting in number of release of electrons and scattering of photons
Spacing the detectors is key in obtaining the data, both number of
rays flashed and litho log.
NEUTRON --- here both the epithermal, thermal neutrons and Gama rays
are crucial in getting density of formation.
SONIC --- here acoustic wave is transmitted into formation and the travel
time corresponds to density of formation. Back drop of tool is this wave
doesnt travel in free porous path
EPT --- it measures the dielectric permittivity of water in formation by
propagation of electromagnetic waves.
NMR --- here external magnetic field is applied in turn decay time of proton
to realign back is measured. HC OOIP can be corrected by immobile residual
Kerogen.
RFT, SP, G-RAY, Dip meter are some fundamental tools which have been
discussed.

FORMATION EVALUATION:
Determine litho log and estimate shale content from SP or G-RAY
Determining Rw of formation from resistivity.

 Determining Sw in Formation from resistivity

Estimation of porosity of data from sonic, density, neutron and
averaging to get improved value.
Evaluating net HCPV by N/G vol, Sw
Things learnt apart from literature:
Cross plots of neutron and density is extremely reliable in identifying tight
gas zones and M and N plots for mineral identification
Chlorine log is best suited for determining resistivity of Fresh water and
identification of interfaces but with EPT there is no necessity of running
neutron sources.
Utilization of dielectric permittivity of water to check out for water channel
filled porosity.
Sonic wave path behavior differs along formation and corrected with help
of check shot surveys.

Day 2: CASED HOLE LOGGING

----Mr. Chandrasekhar. ONGC
In this session, cased hole logs followed by production logging tools and auxiliary
jobs done in a well were discussed by MR. Rajshekhar.
CEMENTBOND EVALUATION LOG:
--Based on arrival times of acoustic waves and spacing of receiver and source
combinations helps us in evaluation of cement bond behind borehole and
casing with CBL and behind formation and casing using VDL.
--If the bond is good CBL amplitude is small & VDL gives a wiggly plot.
--Similarly USIT tool also images cement bond quality around formation.
--The quality of bond is easy to find as acoustic impedance plot is dark shaded
indicating good cement bond.
CASED HOLE FORMATION RESISTIVITY: It impedes current (milliamps) into
formation giving formation conductivity. With the advent of this log it
enables to identify zones left behind and zones saturated with water

 AUXILLARY JOBS: These include identifying pipe stuck up point using free
point indicator tool, removing casing debris using junk basket and fish jobs
Production logging is carried out when the well is put in production and
measurements include flow rate, fluid density, down hole temperature and
down hole pressure
Things learnt apart from literature:
Micro debanding topic relatively gives us idea whether presence of any gas
channeling is taking place while cement is setting.
In order to check out the presence of micro annulus pressure is applied on
borehole and log is run again. If the micro annulus still persists then we can
infer channeling has been taking place
Design of flow meter is made to cover entire radius of well bore, so that we
can measure velocity of fluid at boundary as well as at midpoint of point
Temperature allows us to easily identify channeling behind casing, casing
leaks, gas channeling as there is temperature drop due to expansion and
identification of thief zones.

Day 3: Offshore installations

---V. Pavan Kumar (Expro
Gulf)
This session about offshore installations, equips us with a practical knowledge in
offshore environment. I feel it a virtual tour rather than a seminar hall session. It
gives us a bird view of installations in offshore structures and related
components, which was not at all in our academic curriculum.
He gave us some practical challenges faced by them during their experience. At
the end, sir advised us in our carriers with some specialized courses. We call off
the session with a few doubts from our students.

Day 4: Deep water well integrity management

Siva sankhar busam (Reliance industries)

This class started with an introduction of the reliance industries and their
activities in E&P sector. He explained their operation strategies in KG D6 field.
KGD6 consists of D1D3 and MA fields presently.
D1, D3 - Gas field
MA - Oil field.
D1, D3 Gas fields:
Total of 18 wells with horizontal Xmas tree (5 / 7 10000psi)
2 are cased hole frac pack completion.
16 are Open hole gravel pack completion.
MA Oil field:
Total of 7 wells with horizontal Xmas tree (5 10000psi)
5 wells are horizontal completions and 2 wells are vertical.
Well integrity: Application of technical, operational and organizational solutions
to reduce risk of uncontrolled release of formation fluids throughout the life cycle
of a well.
Integrity of a well should be necessary from initial designing of a well, until
abandoning it.
Threat groups identified for subsea wells are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Designing, fabrication and installation

Corrosion and erosion
Valve failures
Control monitoring failures
Structural failures
Natural hazards

Well integrity and RAM analysis: (Reliability, Availability and Maintainability)

Quantifying risks and their impacts of their consequences

Well Integrity Management

Inspection
Operational Surveillance
Operational Assurance
Testing
Maintenance
Well Integrity Management Resources
Organization
Subsea Services
Surveillance equipment
Processes / Procedures
Audits / Reviews
Later, the role of instrumentation was discussed in well operations such as choke
upstream pressure, choke downstream pressure, annulus pressure transmitter
and presence of acoustic sand detector, followed by the role of valves in well
operations, such as production wing valves, master valves, annulus access valves
etc. along with purpose and function of XMT valves.
Moving on to the next topic, a few more safety equipments were discussed
briefly,
Downhole pressure and temperature gauge (Two numbers).
Crown plugs (2)
SCSSV

 Packer

Well Integrity Loss Response:

CMT EMT
Crisis/Emergency management processes, Competent and
experienced leadership, Drill to confirm readiness
MOU among Operators
Emergency cooperative agreement
Things learnt apart from literature
Well design should include sufficient surveillance equipment to ensure best
available management of the risks during the operational phase
Well design and completion should include consideration of the full life
cycle of the well.
Subsea well integrity management during the operational phase of the well
will include resources that are not easily available ad-hoc incremental
OPEX costs are to be expected
The relative risk between risk to safety and risk to production can change
significantly throughout the life of a well.
The test program for active barriers should be commensurate with the level
of risk the well presents throughout its life, the test program should be
adaptive with consideration of the changing risk profile that is presented by
the well.
Production systems can be designed to aid in response to well integrity
loss.

Day 4: Cement volume calculations

Kodhandapani garu (OIL LTD)

During the lecture, I came to know the importance of cementation, how

cementation protects the casing. The process of making cement slurry with
different cement additives was explained.
There exists three types of cementation.
1)
2)
3)

Primary cementation
Repair cementation
Special cement jobs
Repair cementation includes cement squeeze jobs and shoe strengthening
jobs. I came to know how these jobs are done. Squeeze cementation is
done using hesitation method and cement block method
Special purpose jobs include Abandonment plugs, Side-track plugs, Loss
prevention plug jobs, In-situ combustion wells, Tested zone isolation jobs.
Plug cementation is used to isolate mud loss zones and tested intervals .I came to
know how the well depth and temperature governs the cementation design.
Thus wells in the low pressure or sub-hydrostatic pressure are cemented either
with the slurry containing high strength microspheres or foam slurries
Apart from our literature, I learned that,
Dispersants/ Friction Reducers - These are chemicals added to cement slurries to
improve flow properties. Dispersed slurries have lower viscosity and can be
pumped in turbulent flow at lower pump rates, thereby minimizing the
horsepower required and lessening the chance of lost circulation and premature
dehydration.
Fluid-loss Additives - These are used primarily to maintain a constant water to
solid ratio in cement slurry, thereby improve primary cement jobs.
(Synthetic polymers, cellulose derivatives etc.)
0-200 cc/30 min Good control
200-500 cc/30 min Moderate control
500-1000 cc/30 min Fair control
Over 1000 cc/30 min No control

SPECIAL CASES The wells with high pressure gas zones not only need
Heavy slurries, but need additional special additives like gas Check, gas blocks
Control mechanisms for fluid loss mechanism are formation of miscells, improving
particle size, and increasing viscosity of interstitial water and cement slurry to
some extent and also addition of heavy weight materials such as Sand, Barite,
Hematite, Limonite etc.
I learnt the functions of top plug, bottom plug, floating collar, centralizer, spacers,
displacers and their role in cementation. How the volume of cement slurry is
calculated was depicted clearly along with displacement mud volume calculations.
A few doubts regarding this session for me was the stage cementing design, which
was clarified by him during the session. I feel this session as very practical in
nature and very much informative.
The lecture was winded up by discussing some practical problems that were faced
by their company during cementation in extreme conditions of high temperature
and gas channeling and a few case studies.

Subsea Systems
--- S. Swarna Raju, SE (P), EOA --This lecture of Swarna Raju sir gives a basic understanding of subsea technology,
such as,

Subsea Field Developments

Subsea Production Systems
Subsea Control Systems

He briefly explained about different types of offshore structures and land rigs
along with their limitations.
The main areas in subsea production systems are:
The structures
Work over and completion systems

 Tie-in and connection systems

Production control system
He explained various operations involved in a subsea field development and the
challenges that are facing due to geographical conditions. Weather conditions of
the major oceans are,

North seaRough seas

Gulf of Mexicoperiodic hurricanes
Africa calmer sea
Asia--typhoons
Arcticrough with ice and frost

Then, he explained the basic units of a production system, permanently installed

equipments, and their installing tools
Types of subsea structures
Cluster layout
--long distance between wells
--rig relocation may be required
Template system
--wells will be closer
--No rig relocation required after installation
--Large size flow lines
Sir clearly differentiates horizontal and vertical XMTs
In Vertical XMT, tubing hanger is located in the wellhead.
In Horizontal XMT systems, the tubing hanger is located in the horizontal
XMT.
Subsea control module: a retrievable component used to control chokes, valves
and monitor pressure, temperature, and position sensing devices, that is
mounted on the tree of the manifold. It is the brain of the control system.

Well Completion- Tubing string and well head Assembly:

In this session, sir deals with the components of tubing string and well head
assembly and their selection criteria.

Starting with the basic function of a tubings, sir had defined a few parameters
that are used in selection criteria such as materials, load conditions, operation
conditions etc.
Tubing requirements: API/ISO specification, Quantity, size designation, weight,
grade, Length, API grades-chemical content, manufacture processes, and heat
treatments.
Sour wells (wells with H2S content greater than 0.05 psi partial pressure)specific sour service required.
In detail, sir explained tubing load analysis with burst load, collapse strength,
tension load
Then, sir had brushed our concepts in completions and packers
Retrievable Hydraulic type packers

bidirectional slip system

Set by hydraulic actuation
no tubing manipulation
shear-release to unset
highly deviated wells

A few components of completion string, such as scsssv, bridge plug, sliding sleeve,
blast joint etc.
SCSSSV: ---Flapper type valve,
---tubing-retrievable and wire line-retrievable
Sliding sleeves: Establishing communication between the tubing and annulus for
fluid circulation
Multi zone production- packer isolation with sliding sleeves.
Methods of operating sliding sleeves include:
By wire line jarring up/down to open/close.
By pressure, to open and close
By pressure to open, wire line to close

Applications of sliding sleeves are:

Displacing fluids, Selective testing, treating or production in multiple
completion, killing by circulation, Pressure equalizing, using the tubing to kickoff the second string in a dual completion, Install valve or choke, flow
regulation.
Bridge plug: Set in the casing to prevent the flow in the casing. It provide
additional safety while the Christmas tree is being nipple up or nipple down.
Permanent or retrievable.

To isolate the zones

Set either mechanically or by wire line

Blast joint: Blast joints are used in the tubing string opposite the perforation
in producing zone, where the jetting action of the fluid can erode the outside
of the tubing.
Abrasion resistant, steel or normal steel that is coated with, plastic, rubber,
tungsten carbide, or ceramic.
Flowing couple is used to delay erosional failure at points inside a completion
string, where a turbulent flow is expected to occur.
Landing nipple is short section of thick walled tubular that are machined
internally to provide a locking profile and at least one packing bore.
The purpose is to provide a profile at specific point in the completion string to
locate, lock and seal subsurface flow controls, either through wire line or pump
down methods. It can be used at virtually any point in the completion string
Moving on to the next, sir explained few components of well head assembly, such
as tubing head, tubing hanger, and extra facilities in subsea well head and subsea
XMT.
The session was winded up with a few doubts from students..

SESSION: WELL TESTING OPERATIONS

--Mr. Somsekhar (ONGC, EOA)-In this session of Somsekhar garu, He has gone through fundamentals of testing
operations, necessity to carry out testing at regular intervals to understand the
productivity of reservoir through wire line at well site and shutting well headers at
GGS and errors incurred when measured at well header node.
He has gone through
Types of tests.
Test Design and equipment
Interpretation.
He has explained on objectives of well testing in detail. Different type of tests like
DST, Mini DST and RFT are explained.
He also dealt about sequence of well testing later he moved to temperature and
pressure gradient survey methods.
Later he explained about PI, Open flow potential. He clearly explained about the
methods in reservoir studies of a gas well. Different type of tests like Isochronal
test, Fall off test, Modified Isochronal test, Build up and draw down test was
explained. He also explained the equipments like well head, X-mas tree, Wireline
winches, Pressure Gauges.
We call off the session with a few doubts from students.

An introduction to deep water field

development
Nara Hari (ONGC, EOA)
Mr. Narahari lecture consists of 2 phases. First, what should a under graduate
student should know about the deep water field. Secondly, the present
technologies of deep water field.

Being a resident of Kakinada, Sir make us to have the advantage of getting known
to information of offshore technologies. Also, the fields of Kakinada are not only
deep water fields. These fields are different from other in this following ways,

Steep gradient of depth

High pressure and high temperature(HPHT) conditions
Presence of high sulphur content
Deep water fields
Small pockets of hydrocarbons

ONGC had drilled a well in west Godavari at temperature of 427 Celsius. Its
the only well with such a temperature present in the world up till now. The fields
of Kakinada made the operating companies to invest in R & D field for new
material technology to sustain the disastrous conditions of HPHT. Apart from
material technology, it is also investing in cement technologies to coup up with
the problems in cementing operations at such conditions.
We, the students of JNTU Kakinada are a step ahead of students from other
colleges by having knowledge about these fields which are having tough
conditions.
Mr. Narahari explained the latest highly advanced technologies in subsea such as
subsea compressions of hydrocarbon streams, subsea processing and subsea
pumping. At present, Aasgard field in Norway compression facilities on the
seabed itself. Recently explored fields of East and West Africa needs subsea
processing and pumping technology. Research activities had already started in Eor
activities in deep water fields such as subsea injection of water, gas, polymer and
surfactants.
The second phase of his lecture consists of different types of offshore structures.
Challenges in deep water and subsea technologies.
Major challenges faced in deep water fields are
Harsh environment
-Wind, Water currents, Weather
High Temperature Gradient
-hydrate formation, Wax formation, pour point

 Riser Design
-flexible risers, dynamic forces
Well Intervention difficulties
-deep, wet tree, floaters
Maintenance Issues
-deep, ROVs
Cost and Risk Factors
-Development, Logistics, small pools
Comparison of different offshore structures along with their advantages and
disadvantages were shown.

SESSION: KG-BASIN GEOLOGY.

---Raghu Ram (ONGC, Rajahmundry asset)--Mr. Raghu ram garu, during this session, detailed the geology of KG basin. Being a
resident of Kakinada, we should know the characteristics of KG basin. Sir helped our
brains in this aspect.
OUTCROP OF KG BASIN
Ages of geologic time scale and distinguished lecturer has explained the
strike trends of present KG & PG basin with comparison to Pangea.
Detailed coverage on several areas of exploration like Cauvery Basin, KrishnaGodavari Basin.
Mainly concentrated on explaining the features of KG-PG basin like slope,
sedimentary thickness, age of formation, strike.
Mentioned about the discoveries of oil and gas fields in KG basin.
Dealt with the principles of seismic survey and 2D, 3D survey.
Explained how seismic data is interpreted and observed.
Explained about how to identify different strata like Dudukkuru sandstone,
Raghavapuram shale, Bommuru sandstone...

Things learnt apart from literature:

Many of the doubts posed by our friends on kg basin reservoir heterogeneity
and formation of hydrates on shallow continental slope has made this basin quite
challenging.

SESSION: FLOW ASSURANCE

----MR. Kishan Rao (ONGC, Rajahmundry asset) -In this session, MR.KISHAN RAO garu has presented this topic FLOW
ASSURANCE which deals with wax control during production operations in
wells.
He has initially gone SARA analysis of crude from which we can estimate
fractions of saturates present in crude. The speaker mainly explained about
the problems faced by the working team in each segment of the pipeline
starting from the production tube to the trunk line.
Mainly, the problems in pipeline are due to wax precipitation, asphaltene
formation, paraffin formation, scaling, corrosion etc. he was mainly
concerned about the need of flow assurance and also about challenges of
flow assurance in sub-sea. Also explained about the impact of flow assurance
technologies.
He explained in-detail and interestingly about wax precipitation and also
about wax crystallization. He also explained the type of fluid flows that are
generally encountered in vertical flow like bubble flow, churn flow, slug flow
and annular flow. Also explained how a crude oil is generally classified.

Things learnt apart from literature:

Through this lecture Ive came to know the importance in estimating fractions
of paraffins, aromatics to analyze crude behavior in wax formation.

 Paraffin waxes behave as Newtonian fluids above wax appearance temperature

Shifting of zones from hydrate risk zone to hydrate free zone.

Subsea installations in deep water fields

---Tormod Amlien (Aker solutions)---Mr. Tormod Amlien started with the introduction of their company Aker
solutions, and their tie ups with Reliance Industries in KG D6 field. It was the first
deep water field project in India with an investment of 9 billion dollars. He did a
touch up about their branches at various countries and their contractors across
the globe, describing in which locations, different parts of subsea installations are
manufactured. They were at Finland, Kaulalampur, Perth, Houston, Tokyo etc.

Then he started explaining different parts in subsea installation floor and their
functions such as

Jumper installations,
XMT installations with LTRT and TRT,
Manifold installation,
Suction anchor installations,
Umbilical installation,
Installation and retrieval of flow control modules (FCM), along with the
presentation of their installation videos.

He then moved on to next part,

Umbilical lay vessel and construction vessel. He explained their role in deep
sea installations.
In my view,
Doubts regarding this session are, how the tidal wave movements will
be compensated during the careful installation of XMTs and FCMs. Also, the
particular shape of jumpers, which were to prevent errors in meteorology
calculations.

At a glance, I feel this session as a virtual tour of subsea installations rather than a
classroom lecture.

SESSION: WATER INJECTION SYSTEMS

---MR. Gopal Rao (ONGC, Rajahmundry)-This lecture has been presented by Mr. Gopal rao one of the alumnus of our
college. He has been working as electrical engineer at Mumbai high.
He has discussed series of injection patterns followed by advantages and
operating costs and water treatment costs after an injection project is
implemented.
When the well flows naturally then it is called as primary recovery method. When
the methods like water or gas injection is used then it is called secondary recovery
methods. The use of different types of flooding does can be called as tertiary
recovery methods. On this session we are concentrating only on water injection
method, one of the secondary recovery methods. The purpose of this type
injection is:

Maintaining or improving reservoir pressure.

Most economical method for reservoir management.
Helps to move the oil in place.
Void-age compensation.

Injection wells, always may not be new ones, which are drilled and cased. These
may be the wells, which are once in production.
Things learnt apart from literature:
How the patterns of water injection wells are selected in between the oil
and gas production wells. What selection criteria are should be taken into
account in designing pattern, evaluation of the parameters in their
designing etc. which were actually not covered in our literature were
explained in detail through this presentation.

Work over operations

---P. V. N. Rao (DGM (P)-ONGC-EOA)
This lecture by P. V. N. Rao garu consists of two sessions. In which, first session
deals with his presentation about work over operations, and in his second session,
he explained a few problems facing by the industry, and challenges he had
encountered during his experience, with a few photographs taken during his
experience.
During the first session, he explained what a work over operation is..? And what
jobs are under well servicing and intervention..?
- Work-over is any operation performed on a well to restore or increase its
production or even to safely abandon a well once it is found no more fit for
production
- Work-over operations are carried out by a drilling rig, light/ work-over rig,
Hydraulic rig or platform rig, modular rig, jack-up rig, barge rig
- Operations commence with subduing the well, removal of the X-mas tree from
the wellhead and replaced by blow out preventer (BOP) equipment.
Well servicing consists of:
- Servicing of Self flow wells, SRP wells, Gas lift wells, Screw pump wells, Detection
and repair of channeling behind casing, Testing and transfer to other objects,
Fishing, milling and stuck-up removal and re-completion, Detection and repair of
casing damage, Water /gas shut off, etc.
Also, components failures, decrease in well productivity leads to well intervention
Component failures are: Tubing failure
- Packer failure
- Failure of flow control device such as SCSSV, sliding sleeve, wire-line nipple
- Xmas tree / tubing hanger failure / leakage
- Failure of gas lift valve and / or mandrel

- Downhole pump failure

- Failure of SRP bottom assembly etc.

Reasons for well servicing:

-

Improper and not compatible injection fluids

Water / Gas conning
Formation of precipitate / scale
Heavy viscous formation fluids
Emulsion / water blocks
Perforation choking
Loose formations and Sand production

Sirs discussion includes planning and preparations for a work over job.
All well intervention jobs doesnt need rigs to approach. Major rig components
required during these operations were explained and were shown in images in
detail.
Moving on, sir had shared a few experiences with us
Sharing of experiences encountered in KG onshore work-over operations
-

Mobility of rig in village roads

Eco-sensitive surroundings
High pressure pockets
High temperature zones
Tight formations

Fishing Operations :
- Fish is something unwanted left inside the well like tubing, wire-line, WL tools,
BHA, Coil tubing, milled packers etc.
- Cause of fishing could be due to humane error or equipment failure, premature cement setting, snapping of WL tools etc.
- Planning for fishing job involves details of fish & well details
- Selection of proper fishing tools & fishing string
- External catch tools like overshot, spiral & basket grapple

External & internal die collars, Taper tapes

Lead Impression block, Junk baskets & magnets
Hydraulic jars, bumper sub & safety joint
Junk & Taper mills & Wash-overs

Modes of Work-over Operations

Stationary Work-over Rig
Mobile Work-over Rig
Rig-less Operations
Then, advantages of hydraulic rig when compared to that of a conventional rig
was shown.
Advantages of Hydraulic rig compared to a conventional rig:
- No drill line required (no slipping or cutting drill).
- Function of mast for lifting single joints of pipe and
bottom hole assemblies
- Individual component weights can be reduced to 8 tons
- Low centre of gravity.
- Unexpected pipe movement maximum 10 ft.
- Can accommodate any BOP stack configuration.
- Under-balanced operations and snubbing operations
- Small operational footprint
- Noise reduced to minimum.
A few rig less work over operations were explained such as running in and pulling
out gravel pack completions and conventional completions,
- Drilling extensions or cutting windows for laterals both in
overbalanced and underbalanced conditions
- Sand washing with fluid or foam
- Fishing lost wire-line tools and parted tubing or drill-pipe
- Washing perforations and acidizing
- Squeeze cementing or cutting a cement plug.

Advancements in work over operations such as Auto intelligent gas lifts,

Tractor wire line tools and Mechanical plug back tools were introduced.
We call of the session after sir had shared a few case studies about the following:

Some Case studies discussed in this session:

-

Bhemanapalli #2
Narsapur # 3
Narsapur # 6
Pasarlapudi # 13

Gas lift valves and their functioning

---V. Baskhar Rao (G.M, Production manager)
Mr. Bhaskar Rao garu explained his lecture as follows

Basic principles in oil production

Artificial lift technology principles
Concept of productivity index
Relationship between inflow performance curve and tubing performance
curve and their variance with GLR (gas liquid ratio).
Modes of artificial lift
Artificial lift
By compressed gas

BY Mechanical
means

Compressed gas type gas lift types are further classified as below:
Continuous gas lift
Intermittent gas lift
Plunger assisted gas lift

 Chamber lift
And Mechanical Means of gas lifts are further classified as:

Sucker rod pump

Electrical submersible pump
Progressive cavity pump
Jet pump
Later, sir explained each mechanism briefly as follows

Gas lift:
History of gas lift valves type of artificial lift
1797: In Lab comp air was used to lift liq.
1864: First practical application of air lift by Cockford in Pennsylvania.
1865: First U. S. patent Oil Ejector was issued to Mr. A. Brear.
1940: Pressure operated valve introduced.
1957: Introduction of wire line retrievable valves.
Terminology of gas lift mechanisms were explained at first,
FBHP( Gas lift well ) Tubing pressure up to injection depth @TGLR (IGLR +
FGLR) + Tubing pressure below injection depth @FGLR
MAX GLR GLR beyond which tubing pressure starts increasing rather than
reducing.
Optimum GLR GLR beyond which FBHP does not reduce proportionately (
leads to almost constant production )
Optimum GLR to Max GLR Gas injection quantity increases without
proportionate increase in oil production
Thumb rules for basic calculations of gas lift installations are:
Tubing Gradient 0.15 psi/ft
(for 2 7/8& & 3 )
1 Kg/cm2 effective injection pressure

( inj.pr Tub. Head PR ) -100 ft of injection

Max possible injection depth (ft) = (Inj.Pr THP) /Gradient
Advantages of gas lifts:
Offers high degree of flexibility.

Effectively produces high & low GOR.

Initial cost is less if HP gas is available..

Low operating cost and ease in operation

Suitable for deep and deviated wells.

Limitations of gas lifts:

Requires HP gas well or Compressor.

Wet gas is subjected to freezing and hydrate formation and may require
gas dehydration unit.

Valve retrieval in highly deviated wells poses problem.

Scale, corrosive and/or paraffin problem may increase the back pressure &
reduce efficiency..

Intermittent gas lift is having lowest efficiency

Advantages of plunger lifts:

Requires No Outside Energy Source - Uses Wells Energy to Lift

Dewatering Gas Wells

Rig Not Required for Installation

Easy Maintenance

Keeps Well Cleaned of Paraffin Deposits

Low Cost Artificial Lift Method

Handles Gassy Wells

Good in Deviated Wells

Can Produce Well to Depletion

Limitations to plunger lifts:

Specific GLRs to Drive System

Low Volume Potential (200 BPD)

Solids

Requires Surveillance to Optimize

Moving on to the next topic, Instruments used for monitoring and recording their
values were explained such as two pen recorder, echo meter along with their dos
and donts.
Later, a few problems faced by gas lift valves on surface and sub-surface were
discussed
This session was winded up by discussing some case studies

Electrical submersible pumps

---V. Baskhar Rao (G.M, Production manager)
This session deals with the working mechanism of electrical submersible pumps,
their parts specifications, classifications and their types in detail.
Introduction:

First unit installed in 1928

Range 200 60,000 bopd
Depth up to 15000 ft
Average 3 years good operating life with some cases of 10

yrs. also.
Lifting cost for volume ($ /bbl) typically very low. Compatible with crooked or
deviated wellbore

Parts of an ESP: (surface)

Electric motor
Seal section
Gas separator
Pump intake
Centrifugal pump
Motor extension leads
Power cables
Check valve and bleeder valve
Lower and upper pig tail
Centralizer

Surface parts:
Electric motor:
nominal speed --3500 rpm on 60 Hertz cycle
--2915 rpm on 50 Hertz cycle
length :ranges from 5 ft to 100 ft depending on head and volume
requirements
Motor filled with highly refined mineral oil to provide necessary dielectric
strength and to serve as lubricant to motor bearings.
Protector or seal section:
Two Types

--labyrinth type

--balloon type

-- can be of two, four, six, or eight chamber type

--more chambers means more sealing protection
Gas Separator: Two types

Poor Boy or Reverse flow separator: Routes well fluid 180 degrees
downwards so that gas escapes upward in to annulus and only liquid enters
through pull tube

Rotary gas separator: Works on centrifugal action. Keeps the heavier fluid
(liquid) to the periphery whereas lighter fluid(gas)flows through the center
in to annulus via a flow devoured

Poseidon gas-handling system, A separate gas handling system was explained

very briefly with their variance in efficiency
POSEDION =

70 % gvf (efficiency)

AGH

40-45% gvf (efficiency)

Centrifugal pumps:
Two Types of Impeller Diffusers

Floating or balanced type: Impeller floats up and down axially along the
shaft depending on the designed and actual fluid production rates. Can
tolerate slight fluctuations in the production rates

Fixed Impeller type: Impeller is fixed to the shaft. Does not move up and
down. Suitable for pumping very high volumes.

Metallurgy :
--housing -seam less ,heavy walled, low carbon steel tubing
--shaft -K-Monel
--Impellers - Ni-resistant, Ryton, or Bronze
--Diffusers - Ni-resistant
Check valve:-a flapper disc type non-return valve, installed just above the pump,
keeps tubing always full prevents reverse flow of fluid, thus preventing reverse
rotation of the impeller, which sometimes may become dangerous to the motor
Blender valve: --Installed above the check valve, useful for draining out liquid
from the tubing during pulling out job otherwise oil/water may be splashing on

the derrick floor, can be opened before ESP pullout, by dropping a heavy rod from
top.
--may warrant tubing p/o if accidentally broke open.
Lower pigtail: Required when SEABOARD or equivalent type of wellhead is
used
--it is a small length of main cable, spliced with the main cable before
wellhead is installed and other end is connected with the electrical 'mini
mandrel.
After a brief explanation of various parts of ESP, sir discussed Designing and
Installation procedure of an ESP unit in a well along with an example and relevant
data tables which is very practical in nature.
We call off the session with a few doubts and a brief summary from the students..

SESSION: ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNIQUES

Topics on EOR primarily include three fundamental methods in improving tertiary
recovery of a field
Key points I have acquired from this session discussed by MR. Swain are, before
going for any EOR project to be implemented a thorough understanding of
reservoir properties and heterogeneities are crucial, for the project to be cost
effective.
1. THERMAL: applied to reservoirs with heavier viscous fluids(10000 cp) and

API <15

STEAM FLOODING AND CYCLIC STEAM FLOODING

In implementing a steam flood project reservoirs depth must range less

than 2000ft, so the latent heat of steam is effective. It cannot be applicable
to deep reservoir because of heat losses
Steam flood process is applicable only for thick zones as there would be
much of heat loss in thin zones due to adjacent formations
It is a best suited for sandstone reservoirs

 Steam forms a miscible front and lowers the interfacial tension between
capillary pores which help in displacing oil through pores

INSITU COMBUSTION

This method proves to have highest probability in success ratio

Mostly applicable for reservoirs with thin pay zones where areal sweep
efficiency of generated steam zone due to combustion front
This method is not suitable for reservoirs with paraffinic based crude as the
coke is not formed to propagate combustion front
2. CHEMICAL:

Applied to recover residual oil saturation left out by either increasing

viscosity of displacing fluid or decreasing interfacial tension of fluids

SURFACTANT FLOODING

Surfactants like sulphonates added to injection water to reduce interfacial

tension of reservoir fluids. Micelles agglomerate micro size droplets
between pores trapped due to high interfacial tension play crucial role in
driving them.
Selection of thermally stable surfactant is crucial for the project to be
successful.

POLYMER FLOODING

Suitable for large reservoirs

Generally this is applied for water injection projects where simultaneous
polymer flood is injected at periodic intervals to increase the mobility ratio
In a pattern either at periphery or a belt of injection wells at middle are
located to sweep maximum areal extent of reservoir

ALKALI SURFACTANT POLYMER FLOODING

It is most cost effective process reducing the slug volume of surfactant

required to be injected
These process have least success ratio due to complexity in
approximation of formation interfacial tension
3. MISCIBLE FLOODING
CO2, N2 FLOODING

Applied for light oils and high pressure wells as injected gas depends on
minimum miscible pressure parameter
Co2 is mostly used as it is highly miscible and turns the hydrocarbon in
pores to vapor thus decreasing the density of producing fluid
Corrosion problems in producer well is one of the backdrop

LPG, WATER SLUG FLOODING

This process is much feasible in olden days where LPG costs are low and
requires large slugs of lean or rich gas to be injected into formation.
Many of fingering problems were encountered due to poor mobility ratio
and less areal sweep efficiency due to high vertical permeability
This can also be accounted under secondary recovery gas injection project
as it would supplement reservoir pressure
CASE STUDIES: Apart from different process employed based on reservoir

petro physical properties sir has discussed effective recovery of various

process employed in different fields (pilot projects).
Typical behavior of various projects is discussed. In situ combustion projects take
bit of time to respond after implementation. In contrast polymer flooding shows
quick response in increasing oil volumetric flow rates. Later ASP flood can be done
after it has saturated with polymer to improve recovery or can be earlier.
Similarly a miscible gas injection project is applied in Gandhar field, were its
crude API >40.
Thus basically we can choose type of process based on crude viscosity and API.

SESSION: SUBSEA OPERATIONS AND

MAINTAINANCE
--Alan Douglas (Aker solutions) --MR.DOUGHLAS from AKER has explained series of cyclic operations
1. Deep water work over & intervention operations: Isolating manifold
control module of a certain well to replace the variable choke through rovs
or shut a well to cut down water protection.
2. Well integrity maintenance: Riser/umbilical protection against corrosion by
sacrificial anodic protection, anomalies inspection and debris detection, a
Tool anomaly report (TAR) on improper working of a cam on one of its arms

of ROV has been given to us, hardware maintenance and control structure
of umbilical and SDA while processing signals from platforms.
3. Monitoring controls: Number of controls are mentioned. Some of them
are
EDB---electronic distribution box
SCM----switch control module
FODM----fiber optic distribution box
EFL----electric flying lead
PLEM/PLET ---a connecting segment between pipe/flow line
to manifold
4. Production system parameters: In addition to maintenance operations he
has also mentioned design life of subsea equipment based on working
conditions of equipment & selection of tree types (initially vertical trees
were installed but due to problems during work over operation later
horizontal trees are designed).
Things learnt apart from literature:
Basically no much specified data available for us on subsea operations. This
session has benefitted us a lot with lot of new terminology on subsea
equipment and clear cut explanation on how the procedures were adopted
during anomaly detection and how the report is made.
The technology used in manufacturing steel rod umbilicals with carbon
fiber as an axial support to compensate compressive forces & tensile
strength. Later he moved onto processing of signal from platform through
umbilicals in which fiber optical cord transmits signal to subsequent well.

SESSION: WELL SERVICES

----Y.R.L Rao (ONGC)--In this lecture MR. Y R L Rao has discussed series of well service operations
Before going through the above topics he added few lines on role of
production engineer, production problems, bull heading & procedure for
removal of Christmas tree.
Well completions & sand control

 He has come across types of completions, completion equipment,

and perforation methods.
Later he moved onto formation damage problems and evaluation of
damage. Depending upon the damage he has gone through rig less
work over (sand wash, acid wash, surfactant job, re-perforation
through wire line without removal of x-mas tree and sand control
procedures).
Stimulation techniques

Most of intervention jobs include acidization and fracturing, they are selected
depending on quantitate damage to improve flow rates as explained by him

SESSION: OFFSHORE OIL EXPLORATION AND SAFETY

---Mr. A. Prasad-- This session has started with lecture given by Mr. A. Prasad on Offshore oil
exploration and safety measures.
His lecture includes Exploration activities, basic steps for exploration in offshore,
types of hazards, safety in offshore platforms, table explaining the causes, effects
and protection measures of various types of hazards, marine environmental
protection and potential impacts on environment.
He has also covered safety regulations and norms followed by offshore industry
He has presented some of the accidents which were caused due to lack of well
control Pasarlapudi blow out

SESSION: NEW EXPLORATION LICENSING POLICY.

-- Mr. Vedantam Sasibhushana Sarma---The afternoon session by Mr. Vedantam Sasibhushana Sarma on NELP (New
Exploration Licensing Policy). His lecture initially consists of explaining about NELP-1,

NELP-2, NELP-3, NELP-4, NELP-5, NELP-6, NELP-7, NELP-8 and NELP-9. Later he explain
about:
Blocks currently in exploration
Fields currently under operation
Oil and gas discoveries
Recent discoveries
A glimpse of NELP-X.

SESSION: PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT

-- Mr. Ramakotaiah (ONGC)--This lecture by Ramakotaiah garu was divided into two sessions. First session deals
with produced water treatment and second session deals with project management
in petroleum industry.
The content of his first session was:

Introduction
Produced Water disposal standards
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment

Produced water is the term used in oil industry to describe water that
is produced as a by-product along with oil and gas. This process is carried out in three
phase separators and heater treaters. It is usually brine solution or brackish water. As
it contains high COD and BOD it should be treated before disposing it.
TREATMENTMETHODS:
Primary method
Secondary method
PRIMARY METHOD:
Treatment equipments used in this primary are:
Corrugated Plate Interceptors.

 Parallel Plate Interceptors.

Cross flow separators.
At the end of the session, valuable carrier advices were given by Ramakotaiah
garu to our outgoing senior students for their carriers. With a few doubts from
our students, we call it off the session.