White Paper

December 2008

Mobile LTE Network

design with ICS telecom

Software solutions in radiocommunications

Abstract

Currently, UMTS networks worldwide are being upgraded to High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) in order to increase data rate and capacity for downlink packet data. In the next step, High
Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) will boost uplink performance in UMTS networks.
However, in order to ensure the competitiveness of UMTS for the next 10 years and beyond,
concepts for UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been investigated. The objective is a highdata-rate, low-latency and packet optimized radio access technology. This white paper describes the
main features of the LTE concept and how these features can easily be handled by ICS telecom.
Today, the ICS telecom software is able to provide a full solution for the LTE network design as well
as for the coverage simulations, interference and traffic analysis and regarding the MBMS
(Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services) network management.

References

3GPP TR 25.913 Feasibility Study of Evolved UTRA and UTRAN

3GPP TS 25.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.105 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (TDD)

overview

Table of Content
1

Acronyms ___________________________________________________________________ 4

General considerations ________________________________________________________ 6

2.1

LTE standardization______________________________________________________ 6

2.2

LTE targets _____________________________________________________________ 7

2.3

What are the changes with UMTS technology? ________________________________ 7

OFDMA downlink ____________________________________________________________ 8

3.1

OFDMA concept _________________________________________________________ 8

3.2
OFDMA structure with LTE (DL) __________________________________________ 9
3.2.1 Guard interval scheme ___________________________________________________ 9
3.2.2 Bandwidth and duplexing scheme (TDD or FDD) with LTE_____________________ 10
3.2.3 Time slot and frame structure _____________________________________________ 12
3.3
Generic frame structure (for TDD and TDD) ________________________________
3.3.1 Presentation___________________________________________________________
3.3.2 Cyclic prefix and reference symbol ________________________________________
3.3.3 Alternative frame structure for TDD _______________________________________
3.3.3.1 Tuning for alternative frame (14 slots of 0.675ms) ________________________
3.3.3.2 Tuning for alternative frame (20 slots of 0.5ms) __________________________

13
13
16
18
18
20

SC FDMA (UPLINK) ________________________________________________________ 21

LTE antenna system__________________________________________________________ 23

Traffic requirement for LTE ___________________________________________________ 24

Network design and analysis of LTE network with ICS telecom_______________________ 27

MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services) _________________________________ 29

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MOBILE LTE NETWORK DESIGN

WITH ICS TELECOM
Note: all provided values are FOR IN FORMATION ONLY

1 Acronyms
ACPR
AAS

Adjacent Channel Power Ratio

Adaptive Antenna System also Advanced Antenna
System

AMC

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

BE

Best Effort

BER

Bit Error Ratio

BLER

Block Error Ratio

BS

Base Station

BS

Base Station

CCI

Co-Channel Interference

CINR

Carrier to Interference + Noise Ratio

CP

Cyclic Prefix

CPICH

Common Pilot Channel

DL

Downlink (forward link)

DPCH

Dedicated Physical Channel

EIRP

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

eNB

E-UTRAN NodeB

ErtPS

Extended Non-Real-Time Packet Service

FBSS

Fast Base Station Switch

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

FFRS

Fractionnal frequency reuse scheme

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform

FRS

Frequency reuse scheme

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

FUSC

Fully Used Sub-Channel

HHO

Hard Hand-Off

HiperMAN

High Performance Metropolitan Area Network

HO

Hand-Off

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ISI

Inter-Symbol Interference

LOS

Line of Sight

MAC

Media Access Control

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network

MBMS

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast services

MBS

Multicast and Broadcast Service

MDHO

Macro Diversity Hand Over

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MIMO

Adaptive Multiple Input Multiple Output

MU

Mobile Unit

NLOS

Non Line-of-Sight

nrtPS

Non-Real-Time Packet Service

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

P-CCPCH

Primary Common Control Physical Channel

PICH

Paging Indicator Channel

PUSC

Partially Used Sub-Channel

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RSCP

Received Signal Code Power

RSRP

Reference Signal Received Power

RTG

Receive/transmit Transition Gap

rtPS

Real-Time Packet Service

SF

Service Flow

SFN

Single Frequency Network

SISO

Single Input Single Output (Antenna)

SNIR

Signal to Noise + Interference Ratio

SNR
S-OFDMA

Signal to Noise Ratio

Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

STC

Space Time Coding

TDD

Time Division Duplex

TDD

Time Division Duplex

TTG

Transmit/receive Transition Gap

UGS

Unsolicited Grant Service

UL

Uplink (reverse link)

UTRA

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol

WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

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2 General considerations
2.1 LTE standardization
Following the Toronto workshop, in December 2004, 3GPP launched a feasibility study in order to
develop a framework for the evolution of the 3GPP Radio Access technology towards a high-data-rate,
low-latency and packet-optimized radio-access technology. In other words, the study would map out
specifications for a radio access network (RAN) capable of supporting the broadband Internet user
experience we already enjoy in todays fixed networks with the addition of full mobility to enable
exciting new service possibilities.
Today, specifications for LTE are encapsulated in 3GPP Release 8, the newest set of standards that
defines the technical evolution of 3GPP mobile network systems. Release 8 succeeds the previous
iteration of 3G standards Release 7 that includes specifications for HSPA+, the missing link between
HSPA and LTE. Defined in 3GPP Releases 7 and 8, HSPA+ allows the introduction of a simpler, flat, IPoriented network architecture while bypassing many of the legacy equipment requirements of
UMTS/HSPA.

Fig1: Standardization timeline for 3GPP Long Term Evolution

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Fig2: 3GPP standards

2.2 LTE targets

The most important targets for the LTE technology are the following:

Provide up to 100 Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in uplink.

3 to 4 time the Rel6 in DL and 2 to 3 time in UL.

Reduce the latency (10ms).

Increase the spectrum efficiency.
3 to 4 time the Rel.6 en DL, 2 to 3 time en UL.

Modulation of the bandwidth.

1.25 / 2.5 / 5 / 10 / 15 / 20 MHz

Support for inter working with existing 3G system (3GPP releases) and non-3GPP specified systems.
2G/3G/ Wlan / WiMAX

PS domain for all the services (IP optimized).

Voice, data, HD video

Wide range of terminals

Mobile phones, computer, electronic devices, notebooks, gaming devices

Suppress of the dedicated channels

2.3 What are the changes with UMTS technology?

The most important targets for the LTE technology are the following:

New transmission radio technology.

OFDMA in downlink, SC-FDMA in uplink and MIMO technology

New network architecture (base station with more functionalities eNodeB, new core network
Evolved Packet Core).

New physical layers.

Existing GSM and WCDMA/HSPA systems are integrated to the evolved system

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Fig3: Architecture of LTE and SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

3 OFDMA downlink
The technique of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is based on the well-known technique
of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). In FDM different streams of information are mapped onto separate
parallel frequency channels. Each FDM channel is separated from the others by a frequency guard band to
reduce interference between adjacent channels.

3.1 OFDMA concept

LTE uses OFDM for the downlink (that is, from the base station to the terminal). OFDM meets the LTE
requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak
rates. It is a well-established technology, for example in standards such as IEEE 802.11a/b/g, 802.16,
HIPERLAN-2, DVB and DAB. The advantages of the OFDMA technology are the following:
Reliability confirmed with the Wifi and WiMAX technology.
High spectrum efficiency
Flexibility in term of Time/Frequency allocation
Compatibility with MIMO antennas.
The OFDM technique differs from traditional FDM in the following interrelated ways:
1. Multiple carriers (called sub-carriers) carry the information stream,
2. the sub-carriers are orthogonal to each other, and a guard time may be added to each symbol to combat
the channel delay spread.

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These concepts are illustrated in below figure:

5 MHz Bandwidth

FFT

Sub-carriers

Guard Intervals

Symbols

Frequency

Time
Fig4: Frequency time representation of an OFDMA signal
In this figure, a signal with 5 MHz bandwidth is shown, but the principle is of course the same for the other E-UTRA bandwidths.
Data symbols are independently modulated and transmitted over a high number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carriers. In EUTRA, downlink modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM are available.

In practice, the OFDM signal can be generated using IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) digital signal
processing. The IFFT converts a number N of complex data symbols used as frequency domain bins into the
time domain signal.

3.2 OFDMA structure with LTE (DL)

In contrast to an OFDM transmission scheme, OFDMA allows the access of multiple users on the available
bandwidth. Each user is assigned a specific time-frequency resource. As a fundamental principle of E-UTRA,
the data channels are shared channels, i.e. for each transmission time interval of 1 ms, a new scheduling
decision is taken regarding which users are assigned to which time/frequency resources during this
transmission time interval.

3.2.1 Guard interval scheme

A guard interval may be added prior to each useful OFDM symbol. This guard time is introduced to minimize

the inter-OFDM-symbol-interference power caused by time-dispersive channels. The guard interval duration
Tg (which corresponds to Np prefix samples) must hence be sufficient to cover the most of the delay-spread
energy of a radio channel impulse response. In addition, such a guard time interval can be used to allow softhandover.

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ICS telecom supports all the OFDMA technology (LTE, IEEE 802.11/802.16) and allows to take in charge all
the available configurations for the using of the LTE technology.

Parameters windows for the OFDMA system with ICS telecom

ICS telecoms OFDM parameters box for simulating multipath reflection can highlight the cases where the
signal is damaged due to the reflected signal being greater (by a user-defined margin in dB) than the direct
path threshold and with a ToA outside of the OFDM receiver Guard interval:

Constructive and Destructive OFDM signals in ICS telecom

3.2.2 Bandwidth and duplexing scheme (TDD or FDD) with LTE

LTE leverages new and wider spectrum, up to 20 MHz, to provide a capacity boost in high-demand areas, and
complements the existing HSPA and HSPA+ deployments. OFDMA technology provides increasingly higher
capacity for wider bandwidthsmaking LTE best suited for bandwidths of 10 to 20 MHz.

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At the same time, LTE is flexible enough to be deployed in any bandwidth combination, which makes it
suitable for spectrum resources of various sizes. LTE deployments in smaller bandwidths have lower spectral
efficiency due to the relatively higher overheads for control and signaling. In a typical 5 MHz system
deployment, HSPA+ and LTE provide similar data capacity and end-user experience.

BW

1.25 MHz FDD

5 MHZ FDD

10MHz

20MHz FDD

Downlink (DL)
(4X4 MIMO)

16

68

138

277

Uplink (UL)

18

37

75

Fig5: LTE DL and UL pick data rate (Mbps)

LTE supports both FDD and TDD modes, allowing operators to address all available spectrum resources.
Multiple users can be multiplexed, both in time and in frequency, with pilot and signalling information. In the
frequency dimension, users data symbol can be multiplexed on different numbers of useful sub-carriers. In
addition, sub-carriers or group of sub-carriers can be reserved to transmit pilot, signalling or other kind of
symbols (Paragraph 2.4). Multiplexing can also be performed in the time dimension, as long as it occurs at the
OFDM symbol rate or at a multiple of the symbol rate (from one IFFT computation to the other, every k*Ts
seconds). The modulation scheme (modulation level) used for each sub-carrier (between 72 and 2048 sub
carriers for OFDMA system) can also be changed at the corresponding rate, keeping the computational
simplicity of the FFT-based implementation. This allows 2-dimensional time-frequency multiplexing, of the
form shown in bellow figure.

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ICS telecom deals with all the OFDMA bandwidth (1.25MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz) and allow to take in charge all
the configurations for the LTE technology:

The choice of the duplex mode used by the LTE base stations can be done in their technical parameters:

3.2.3 Time slot and frame structure

With LTE technology (base on the OFDMA for the DL transmission), one resource element carries QPSK,
16QAM or 64QAM. With 64QAM, each resource element carries six bits. The OFDM symbols are grouped into
resource blocks. The resource blocks have a total size of 180 kHz in the frequency domain and 0.5ms in the
time domain. Each 1ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) consists of two slots (Tslot) also called sub frame.
Each user is allocated a number of resource blocks in the timefrequency grid. The more resource blocks a
user gets, and the higher the modulation used in the resource elements, the higher the bit-rate. Which
resource blocks and how many the user gets at a given point in time depend on advanced scheduling
mechanisms in the frequency and time dimensions. The scheduling mechanisms in LTE are similar to those
used in HSPA, and enable optimal performance for different services in different radio environments.

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Fig6: Description of the resource block according to the time slots

LTE proposes two kind of frame structure: Generic frame structure (for TDD and FDD mode) and alternative
frame structure (only for TDD mode). The two structures are described on the newt chapter.

3.3 Generic frame structure (for TDD and TDD)

3.3.1 Presentation
The generic frame structure is used for the FDD and TDD modes. The generic frame structure is composed as
follows:
10 ms radio frame is divided into 20 equally sized slots of 0.5 ms.
A sub-frame consists of two consecutive slots, so one radio frame contains 10 sub-frames. This is
illustrated in the bellow figure (Ts is expressing the basic time unit corresponding to 30.72 MHz).

A prefix is generated using the last block of Np samples from the useful OFDM symbol. Note that since the
prefix is a cyclic extension to the OFDM symbol, it is often termed Cyclic Prefix (CP). Similarly, a cyclic postfix
could be appended to the OFDM symbol.
One downlink slot consists of DL Nsymb OFDM symbols. To each symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as
guard time. DL Nsymb depends on the cyclic prefix length. The generic frame structure with normal cyclic

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prefix length contains DL Nsymb = 7 symbols (Fig7). This translates into a cyclic prefix length of TCP _5.2s for
the first symbol and TCP _4.7s for the remaining 6 symbols. Additionally, an extended cyclic prefix is defined
in order to cover large cell scenarios with higher delay spread and MBMS transmission (SFN broadcast
system). The generic frame structure with extended cyclic prefix of TCP-E _16.7s contains DL Nsymb = 6
OFDM symbols (sub-carrier spacing 15 kHz). The generic frame structure with extended cyclic prefix of TCP-E
_33.3s contains DLNsymb = 3 symbols (sub-carrier spacing 7.5 kHz).

The cyclic prefix should absorb most of the signal energy dispersed by the multi-path channel.
The entire the inter-OFDM-symbol-interference energy is contained within the prefix if the
prefix length is greater than that of the channel total delay spread.

In general, it is sufficient to have most of the energy spread absorbed by the guard interval,
given the inherent robustness of large OFDM symbols to time dispersion, as detailed in the
next section.

After the insertion of the guard interval the OFDM symbol duration becomes The OFDM sampling frequency
Fo can therefore be expressed as
N Np
Fo
.
Ts
Hence, the sub-carrier separation becomes:
f

Fo
.
N

It is also worth noting that time-windowing and/or filtering is necessary to reduce the transmitted out-ofband power produced by the ramp-down and ramp-up at the OFDM symbol boundaries in order to meet the
spectral mask.
As shown bellow, the OFDM symbol number Nsymb (by slot) depends on the cyclic prefix size:

Configuration

Nsymb
Generic
structure

Alternative
Structure

Normal Cyclic prefix

(CP)

(Delta F= 15Khz)

Extended Cyclic prefix

(CP)

(Delta F= 15Khz)

(Delta F= 15Khz)

Source: 3GPP

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Below is described an E-UTRA Generic frame structure (available for FDD and TDD):
1. Each resource element indentified
by his own frequency indices k and
temporal l,
2. One resource block is defined by a
consecutive OFDM symbol (called
Nsymb) in the time and by
NBW=12 consecutive sub carriers.
3. Each OFDM symbol use 12 sub
carriers during a duration equal to
Ts/Nsymb.
4. Each OFDM signal is supported by
at least 72 sub carriers (until 2048).

Legend: Transmitted signal in each slot is described by a resource grid of sub-carriers and available OFDM symbols. Each
element in the resource grid is called a resource element and each resource element corresponds to one complex-valued
modulation symbol. The number of OFDM symbols per sub-frame is 7 for normal cyclic prefix and 6 for extended cyclic prefix.
In both downlink and uplink, a basic scheduling unit is denoted a resource block. A resource block is defined as 7 or 6
consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain depending on the cyclic prefix length and 12 consecutive sub-carriers (180
kHz) in the frequency domain.

Using the new OFDMA calculator of ICS telecom, the user can define:

The number of symbols in the OFDMA frame

The number of overhead symbols in the Downlink

The number of overhead symbols in the Uplink

The UL/DL duration ratio

The number of symbols included in the Time Transition Gap (TTG)

Based upon these inputs, the software calculates the number of data symbols used in DL and UL. If crossed
with the modulation and the number of OFDMA data sub-carriers used per frame, ICS telecom can
automatically calculate the corresponding throughput in DL and UL.

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OFDMA calculator in ICS telecom: Calculation of the available sub carriers and number data symbol per OFDMA trame

3.3.2 Cyclic prefix and reference symbol

Bellow an example of long and short prefix (CP) according to the time slot structure:
Short CP:

S1

S2

S3

S4

S6

S7

0.5ms

Long CP:

S1

S5

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

0.5ms
OFDM symbol (TS=66.57s)
Cyclic prefix (long CP= 16.7s; short CP=5.21 s for the first one and 4.69 s for the next)
.

Some symbols are used for:

The measurement of the DL channel.
To take in charge the coherency in term of detection/Demodulation of the receiver.
Synchronization signals: Cell search and initial acquisition.
E-UTRA uses a hierarchical cell search scheme similar to WCDMA. This means that the synchronization
acquisition and the cell group identifier are obtained from different SCH signals.
A primary synchronization signal (P-SCH) and a secondary synchronization signal (S-SCH) are defined with a
pre-defined structure. They are transmitted on the 72 centre sub-carriers (around DC sub-carrier) within the
same predefined slots (twice per 10 ms) on different resource elements.

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As additional help during cell search, a Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) is available which carries
BCH type of information, e.g. system bandwidth. It is transmitted at pre-defined time instants on the 72 sub
carriers centered around DC sub-carrier.

Fig7: P-SCH and S-SCH structure

In order to reduce complexity of the LTE protocol architecture, the number of transport channels was reduced.
This is mainly due to the focus on shared channel operation, i.e. no dedicated channels are used any more.

Transport channels
Downlink transport channels are:
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Multicast Channel (MCH)
Uplink transport channels are:
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Logical channels
Logical channels can be classified in control and traffic channels.
Control channels are:

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Traffic channels are:

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

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Fig8: Description of transport channels with LTE

3.3.3 Alternative frame structure for TDD

The alternative frame structures have been developed for the TDD mode (only). Two kind of alternative
frames are available for LTE technology:

3.3.3.1
Transmission
bandwidth

Tuning for alternative frame (14 slots of 0.675ms)

1.25MHz

2.5MHz

5MHz

10MHz

15MHz

20MHz

15.36 MHz

23.04 MHz

30.72 MHz

Sub frame
duration

0.675ms

Sub carriers
spacing

15khz

Frequency
Sampling
FFT size
Number of sub carriers
Nb of OFDM symbol
per sub frame

1.92MHz

3.84MHz

7.68MHz
(2*3.84MHz)

(1/2*3.84MHz)

(4*3.84MHz)

(6*3.84MHz)

(8*3.84MHz)

128

256

512

1024

1536

2048

76

151

301

601

901

1201

9/8

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(Long/Short CP)
CP size

Short

7.29/14

7.29/28

7.29/56

7.29/112

7.29/168

7.29/224

Long

16.67/32

16.67/64

16.67/128

16.67/256

16.67/384

16.67/512

(s/sample)

TS Interval
(sample)

Short

18

36

72

144

216

288

Long

16

32

64

128

192

256

Source: 3GPP TR 25.814

Additional remarks:
1. The duration of one sub-frame (2 slots) correspond to the minimum TTI in DL that is 1ms.
2. It may be possible to merge several sub-frames into one TTI longer in order to optimize the QOS. In
this case, the TTI transmitted by the node B (via the modulation, type of codage and the bloc size)
may be a dynamic parameter of the channel.
3. A longer CP may be implemented for the broadcast multi cell or for the big cells in order to reduce the
more important delays due to the multipath reflections.
All those parameters are take in charge by ICS telecom via the function OFDMA calculator as shown in the
bellow table:
Transmission bandwidth
Sub frame duration
Sub carriers spacing
Frequency Sampling
FFT size
Number of sub carriers
Nb of OFDM symbol per sub frame (Long/Short CP)

Parameters in ICS telecom

Configurable
Automatically calculated
Automatically calculated
Automatically calculated
Automatically displayed
Configurable
Configurable

CP size (s/sample)

Automatically calculated

Tab1: Frame tuning configuration with ICS telecom

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3.3.3.2
Transmission
Bandwidth

Tuning for alternative frame (20 slots of 0.5ms)

1.25MHz

2.5MHz

5MHz

10MHz

15MHz

20MHz

15.36 MHz

23.04 MHz

30.72 MHz

(4*3.84MHz)

(6*3.84MHz)

Sub frame
duration

0.675ms

Sub carriers
spacing

15khz

Frequency
Sampling
FFT size
Number of sub carriers

1.92MHz

3.84MHz

(1/2*3.84MHz)

7.68MHz

(2*3.84MHz)

128

256

512

1024

1536

2048

76

151

301

601

901

1201

Nb of OFDM symbol
per sub frame
(Long/Short CP)
CP size

(s/sample)

(8*3.84MHz)

7/6

Short

(4.69/9) X 6

(4.69/18) X 6

(4.69/36) X 6

(4.69/72) X 6

(4.69/108) X 6

(4.69/144) X 6

Long

16.67/32

16.67/64

16.67/128

16.67/256

16.67/384

16.67/512

Source: 3GPP TR 25.814

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4 SC FDMA (UPLINK)
OFDMA (essentially the same overall complexity). Is currently adopted for uplink multiple access schemes for
3GPP LTE.
In the uplink, Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is selected to efficiently meet EUTRA performance requirements. SC-FDMA has many similarities to OFDM, chief among them for the uplink
that frequency domain orthogonalilty is maintained among intra-cell users to manage the amount of
interference generated at the base. SC-FDMA also has a low power amplifier de-rating (Cubic Metric / PAPR)
requirement, thereby conserving battery life or extending range.
The baseline SC-FDMA signal is DFT-Spread OFDM (DFTSOFDM).The only difference from OFDM is the
addition of the M-point FFT (DFT) in the figure which spreads M symbols onto the M sub-carriers selected
by the symbol to sub-carrier mapping. The selected sub-carriers must also be either adjacent to or evenly
spaced to maintain the low PA power de-rating. The signal is considered single carrier as the first M-point FFT
and the larger N-point IFFT cancel each other resulting in a single carrier signal in the time domain. The
receiver can use simple frequency domain equalization.

Fig 10: DFT spread with SC-FDMA technology

The advantages and the disadvantage of the SC-FDMA compare to the OFDMA system are summarized
bellow:

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Advantage for SC-FDMA technique

The numerology can match the OFDM downlink, with excellent

spectral occupancy due to the IFFT providing pulse shaping of the
signal. The OFDM numerology provides for an additional vacant DC
sub-carrier to simplify some receiver architectures; a vacant subcarrier cannot be used with DFT-SOFDM without affecting the low PA
de-rating property of DFT-SOFDM.

Two types of sub carrier mapping, distributed and localized, give

system design flexibility to accommodate either frequency diversity
or frequency selective gain.
Better PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) properties
Low PAPR
compared to an OFDMA system
Less sensitivity carrier

The PAPR characteristics are important for cost-effective design of

UE power amplifiers. Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some
similarities with OFDMA signal processing, so parametrization of
downlink and uplink can be harmonized.

The main disadvantage of multi carrier modulation is that it exhibs a high

peak-to-average ration (PAPR). Namely, the peak values of some of the
transmitted signal could be much larger than the typical values.
This could lead to a necessity of using circuits with linear characteristics within
a large dynamic range; otherwise the signal clipping at high levels would yield
a distortion of the transmitted signal out-of-band radiation.

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5 LTE antenna system

LTE uses advanced antenna techniques and wider spectrum allocations to provide higher data rates
throughout the cell area. LTE supports MIMO, SDMA and beamforming. These techniques are complementary
and can be used to trade off between higher sector capacity, higher user data rates, or higher cell-edge rates,
and thus enable operators to have finer control over the end-user experience.

Downlink MIMO
LTE supports up to 4x4 MIMO in the DL (2x2 configuration for MIMO is assumed as baseline
configuration), which uses four transmit antennas at the Node B to transmit orthogonal (parallel) data
streams to the four receive antennas at the user equipment (UE). Using additional antennas and signal
processing at the receiver and transmitter, MIMO increases the system capacity and user data rates
without using additional transmit power or bandwidth. To be most effective, MIMO needs a high signalto-noise ratio (SNR) at the UE and a rich scattering environment. High SNR ensures that the UE is able to
decode the incoming signal, and a rich scattering environment ensures the orthogonality of the multiple
data streams. The MIMO benefit is therefore maximized in a dense urban environment, where there is
enough scattering and the small cell sizes provide an environment of high SNRs at the UE

Beamforming
Beamforming increases the user data rates by focusing the transmit power in the direction of the user,
effectively increasing the received signal strength at the UE. Beamforming provides the most benefits to
users in weaker-signal-strength areas, like the edge of the cell coverage. Beamforming ensures that celledge rates are high, and enables the operator to deploy high-bandwidth services without concern for
service degradation at the cell edge.
ICS telecom allows to take into account those kinds of antennas

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Adaptive antenna systems in ICS telecom: the user specifies the number of arrays available in DL and UL

DL

UL

Adaptive antenna systems in ICS telecom: the user specifies the number of arrays available in DL and UL

6 Traffic requirement for LTE

The four LTE traffic classes are:

Conversational (IP Voice) - In this type of application, a session last as long as the user makes a phone
call.
HTTP Web navigation - Web traffic is nowadays the most important application used by the Internet
community. The term web traffic comprises all Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) traffic generated
during a session with a typical web browser like Firefox or Internet Explorer.
Streaming: Multimedia streaming services over the Internet are more and more popular. Movies,
news, education and training, video conferences, personal streaming, such as webcams or security
surveillance, are only small parts of video streaming applications.
FTP (TCP): Dedicated to the File transfer protocol.

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ICS telecom allows generating a population of mobile depending on the customer profile. The user can
specify per mobile according to each service type.

Population of LTE mobiles with ICS telecom

The throughput available at each sector, calculated according to the OFDMA permutation and the
number of data sub-carriers used, the UL/DL duration ratio, the modulation

A variation of the contention ratio according to the hour of the day.

A random traffic calculation based on the Monte-Carlo Method

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7 Network design and analysis of LTE network with ICS telecom

ICS telecom allows managing all kind of calculations specific to the LTE technology that is to say :

Network coverage calculation.

DL and UL interference analysis based on SINR calculations.

Throughput prediction plots.

Automatic frequency assignment.

Automatic searching of best candidate.

Automatic optimization of the enodeB parameters (azimuths, tilt, antenna height, power control)
according to the coverage target.

Neighbor cell management: Automatic neighbor cell calculation.

Generation of mobiles with point t o point analysis.

Traffic analysis with Monte-Carlo simulator.

...

LTE coverage map with ICS telecom

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Interference + Best server mode map

Fig11: Traffic analysis with Monte-Carlo simulator with ICS telecom

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8 MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services)

ICS telecom supports the MBMS (multimedia broadcast Multicast service) for LTE.
All the configurations (single-cell transmission or as multi-cell transmission) are fully take in charge by ICS
telecom. In case of multi-cell transmission the cells and content are synchronized to enable for the terminal
to soft-combine the energy from multiple transmissions. The MBMS concept also called SFN (Single frequency
network)

SFN C/I map and best server map (interfered areas in pink)

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ATDI SA (International)
8, rue de l'Arcade
75008 Paris, France
Tel. +33 (0)1 53 30 89 40
Fax +33 (0)1 53 30 89 49
E-mail : atdi@atdi.com
Website : www.atdi.fr

ATDI Ibrica
C/ Orense, 8 Piso 12-D (Nuevos Ministerios)
28020 Madrid - Espaa
Tel. +34 91 598 21 36
Fax +34 91 597 03 01
E-mail : iberica@atdi.com
Website : www.atdi.es

ATDI Inc. (Americas)

1420 Beverly Road, Suite 140
McLean, VA 22101 - USA
Tel. +1 703 848 4750
Fax +1 703 848 4752
Email : americas@atdi.com
Website www.atdi-us.com

LLC ATDI Eurasia (Russia & CIS)

Sadovnicheskaya str, 72 bld 1
115035 Moscow - Russian Federation
Tel. + 7 499 929 96 10
Tel./Fax + 7 499 929 90 01
E-mail : eurasia@atdi.com
Website www.atdi.ru / www.atdi-eurasia.com

ATDI Ltd. (Northern Europe)

Kingsland Court, Three Bridges Road Crawley
West Sussex RH10 1HL, United Kingdom
Tel. +44 (0) 1293 522 052
Fax +44 (0) 1293 522 521
E-mail : northern-europe@atdi.co.uk
Website www.atdi.co.uk

ATDI EST
Bd. Aviatorilor, nr 59
Bucharest - Romania
Tel. +40 21 222 42 10
Tel./Fax +40 21 222 42 13
E-mail : eastern-europe@atdi.com
Website www.atdi.ro

ATDI South Pacific PTY Ltd

79 Macarthur Street - Ultimo
NSW 2007 - Australia
Tel. +61 (0)2 9213 2200
Tel./Fax +61 (0)2 9213 2299
E-mail : south-pacific@atdi.com
Website www.atdi-pacific.com

ATDI UA in partnership with LIS

Gmyri Str. 9-V, 6th porch, Office 211 (Ground floor),
02068 Kiev - Ukraine
Tel. +38 044 594 1343
Fax +38 044 239 9813
E-mail : vvigovsky@atdi.com or vvn@lissoft.com.ua
Website www.lissoft.com.ua

ATDI Scandinavia
Kirksveien 38
1850 Mysen - Norway
Tel. +47 69 89 58 00
Fax +47 69 89 58 01
E-mail : enquries@atdi.no
Website www.atdi.no

ATDI Germany
Kurze Mhen 1 / Spitaler Hof
20095 Hamburg - Germany
Tel. +49 40 32901 226
Fax +49 40 32901 100
E-mail : enquiries@atdi-de.com
Website www.atdi-de.com

Software solutions in radiocommunications