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I N T R O D U C T I O N OF C O N C E N T R A T E D LOADS IN
P L A T E S AND S H E L L S
S. A. ~UKASIEWICZ
Warsaw Technical University, Poland
Summary: The deformations and stresses which result from the imposition of concentrated loads are
analysed taking account of stresses normal to the mean surface of the structure and of deformations
due to shear stresses. A brief account of methods for designing optimal structures is given. Special
reference is made throughout to the work of Russian and Polish authors.
NOTATION
~b stress function
E Young's modulus
E3 Young's modulus in the direction
normal to the middle surface
D bending rigidity
/9.. bending rigidity of sandwich plate
q, Z load normal to middle surface
G shear modulus
G3 shear modulus corresponding to the
normal direction
Gc shear modulus for the core of sandwich plate
M;~ bending stress resultants
N;; membrane stress resultants
Qi shear forces
R radius of spherical shell
R; principal radii of curvatures of middle surface, R~ < R2
/~R
30, Jz, Ie0, YI
T~
T2
w
v
v~3
h
I
g,)7
~,0
x
c
fl;
o~,/3, 3,
3'~i
3'0
E,g
7/
6(x, y )
R2/RI
A,/.t~, Kj
kR
1/2k~
a,
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
Thin-walled structures extensively used nowadays in industry and civil engineering are usually
loaded by very complex systems of forces acting at
their edges or over their surfaces. Calculating the
strength of a structure we replace real loads by
certain idealized loads, distinguishing between
typical surface loads distributed over a great area
of the structure and loads acting over a small area.
The latter are called concentrated loads. When the
area under the load is very small in comparison
with the other dimensions of the surface of the
structure, the load can be considered as a single
force or moment acting on the structure at one
point only. The real loads which are met in prttctice
always consist of a combination of components
such as forces normal and tangential to the wall as
well as bending and twisting moments. If we know
the distribution of the stresses in the structure
produced by each component we can find it under
any arbitrary load using the principle of superposition.
There are two main reasons for the appearance
of the stress concentration in the structure. It can
be produced by notches, rapid changes of the
cross-section, holes, cut-outs, etc. on the one hand
and by concentrated loads resulting from the
interaction of the elements of the structure on the
other. Only the latter problems are the subject of
the present paper. It should be noticed here that
such loads do not exist in practice. However, if we
calculate the stresses at points distant from the
point of application of the load, we can replace the
real load by an equivalent concentrated load
applied at one point of the surface of the structure.
This load is only a convenient idealization of the
real load.
The problem is different if we are interested in
109
S. A. J~UKASIEWICZ
110
~f(x)
I f(x)
x<a
if
if
if
x=a
or
or
x>b.
x=b.
(I)
a<x<b.
8(x)=0
if
x#0;
f[ 8(x)dx=l.
(2)
(3)
ot
for
for
x>0
x <0
f[f[
(4)
Jo(3,,r)T dy
(5)
q (r) = ~
J,(TC)Jo(Tr) d%
(6)
r<c
P
rrc'-I"'
r=c
P
q =~ ,
r>c
q=0
and
(7)
is called the
equation
distribution h ( x )
satisfying the
(8a)
If we know the fundamental solution h (x) and that
fix) is the distribution for which exists the
convolution
y(x) = f ~
h ( x - ~)f(~) d~,
(8b)
solution of the
111
S. A. EUKASIEWICZ
112
I-
LI -
-I
t lrrTtir11i
rr t
-I
D A A w = [ 1 - 12(r/- )A]q,
AAqb=-12gAq,
A=12kax2
ay2],
(9)
w = wo+C~+C,.r 2+C3r 2 1 n r + C 4 1 n r
where w is the normal deflection of the plate, q is
the external load normal to the plate surface, qb is
the stress function and 71, , g, are certain
coefficients describing the transverse shear rigidity
of the plate. The coefficients and g result from the
effect of the stress normal to the middle surface of
the plate. The bending rigidity of the plate
D =Eh3[12 ( 1 - v : ) , and 1 is here an arbitrary
characteristic length
w '2~=0,
r = c,
w (2, =
W '1),
r = 0,
~(r I, =
0,
M~'=0,
M'r2, ) =
M."',
q c2a
2r
'
fl~'=/3~',
O(r' ' = 0,
(10)
Q~,=_qra
2
where
Q~,=
qc2a
2r
q = P/zrc2a 2.
(ll)
=161rD
~-~c2+r'/
1- v
+ 2 In c + ~ 8 E
2(1+v)
- 2(-0
_~ 4 ( 3 + v ) - ( 7 + 3 v ) c :
which is justified only if q is constant.
Q)2,_
4(1 + v )
- E ) c -2]
c2
~-
l-v
In c - 8 ~ a
113
(12)
a)
W
Pa 2 {
= 16~rD [2(3 + v) - (1 - v)c 2
1 -r 2
- 16(1 - v ) E ] ~ +
2r: In r
(13)
Substituting r = 0
in eq. (12) we find the
deflection at the centre. The terms proportional to "0
and E represent the correction due to shear and
normal transverse deformations. W e see f r o m eq.
(12) that this effect is of order (h/c) 2. When ~ is
large in comparison with h it can be neglected.
Only in cases where the load acts on a small area
and t? is small, will this effect be important and
should it be taken into consideration. As c ~ 0 the
outer solution given in eq. (13) gives an expression
for the deflection due to a c o n c e n t r a t e d force
wa~=
Pa 2 ~ 3 + v ( 1
167rD ( l - ~ v
-r2)+2r:lnr+
Pa2 [r" - 4 ( - q
Wo=87rD
(15)
- E)] In r.
1-J-~c
r 2
1
- ~ ( 2 ( 1 + u) +- (1 - v))-c-5
(16)
M~'l(2)= 5 [ - (
l+v)lnr~r
MooJ
l-vc2
- + - -(71 4
1-v~(l-v)
2
W-r2)+2(1_ - v ) ( r - : 7 - 2 )
:] .
4.0
~
3.0
2.0
h = 0,2
=0.3
n p l a t e "theory
Clessicol "theory
1,0
I
0.05
I
0.10
I
0.15
I
0.20
Z
O
FIG. 2. Comparison of the deflection of a circular plate loaded at its centre by a concentrated force as
obtained by means of various plate equations.
(17)
S. A. ~UKASIEWICZ
114
~ Q, ds = 0 .
-+2(1 - u ) r - % ] .
(18)
(19)
4~rh (1
c2)(ln r - ~r:).
P~
- ' - 1).
P~
= +
(r-2~
- 4~-h
1).
(rl - e) In r
+(l-v)~(l-u)
M,~o
Po 2
2rrD
(20)
(21)
It represents the singular self-equilibrated expression which, added to the arbitrary solution, does
not change the equilibrium of the plate. This
solution can be obtained only when taking into
account the conditions[5,6,7] of 1.3. Let us
analyse the solution w* and find the resulting
bending moments.
M, =-
Pff l - / ~ ,
Moo
21r
r: '
M,o = Q , = O .
(22)
f0
fo
(23)
115
C C
%1~
I0
pla~e theory
(7
'2
:='= IO
Clossicol theory
b
O,
.
cu
E
/~
v
o
I00
Clossicol Cheory
m
2
-e
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
I.O0
E
m
(3
FIG. 3. Stresses or. = cry, = O'o on upper and bottom surfaces of a thick plate loaded by a force
distributed uniformly over the circular surface rrc 2. We observe that the improved eqs. (8) give good
results for the stress on the bottom surface for g/a > 0.01 and a/h = lO.
Z
~- #0.1
h
~-=0.4
J'Fo092.3
_ .
/ I I I I I I I I[ LcIossicol theory
/4q.3111111111 /
:E 3
l-2&O -28.1
I --2,5.2
FIG. 4. Distribution of stresses in a thick circular plate under a concentrated force at its centre [4].
S. A. J~UKASIEWICZ
116
_2ol
(a)
b
e4
-20 ~-
b -io
~\
,~
\XX
Thick platetheory
Classicaltheory
(b)
\\XX~x"
xx~x~~
->.4.
IO
O
I
a
FIG. 5. Distribution of stresses in a thick circular plate on upper and bottom surfaces under a force
distributed uniformly over surface ~rO2.~'~
r = c. Figure 6 presents the comparison of the
distribution of the stress at the upper surface of the
thick plate with clamped edges and loaded at the
centre by a concentrated normal force.
Differences between the results of the classical
and improved theories and calculations based on
the three-dimensional theory of elasticity appear in
the immediate vicinity of the loaded region as well
as at the edge of the plate. It follows from the above
comparison that taking into account the effect of
transverse normal and shear stress, we obtain a
relatively small improvement in the results for the
case in which the load is applied to the plate on a
circular surface of the radius smaller than the
thickness of the plate. These effects concern only
the close vicinity of the point of application of the
load. The effects of transverse shear deformations
are more important for the calculation of the
displacements than for the stresses. This effect is
(P)
w(M)=lim[w(P)]~x_o= M
p a w8x
(24)
117
-I0
I0
20
30
7
a
FIG. 6. Distribution of stresses on the upper surface of a thick circular plate with clamped edges, loaded
by a concentrated force at its centre. ''~
where w(P) is the deflection p r o d u c e d by a single
c o n c e n t r a t e d force.
The bending m o m e n t applied to the plate can also
be defined in another way. Into equations of
equilibrium of an element of the plate, we can
introduce the distributed m o m e n t s m , mr., applied,
for example, as a pair of two oppositely directed
forces tangential to the plate surfaces. T h e n the
c o n c e n t r a t e d m o m e n t can be presented, i.e. as
8(x, y)m~. This new definition does not introduce
any difference if we use the classical theory of
plates. H o w e v e r , if we take into account the effects
of transverse shear deformations, it leads to new
solutions. Let us notice that while calculating the
work of the m o m e n t MS(x, y) realized as a couple
of two normal forces we obtain M(Ow/ax) but the
w o r k of the m o m e n t m, is m~/3~, where /3~ is the
angle of the rotation of the lateral side of the plate
element;/3~ = -(aw/Ox)+ 3'~:, Y~: is the shear angle
in the x, z directions.
The m o m e n t m~ has in the case of a sandwich
plate, a simple physical interpretation. It is a couple
of two forces tangential to the plate surfaces and
applied to the external layers of the plate.
The singular solution of eq. (8) for an infinitely
large plate under a concentrated bending m o m e n t
has a f o r m identical to the solution of the classical
equations of the theory of plates. H o w e v e r , the
relations for the shear forces and m o m e n t s are
different. ~4~ We h a v e for e x a m p l e
M~x
3 sin z O) x
v)sin2
_ 10~2K0(x/(10)h)]
r'
(25)
OK, ~/(10)
O = arccos ( x / r )
where K0 and K, are the Bessel functions. The
a b o v e solution differs f r o m the classical solution
only by the term in brackets multiplied by the ratios
h2/r " and r3/h 3. For small argument x the functions
K0 and K, are K o ( x ) = - I n x l 2
and K , ( x ) =
(i/2)x In (x/2) and the singularities of the bending
m o m e n t s are l/r In r and l/r 2.
3.30rthotropic plates
Singularities a c c o m p a n y i n g the c o n c e n t r a t e d
load in the orthotropic plate are similar to those for
the isotropic plate. The singular part of the
deflection of the plate has the f o r m
w = 8wDxh
(h 2 cos z 0 + sin 2 0 ) r
2 In r
(26)
PI2A I / 2 \ 2
w = 8--~-~.,~ [ l - - ~ t ) r l n r .
(27)
S. A. J~UKASIEWICZ
118
N(2h + 6)ifx,,
~-~
[~tln r2+ 1)
--
+_D_~d,
~5[14KcD
X -- rk~K~(rkO]}.
PK.D f
(30)
(28)
(29)
= Pl" r Z l n r + P__~K~(lnr2+2 )
w 8rrD:
,~,~
where
E6(2h + 6 ) 2 + 2 D
2(1 - v:)
t z
ht
ink_
hi
Noo J
sin" ~o I_-
+C2(cot~)]+ ~ L C ,
sinmgF
No,,
= -
\"
ltan-~}
N..
119
= [1 - (t/ - e)12A]Z
(32)
S. A. JdUKASlEVOCZ
120
(A+-~)[(A+~-~)*+~w]=-gRAZ
where
D(3~) = ("/" - kR )2 + "03,2+ I ;
kR = l']R" = h / R N / [ 1 2 ( l - v2)],
"0 = D/k3G3hl 2
l(a2+a2]
a = 7~kTx~ Tr'-J
On evaluation we find
is
the
Laplacian
operator,
where
l =
"v/(Rh)/'~/(12(1- v2)] is a characteristic length for
the shell.
As, first of all, we are interested in the state of
stresses near the loading point, we assume to
simplify the calculations, that the coefficients of the
first quadratic form of the middle surface are
constant. This simplification enables us to achieve
the solution of the problem in differential equations
with constant coefficients. It can be also assumed
that the shell extends infinitely in all directions.
This assumption is made to avoid the influence of
boundary effects on the stresses and displacements
near the loading point and enable us to derive the
simple particular solution of eq. (32) corresponding
to the concentrated force.
We consider now a spherical shell loaded by a
concentrated normal force acting at the point x = 0,
y = 0 (Fig. 9) in the outwards direction.
05
04
'r)]
+ ('0 - ~) k e r r + ~ r ker' r}
(33)
= Pl" [ - k e i r - k R [ ( l + u )
2~'D L
~/[3(1 - v-')] P R
~.
~--~ far - 4 ( 1 + v)kR In ~/(2kR)
O3
OI
fo~ {[1+('0
- E)T2][T2- (1 - v)kR]
z) 2, J0(vr)v dT
- ~ ( 1 + "03' 3' t(TT-L-~2kR)~-y )
(34)
121
~_~{
-(~-e)
-~ Yo(r~/[2kR ] ) = In r + yo.
N,~-
1 d~b ~b M,,
r dr R 2 R
X [Tr(Y"(r~/[2kR])+~ Y'(r~/t2ka])
-(3 + v)keir-r
(37)
l+v.
k e r r - ( 1 - v) 1 kei' r +--f-/cR
- 2 ( 1 - v) I k e r ' r
keir-~rkei'r}.
2rrl2 r
kei' r/
(~)
-E
+ [ - ( 1 - v ) e l ker' r
(35)
d2~b
Noo =
Moo = ~
P {
vkerr+(l-v)
l+v,
lkei'r+--f-aR
dr'-
_ PR
27rl 2
M,o
+ F:(lkei' r + k e i r ) - ( ~ n - E )
+ (1-v)e
q5
R "-
ker'r+Tl'O(5+v)keir
kerr
1 kei' r]}.
For small r ,~ 1,
Y'(r~/[2k,]) = 2/rrr,
Y"(r~/[2kR]) =-2/Trr z
= ~/[3(1 - v")]
1 + 4(1~.+ v)kR
x [In r
1 - v]
.
~+ y 0 + T J
+4(r/ - )
r
1-v
Mo, j=-~--~ - ( l + v )
rr}
N,0
I n ~ + y o ~- 2
+ 2 ( 1 - v)E1].
(36)
(38)
S. A.
122
~UKASIEWICZ
2 Rh
"[
w(0) x/t12(_l-v2)]PR[l,+Iker,c
E h 2 LC-
+v)
c ker' c]
X/[3(I- v2'] P~ [ 1 + 1
O'deN =
--31"-
kC 2
ker' c]
C
1.5
1.0
w
~1..5
c ker' c l
X/[3(l - v')] P I
k e r c + v~,-TV--~..,/
tL_,jj+
2~"
Rh c 2
3(1 + v) P kei' c
O'~M
O'OOM
"n"
h2
6 X / [ 3 ( 1 - v2)] P ker' c
10,r
VRh
c
'
Improved"theory
Classicaltheory
~
~
- ~ ( 1 + v)kR l n v ' ( 2 k R ) - l k R ] + 5 - ~ ( 1
O-~N =
v) kei' c + ~ ker' c
+ 3(1 + v ) ( 2 - v) P
107r
Rh
~"
(1 -
ff rrM
\ ~
I\
h
R- =Oll v=0.3
0.5 ~!
'rrM
C~~'~M
.--~ ~
a'rrN
0
o'm~,N
I
7
l
FIG. 10. Distribution of stresses in a spherical shell subjected to normal forces. "Improved theory"
means the theory taking into account effects of transverse shear and normal stresses.
123
2=0.1
Experiment
Theory
0.35
0.30
i/
0.25
" Nrr
[25]
4~)2
N
u
=0.3
c o
E/t
0.20
0.15
O.JO,F
C=2.6
0.05
"~"~J~-4 ~ ~ "5 - - ~ l r - - . -
l
FIG. I I. Deflection o f a spherical shell under a load distributed u n i f o r m l y over surface ~r~ 2 f o r various
ratios = ~./l.
lllcal
III
Experiment
[Cbl
Theory
~I~-
~I~1.0
)8 -I~
L= ~
4
.-8
o.5
Bending stresses
I
area ~ U
c On
'~ ~ _ - - - - ? M e m b r a n e
stresses
-~=.=jT'~.~,.j,~,
~' - ~ . m " ' ~
~-'------~
_.______~
\
~-.-...._e~---I,
~
~-...
area-'I
= 0
-~
6
O'rr
~ ' ~ - ~
~ A
"~,----"0
I
cree
7-
ofc=
~11.
S. A. ZUKASIEWICZ
124
b~
--
where
b =X/(1.6c2+h2-0.675h)
b =6
when
where
?<1.724h
~>1.724h.
The general conclusions concerning the application of shallow shell theory resulting from the
above calculations are as follows:
In the case when the load is distributed over a
surface rr~: where ~ is of the order of the
characteristic length I or when the deflection or
stresses are calculated at points lying several l
away from the point of application of the load, the
differences between the results of shallow shell
theory and the theory taking into account the effect
of transverse shear deformations are negligible.
In the case when the load is distributed over a
surface 7r~: where h < ~ < I and the stresses are
calculated at points lying at a distance of the same
order, the complete equations improved by taking
into account the influence of transverse shear and
normal deformations must be applied. If t7 < h the
exact stress distribution in the vicinity of the loaded
area can be obtained only by using the three-dimensional equations of the theory of elasticity.
The last two remarks refer to rather thicker shells
when 0.02 < h/R < 0.1. In the case of thinner shells
the non-linear effects of large deflections quickly
invalidate the results obtained by means of linear
theory.
The theoretical results have been examined by
experiments. Tooth "-~ carried out experiments with
a shallow spherical shell loaded at its top by a
concentrated normal force and obtained data which
confirmed the theoretical calculations. The points
(Fig. 12) present results obtained using
strain gauges. Good agreement is found between
theory and experiment both for stresses and
displacements.
The displacement of the shell shows greater
deviation from the theoretical curves than the
stresses. It was also found that the stress and
displacement field near the point of application of
~b=
_MR[I+
21rl(r
(40)
ker'r
+~,r/[(3 - 2 v ) kei' r + r k e r r + g l } c o s
O.
125
-06
-04
-.2
b
0
02
(?.4
-:
--2
--I
(2,ro~
~:o, ~-
--~-iw
FIG. 14. Membrane and bending stress variation in a spherical shell subjected to a concentrated bending
moment.
means of classical theory assuming, as previously,
that the shell is shallow and of infinite extent we
obtain the following solution using the infinite
Fourier transform:
. Tl 3cos 0 (= J,(yr) dy
w=(l+~j g:~--k J0 UTi
.
Tl ~
/1
=(l+vl-~-~---~r+ker'r}
cosO.
(43)
(41)
4~, =
dfl
- T21r
l(r
In r c o s O -
Or sin O )
const.
Finally we obtain
Tl
Moo
r2
- 1 [ ( 1 + v ) - ( l - v)] kei' r } c o s O,
,
Tl
=-2~'~
+ lr kei r] sin O.
l + v Tl ~
16 RD r Cs O"
kerr--kei'r
'
r ,
(44)
and
N'e = 2 - - ~ [ l - ( l + v ) ( k e r r
W -- - -
ot(~ 2+ fl2)
l-(l+v)
Noo = ~-~/ 1 - ( l + v )
~.
-2kei' r ) ] ~
(45)
S. A. EUKASIEWlCZ
126
-0.8
06
-0.4
S,
b
-O2o ;
0.2
04
-3
-2
-I
W\pt
1"
FIG. 15. Membrane and bending stress variation in a spherical shell subjected to a tangential force P.
4.5 T w i s t i n g m o m e n t
giving
M,
(46)
r ~ = 2~rrZh .
T,~
-r -- 27rR 2hG
Since at r = a ,
+ C.
v=O
(47)
M,
v =~
[ ~ / ( R 2 - a 2)
L
Ra 2
~ / ( R : - r 2)
Rr 2
1
"
+ N/(R
2 _ r .~) j .
4.6 A r b i t r a r y shell, l o a d e d b y a n o r m a l
concentrated force
Let us consider now an arbitrary shell loaded by
a concentrated force P normal to the shell surface,
introducing the local non-dimensional system of
coordinates (x, y) with a characteristic length I. The
origin of the coordinates is at the point of
application of the load. The directions of the axis
follow the directions of the main curvatures of the
middle surface and are denoted by I/R~ and l/R2.
As, first of all, we are interested in the state of
stresses in the area surrounding the loading point,
we assume, to simplify the calculations, that in this
area the radii R~ and R2 and the coefficients of the
first quadratic f o r m are constant. This simplification enables us to achieve the solution of the
problem by means of differential equations with
constant coefficients.
Let us assume further that the shell extends
infinitely in all directions. In this way we avoid the
boundary effects on the state of stresses and
deflection near the point of application of the load.
W e solve the problem by means of the shallow
shell equations, taking into account the effect of
transverse shear deformations. T h e s e equations
127
T h e i n t e g r a n d D(3,, ~0) c a n b e p r e s e n t e d
f o r m D(3', ~o) = (i + 3,')(1 - - ~ ) w h e r e
in t h e
DA2w - ( 1 - 1 2 , / A ) A ~ = [1 - 12(~ - e ) A ] Z ,
sin2 ~/'-12A-----2
/~ = 2(1 - ,,R) 7--z-~-~ ~,
sin' ~p)(1 + -03, 2)
?:R2Az
ffh a ~ + A,w = - ~ - - - .
1
3,2
- ~ 7~;
where
AR = R2/R,;
R2 < Rz.
~ = vh/2R2
c9z
1 02
c92
Z = PS(00, y),
A s R is a l w a y s s m a l l e r t h a n u n i t y if 0 < AR < 1
we
can
develop
the
fraction
1/0-/~) =
1 + R + R 2 +....
We can then obtain the displacem e n t in t h e f o r m of t h e f o l l o w i n g s e r i e s
3:
Rx<R,
If w e i n t r o d u c e t h e s y s t e m o f c o o r d i n a t e s (r, O),
connected with the rectangular coordinates by the
relations x=rcosO,
y=rsinO,
w e find t h e
following solution applying the Fourier transform
to eqs. (48)
p l 2 ~= /o "n
w = # - - ~ Jo
{1-(n
W ~ 2"--~
m=O n=O
x[I.,+(rl
-~)I~.+-(l+n)'~I~..+,] 1 .
w h e r e a~.. a r e t h e
recurrent formulae
coefficients
defined
(50)
by the
a,,:
p:'=
1 2hnp4,.
a.o--o
(49)
T h e sign x m e a n s h e r e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n w h i c h f o r t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t s p " " s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d p " " x p~'~ =
p'*'"*L T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s p ' ~ a r e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e
c o o r d i n a t e s a n d a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e I.
T h e f u n c t i o n s I~.,
where
D ( % ~o) =
3 4 -.I- (I
+ "03'2)(c0s 2 ~0 + AR sin 2 ~ ) ,
I,... =
ff
3"+~ J=(Zr)
d3".
3'
(3,4 + 1),+.
are p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 2.
TABLE
H2. =
....
1.
2nO
p="'"=l.3...(2n-l)cos
- 1). (2n - 2 m - 2 i +
(2m + 2 0 !
1)
+(-l)"-=n(n-l)'"(n-m
m = l , 2 . . . m <ni=Ol'2""n-+
ml
O=arcsin-Y;
t
r=~/(x2+y
2)
S. A.
128
TABLE
EUKASIEW1CZ
2.
Y'+~ Jm(yr)
I~.,= f f (y,+l),+.
(y)m dy
Io.,,= - k e i r:
1
I~.o= 1+ ker' r
r
o _
I~.o-
r':"
2._1(m
2(m-l)[2(mr-2)lO
1)!
2o
~-
. -
l~-~,o
r
9\
I,~.,= 1-4)Io0-7~Io'o=.
PI2 ~ 2 [ 2 ( 1 - Au)l"a.,.
-~keir+~keCr,
W ~
-(n_~_--2))lO.o_r
o,
~I..o
io...,=( 1
I.... =
-(m -2)].o
"4n
......
n~>l
"
r"
f f ( T 4 3'
J,,,(Tr)J,(YC) dy"
+ 1 ) " " ymrm TC
Eh
P ~/(R,R:) [ 1 , + / k e r ' c]
LC"
m >~2
l g t = ( l _ 4 ) lo.o - ~I0'.o
r 2 = - ~r ker' r
(53)
(when c < 2.)
3 ,
1
I ~1 = ( I - ~)I;.o
- ~ rI , ':o = ~ k1e ( r.- ~ l r k e r r
-(m -4)It 2
i~. = i _ - (
4 : ]4)
I~.....
r ~nn
. I .....
M,.
=~--~ (1
1-x/(AR)(
w(O,O) =
(52)
2 __
I,.okei' r
m =0 n =0
r o,
] 1 . . . . . - ~n l
l?,.o= kerr
V ' [ 3 ( 1 - v2)] P
4
Eh 2X/(RIR');
x\
--c
48
ker' c
l-v
(kei' c__l
1
"~
c
2 kerc +~ c ker'c /J
AR > 0 .
AR > 0 .
(51)
~x 1 = 2 3P
~ - ~ { - (1 + v) ( I n ~c + yo)
or:,,:,, J
129
~I
(a)
{.0
=
ba~
0.8
0.6
0.4
-0"20
I0
7.
{.0
H~I
(b)
III
O'S~ / /
~l..._~
x :o, ~-= r / 2
o.,l-i\\\
I\\V,
x:o,.:o
eL/
o210
I
--7---7
IO
FIG. 6. Bending stress variation in double-curvature shell under a concentrated normal force P for
two values of the parameter AR.
obtained in approximation from
o~, = o'y, = X/[3(I -
v2)]PI8h 2.
4.7
Simplified solution
ZS(x) = P f[
cos ax da = P8 (x)
PsinBx
~"
130
S . A . EUKASIEWICZ
(o)
1.00 ~ , .
/ X ~ = O, ~ = 0
075L~X'
~
%
0 I
\~"
,X \
o.4
X,e=025
"
' ~=.'/2
,,
,5
I0
(b)
I O0
0.75
~~'~"x.
;"R=O'u'=0
%
050
0.25
b
X # = O , ~'= 7 r / 2
I
I
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
I
7
I
8
7"
{
FIG. 17. Membrane stress variation in a double-curvature shell under concentrated normal force P for
various parameter AR.
4.8 Singular solution method
The calculation of the stresses in a shell of
positive Gaussian curvature loaded by a concentrated normal force was performed by K. Forsberg
and W. Flfigge.(42~ They applied a method of
studying singular solutions of the homogeneous
differential shell equations. These solutions can be
interpreted as the effect of concentrated loads. The
environment of the point of application of the load
was approximated by an elliptic paraboloid which
has principal radii of curvature at its vertex equal to
those of the shell at the loading point. The shallow
shell equations were applied to a solution which
was assumed to be in the form of an infinite series
r/(r,O)=n =0,1
~ ._ f . ( r )
cosnO
131
05
"~
kx ~'\R,+ez / =0..3
: ' (!~_~_~
= rd-- ~-
(degree)
30
oo /
FIG. 18. Distribution of bending moment M, in a double-curvature shell under a concentrated normal
force. (Forsberg and FI/iggem~).
Experimental investigation concerning shells of
positive Gauss curvature +~ proved the correctness
of the assumptions and the theoretical results
obtained by the above-described methods. All the
effects produced by the concentrated loads in shells
of positive curvature are of a local character. If
the edge of the shell is not very close to the point of
application of the load, the boundary effects have no
influence on the state of stress and displacement at
this point..
4.9 Conclusions
From theoretical and experimental results obtained for shells of positive Gauss curvature we can
draw the following conclusions. If we consider a
shell under the action of a concentrated load applied
at a sufficient distance from the edge we can divide
its surface into the five zones, I, II, III, IV and V (Fig.
19).
In zone I which lies in the close vicinity of the
point of application of the load, the shell behaves
like a flat, thick plate. The dimensions of this zone
are of the order of the thickness of the shell. If we
calculate the stresses at points lying at distances
smaller than the thickness of the shell from the point
of application of the load, the stresses can be
obtained approximately from the respective threedimensional solution of the problem of a thick plate
based on the equations of the theory of elasticity. In
the same way we would obtain the stresses if the
load was distributed over a small circular surface of
l l l l l ,i/Ill, ' l q l l / I / I / 1 / / / / l i I i ] . . . . .
S. A. EUKASIEWICZ
132
Z=P6(x,y)=~ Pfo ~
x [ 1 +,= ~
cosmp]cosaxda.,_.4.6
(56)
M.(O, ~)
P ! + u ~, ( k . + l ) ''2
- 2~" ~/(2) .~...
nk. cos n~o
(58)
where
K 4
kn2 = l -I 4n 4.
=2PR2[l_fo~ cosaxda
rr2D (2 ( a 2 - 1)2+4K 4
+
where
4K4= 12(i -
u2)R2/h2
133
k*cos(nx/R),
n =mrrR/L
while adopting a system of non-dimensional rectangular coordinates x = .~/R, y = ~0 with the origin at
the point of application of the load. The equations
of the cylindrical shell can be reduced to the one
eighth order differential equation
A4
W+4K
4 a 4w
~X 4 =0,
4K 4 = 12(1 -
where
v2)R2/h 2.
(59)
L,L2L3L4w = 0 ,
where
0
L, = A+/31~-x,
i = 1,2,3,4
fl,=-fl4=(l+i)K,
n =0
Aw +/3,-~-xW= 0
(60)
e-~"l-~'"/2~'Yo( 1 i )
(tZ+yZ) I1' dt
Yo[(li)s]ds dt.
-+ i(1 t)-~-
(61)
X =12----iKfo~sin(l-i)2tYo[(1-i)2(tZ+Y")"2]dt
+
K 2
(62)
[,x',y'-(1-t
(63)
Finally we obtain
PR 2
C - 4DK 2.
134
S. A. J~UKASIEWICZ
P
w
(66)
2PRK :
8wD(~b,+ ~b,); ~b
where
( x)co
[- l + v
K2
]
w = _ [r~2-~-ff-re + T , ~-~- Im
c s h ( ; x ) sin(;x)kei(-~(2)r)]
c o s ( I - i ) 2 Y 0 [ ( l - i ) 2 r ].
PR 2 ,,
w =~--~r'lnr,
PR
,Ir',
qb=--4--~K k ~ m r + x " r l n r .
(67)
(1 + , ) %2
h
27r
K 4
r 2
,\
EhT, I
4~ = T ~ L , ~ - T - ) --~ ~7 + x -) ln r - - - T ~ ln r.
The above solution can be easily generalized for the
case of the force moving along the generator of the
shell.3~
R. Dor6 and W. FlOgge6~ obtained in a similar
way a solution for various singular displacement
dislocations. The stress function and the components of the displacement vector were given for all
cases considered.
4.13 Shallow cylindrical shells subjected to
s~0
T~
7",2 = lim
s-,O
T~
(a,T2S).
(65)
(68)
.,,..
w = ( 1 + v) 2"~"~-'D
135
f:,: y: 1_]-+-7'r,,.,, + ,.
4' = *:J0
.10
"
d y d~p
(69)
where
D ( y ) see (49),
An =
RdR,.
R,
( a : + AR/32)4~(/3) = 0,
(7O)
The first integral in (70) has a closed singular
solution
7"/
qbj = - " ( r
21r
(71)
Then we find the solution of eqs. (48) as:
(72)
x=0,
Nx~ + M , IR2=O,
N~=0,
Mx,=0,
Q, + a M , / a , = P S ( 0 , y).
136
S. A. EUKASIEWICZ
15
FIG. 21. (a) Deflections of a cylindrical shell under a concentrated normal force at its free edge. (b)
Deflections of a cylindrical shell under a concentrated bending moment at its free edge.
vicinity of the point of application of the load with
the accuracy down to the constant value (Fig. 21).
The membrane forces and bending moments can
be, however, obtained in this way to a much closer
approximation. Integrals for the internal forces
decrease rapidly with the distance from the point of
application of the load and depend to a smaller
degree on the boundary conditions as x--*~ and
___y ~ oo. S. Jukasiewicz m~ obtained the stresses in
the shell while applying the above described
method for various edge loads and a range of the
parameter 1 ~>}tR ~> =0.2. The results were presented in the form of diagrams. The slowconverging integrals were evaluated in two steps as
was explained in article 4.7.
This problem was solved by P. Seide c93~in case of
a cylindrical shell loaded at its edge by a system of
concentrated and distributed radial forces and
moments. However, he calculated only the displacement w and the slope awlax because of slow
convergence of the applied series. The hemispherical shell under concentrated radial forces and
moments at the free edge was considered by J. G.
08
i~
O6
O4
Mr x
IOO
O2
02
ffYYN
/ /
GXXM/"
O4
O6
08
I0
12
[
2
]
3
/
4
I
5
I
6
I
7
T
FIG. 22. Stresses in a hemispherical shell under two
137
Ashwell
~,~'c~/~/~"
"~ Y ~ - Biezeno
. .----
,,P///
Z..J
m
Q_
./,//
0.5
' ~ !~
1.0
1.5
2.0
2,5
FIG. 23. Load-deflection curves for spherical shells loaded by a concentrated normal force. Points from
Ashwell's experiment, c~)
S. A. EUKASmVnCZ
138
(75)
a =r,/R,
2[=r~/R,
(76)
2[ = R 2P:/(97r:c"E:h -~),
'
(77)
1"17
Pogorelov
I_
..... =
~'~
O?
(73)
Q.
4
I0
15
20
25
I
30
I
35
40
(78)
U =O.19"rrEhS/Z(2f)3r'(--~+l)._
(79)
139
2a
--------...
FIG. 26. Infinite plate joined to a bar of finite length and loaded by a force P applied to the cross-section
of it.
P =~ffO.19Eh~'-(-~+~z)(2f)'~2.
(80)
o'b
= { _Eh
~ _]~ ( w, ) m x = 0 9 E ( \
"
\RjR,.]
(81)
S. A, EOKASmWlCZ
140
e,~ = f~ [Kl(x,~)qn(~)+
=
e(x)
fox
_
P
x
- -1
A(x)Eb
q ( x ) dx
EhA (x-~) a"
(83)
q(~)E(x - ~) dr,
(84)
where e(x) = [(3 - u)(l + u)147rhE](l/x) is the influence function for the strain e,. Equating the strains
in the plate and in the bar we have
A (x) = Ao -
x+a
x--a
In x ~ a a
"
where
(85)
A0 =
21rhaE
( 3 - v)(I + v)Eh"
K,.(x,
' ~)qt (~)] d~
(KE~t(x,~)qn(~)+K~X(x,~)qt(~)d~
(82)
2P cos 0
or0
(87)
h = P
1 f cos
cos O
sin
sin_ O__]
(88)
141
,o
0~0
~0
Design of shells
~P
B=Sr~
X tan ~0)rd-~ ,
N ~ Noo
R, ~ = Z.
(89)
S. A. EUKASIEWICZ
142
0"1
1[ r~+r"
where
0"2
mN~-
20"fl
(94)
R : - r ( l + z'-')""
z'
4r~,+ B + 4 r "
X = ro+r'2ro+B + 2 r "
z"
dt
cosht"
R , - (1 + z'") ~f"
(93)
gd(r)=
z' = - ~ / i r o + B + r"
z = -r2E[gd(arc sinhx/(ro+
rl B))' \(ro+B]
r--~/ w-]J + C
N~p~p
fro
c/
which yields
(90)
where
(95)
z' = dz/dr.
_
We have further; sin ~ = ( z ' / ( l + z'")""). On substitution into equilibrium equation we obtain the
thickness
po r2o+r"(l+z'") m
2or0
z'
ro- P
~'po"
r~+ r 2
N/2o'0
(96)
(91)
=--
0%
+ z'
dr.
(97)
,o
(92)
P /~/ 2 7rcror.
The a b o v e functional has a minimum w h e n the
following Euler's equation is satisfied.
143
X = r2/(ro + r2)
(98)
h = C VC d+z'2)exp
' z fJ
+ z')
v =
3/
f"
+ z')dr-1]
o'oJo
(I00)
If we assume that z' > 0 when 0<~ r ~< r~, then the
integral in the a b o v e expression is positive. The
functional V has its minimum w h e n this integral is
minimum. That gives z = const., i.e. the conical
shell. The absolute minimum is when z ' = 1. The
thickness of the shell z' = 1 is
h = ~ P
exp 2~r.
N/(2)TrCro
o'o
(101)
5.3
h = hoexp f
(3'z'-X r
. i \cro
1)dr.
(102)
V,(I+z'2)
xr z,
exp
[ ~ f {l--+z']dr]
-~oo
\z'
/ X J"
(103)
On integration the v o l u m e of the shell is
z'"[z'2(l+B)-2(l+B)-~-~r-2+tro
B~/r2]
=0fro
(105)
144
S. A. EUKASIEWlCZ
+2
(106)
6. FINAL REMARKS
This paper presents solutions and results concerning the distribution of stresses and displacements in plates and shells under c o n c e n t r a t e d
loads. The analysis was limited to those problems
which can be described by the linear and geometrically non-linear theory of shells. T h e r e are many
different problems c o n n e c t e d with the action of
concentrated loads on shells which are not discussed here, though they are very important f r o m the
technical point of view. N a m e l y such problems as:
elasto-plastic behaviour of shells, fibered shells,
buckling of shells and optimum design of shells in
the case of more complicated loads, dynamic and
contact problems, etc. Many of them still need to be
solved and others are not mentioned here because
of the limited scope of the paper.
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