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MODULE C
Introd uction
Basic Execution
Pseud op otentials
Basis Sets
Matrix Elem ents
Diag onalization
Ord er-N Solvers
System atic Converg ence
Molecular Dynam ics
Structural Op tim izations
Parallelization
Analysis and p ost-p rocessing tools
Components of a Simulation
1 . A m od el of the interactions
b etw een the b locks that
b uild the m aterial.
Here: atom istic m od els &
DFT
2 . A sim ulation alg orithm : the
num erical solution to the
eq uations that d escrib e the
m od el.
3 . A set of tools for the
analysis of the results of the
sim ulation.
System s w ith m any p articles and lo ng -tim e scales are p ro b lem atical.
Co m p uter tim e is lim ited : few p articles fo r sho rt tim e.
Sp ace-Tim e is 4 d .
2 x L i CPU x 1 6
Mo o re s Law im p lies leng ths and tim es w ill d o ub le every 4 years
if O( N)
s
ms
ns
e
e
t iv
c
fe
Ef
Density
Functio nal
theo ries
ps
fs
e
b
m
g
d in
Quantum
Chem istry
theo ries
Co ntinuum
Pheno m eno lo g ical
m o d els
Ato m ic
Fo rce-f ie ld
m o d els
fe
f
E
e
v
i
t
Ha
lt
mi
n
n ia
Complexity of a Simulation
The relation b etw een com p uting tim e T ( CPU)
and d eg rees of freed om N
( num b er of atom s, electrons, leng th
T O( N)
T O( N 3 )
q uantum m echanics
( Matrix d iag o nalisatio n and inversio n)
T eN
etc)
# op s = 1 0 1 9 1 0 0 N n t N n t 1 0 1 7
N nt ~
L3 1 0 L
1 0 L4
t ~ 1 fs t ~ 10-10 s = 0.1 ns
1 0 17
L 1 0 4 ato m s/b o x
sid e
Plan your
sim ulation
intellig ently
!!
Algorithms
Structural
Op tim ization
m inim um energ y
conf ig urations
T= 0
Monte Carlo
T> 0
T> 0
no inform ation
on real d ynam ics
no tem p erature
local m inim a
Molecular
Dynam ics
long tim e
scales
( eq uilib rium )
no inform ation o n
d ynam ics
no real tim e
( kMC)
o nly at
eq uilib rium
Pseud op otentials
Treatm ent o f the ( nuclei + co re) valence.
Basis set
To expand the wave functions.
Sup ercells
To deal with periodic system s
At any moment the electrons will be in their ground state for that particular
instantaneous ionic configuration.
(1)
(2)
Fixed potential
external to e-
Electrons
Nuclei
Classical dynamics
Constant
(scalar)
p article d ensity
3 . A p p ro xim atio n:
n the effective XC p o tential
Lo cal and
Quasilo cal,
Hyb rid s
LDA
GGA
No
Compute electron
density
Yes
Self-consistent?
Output quantities
Energy, forces,
stresses
Caveats (many! ):
Pro b lem s d escrib ing w eak interactio ns ( Van d er W aals)
Pro b lem s d escrib ing stro ng ly co rrelated system s
Excited electro nic states
GGA
-1% , -3%
+1%
+10, +40%
-20%, +10%
Ec
+15%
-5%
Egap
-50%
-50%
GGA
LSDA
GGA
LSDA
GGA
FM
b cc
Correct lattice
constant
Supercells
Systems with open and mixed periodic boundary
conditions are made artificially periodic
Defects
Molecules
Surfaces
k-points Sampling
Finite number of wave functions (bands)
at an infinite number of k-points.
r
!( r ) =
#"
i
r r
r 2
dk n( k )$ i ( k )
BZ
k-point Sampling
k-points Sampling
Essential for:
Sm all cells
Metals
O( N) m etho d o lo g y
Linear-scaling DFT
Num erical atom ic orb itals, w ith q uality control.
Forces and stresses for g eom etry op tim ization.
Diverse Molecular Dynam ics op tions.
Cap ab le of treating larg e system s w ith m od est
hard w are.
Parallelized .
BASIC REFERENCE:
J. Soler et al, J. Phys: Cond ens. Matter, 1 4 , 2 7 4 5
(2002)
3 5 0 citations ( Dec 2 0 0 5 )
> 7 0 0 ( June 2 0 0 7 )
W eb page: http://www.uam.es/siesta
Pseudos and basis database
M ailing list
Usage manual
Soon: http://cygni.fmc.uam.es/mediawiki
Issue tracker (for bugs, etc)
M ailing list archives
W iki
Basics of DFT