080280064 POWER QUALITY ENGINEERING-TWO MARK QUESTION WITH

ANSWERS
UNIT I-INTRODUCTION
PART A
1. Define sag.
A decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms voltage or current at the power frequency
for durations of 0.5 cycle to 1 min.
2. Draw the CBEMA curve

3. What is the basic difference between CBEMA and ITI curves?

The CBEMA organization has been replaced by ITI, and a modified curve has been
developed that specifically applies to common 120-V computer equipment . The concept is
similar to the CBEMA curve. Although developed for 120-V computer equipment, the
curve has been applied to general power quality evaluation like its predecessor curve. Both
curves are used as a reference to define the withstand capability of various loads and
devices for protection from power quality variations.
4. Define distortion factor.
Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content of a periodic wave to the RMS of the
fundamental content of the wave, expressed as a percent. This is also known as the total
harmonic distortion (THD).
5. Define sag and swell?
Sag RMS reduction in the AC voltage at power frequency from half of acycle to a
few seconds duration
Swell RMS increase in AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle to a few
seconds duration.
6. Define power quality.
Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results
in failure or misoperation of customer equipment
7. What are the power quality issues?

8. Define for the following terms :( i) DC offset, (ii) Notching (iii) Voltage Fluctuations
DC offset. The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power system is termed dc
offset.
Notching is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by the normal operation of power
electronic devices when current is commutated from one phase to another.
Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage envelope or a series of
random voltage changes, the magnitude of which does no normally exceed the voltage ranges
specified by ANSI C84.1 of 0.9 to 1.1 pu.
9. List any four standards available in power quality.
IEEE, IEC, ANSI, CBEMA, ITI.
10. Define Waveform Distortion.
Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of
power frequency principally characterized by the spectral content of the deviation.
PART B
1. (i) Write the various IEEE and IEC power quality standards.
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(ii) What is the impact of transients on power quality? Classify the transients that occur in
power systems?
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2. (i)Explain typical classification of power quality phenomena defined in IEEE 1159:1995.
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(ii) Explain the responsibilities of the suppliers and users of electrical power.
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3. Explain the various types of power quality disturbances and impacts of power quality.
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4. Explain the following:

(i) Total harmonic distortion (ii) Total demand distortion.

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5. Draw and explain the CBEMA curve and ITI curve in determining the power quality.
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Define power quality? Explain the reasons for increased concern in power
quality.

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UNIT II-SHORT AND LONG INTERRUPTIONS

1. When sag leads to interruption?
When a complete loss of voltage on one or more phase conductors for a time period
between 0.5 cycle or 8ms and 3s it leads to interruption.
2. How fast transfer switches are used in minimizing the severity of sags?
Fast transfer switches are used for protection of an entire facility that may be sensitive to
voltage sags
Fast transfer switches are automatic transfer switches and they use vacuum breaker
technology and are available that can transfer in about two electrical cycles.
3. Mention any two solutions against voltage sags.
Reducing the no. of short circuit faults
Reducing the fault clearing time
Changing the power system
Improving the immunity of the equipment.

4. How to estimate the voltage sag performance?

The critical information needed to compute voltage sag performance can be
summarized as follows:
Number of feeders supplied from the substation.
Average feeder length.
Average feeder reactance.
Short-circuit equivalent reactance at the substation.
5. What are the sources of sag interruptions?
Customers in all sectors have more sensitive loads the usage of digital computers and
other types of electronic controls is at the heart of the problem computer controls tend to
lose their memory and processes that are being controlled also tend to be more complex
and therefore take much more time to restart.
6. Define Ferro-resonance.
An irregular, often chaotic type of resonance that involves the nonlinear characteristic
of iron-core (ferrous) inductors. It is nearly always undesirable when it occurs in the power
delivery system, but it is exploited in technologies such as constant-voltage transformers to
improve the power quality.
7. What are the causes of sag interruption?

8. What are the mitigation techniques for voltage sags?

Ferroresonant transformer
Magnetic synthesizers
Active series compensators
On-line UPS
Motor-generator set.
9. Name the different motor starting methods.
Autotransformer starting
Resistance and reactance starting
Part-winding starters
Star-delta starters
10. Define active series compensation devices
Advances in power electronic technologies and new topologies for these devices have
resulted in new options for providing voltage sag ride through support to critical loads. One of
the important new options is a device that can boost the voltage by injecting a voltage in series
with the remaining voltage during a voltage sag condition. These are referred to as active
series compensation devices.

PART B
1. (i)Explain in detail the operation of fast transfer switches for voltage sag interruption.
(ii) Discuss the origin of short interruption.
2. Explain the various Voltage regulating devices.
3. Explain the influence of interruptions on induction motors, Synchronous motors, Adjustable
speed drives, Electronic equipments.
4. Explain the causes and effects of long interruptions.
5. Discuss about voltage during fault and post fault period and current during fault period.
UNIT III-VOLTAGE SAG AND TRANSIENTS
1. Mention the sources of transient over voltages.
There are two main sources of transient overvoltage on utility systems: capacitor
switching and lightning. These are also sources of transient overvoltage as well as a myriad of
other switching phenomena within end-user facilities. Some power electronic devices generate
significant transients when they switch.
2. Write down the formula for velocity of propagation
V=1/(e)
=permeability e=dielectric permittivity
3. How a capacitor switching leads to an over voltage?
The use of capacitors is that they yield oscillatory transients when switched. Some
capacitors are energized all the time (a fixed bank), while others are switched according to
load levels. Various control means, including time, temperature, voltage, current, and reactive
power, are used to determine when the capacitors are switched. It is common for controls to
combine two or more of these functions, such as temperature with voltage override.
4. Define minimum voltage sag ride through capability?
It is defined as the min voltage an equipment can withstand or tolerate without
misoperation or failure. This is known as minimum voltage sag ride through capability.
5. Define Voltage swell and momentary interruption.
Momentary When used to quantify the duration of a short-duration variation as a
modifier, refers to a time range at the power frequency from 30 cycles to 3 s.
Swell RMS increase in AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle to a few
seconds duration.
6. How does the lightning cause over voltages?
Lightning is a potent source of impulsive transients
7. List the functions of line arresters.
Line arresters prevent insulator flashovers
They are also used for overhead line protection applications.
8. Define the various devices for over voltages protection.
Surge arresters and transient voltage surge suppressors
Isolation transformers
Low-pass filters
Low-impedance power conditioners

9. Define flicker
During ferroresonance the voltage magnitude may fluctuate wildly. End users at the secondary
circuit may actually see their light bulbs flicker.
10. Mention the causes of long interruptions?
Component and operator actions outages lead to long interruptions
When fault is occurred in the power system, the device for protection should be
operated.
A protection relay intervenes incorrectly, thus causing a component outages, which
might again lead to a long interruption
PART B
1. (i) Explain in detail about various methods to mitigate over voltages.
(ii) What are the different voltage sag migration techniques? Explain in detail.

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2. (i) Name the different sources of transient over voltages and explain the capacitor switching
transient.
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(ii) Explain in detail the mechanism of lightning transient.
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3. Explain the following causes of sags.
(i)Voltage sags due to motor sag.
(ii) Voltage sags due to transformer energizing.

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4. Explain the system adopted to estimate the severity of the sag occurred due to various sources.
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5. Explain the various causes and effects of voltage sags.
Explain the various causes and effects of transient over voltage.

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UNIT IV-WAVEFORM DISTORTION

1. What is Total harmonic distortion.
The ratio of the root mean square of the harmonic content to the rms value of the
fundamental quantity, expressed as a percent of the fundamental.
2. Give the IEEE and IEC standards for EMC.
IEEE Standard 1100-1999
IEEE Standard 1159-1995
IEEE Standard 1250-1995
IEEE Standard 1346-1998
IEC std 61000-1-x
IEC std 61000-2-x
IEC std 61000-2-2(1993)
IEC std 61000-3-x
IEC std 61000-3-2(2000)
IEC std 61000-4-x
IEC std 61000-3-4(1998)
3. Define inter harmonics.
Voltages or currents having frequency components that are not integer multiples of the
frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz) are called
interharmonics.
4. Give the causes for harmonics.
Fluorescent lighting
Adjustable speed drives
Personal computer and monitor
SMPS

5. Define individual and total harmonic distortion.

Individual harmonic distortion (IHD) is the ratio between the root mean square (RMS)
value of the individual harmonic and the RMS value of the fundamental
IHDn = In/I1
Total harmonic distortion is the ratio between the RMS value of the harmonics and the
RMS value of the fundamental.
6. List the harmonic indices.
1. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
2. Total Demand Distortion (TDD)
7. Name the devices for controlling harmonic distortion.
Passive filters
Shunt Passive filters
Series Passive filters
Low-pass broadband filters
C filters
Active filters.
8. What is the effect transfer due to harmonics?
Harmonic currents due to nonlinear loads are injected back into the supply
systems
These harmonic currents can also cause interface with telecommunication lines
and errors in power metering
And it cause impacts on capacitors,transformers,motors,etc.
9. Define the Active filter.
Any of a number of sophisticated power electronic devices for eliminating harmonic
distortion.
10.Mention the standards of harmonics?
IEEE STANDARD 519-1992-recommended practices by the utilities and their
customer in minimizing controlling the impacts of harmonics
IEC 61000 series for EMC.
PART B
1. (i)Explain the sources of harmonics and the impacts of harmonics
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(ii)Explain the harmonic phase rotation and phase angle relationship.
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2. (i) Explain active and passive filters in harmonic control.
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(ii) How to locate the harmonic sources and discriminate between load side and supply side
harmonics
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3. List and explain the devices for controlling harmonic distortion.
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4. Explain for the following:
(i) Harmonic sources from commercial loads.
(ii) Harmonic sources from industrial loads.
(iii) Harmonic sources from residential loads.
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5. Explain briefly about the phenomena of current distortion and the voltage distortion under the
presence of harmonics.
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Explain the power system response characteristics under the presence of
Harmonics.

UNIT V-POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS

1. What are the necessary measurements to be made to know about the power quality of a
product?
Loose connections and overheating of conductors
Magnetic field strength and electric field strength of conductors
Static electricity of sensitive eqiupement.
2. What is meant by power quality monitoring?
Power quality monitoring is the process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting raw
measurement data into useful information. The process of gathering data is usually carried out
by continuous measurement of voltage and current over an extended period. The process of
analysis and interpretation has been traditionally performed manually,
but recent advances in signal processing and artificial intelligence fields have made it possible
to design and implement intelligent systems to automatically analyze and interpret raw data
into useful information with minimum human intervention.
3. What is the function of flicker meter.
Flicker meters measure flicker in terms of the fluctuating voltage magnitude and its
corresponding frequency of fluctuations.
4. Give the standards for power quality monitoring?
IEEE1159:guide for power quality Monitoring (IEEE1159.1,IEEE1159.2,IEEE1159.3)
5. List the equipment power quality monitoring system.
Multimeters
Oscilloscope
Disturbance analyzers
harmonic analyzers
flicker meters
energy meters

6. What is meant by deregulation?

The process of deregulation is progressing steadily. Many states are passing legislation
to break up the utility monopolies. They are trying to encourage competition by allowing end
users to choose electrical suppliers.
7. What is the objectives power quality monitoring?
Monitoring to characterize system performance
Monitoring to characterize specific problems
Monitoring as part of an enhanced power quality service
Monitoring as part of predictive or just in time maintenance.
8. What are the requirements for the power quality measuring equipment?
No. of channels
Power requirements
Input isolation
Ease of user
Input voltage range
Communication capability

9. Define the terms i) true power factor ii) displacement power factor?
Displacement power factor is the cosine of the angle between the fundamental voltage
and current waveforms.
True power factor = total active power/total apparent power
10. What are the steps in power quality survey?
Collecting information
Visually inspecting to site
Set up test instruments
Collect test data.
PART B
1. Write in detail about:
(i) Evolution of power quality monitoring,
(ii) Deregulation effect on power quality monitoring
(iii) Active filters for harmonic reduction.
2. Bring out the significance of Power quality monitoring. What are the
important power quality monitoring objectives?
(ii) What are the characteristics of power quality measurement equipments?
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3. Explain the steps involved in power quality survey
4. What are the various instruments used for power quality measurements?
Explain.
5. What are the factors to be considered when selecting the power quality
monitoring instruments?
Explain the harmonic analyzer and disturbance analyzer.

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