Study On The Construction Control Theory and Temperature Effect of Suspen-Dome Structure

Study on the construction control theory
and temperature effect of suspen-dome

structure
50778122
20
13
NCET-06-0228
985
2013
13
20
2013
13
20
2013
13
20
2013
20
JGJ 130-2001
JGJ 130-2011
13
20
ANSYS APDL
ABAQUS
2013

212%
20
ASHRAE
13
20
2013
ABSTRACT
As an efficient pre-stressing spatial structure, the suspen-dome structure has been
widely adopted in long-span buildings, such as gymnasiums, exhibition center and so
on. Some burning problems have occurred during the researches and application of
suspen-dome structures, which will make a significant effect on its cost and its safety.
These problems include the design and numerical simulation theory of temporary
falsework structures, numerical simulation theory of pre-stressing construction
process considering the sliding friction and temperature change, numerical simulation
theory of temperature field theory under solar radiation and its temperature effect and
Consequently, a systematical study was carried out to solve the above
so on.
burning problems by theoretical analysis and experimental researches, and some
achievements, having obviously scientific and technological significance, were

obtained.
The structural steel tube and coupler scaffolds (hereinafter referred to as STCS)
were usually adopted as the mian falsework during the construction of suspen-dome
structures. Many disastrous collapses of STCSs have occurred due to that no perfect
design guidelines are obtained in current research. A systematic research on the
structural characteristics, analysis method and design method have been conducted
13
through experiments and finite element analysis and the numerical simulation theory
and simplified calculation method of STCS were presented. In addition, the effects of
20
various parameters on the stability of STCS were analyzed. Some achievements

presented in this paper were adopted in the industry standard, technical code for safety
of steel tubular scaffold with couplers in construction.
A remarkable pre-stressing deviation is induced by the sliding friction between
hoop cable and cable-strut joint, and this deviation brings hidden danger of
suspen-dome structures. In order to research the pre-stress deviation distribution and
its effect on the structural behavior, three numerical simulation method for the cable
sliding were presented. The first method was presented based on heat expansion and
cold contraction and generalized inverse, and this method can consider the sliding
friction and can be realized in ANSYS software using APDL language. The second
method was to derive the stiffness matrix of three-node cable sliding element based on
the finite element theory, and this method can realized in ABAQUS software using its
2013
UEL function. The third method was also to derive the stiffness matrix of closed
sliding polygonal cable element based on the finite element theory, and this method
can realized in ABAQUS software using its UEL function. The above three methods
were verified by example analysis and experiment. Using the above three methods,
the distribution of pre-stressing deviation and its effect on the structural behavior of
suspen-dome were studied as well as the structural behavior of suspen-dome
structures with various friction coefficient. Based on those analyses, some meaningful
conclusions were obtained in this paper.
The temperature of suspen-dome structures and ambient air temperature are
changing during construction, and the temperature changes bring technical problems
for the pre-stressing construction. The pre-stressing deviation was investigated though
example analysis and the analysis results showed that the deviation induced by
temperature change during construction is up to 212%. So the temperature change
must be considered in the pre-stressing construction. In order to consider the

temperature change in pre-stressing construction, a new pre-stressing construction
control method and simplified calculation formula, is presented in this paper, which is
verified by example.
The temperature load of suspen-dome structures is change during the construction

and usage stages. Comparing with the common loads, such as gravity, wind load and
seismic action, temperature action is quite different. The former loads can be
overcome by increase the structural stiffness, but the temperature action cannot.
13
Furthermore, the structural stiffness is lager, the stress and displacement is larger. The
influence of temperature load on the pre-stressing value, node displacement, member
20
stress and reaction were studied by finite element analysis.

In the process of construction and service stage of suspen-dome, the temperature
distribution is affected not only by ambient temperature but also by solar radiation.
Considering the effect of solar radiation, the steel temperature may be 20 0C higher
than the corresponding ambient temperature. Therefore, there will be hidden danger
under condition that a non-rational temperature distribution is used in design. In order
to provide a rational temperature data for structural design, a numerical simulation
model based on ASHRAE model is presented for the temperature field analysis
considering the solar radiation, and a solar shadow algorithm was also presented in
this paper. A parametric study was carried out in order to investigate the influence of
the steel solar radiation absorption, the solar radiation reflectance, steel member size
2013
and orientation. Four groups specimens including steel plates, steel tube, steel
rectangular tube and H-shaped steels were designed and measured not only to provide
insights into temperature distribution of steel members under solar radiation but also
to provide data to verify future analytical results and simplified design formula. Using
above method, the temperature distribution and temperature effect of suspen-dome
structures and suspen-dome with stacked arch were investigated, and some significant
conclusions were obtained.
KEY WORDSSuspen-dome structures, Scaffolds, Pre-stressing construction,
20
13
Temperature effect, Solar radiation
2013
13
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2013
.........................................................1
1.1 ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 ................................................................................. 2
1.3 ......................................................................... 8
1.3.1 .............................................................. 8
1.3.2 .......................................................... 8
1.3.3 .................................................. 9
1.3.4 ............................................ 10
1.3.5 ......................................................... 11
1.4 ........................................................... 13
1.4.1 ......................................... 13
1.4.2 ............................. 14
1.4.3 ..................................................... 14
1.5 .................................................................................. 16
..........................17
2.1 ..................................................................................................... 17
2.2 ........................................................... 18
13
2.3 - ................ 19
2.3.1 ........................................................................... 19
20
2.3.2 ........................................................................... 21
2.3.3 .................................................................................... 28
2.4 -................... 32
2.4.1 .................................. 32
2.4.2 ................................. 38
2.5 ............................................................................................. 44
..........................45
3.1 ..................................................................................................... 45
3.2 ............................................... 48
3.2.1 ....................................................................... 48
i
2013
3.2.2 ........................................................................ 49
3.2.3 .................................................... 50
3.2.4 .......................................... 51
3.2.5 .......................................... 53
3.2.6 ............................................................. 54
3.2.7 ................................................................................... 55
3.3 ........................................... 56
3.3.1 ...................................... 57
3.3.2 .............................. 59
3.3.3 .............................. 62
3.4 .................................... 72
3.4.1 ......................................... 72
3.4.2 ...................... 77
3.5 ...................................................................... 78
3.6 ............................................................................................. 79
....... 81
4.1 ..................................................................................................... 81
4.2 ............................. 82
4.2.1 .................................................................................... 82
4.2.2 ANSYS ............................. 82
13
4.2.3 ................................................................................... 84
4.2.4 ................................................................................... 86
20
4.2.5 ................................................................ 88
4.3 ............................. 92
4.3.1 ................................................. 92
4.3.2 ................... 97
4.4 ...... 98
4.4.1 .................................................................... 98
4.4.2. ........................................................................... 99
4.4.3 ....................................................... 100
4.5 .............. 104
4.5.1 .......................................................... 105
4.5.2 .............................................................. 106
ii
2013
4.6 ................................. 108

4.6.1 ...................................................... 108
4.6.2 .........................111
4.6.3 ........................ 113
4.6.4 ............ 118
4.7 ............................................................................................ 123
.................125
5.1 ................................................................................................... 125
5.2 ........................................................................................... 125
5.2.1 ..................................................................... 126
5.2.2 ..................................................................... 126

5.3 ........................... 127
5.3..1 ............... 127
5.3.2 ................... 130

5.3.3 .... 132
5.4 ..................................... 132

5.4 ...................... 135
5.5 .................. 137

5.6 ........................................................................................... 139
.................141
13
6.1 ................................................................................................... 141

6.2 ............................................................................................ 142
20
6.2.1 ................................................................................. 143

6.2.2 .......................................................... 143
6.2.3 ................................................................. 145

6.3 .......................................... 146
6.3.1 ................................................................. 146
6.3.2 ................................................................. 147
6.3.3 ................................................................................. 148
6.3.4 ................................................................. 149
6.3.5 ................................................................. 149
6.3.6 ......................................................................... 149
6.3.7 ........................................................... 151
iii
2013
6.4 .......................................... 152

6.4.1 ................................................................................. 152
6.4.2 ................................................................................. 153
6.4.3 ................................................................................. 154
6.5 .............................. 157
6.5.1 .......................................................... 157
6.5.2 ...................................................... 160
6.5.3 ................................................................................. 165
6.5.4 ......................................................................... 167
6.6 .............................. 169
6.6.1 ............................................................... 169

6.6.2 .................................................................................. 172
6.6.3 ......................................................................... 174

6.7 ...................... 176
6.7.1 ............................................................... 176
6.7.2 ................................................................................. 178

6.7.3 .......................................................................... 179
6.8 H ........................... 180

6.8.1 ............................................................... 180
6.8.2 ................................................................................. 183
6.8.3 .......................................................................... 184
13
6.9 ......................................... 185

6.10 .................................... 187
20
6.10.1 ................................................. 187

6.10.2 ................................................................. 188
6.10.3 ......................................................................... 190
6.11 ......................................................................................... 191
.............. 193
7.1 ................................................................................................... 193
7.2 ................................................. 194
7.2.1 ................................................................................. 194
7.2.2 ................................................................................. 195
7.3 .............................................. 197
iv
2013
7.4 .............................................. 199

7.4.1 ........................ 199
7.4.2 ................ 200
7.4.3 ............... 201
7.4.4 ................ 202
7.4.5 ................ 205
7.5 ..................................... 208
7.5.1 .................................................. 208
7.5.2 ........................... 209
7.6 ........................................................................................... 210
.........................213
8.1 ................................................................................................... 213
8.2 ........................................................................................... 214
8.2.1 ......................................................................... 214

8.2.2 ........................................................... 215
8.2.3 ....................... 217

8.3 ................................................................................... 217
8.4 ........................................................ 220

8.4.1 ............................................................... 220
8.4.2 ........................................... 221
8.4.3 ................ 227
13
8.5 ............................................. 230
20
8.6 ............................................................ 231

8.7 ........................................................................................... 231
.................................................233
9.1 .................................................................................................... 233
9.2 ........................................................................................ 235
..........................................................237
................................................251
..........................................................257
2013
13
20
2013

1.1
2008 2009 2010
[1-9]
2
[10]
Tensegrity 20 R.B.Fuller
[11-13]
13
20
M.Saitoh 20 80 Beam String Structure

[14-19]
Hosei
M.kawagucki 1993
1
2013
[20-21]
Cable
Supported Structural System

[4]
[22]
[23][24]
13
1.2
20
20
1-1
145m
1-1
2013
1-1
/m
35
46
35.4
15
18.5
130110
119.979.9
2008
93
122
87.18
94
13382
108
76
81
72
145116
93
58
10397
20
13
166m
166m
200m
-3-
2013
(a)
(b)
1-1
20 90
1-2 1994 3
1997 3
13
1-3
1998 [98]9
20
[25]2000
35.4m 1-4
(a)
(b)
1-2
4
2013
(a)
(b)
1-3
(a)
(b)
1-4
21
13
[26] 15m 1-5 2004

18.5m 1-6 [27-28]
20
2008 2009
15m
145.4m
[29] 119.9m
79.9m 1-7 2008 [30-35] 93m
1-8 [36-37] 87m 1-9
[38-39] 122m 1-10
[40] 130m 110m 1-11
[41] 94m 1-12
[42] 90m 1-13
5
2013
[43] 91.4m 108m 1-14

76m 1-15 [44] 81m
1-16 [45] 72m 1-17
145.4m 116.4m 1-18
[46] 1-19
(a)
(b)
13
1-5
1-7
20
1-6
1-8 2008
1-9
2013
1-11
1-10
1-13
20
13
1-12
1-14
1-15
1-16
1-17
2013
1-18
1-19
1.3
1.3.1
13
[47]
[48]
20
[49]
+
1.3.2
[21]
[50]
8
2013
[51-52]
[53] NSGA-
1.3.3
1993
[54]
3m 0.45m1
1 3
2 1.5
[20] 200m
30m
13
20
1998
[55][50]
[56,57]1
22
[58]
[27-28]
9
2013
[59]
[3260-63] 1
2
[34]
[64]
[65]
[66] B2R
[67]
[68]
0.020.03
13
[6976]
[69][72]
20
7%
[73]
[76]
1.3.4
1
2
10
2013
[77]
[78]
[79]
[33,34]
[34]
[39]
[80]
[81]
[40,82]
1.3.5
13
20
1
2
1-20
11
2013
1-20
1-21 2008
1-21 2008
1-22
13
1-22
1-23 2008
20
1-23
1-24
12
2013
1-24
1-25
1-25
[83]
1.4
1.4.1
13
20
2008
2009
13
2013
1.4.2
1
2
20
13
1.4.3
20
= 2.06 1011 1.2 105 =

ET
1 2.47MPa
60-20
80
197.6 MPa Q235 84% Q345 57%
20 60
14
2013
,2010 12 15
35 1-26
1-26
13
20
2010 7 6 40.6
1951 7 14
60 68 68.32010
10cm
[84]
15
2013
1.5
1.4
13
20
16
2013

2.1
7 5
20
13
2-1
2-1
2008
JGJ 130-2001
[85]
17
2013
[86-89]
2009
5 1 2010 3 14
9
[90-95]
[96-104]
ANSYSABAQUS
[105-107]
2.2
13
20
500mm~600mm
2-1
18
2013
2-2
20
13
2-1
2-2
2.3 -
2.3.1
19
2013
ANSYS
BEAM188 COMBIN14
ANSYS
1
BEAM188
2
2-3 N Hi NVi N Li =
i 1, 2,3 NVi N Hi
N Li N Hi NVi N Li
N Li NVi
N Hi NVi NVi N Hi
NVi N Li COMBIN14
13
COMBIN14
20
3
BEAM188
N bi N vmi =
i 1, 2,3 N bi
N vmi N bi N vmi
20
2013
ANSYS
2-3
2.3.2
2.3.1
15
[105]
14
13
14 12
2-4 2-2 2
20
2-5 2-6 2-3
8m
10m
2-7
14 2-4
2-8 2-9
2-4
21
2013
1 ST13 ST14 12
ST13 ST14
2 24
20
13
b
2-4
22
2013
2-2 12
Spec #
H_1
(1)
S_1S_2
/m
(2)
H_2
/m
(3)
/m
H_3
(4)
H_4
/m
Area_2(7)
(5)
/m
Area_1
(6)
NE
(8)
NW NS NN
NST
1.48
0.90.94
8.15
0.2
0.55
55
ST2
1.23
0.90.94
8.15
0.2
0.55
55
ST 3
1.23
0.90.6
8.15
0.2
0.55
55
ST 4
0.92
0.90.6
8.15
0.2
0.55
55
ST 5
0.9
0.60.6
8.15
0.4
0.55
55
ST 6
0.6
0.40.4
8.15
0.2
0.5
55
12
ST 7
1.47
1.21.27
8.15
0.3
0.5
44
ST 8
1.47
1.21.27
7.65
0.3
44
ST 9
1.8
1.51.5
7.5
0.4
33
ST1
1.5
1.21.27
5.5
0.2
0.8
44
ST 11
1.5
1.21.26
5.2
0.2
0.5
44
ST 12
1.5
0.90.94
5.2
0.2
0.5
55
(7)
S_1 S_2
H_3 ;
(5)
H_4 U ;
(6)
(3)
H_2
Area_1
(4)
(2)
(1)
H_1
ST 10
Area_2 NE NW
(8)
NS NN NST
20
13
b
2-5 ST13
23
2013
(b)
(a)
(c)
2-6 ST14
2-3
H_3/m
H_4/m
S_1S_2/m
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.60.6
1.5
0.2
0.5
0.90.94
13
T14
20
T13
H_1/m
2-7
24
2013
2 ST1ST5ST13ST14
ST1 ST13
ST5 ST14 ST13 ST14
ST1 ST5 22.22% 53.52%
ST5 ST1
3 U
28.7%
2-4
pcr /kN
Spec #
pcr_E
pcr_NL
pcr_E / pcr_NL
Error/ %
27.837
20.54
1.355
-11.54
26.81
20.39
1.315
-14.18
23.22
ST2
23.76
ST 3
25.26
37.184
25.63
1.451
1.47
ST 4
28.76
42.301
30.33
1.395
5.46
21.17
21.991
16.08
1.368
-23.39
20.68
31.342
22.80
1.375
10.25
ST 7
11.80
12.21
9.86
1.238
-16.44
ST 8
12.22
15.155
10.21
1.484
-16.49
ST 9
7.6
11.255
8.25
1.364
8.55
ST 10
11.30
12.61
9.55
1.320
-15.49
ST 11
13.68
14.69
10.23
1.436
-25.22
ST 12
25.89
27.07
18.46
1.466
-28.70
ST 13
32.5
77.22
34.13
2.12
5.02
ST 14
28.38
68.56
30.32
2.26
6.84
ST 6
20
ST 5
ST1
13
pcr_test
pcr_test = pcr_E = ;
=
Error
pcr_NL =
pcr_NL pcr_test
pcr_test
100
25
2013
2ST2
6ST6
7ST7
4ST4
8ST8
5ST5
3 ST3
1ST1
10ST10
11ST11
20
13
9ST9
12ST12
13ST13
14ST14
2-8 14
(1) ST1
(2) ST2
(3) ST3
2-9 14
26
2013
(5) ST5
(6) 6
(4) ST4
(8) 8
(9) 9
20
13
(7) 7
(10) 10
(11) 11
13 13
(12) 12
(14) 14
2-9 14
27
2013
2.3.3
55 P48 mm x 3.5 mm
2-5
2-5
/kN.m
/m
/m
/m
/m
/m
8~20
1.2
11
0.5
16
0.62.4
11
0.5
16
1.2
0.52.0
0.5
16
1.2
11
16
1.2
11
16
1.2
0.90.9
16
1.2
0.90.9
0.2
7.9
0.2
7.9
01
0.2
7.48.4
0.5
0.20.5
7.98.2
0.5
0.2
9.3
0.5
0.2
9.3
0.2
7.9
2-10
1
13
3
4
20
2-5 2-6
6 7 Ya
Ya 2-1
p
Ya = c ,n
pc
2-1
pc ,n n
pc
28
2013
20
13
2-10
2-6
5~9
1~4
10
5~9
1~4
29
2013
6 7
2-11
30%
2-11
2.3.2 ST14
2-7 6
2-7 2-7
13
20
2-7
/kN
2.3
34.13
34.49
34.31
20.05
2.3
33.34
2.3
34.09
30
2013
4 33.96kN
34.13kN 0.4
2-12 2-12
13
dU
20
e
f
2-12
31
2013
2 0.0m0.4m
0.4m
2.4 -
2.4.1
2.3
[108-111]
2-13a 12
20
13
2-13b
2-13
2.3
2-8 2-9
2-13
32
2013
c
f v
2-13d f v
Pcr = Ya
2 EI
( f v Kh )
2-2
EI
f v
h
Ya
2 s
s s
1
4 sn
5 A ' B '
20
13
6 A B
KZ
B
B
B'
A'
A'
B'
KZ
B
2-14 s
2-14 AB A A 2-3
=
A '+ A
2-3
A
A M A ' A '
6 EI A'
2 EI
'
'
=
MA
(2 A +=
B )
L
L
'
2-4
33
2013
M A ' A A M A ' A
M A' = s n A
2-5
2-42-52-3
A = MA /sMAA
MA 'L MA ' MA
+
=
2-6
6 EI
sn
s
MA = MA2-5
L
1 1
+ =
2-7
6 EI sn s
s :
6 EIsn
s=
2-8
6 EI + Lsn
2-9
20
13
2-15 2-9
12 EIsn
s=
12 EI + Lsn
2-15 s
2-16
L
0.5m~2.0m 2-82-9 s
2.6%~9.6% 1m
5%2-8
s
3 K
2-16
2-8 h
34
2013
x y
y (4) ( x) + k 2 y (2) ( x) =
0
2-10
=
EI Kh
2-10
k
=
2-11
=
y ( x) A sin(kx) + B cos(kx) + Cx + D
y (0) = 0
M = 0
EIy ''(0) =
sy '(0)
M = 0
F = 0
2-13
2-14
EIy ''(h) =
sy '(h)
2-15
2-12
EIy '''(h) Py '(h) =

0
2-16
yx2-13~2-16
A-D2-13~2-16
0
0
1
0
2
sk
EIk
s
EIk 2 sin(kh) + sk cos(kh) EIk 2 cos(kh) sk sin(kh) s
3
3
EIk cos(kh) + Pk cos(kh) EIk sin(kh) Pk sin(kh) P
1
0
=0
0
2-17
2-112-17
13
2
4 EI 2
32 EI
4 EI 2
8
co
(
s
)
( ) 1
K 4 EI + sh K
4 EI + sh 4 EI + sh K
sh
6
4 EI + sh
0
sin () =
K
20
2-18
2-18 2-16 K
4 fv
fv
fv
2-16 K
Kd
fv =
Kd =
Kd
=
K
P
Pd
2-19
2 EI
2-20
Pd H 2
35
2013
K=
2 EI
2-21
PH 2
K
K d
P
Pd
H
P
Pd fv
480
U fv
1 8 kNm
- 20 kNm 16 kNm2 0.5 m 3.0 m3

0.1 m - 0.3 m4U 0 - 0.8 m5 1-30
2-8 2-17
2-17 1U f v
2 f v
f v
20 f v
20 f v
20
Case #
/kN.m
/m
/m
U /m
8~20
0.9
0.2
0.5
130
20
13
2-8 f v
20
0.53.0
0.2
0.5
130
20
0.9
0.10.3
0.5
130
20
0.9
0.2
0.20.7
130
5 Ya
Ya 2.3
Ya
=
y1 0.1692 x + 1.0011
2-22
2-23
2-24
y2 =
0.0143 x + 0.1624 x + 1.0007
2
Ya = y1 + y2 1
x
36
2013
y1
y2
3
4U
2-17
13
20
1
22-8
s
32-18 K
42-22~2-24 Ya
5 f v 2-2
6 1-5
2.3 12
2-9
37
2013
2-9
pcr /kN
pcr_test
pcr_NL
Error /%
pcr_sim
Diff/%
23.22
20.54
25.18
18.55
10.73
ST2
23.76
20.39
24.14
19.14
6.53
ST 3
25.26
25.63
1.98
24.77
3.47
ST 4
28.76
30.33
-2.81
29.59
2.5
ST 5
21.17
16.08
30.28
16.25
-1.05
ST 6
20.68
22.80
-8.25
22.54
1.15
ST 7
11.80
9.86
25.13
9.43
4.56
ST 8
12.22
10.21
15.94
ST 9
7.6
8.25
-12.74
ST 10
11.30
9.55
13.80
ST 11
13.68
10.23
39.02
ST 12
25.89
ST1
-3.13
8.71
-5.28
9.93
-3.83
9.84
3.96
18.43
0.16
10.54
18.46
40.48
pcr _ sim pcr _ NL
pcr_sim pcr_test
=
100
=
100 Diff
: Error
pcr _ sim
pcr_sim
2.4.2
13
U U
20
2-18a
kb
U
U
U U
U 2-18
38
2013
A B 2-18 B
kr
b B
c C
a A
2-18
2-18b
2-18b 2-18c
2-18c
2-18c
20
13
2-19
2-19
2-20 kb
2 kbr
2-19
kbr= kb + k p n
2-25
n
2-18a kb
39
2013
kb 2-20 2-20
2-26
Lz La kb 2-27
k1 =
384 EI
5 L4a
2-26
384 EI
Lz
5 L4a
=
kb k=
1 Lz
2-27
2-18b kbr
k p 2-21
2-21a
2-21b 2-21a 2-21b
13
2-21c
2-21 krs
ct 2-82-9
20
2-21c k p 2-21 B
B A A B
4 EI
2 EI
6 EI
M AB =
A +
B
2-28
h
h
h h
4 EI
2 EI
6 EI
M BA =
B +
A
2-29
h
h
h h
6 EI
6 EI
12 EI
FQAB =
FQBA =
2 A 2 B + 3
2-30
h
h
h
6 EI
6 EI
12 EI
H + kb 2 A 2 B + 3 =
0
2-31
h
h
h
4 EI
2 EI
6 EI
0
kr A =
A +
B
2-32
h
h
h h
40
2013
4 EI
2 EI
6 EI
ct B =
0
B +
A
2-33
h
h
h h
2-312-33 =1
EI
(kr + ct ) + kr ct
12 EI
h
=
k=
H
2-34
p
h3 EI 2 4 EI
(kr + ct ) kr ct
12
h
h
3 kr
2-18b kr 2-20
krs 2-21a
4 EI
=
kr
+ ct
h
krm 2-21b 2-21c
2-35
2-19
2-19
2-19
2-36
EIy2 + Py2 =
0
2-37
13
EIy1'''' + Py1'' =
0
''''
''
20
2
k = P EI
=
y1 C1 sin kx + C2 cos kx + C3 x + C4
2-38a
y = C1k cos kx C2 k sin kx + C3
2-38b
y =
C1k sin kx C2 k cos kx
2-38c
y1''' =
C1k 3 cos kx + C2 k 3 sin kx
2-38d
'
1
''
1
M 1x =
EIy =
C1 P sin kx + C2 P cos kx
2-38e
Q1x = PC3
=
y2 D1 sin kx + D2 cos kx + D3 x + D4
2-38f
2-38g
y2' = D1k cos kx D2 k sin kx + D3
2-38h
y =
D1k sin kx D2 k cos kx
2-38i
y2''' =
D1k 3 cos kx + D2 k 3 sin kx
2-38j
M 2x =
EIy =
D1 P sin kx + D2 P cos kx
2-38k
''
''
2
''
41
2013
Q2 x = PD3
2-38l
1A y1(0) = 0
'
0
2A M 1(0) + kr y1(0) =
0
3B Q1( h ) + Q2( h ) + cr y1( h ) =
'
0
4B : M 1( h ) + M 2( h ) ct y1( h ) =
5C M 2( h + a ) = 0
6C Q2( h + a ) = 0
7B y1( h ) = y2( h )
'
'
8B y1( h ) = y2( h )
8 8
2-39.
k k
k P = k 2 EI
2-39
13
20
nl
2-40
2-41
p
nl = L
pNL
p
pNL = L
nl
2-40
2-41
ANSYS
0.5m2.0m
ct 14 kN/rad19 kN/rad 0.5m
2.0m kr 35 kN/rad140 kN/rad kbr 15
42
2013
kNm/rad30 kNm/rad 0.3m0.8m

5
16 16
2-10 2-10 nl 1.151.35
1.35
2-10 nl
kr
kbr
ct
/kNm/rad
/kNm/rad
/kNm/rad
PL
PNL
/m
/m
/kN
/kN
nl
15
14
0.3
0.5
53.01
44.54
1.19
35
20
16
0.5
1.0
34.98
30.36
1.15
35
25
18
0.6
1.5
36.28
29.89
1.21
35
30
19
0.8
2.0
32.78
24.53
1.34
70
15
16
0.6
2.0
31.37
26.36
1.19
70
20
14
0.8
1.5
24.79
20.78
1.19
70
25
19
0.3
1.0
58.07
47.97
1.21
70
30
18
0.5
0.5
51.81
40.04
1.29
105
15
18
0.8
1.0
26.58
22.16
1.20
105
20
19
0.6
0.5
46.34
35.23
1.32
105
25
14
0.5
2.0
42.94
34.29
1.25
105
30
16
0.3
1.5
59.14
48.66
1.22
140
15
19
0.5
1.5
37.98
31.80
1.19
140
20
18
0.3
2.0
53.63
45.50
1.18
25
16
0.8
0.5
33.33
25.80
1.29
30
14
0.6
1.0
36.41
29.32
1.24
13
140
20
140
35
2.3
2-11 .
2-11
H/m
a/m
La/m
Lz/m
L/m
T13
0.9
0.5
3.0
0.6
0.6
T14
1.5
0.5
4.5
0.9
0.94
43
2013
2-12
30.59kN 27.62kN 6.24 2.7
2-12
kb
kr
kbr
ct
/ kN/m
/ kN m rad
/ kN/m
/ kN m rad
/kN
/kN
/kN
29.86
32.5
8.13
30.59
32.5
5.86
/100
10.03
96.85
10.03
18.46
40.31
T13
10.03
97.87
10.03
19.48
41.30
T14
2.97
64.58
16.16
17.54
35.94
30.36
28.38
6.19
T14
2.97
66.00
16.46
18.96
37.29
31.43
27.62
2.67
T13
2.5
13
20
4 0.0.4m
0.4m
44
2013

3.1
19 1-1
12
13
20
1
2
3
,
2008
45
2013
2009
3-1 3-2
20
13
3-1 2008
3-2
2008
3-3
46
2013
3-3
[112-114]
1[115-116]
2-
[117-119] 3
[120-121]
[122-132]
13
20
ANSYS APDL
ANSYS
2
ABAQUS
3
ABAQUS
47
2013
3.2
3.2.1
ANSYSABAQUS
ANSYS
1 ANSYS LINK10
4 3
20
13
35
3-4
48
2013
3-4
3.2.2
3-5
3-6
3-5
20
13
3-6
49
2013
3.2.3
3-7a
T2 = T1
3-1

1
3-7
T1 T2 , T1 T2
3-7
13
3-7b 3-7a
T T + T
20
3-7c
dN dF dF = dN
d
d
Fx = 0; T cos( 2 ) + dN (T + dT ) cos( 2 ) = 0
= 0; dN (T + dT ) sin(
d
d
) T sin( ) = 0
2
2
3-2
3-3
d sin( d 2) = d 2 cos(d 2) = 1
dT d 2
dN = dT
3-4
50
2013
dN = Td
3-5
dN
dT
= d
T
3-6
3-6 = 0 T = T1 = T = T2
T2
T1
dT
= d
0
T
ln
3-7
T2
=
T1
3-8
3-8 T2
=
T2 T=
T1
1e
= e
3-10
3-9
3-7a T1 T2
3-11
T2 =T1 + (T1 + T2 ) cos

( 2 ) = T1
13
1 + cos(( - ) / 2)
1 cos(( - ) / 2)
3-12
20
3-103-12
3-10
3.2.4
3-5 3-6
=
Ei (i 1, 2, , n + 1) 3-5
Si (i = 1, 2, , n)
I J I
xi (i = 1, 2, , n) i
51
2013
3-5 1
x x
x1
EA1 + F1 2 1 EA2 + F2
=
l1
l2
3-13a
(i 2
3 , n 1)
i=
x x
xi xi 1
=
EAi + Fi i +1 i EAi +1 + Fi +1
li
li +1
3-13b
n
xn
xn xn 1
EA=
EAn +1 + Fn +1
n + Fn
ln
ln +1
3-13c
3-13
EA1 EA2
EA2
+
F2 F1
x1
x2 =
l2
l1
l2
EAi
EAi EAi +1
EAi +1
+
xi 1 +
xi
xi +1 = Fi +1 Fi
li +1
li
li
li +1
EAn
EAn EAn +1
+
xn 1 +
xn = Fn +1 Fn
ln +1
ln
ln
3-14a
3-14b
3-14c
3-14 3-14
3-14 A i
Fi li
3-14
13
3-14
20
( x1 )
( x2 x1 ) ... ( xi xi 1 ) ... ( xn xn1 ) , ( xn )
3-15
( x1 ) + ( x2 x1 ) +...+ ( xi xi 1 ) +...+ ( xn xn1 ) + ( xn ) =0
3-16
3-16
3-17
3-17 ANSYS
L1 =
x1
1T T1 L1 =
3-17a
52
2013
Li =xi xi 1
i = 2 ~ n T Ti Li =
3-17b
Ln +1 =
xn
n + 1 T Tn +1 Ln +1 =
3-17c
3.2.5
(i 1, 2, , n)
fi=
fi =1 fi =-1
3-6 1
x2 x1
x1 xn
EA
EA1 + F1 f1
=
n + Fn
ln
l1
3-18a
xi +1 xi
xi xi 1
EAi=
EAi + Fi fi
1 + Fi 1
li 1
li
(i 2
3 , n 1)
3-6 =
3-18b
3-6 n
x x
xn xn 1
+ Fn 1 1 n EAn + Fn fn
EAn 1=
ln 1
ln
3-18c
EA
EA1 f1
f1 F1 Fn
x
x2 n xn =
1
l
l
1
n
13
EAi 1 EAi fi
EAi 1
EAi fi
+
xi 1 +
xi +1 = fi Fi Fi 1
xi
li 1
li
li
li 1
EA
EAn fn
EA
EA fn
x1 n 1 xn 1 + n 1 + n
ln
ln 1
ln
ln 1
20
3-19a
EAn EA1 f1
+
l1
ln
3-18
fn
xn = Fn Fn 1
3-19b
3-19c
3-193-19
3-19
( x1 xn )
( x2 x1 ) ( x3 x2 ) ... ( xi xi 1 ) ... ( xn xn1 )
3-20
0
( x1 xn ) + ( x2 x1 ) + ( x3 x2 ) +...+ ( xi xi 1 ) +...+ ( xn xn1 ) =
3-21
3-21
53
2013
3-223-23
3-223-23
ANSYS
L1 =
x1 xn
1 T T1 L1 =
3-22
Li =xi xi 1
i = 2 ~ n T Ti Li =
3-23
3-5 3-6
ANSYS
APDL
3.2.6
3.2
1 3-6
n n 3-6
13
20
1 1
2 2
1 ANSYS
54
2013
2
ANSYS
3 2 1
error _1
j
4 Fi i
j
5 Fi= Fi +1 Fi
MAX ( Fi ) error _1
7 6
6 MAX ( Fi ) error _1
23 n
7 2 error _ 2 error _ 2
13
3.2.7
20
3-8
3-8 80kN
26mm 50 kN mm 2
124 3-1 1
2 124
3-1
55
2013
3-8
F2y(kN)
F3y(kN)
S1(mm)
S2(mm)
(mm)
19.47
69.41
49.94
3.67
9.31
15.34
19.47
69.42
49.95
3.67
9.31
15.34
0.01
0.02
F1y(kN)
3-1
20
13
3.3
56
2013
3.3.1
3-9
1 2 2
3-9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
E
A
k2 = 2 2
L2 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-24
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-25
20
13
1
0
0
E
A
k1 = 1 1
L1 1
0
1 2
57
2013
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
0
T2 =
0
0
0
0
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-26
0
0
0
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-27
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 cos
0 sin
0
0
sin
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 cos
0 sin
0
0
cos
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
0
T1 =
0
0
Cx = cos C y = sin Dx = cos Dy = sin

i
13
20
Cx C y
C y2
0
Dx2
0 Dx Dy
0
0
0
Dx2
0 Dx Dy
0
0
Dx Dy
Dy2
0
0 Cx2
0 Cx C y
0
0
0
Cx2
0 CxC y
0
0
Cx C y
C y2
0
Dx Dy
Dy2
0
Dx2
Dx Dy
2
E A 0
k = 2 2
l2 Dx2
D D
x y
0
CxC y
C y2
0
Cx2
CxC y
1
EA 0
k = 1 1
l1 Cx2
C C
x y
0
12 k = TiT k i Ti
Dx Dy
Dy2
0
CxC y
C y2
0
Dx Dy
Dy2
0
0
0
0
0
3-28
0
0
0
0
3-29
A B
K = B C
0 D
Cx2
E1 A1
CxC y
A =
l1
0
CxC y
C y2
0
0
D
E
0
0
3-30
3-31
58
2013
0
0
3-32
E1 A1 2 E2 A2 2
Cx +
Dx
l1
l2
E1 A1 E1 A1
E A
C=
Cx C y + 2 2 Dx Dy
l1
l
l2
1
Dx Dy
Dy2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-34
3-35
Dx2
E A
E = 2 2 Dx Dy
l2
0
Dx Dy
Dy2
E1 A1 2 E2 A2 2
Cy +
Dy
l1
l2
0 3-33
Dx2
E A
D = 2 2 Dx Dy
l2
0
E1 A1
E A
Cx C y + 2 2 Dx Dy
l1
l2
Cx C y
C y2
Cx2
EA
B = 1 1 Cx C y
l1
0
3.3.2
3-10 3
1 2 3 1
2 3 1
13
23
20
4 1 3 2 3
3-10
3 ( x1, y1 , z1 ) , ( x2, y2 , z2 ) , and ( x3, y3 , z3 )
59
2013
l= l1 + l2
(3-36)
l12 = ( x3 x1 ) 2 + ( y3 y1 ) 2 + ( z3 z1 ) 2
(3-37)
l22 = ( x3 x2 ) 2 + ( y3 y2 ) 2 + ( z3 z2 ) 2
(3-38)
( X 1,Y1 , Z1 )( X 2,Y2 , Z 2 ) X 3,Y3 , Z 3 )

( u1, v1 , w1 )( u2, v2 , w2 ) ( u3, v3 , w3 )
x=
X i + ui ; y=
Yi + vi ; z=
Z i + wi
i
i
i
( i = 1, 2,3 )
(3-39)
e11 A0 dL = P d
(3-40)
(3-41)
d = ( u1 v1 w1 u2 v2 w2 u3 v3 w3 )T
11
e11 Green Lagrange S11 Piola Kirchhoff L
P d A0
(3-42)
(3-43)
e11 = B d
S11 e11 A0 L = P d
3-40
13
9 3-433-42
S11 BA0 L d = P d
(3-44)
20
S11 BA0 L = P
(3-45)
K d =
P
(3-46)
K
=
K
( S11 BA0 L)
S
B
= A0 LBT 11 + A0 LS11
d
d
d
(3-47)
Piola Kirchhoff
60
2013
S11 = S110 + S11T + Ee11
(3-48)
S110 S11T E
0
T
S11 ( S11 + S11 + Ee11 )
e11
=
= E=
EB
d
d
d
(3-49)
Green-Lagrange
( l1 + l2 ) ( L )
2
e11 =
(3-50)
2 L2
3-503-49
y1
l1
( 1)
l2
x2
=
0 0 0 ( 1)
d
l2
y
( 1) 2
l2
x
l
= ( 1) 1
d
l1
( 1)
x1
l1
z
( 1) 2
l2
( 1)
y2
l2
(3-51)
z1
l1
y1
l1
(3-52)
T
x2
l2
y2
l2
z2
l2
( 1)
z2
l2
x2 x1
+
l2
l1
(3-53)
y2 y1
+
l2
l1
z2 z1
+
l2
l1
(3-54)
y1
l1
z1
x1
0 0 0
l1
l1
( 1)
( 1)
l2
d + d
l1
x
= ( 1) 1
d
l1
( l1 + l2 ) l1
( l1 + l2 )2 ( L )2
l l
2 L2
e11
=
B =
=
=
d
d
L2 d
13
l l
2
2
B
L d 1 l l + l l
= =
2
d
d
L d d
d 2
20
x12 l12
3
l1
x1y1
x z
1 1
l
=
(
1)
d 2
sym
(3-50)
x1z1
y12 l12
l13
y1z1
(1) x1y1
y1z1
z12 l12
l13
(1) x1z1
(1) y1z1
x22 l22
l23
x2 y2
x2 z2
(1)
x22 l22
l23
(1) x2 y2
x2 y2
y l
l23
y2 z2
(1) x2 y2
x2 z2
y2 z2
y22 l22
l23
(1) x2 z2
2
2
2
2
(1)
x12 l12
l13
x1y1
x l
x l
+
l23
l13
2
1
2
1
2
2
(1) x1y1
(1)
(1)
y12 l12
l13
y22 l22
l23
(1) y2 z2
2
2
x1y1 + x2 y2
x1y1 + x2 y2
y12 l12 y22 l22

+
l13
l23
x1z1 + x2 z2
y1z1 + y2 z2
(1) y1z1
z12 l12
(1)
3
l1
(1) x2 z2
(1) y2 z2
y22 l22
(1)
l23
x1z1 + x2 z2
y1z1 + y2 z2
z12 l12 z22 l22

+
l13
l23
(1) x1z1
(3-51)
61
2013
3-533-513-50 B d 3-43
~(3-51(3-42)
3.3.3
3-11
3-12~3-15 1 2
20
13
3-11
3-12 1
62
2013
3-13 2
20
13
3-14 1
3-15 2
3-12 3-13 1 2
63
2013
3-52
f 2(2 ) k (2 )
= (2 )
(2 )
f 3 k
u 2

( 2 ) u 2 + s 2
u 3
1
1
1
1
(2 )
=
k
k (2 ) u 3 + s3
1
1 1
1 s 2

s3
3-53
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
(2 )
,
k
=
L(1)
L(2 )
(3-54)
k (1) =
f1(1) k (1)
= (1)
(1)
k
f 2
u1

(1) u1 + s1
1
1
1
1
u 2
k
(1)
=
k
k (1) u 2 + s 2
1
1 1
1 s1

s 2
3-14 3-15 1 2
20
u 2
(2 )

u 3 0
=
s 2 0
0
s3
13
u1
(1)

u 2 0
=
s1 0
0
s 2
(2 )
0 F2
( 2 ) F ( 2 )
3
3-55
3-56
f 2(2 ) (2 )
=
f 3(2 ) 0
(1)
0 F1
(1) F (1)
2
f1(1) (1)
=
f 2(1) 0
(1)
0
0
( 2 )
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0 2

0 s1
1
s 2
3-57
0
0
1
0
2
0
0 3

0 s 2
1
s3
3-58
{F ( )}= [ f ( )
1
1
x1
f y(11)
f z(11)
3-59
64
2013
{F ( )}= [ f ( )
f y(21)
{F ( )}= [ f ( )
f y(22 )
f z(22 )
3-61
{F ( )}= [ f ( )
{ } = [
{ } = [
f y(32 )
f z(32 )
3-62
1
x2
2
x2
2
x3
x1
f z(21)
y1
3-63
{ 3 } = [ x
x2
3-60
]
]
3-64
3-65
1
x
(y1) (z1) ]
2
x
(y2 ) (z2 ) ]
[( ) ] = [( )
[( ) ] = [( )
x2 x1
y2 y1
z2 z1
y(1) =
z(1)
=
1
(1)
(1)
L
L
L( )
x3 x2
y3 y2
z3 z2
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
=
=
=
x
y
z
2
2
2
L( )
L( )
L( )
x( )
=
3-66
3-67
3-68
k (1s)
(1)
k
(1)
(1)
k s
20
13
(1)
k
F1(1)
=
(1)
(1)
F2 61 k
(2 )
k
F2(2 )
=
(2 )
(2 )
F3 61 k
(2 )
k
k (2s )
(2 )
k
k (2s )
1

k (1s) 2

(1)
k s 68 s1

s2 81
2

k (2s ) 3

(2 )
k s 68 s2

s3 81
3-69
3-70
[k ( ) ]
[k ( ) ]
{k ( )}
1
33
[ ] [( ) ]
= k ( ) [( ) ] [( ) ]
= k ( ) [( ) ]
= k (1) (1)
2
33
1
s 31
2 T
1 T
3-71
3-72
3-73
65
2013
{k ( )}
2
s
31
[ ]
= k (2 ) (2 )
3-74
2

K S ]910
S 101
{F }91 = [K
(3-75)
(1)
(2 )
k + k
(2 )
k (1s)
[K S ] = k(1s) + k(2s )
k (2s )
91
S = s2
0
(2 )
k
(2 )
k
99
(1)
k
(1)
k
[K ] = k(1)
0
3-76
3-77
3-78
2 3.2
2
f 2(2 ) = 2 f 2(1)
3-79
20
13
f1(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
=k
(1) (1)
f 2(1)
f 2(2 )
(3 )
(3 )
(2 )
=k
(3 ) (3 )
f 3(2 )
1

1 1 2

1 s1
1

s2
2

1 1 3

1 s2
1

s3
3-80
3-81
3-803-813-79
66
2013
k s(2 )
2 k (1) 2 k (1) + k (2 )
2 k (1) 2 k (1) + k (2 )
(2 )
0 = 2 k s(1) 2 k s(1) + k s(2 )
k (2 )(2 )
1

2

3

s1

s2

s3
0 = 2 k (1)(1) 2 k (1)(1) + k (2 )(2 )
[k ( ) ] = k ( ) [( ) ] [k ( ) ] = k ( ) [( ) ]
1
s
2
s
1

2

3
(2 )

k
s1

s2

s3
3-82
3-83
3-84
12 3-83
13
20
{0} = [K S

K SS ]110
S 101
[K S ] = [ 2 k s(1)
(3-85)
2 k s(1) + k s(2 ) k s(2 ) ]
3-86
K SS = 2 k (1) + k (2 )
(3-87)
(3-75)(3-87)

F
= [K ]1010
S 101
0 101
3-88
,
(1)
(1)
k
k
(1)
(1)
( 2)
k
+ k
K K S k
=
[ K ] =

( 2)
k
K S K SS 0
(1)
(1)
( 2)
2 ks 2 ks + ks
k( s)
1
2
k( s) + k( s )
2
k( s )
2 k (1) + k ( 2)
1
0
( )
k
2
( )
k
2
ks()
2
3-89
67
2013
(1)
k
(2 )
k
=
( x2 x1 )2
E A
(x x1 )( y2 y1 )
=
3 2
L(1)
( x2 x1 )(z 2 z1 )
( y2 y1 )(x2 x1 ) (z2 z1 )(x2 x1 )
( y2 y1 )2
(z2 z1 )( y2 y1 ) 3-90
( y2 y1 )(z2 z1 )
(z2 z1 )2
(x3 x2 )2
(x3 x2 )( y3 y2 )
( x x )( z z )
3 2 3 2
( y3 y2 )(x3 x2 ) (z3 z2 )(x3 x2 )
( y3 y2 )2
(z3 z2 )( y3 y2 ) 3-91
( y3 y2 )(z3 z2 )
(z3 z2 )2
(1) (1)
[ ]
(2 ) (2 )
E A
[L( ) ]
2 3
x2 x1
E A
k (1s) =
y
y
2
1
2
L(1)
z 2 z1
(1) (1)
3-92
E (1) A(1)
[L( ) ]
1 2
[L( ) ]
2 2
3-93
[x2 x1
y2 y1
z 2 z1 ]
3-94
[x3 x2
y3 y 2
z3 z 2 ]
3-95
E ( 2 ) A( 2 )
2 2
k (2s ) =
[L( ) ]
k (1s) =
E A
x3 x2
y3 y 2
z3 z 2
k (2s ) =
(2 ) (2 )
[ ]
3-96
20
13
[K ] = [[K ]1 [K ]2 [K ]3 ]
68
2013
E (1) A(1)
E (1) A(1)
E (1) A(1)
2
(
)
(
)(
)
(x2 x1 )(z2 z1 )
x
x
x
x
y
y
2
1
2
1
2
1
(1) 3
(1) 3
(1) 3
L
L
L
E (1) A(1)
E (1) A(1)
E (1) A(1)
2
(x2 x1 )( y2 y1 )
( y2 y1 )
( y2 y1 )(z2 z1 )
3
3
(1) 3
L(1)
L(1)
L(1) (1)
E (1) A(1)
E (1) A(1)
E A
(
)(
)
(
)(
)
(z2 z1 )2
x
x
z
z
y
y
z
z
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
(1) 3
(1) 3
(1) 3
L
L
L (1) (1)
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
E A
E A
2
(x2 x1 )( y2 y1 ) E (1A) 3 (x2 x1 )(z2 z1 )
(1) 3 (x2 x1 )
(1) 3
L
L
L
(1) (1)
[K ]1 = E (1) A(1)
E (1) A(1)
E
A
2
(
)(
)
(
)
( y2 y1 )(z2 z1 )
x
x
y
y
y
y
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
3
(1)
(1)
(1) 3
L
L
L
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
E (1) A(1)
E A (x x )(z z ) E A ( y y )( z z )
(z2 z1 )2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
(1) 3
(1) 3
(1) 3
L
L
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
E A
E A
E A
(x2 x1 )
( y2 y1 )
(z2 z1 )

2
(1) 2
(1) 2
L
L
L(1)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
20
13
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
3-97
69
2013
E (1) A (1)
E (1) A (1)
E (1) A (1)
2
(x 2 x 1 )(z 2 z 1 )
(
(
x 2 x1 )
x 2 x 1 )( y 2 y 1 )
3
3
3
L (1)
L (1)
L (1)
E (1) A (1)
E (1) A (1)
E (1) A (1)
2
( y 2 y 1 )(z 2 z 1 )
(y 2 y 1 )
(x 2 x 1 )( y 2 y 1 )
3
3
3
L (1)
L (1)
L (1)
E (1) A (1)
E (1) A (1)
E (1) A (1)
(z 2 z 1 ) 2
(
(
x 2 x 1 )(z 2 z 1 )
y 2 y 1 )(z 2 z 1 )
(1) 3
(1) 3
(1) 3
L
L
L
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
2
2
(x 3 x 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
(
(
(
(
(
x 2 x1 ) +
x3 x2 )
x 2 x 1 )( y 2 y 1 ) +
x 3 x 2 )( y 3 y 2 )
x 2 x 1 )(z 2 z 1 ) +
3
3
3
3
3
3
L (1)
L (2 )
L (1)
L (2 )
L (1)
L (2 )
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
2
2
( y 3 y 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
(
(
(
(
(
x 2 x 1 )( y 2 y 1 ) +
x 3 x 2 )( y 3 y 2 )
y 2 y1 ) +
y3 y2 )
y 2 y 1 )(z 2 z 1 ) +
(2 ) 3
(1) 3
(2 ) 3
(1) 3
(2 ) 3
L (1) 3
L
L
L
L
L
= (1) (1)
(2 ) (2 )
(1) (1)
(2 ) (2 )
(2 ) (2 )
(1) (1)
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
2
(z 3 z 2 ) 2
(
(
(
(
(
x 2 x 1 )(z 2 z 1 ) +
x 3 x 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
y 2 y 1 )(z 2 z 1 ) +
y 3 y 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
z 2 z1 ) +
(1) 3
(2 ) 3
(1) 3
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
(1) 3
L
L
L
L
L
L
(2 ) (2 )
(2 ) (2 )
(2 ) (2 )
E A
E A
E A
(x 3 x 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
(x 3 x 2 )( y 3 y 2 )
(x 3 x 2 ) 2
3
3
3
L (2 )
L (2 )
L (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
2
( y 3 y 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
(
(
x 3 x 2 )( y 3 y 2 )
y3 y2 )
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
L
L
L
(2 ) (2 )
(2 ) (2 )
E
A
E
A
E (2 ) A (2 )
(z 3 z 2 ) 2
(
(
x 3 x 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
y 3 y 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
L
L
L
(1) (1)
(2 ) (2 )
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
(2 ) (2 )
E A
E A
E A
E A
E A
E (2 ) A (2 )
(z 3 z 2 )
(z 2 z 1 ) +
(y 3 y 2 )
(y 2 y 1 ) +
(x 3 x 2 )
(x 2 x 1 ) +
2
2
2
2
2
2
L (1)
L (2 )
L (1)
L (2 )
L (1)
L (2 )
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
20
13
[K ] 2
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
3-98
70
2013
E (1) A (1)
(
x 2 x1 )
0
0
0
2
L(1)
E (1) A (1)
( y 2 y1 )
0
0
0
(1) 2
L
E (1) A (1)
(
z 2 z1 )
0
0
0
2
L(1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (1) A (1)
E (2 ) A (2 )
2
(
(
(
(
x3 x 2 )( y 3 y 2 )
x3 x 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
x 2 x1 ) +
x3 x 2 )
( 2 ) 3 (x 3 x 2 )
3
3
2
2
L
L(2 )
L(2 )
L(1)
L(2 )
3-99
(2 ) (2 )
(2 ) (2 )
(2 ) (2 )
(1) (1)
(2 ) (2 )
E A
E A
E A
( y3 y 2 )2
( y3 y 2 )(z 3 z 2 ) E (1A) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) + E (2A) 2 ( y3 y 2 )
(2 ) 3 (x3 x 2 )( y 3 y 2 )
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
L
L
L
L
L
=
(1) (1)
(2 ) (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E
A
E
A
E (2 ) A (2 )
2
(
(
(
z3 z 2 )
z 2 z1 ) +
z3 z 2 )
3
2
2
(2 ) 3 (x3 x2 )(z 3 z 2 ) (2 ) 3 ( y3 y 2 )(z 3 z 2 )
L
L
L(2 )
L(1)
L(2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (2 ) A (2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
2
( x3 x 2 )
(x3 x2 )( y3 y 2 )
(x3 x2 )(z3 z 2 )
( x3 x 2 )
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 2
L
L
L
(2 ) L(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E A
2
(x3 x2 )( y3 y2 )
( y3 y 2 )
( y3 y 2 )(z3 z 2 )
( y3 y 2 )
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 3
(2 ) 2
L
L
L
L(2 ) (2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E A
2
(
(
(
(
x3 x2 )(z 3 z 2 )
y3 y 2 )( z 3 z 2 )
z3 z 2 )
z3 z 2 )
3
3
3
2
(2 )
L(2 )
L(2 )
L(2 )
L
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (2 ) A(2 )
E (1) A(1) E (2 ) A(2 )
( x3 x 2 )
( y3 y 2 )
(z 3 z 2 )
(1) +
(2 )
(2 ) 2
(2 ) 2
(2 ) 2
L
L
L
L
L
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
20
13
[K ]3
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
71
2013
3.4
3.4.1
3-16 n
3-16 Si (i = 1, 2, , n) i th (i = 1, 2, , n)
Ei (i = 1, 2, n) i th (i = 1, 2, , n)
20
13
3-16
3-100
s e A dL
L 11 11 0
L
WI =
X i , Yi , Z i (i = 1, 2, n) e11 Green-Lagrange s11

Piola-Kirchhoff A0
3-100
WI = s11 e11 A0 L
3-101
Green-Lagrange
72
2013
e11 =
l 2 L2
2 L2
(3-102)
l xi , yi , zi (i = 1, 2, n)
l=
i= n
li =
i= n 1
(x
i +1
=i 1 =i 1
i =n
( x ) + ( y ) + ( z )
2
i =n
(
i =1
i =1
xi ) + ( yi +1 yi ) + ( zi +1 zi ) +
i
) + (
( x1 xn ) + ( y1 yn ) + ( z1 zn )
2
3( i 1) +1
) + (
2
3( i 1) + 2
3( i 1) + 3
(3-103)
(3-104)
3( n 1) +1 =
xn =
x1 xn
3( n 1) + 2 =
yn =
y1 yn
3( n 1) +3 =
zn =
z1 zn
(3-105)
3(i 1) +1 =xi =xi +1 xi
3(i 1) + 2 =yi =yi +1 yi (i =

1, 2, n 1)
3(i 1) +3 =zi =zi +1 zi
( xi , yi , zi )( i = 1, 2, n )
20
13
( X i , Yi , Z i )( i = 1, 2, n )( ui , vi , wi )
x=
X i + ui
i
y=
Yi + vi
i
z=
Yi + wi
i
(3-106)
Piola-Kirchhoff
s11= s0 + Ee11
(3-107)
E s0
d = {u1 , v1 , w1 , u2 , v2 , w2 , , ui , vi , wi , , un , vn , wn }
= {d1 , d 2 , d3 , d 4 , d5 , d 6 , , d3(i 1) +1 , d3(i 1) + 2 , d3(i 1) +3 , , d3( n 1) +1 , d3( n 1) + 2 , d3( n 1) +3 }

( i = 1, 2, , n )
(3-108)
73
2013
d3(i 1) +1 = ui
d3(i 1) + 2 = vi
d3(i 1) +3 = wi
(3-109)
3-106
e11
s0
d
=
B
B
=
(3-110)
s<0
3-100
3( i 1) + k
3-101
p = A0 s11 LB
(3-111)
(i =
2,, n; k =
1,2,3)
(3-112)
WI A=
=
p d
0 Ls11B d
{B}3(i 1) + k = d
(i = 1; k = 1,2,3)
e11
l
k 3( n 1) + k
+
)
2 (
l1
ln
L
=
l ( 3(i 2) + k 3(i 1) + k )
L2
li 1
li
(3-113)
K p d
p
s
B
=
A0 LB + A0 Ls11
=
K=
KM + KG
d
d
d
(3-114)
13
K M , K G
(3-115)
20
s11 ( s0 + Ee11 )
e11
=
= E=
EB
d
d
d
K M = EA0 LBT B
B
K G = A0 Ls
d
(3-116)
{K M }3(i 1)+ k ,3( a 1)+b
EA0l 2 k 3( n 1) + k
)( n + 3( n 1) +b )
L3 ( l + l
l1
ln
n
1
=
2
EA0l ( k + 3( n 1) + k )( 3( a 2) +b 3( a 1) +b )
L3
l1
ln
la 1
la
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
=
a 1;=
b 1, 2,3
=
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
=
a = 2, , n; b = 1, 2,3
(3-117)
74
2013
{K M }3(i 1)+ k ,3( a 1)+b
, n; k 1, 2,3
i 2,=
=
EA0l 2 3(i 1) + k 3(i 1) + k
)( n + 3( n 1) +b )
L3 ( l
li
l1
ln
a 1;=
b 1, 2,3
=
i 1
=
2
i = 2,, n; k = 1, 2,3
EA0l ( 3(i 1) + k 3(i 1) + k )( 3( a 2) +b 3( a 1) +b )
L3
=
a 2,=
, n; b 1, 2,3
li 1
li
la 1
la
(3-118)
l l
( 2
)
A0 s l l
B
2l
L
d
Ls
A
Ls
(
l
)
=
=
+
K G A=
0
0
L2 d d d 2
d
d
(3-119)
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
=
k 3( n 1) + k
)( n + 3( n 1) +b )
( l + l
l1
ln
a 1;=
b 1, 2,3
=
n
1
=
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
=
( k + 3( n 1) + k )( 3( a 2) +b 3( a 1) +b )
l1
ln
la 1
la
a 2,=
=
, n; b 1, 2,3
(3-120)
i
=
EA0l 2 3(i 1) + k 3(i 1) + k
)( n + 3( n 1) +b )
L3 ( l
li
l1
ln
a
=
i 1
=
2
i
EA0l ( 3(i 1) + k 3(i 1) + k )( 3( a 2) +b 3( a 1) +b )=
L3
=
a
li 1
li
la 1
la
l l
d d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
l l
d d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
2,=
, n; k 1, 2,3
2,=
, n; b 1, 2,3
(3-121)
(3-122)
1 3(2 n 1) + k
=
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
+
3
=
a n=
;k b
ln
l
= n
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
3( n 1) + k 3( n 1) +b =
3
=
a n; k b
ln
(3-123)
1 1 k2 3(2 n 1) + k
=
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
+ + 3 +
3
;k b
i a=
=
l1
ln
l l
= 1 n
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
k b + 3( n 1) + k 3( n 1) +b =
l3
=
i a; k b
ln3
1
13
2l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1)+b
, n; k 1, 2,3
2,=
b 1, 2,3
1;=
20
2l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
2l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
1 k2
+ 3
l
l
= 1 1
k b
l13
2l
=0
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
=
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
a 1;=
k b
=
i=
1; k =
1, 2,3
=
a 1; k b
=
i 1;=
k 1, 2,3
a 1, 2, n; k =
1, 2,3
(3-124)
(3-125)
75
2013
l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
1 3(2 i 1) + k
+
li3
li
=
3(i 1) + k 3(i 1) +b
li31
=
i 2, , n 1;=
k 1, 2,3
a=
i 1; k =
b
=
i 2, , n 1;=
k 1, 2,3
a=
i 1; k b
=
i 2, , n 1;=
k 1, 2,3
a=
i + 1; k =
b
=
i 2, , n 1;=
k 1, 2,3
a=
i + 1; k b
20
l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
2
(3-129)
(3-130)
(3-131)
1 3( n 1) + k

ln
ln3
=
3( n 1) + k 3( n 1) +b
ln3
(3-132)
1 3(2 n 2) + k
=
; k 1, 2,3
i n=
3
a =n 1; k =b
ln 1
l
= n 1
; k 1, 2,3
i n=
3( n 2) + k 3( n 2) +b =
a =n 1; k b
ln31
13
2l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1)+b
1 1 3(2 n 2) + k 3(2 n 1) + k
=
i n=
; k 1, 2,3
+ +
+
=
i a=
;k b
l
ln31
ln3
l
= n 1 n
; k 1, 2,3
i n=
3( n 2) + k 3( n 2) +b + 3( n 1) + k 3( n 1) +b =
3
3
=
i a; k b
ln
ln
2l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
(3-128)
i 2, , n 1;=
k 1, 2,3
=
2l
=0
2
1, 2,3
a i 1, i, i + 1; k =
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
(3-127)
2l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
1 3(2 i 2) + k
+
li31
li 1
=
3(i 2) + k 3(i 2) +b
li31
2l
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
1 1 3(2 i 2) + k 3(2 i 1) + k
=
i 2, , n 1;=
k 1, 2,3
+ +
+
3
3
=
a i;=
k b
l
li 1
li
l
(3-126)
= i 1 i
=
2,
,
1;
1,
2,3
i
n
k
3(i 2) + k 3( a 2) +b + 3(i 1) + k 3( a 1) +b
=
a i; k b
li31
li3
2l
=0
2
d 3(i 1) + k ,3( a 1) +b
=
i n=
; k 1, 2,3
=
a 1;=
k b
=
; k 1, 2,3
i n=
=
a 1; k b
; k 1, 2,3
i n=
=
1, 2,3
a n 1, n,1; k =
(3-133)
76
2013
3.4.2
N NdV
=
T
V0
A0l L 2I
6
I
A0 L 2I I
=
l I 2I 66
6 I 2I 66
(3-134)
M2
=
N I 3 3
A0 l
20
13
0
0
N 1
A0 Lli
0
M=
2l
i =1
0
0
0 0 0 0
I 0 0 0
0 I 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 3 N 3 N
(3-135)
FT
=
N f dV
=
T
V0
A0 L g
2

g 61
(3-136)
f B = g g
g = {g x
gy
gz}
(3-137)
77
2013
N 1
ALli
F =
g
2l
i =1
g

0 3 N 1
(3-138)
ABAQUS
3.5
13
20
3-16
3-17
12 3 1 2
1 3 4 2 5 6 3
3-18
3-19 3-20 3-183-19
3-20
78
2013
3-17
3-16
3-19
20
13
3-18
3-20
3.6
1
79
2013
20
13
80
2013
4.1
20
13
20
81
2013
4.2
4.2.1
[26]1
3 I J
4-1a 4
4-1a
13
4-1
20
4 I J
4-1b
5
4.2.2 ANSYS
82
2013
3.2
4-2 ANSYS
n
12n-1n
13
4-2
20
1 ANSYS
ANSYS 1
2 3456
(i 1, 2 , n)
fi=
(i 1, 2 , n) =1
fi=
(i 1, 2 , n) =-1
fi=
3
ANSYS
(i 1, 2 , n)
Fi=
83
2013
44-14-2
(i 1, 2 , n)
Fi Ffi =0 =
9 5~8
Fi= Fi +1 Fi
4-1
=
Ffi ( Fi +1 + Fi ) cos( )
4-2
Fi
Ffi
(i 1, 2 , n)
5 Fi Ffi 0 =
3.2
6 5
(i 1, 2 , n) 4~6 Fi Ffi =0 =
(i 1, 2 , n)
Fi=
13
7 FT F FT = F
20
(i 1, 2 , n) 4~7 FT F
Fi=
8
8 ANSYS 23 n
2~8
4.2.3
4-3 35.4 4.6
133 6 89 4
6 1918.5 5
84
2013
6 19 24.5 6 19 21.5
1.8 108 kN m 2 5
E=
2.1 108 kN m 2 E=
2
1
12345
100kN50 kN20 kN10 kN5 kN 12345
4-3
0.4[26] 12 5 3
4 2 5 1
20
13
4-4a
b
4-4
[95]
4-1
85
2013
4-1
32
32
16
16
/N
98477.7
49750.1
19738.1
9972.3
5000
[95]
4-1
4-2
1 26 2008
8%~10%
6.83%~11.47%
2 4-2
70.6%
4-2
79518
39609
10873
5412
1470
100060
50083
19796
10010
4970
/%
20.48
20.78
45.64
45.88
70.60
/%
6.83
6.93
11.41
11.47
17.65
20
13
/N
/N
4.2.4
4.1.2
4
4-5
86
2013
4-6
4-5
32 32 4-6
100kN
4-6
4-7 1
20
13
4-7
4-8
0.4 100KN
4-8
5 0.4
4-9 4-10
87
2013
4-10
4-9
4.2.5
13
20
= 1
nint( n 2)
4-3
n
Tm= T +
(2T ) cos( 2)
4m
4-4
88
2013
Tm T
n
m
T01T01 T
T02.
T01 T02.
n
S-(n-1)/2 n S-n/2 n Tmin
4-5
1
nint( n 2)
4-5
Tmin = T01
4-11
T02 m
m
Tm S-(n-1)/2 n S-n/2 n
(4-6)
nint( n 2) m
Tmin = Tm
Tmin 4-6 T02 4-7
(4-7)
20
13
T02 = Tm
4-11
89
2013
4-8
4-94-104-5
4-94-10
Tm T01 T02 4-11~4-13
= max(T Tmin , T T02 , Tm T )
T Tmin =T Tm
T T02 =T Tm
Tm =
nint( n 2) m
T Tm
=
=T T02
=
Tm T
2T
1
1+ m
(4-11)
2T
nint( n /2)
m
1+
2T
1+ m
(4-12)
(4-13)
T02 =
(4-9)
(4-10)
T01
=
(4-8)
13
1 12 5 34 2 5
1 0.44-4
20
2 12 5 34 2 5
1 0.154-4
3 12 8 34 4 5
2 0.44-4
4-4b
4-3~4-5
4-3~4-5
1 4-2 4-3 1 5
38%38%34%32%14%
90
2013
2 4-2 4-4 2 5
76%76%75%74%68%
3 4-2 4-5 2 5
60%58%68%63%57%
4 3
4 3
4.114.327.378.5215.07
4-3 1
/N
/N
/%
13
/%
89516
44270
14291
7086
2363
112742
56430
26019
13123
8040
12.74
12.86
30.09
31.23
60.79
4.25
4.29
7.52
7.81
7.60
4-4 2
2
/N
96321
47937
17833
8898
3909
/N
104995
52452
22294
11196
6119
/%
5.00
4.90
11.47
11.96
22.39
/%
1.67
1.63
2.87
2.99
2.80
20
4-5 3
/N
92641
46111
17177
8487
3538
/N
108228
54317
22946
11703
6507
/%
8.23
8.63
14.73
17.03
30.13
/%
4.11
4.32
7.37
8.52
15.07
91
2013
4.3
15
9
4.3.1
1-14
4-12
20
13
4-12
40.85m 14.0m
110m 26.85m 45.5m
14.0m 46.66m 189.3m
4-13
100016
150024 3258
92
2013
3771042610 4-14(a)
16 4
4-14(b)
2036mm2197mmP2457mmP2738mmP2998mm
20
13
4-13
4-14
7 6.0m5.5m
5.0m4.5m4.5m4.5m4.5m 2197
4657mm2 2117mm2
80
93
2013
4-154-16 4-17 4-17(a)

4-17(b)1.0+0.5
127KN420KN390KN530KN
810KN1242KN2060KN
2800 kN/m
4-16
20
13
4-15
(a)
(b)
4-17
94
2013
4-18
4-18a
4-18b
4-18
4-19a 4-19b
20
13
4-20a 4-20b
4-19
(a)
(b)
4-20
95
2013
4-21
91.4m 17.025m K6
20362197245727382998
4-22 7
6.0m5.5m5.0m4.5m4.5m4.5m4.5m 2197
4657mm2
2117mm2 80 4-23 4-24
2800 kN/m
0.4
20
13
4-21
4-22
4-23
96
2013
4-24
4.3.2
4.2.2 ANSYS
4-6 4-6 100
2 - 1 2 4-6
28%~71%
13
71.01%
4-6
2
/kN
26.65
76.02
205.06
348.89
452.99
571.29
827.46
/kN
89.01
131.56
342.18
539.88
583.85
759.58
1127.50
/%
71.01
45.98
42.51
35.97
28.48
30.40
32.94
140.72
356.66
544.92
633.37
820.84
1234.00
20
2 /kN
91.95
46mm 126MPa
30mm 88MPa
97
2013
53.3% 43.2%
3504 4-7
50MPa
52.66%
4-7
0 MPa ~50MPa
50 MPa ~100MPa
100MPa
2327
1088
89
2733
771
4.4
3.1
3.3
13
12
20
4.4.1
ABAQUS
Model-AModel-BModel-A
T3D2 (No compression)Model-B
Model-AModel-B
4-8DXDY
DZ=
E 1.92 108 kN/m 2 E
2.06 108 kN/m 2 345MPa4-25
98
2013
4-8
Model-A
Model-B
B33
B33
B33
B33
T3D2
T3D2
T3D2 ()
T3D2 ()
T3D2 ()
13
4-25
20
4.4.2.
ABAQUS
4-261
23
4
99
2013
(b) 2
(d) 4
4-26
20
13
(c) 3
(a) 1
4.4.3
1 1
4-27 4-28 1 Model A Model B
Model A Model B
4-29 Model A Model B
- Model A 13.78 kN/m2Model
B 13.05 kN/m2Model A ModelB 5.6%
100
2013
Model A
Model A Model B
4-28 1 Model B
20
13
4-27 1 Model A
4-29 1 -
2 2
Model A Model B
4-32 Model A Model B -
Model A 16.04 kN/m2Model B
12.89 kN/m2Model A ModelB 24.4%
1 2 Model A Model B
101
2013
4-31 2 Model B
13
4-30 2 Model A
4-32 2 -
20
3 3
Model A Model B 4-35 Model A
Model B - Model A
15.44 kN/m2Model B 10.85 kN/m2Model A ModelB
42.5% 1 3 Model A
Model B
102
2013
4-34 3 Model B
13
4-33 3 Model A
4-35 3 -
20
4 4
Model A Model B 4-38 Model A
Model B - Model A
17.07 kN/m2Model B 15.56kN/m2Model A ModelB
9.7% 1 4 Model A
Model B
103
2013
4-37 4 Model B
13
4-36 4 Model A
20
4-38 4 -
4.5
104
2013
4.5.1
4.3
12 4-9 ABAQUS
4-10~4-13
4-10~4-13
1 4-10
276.2%
4-9
MN1
0.25
MN2
0.25
MN3
0.1
MN4
0.1
MN5
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
MS3
0.1
MS4
0.1
MS5
0.25
MS6
0.25
20
MS2
13
MN6
MS1
4-10
MN/m
0.021
0.034
0.043
0.087
0.022
0.067
MS/m
0.066
0.067
0.101
0.135
0.082
0.071
(MS -MN)/ MN
208.9
95.0
134.3
55.2
276.2
6.0
105
2013
2 4-11
135.3%
4-11
MN/MPa
80.3
87.07
75.09
96.19
98.18
209.9
MS/MPa
201.7
204.9
113.4
139.6
199.4
234.4
(MS -MN)/ MN
151.183
135.328
51.019
45.129
103.096
11.672
3 4-12
55.6%
MN /kN/m2
32.18
MS /kN/m2
(MS -MN)/ MN
4-12
3
29.3
14.67
14.62
24.97
27.93
28.75
21.6
8.78
6.49
26.4
16.56
-10.659
-26.280
-40.150
-55.609
5.727
-40.709
13
4 4-13
20
4.5.2
4.3
5
1
2
0.2
3
0.3
4
0
106
2013
4-13
MN
1
/kN
16.7
54.1
93.5
200.4
182.2
302.9
526.4
/kN
18.4
55.0
96.3
203.3
186.4
309.8
586.6
9.9
1.6
3.0
1.5
2.3
2.3
11.4
/kN
16.9
54.0
94.2
200.5
182.1
289.9
446.8
/kN
8.3
45.4
86.4
192.5
177.0
297.7
516.9
/kN
31.3
74.6
115.8
220.6
196.4
316.5
590.7
277.7
64.3
34.1
14.6
11.0
6.3
14.3
/kN
19.2
58.7
98.6
203.7
183.5
290.6
448.0
/kN
17.7
61.5
120.2
229.8
219.6
361.0
541.9
/kN
19.8
62.7
123.5
234.8
225.5
368.7
607.2
/%
MS
MN
2
/%
MS
MN
3
/kN
MS
/kN
1.9
2.8
2.2
2.7
2.1
12.1
16.2
59.5
115.9
219.9
205.8
323.4
483.4
0.0
26.0
70.4
180.6
184.2
316.9
472.7
38.3
99.4
162.6
269.5
245.9
387.2
636.7
282.8
131.1
49.2
33.5
22.2
34.7
13
/kN
MN
11.9
/%
/%
/kN
18.2
63.1
115.5
216.3
200.8
315.2
466.0
/kN
17.2
53.6
93.2
199.3
179.4
288.9
439.0
/kN
17.3
55.5
95.8
202.2
184.7
300.8
508.1
0.5
3.6
2.8
1.4
3.0
4.1
15.8
/kN
17.4
53.7
93.2
199.6
180.9
287.3
456.6
/kN
6.6
44.9
84.8
189.5
171.2
170.0
329.9
/kN
32.5
75.4
115.9
219.8
195.3
305.0
486.3
395.4
68.0
36.6
16.0
14.1
79.4
47.4
17.68
58.49
98.27
203.06
181.96
281.73
400.01
20
MS
MN
5
/%
MS
MN
6
/%
MS
/kN
107
2013
5
0
4-14 5 3504
0
4-15 5
1
122 MPa 49mm 5
0 178MPa
57mm 4616
100 MPa ~150MPa
150 MPa
2603
812
89
2801
625
78
2879
601
24
2937
567
2577
105
64
0 MPa ~50MPa 50 MPa ~10(MPa
4-14
758
/mm
13
4-15
2
0.49
0.42
0.34
0.31
0.57
122
133
110
95.5
178
20
/MPa
4.6
4.6.1
4-39 4-40
108
2013
20
13
4-39 1
1 2 1
3
2
109
2013
20
13
4-40 2
4-41 1 40
2 70
3 100
4-42
24 23 1
1
1
110
2013
4-42
4-41
2 1
40 7 28
3 9
4 23 14 1023
5
24
2
1
2 1
13
40 7 28
20
3 9
4 23 14 10
23
4.6.2
ANSYS 1 ANSYS
1
BEAM188
111
2013
BEAM188
BEAM188
LINK8

LINK10
2 7
40%
70% 100%
FJI J J=123I
I=1234567
1
EKILL
ANSYS
(i 1, 2 , n)
Fi=
44-144-15
(i 1, 2 , n)
Fi Ffi =0 =
13
20
9 5~8
Fi= Fi +1 Fi
=
Ffi ( Fi +1 + Fi ) cos( )
4-14
4-15
Fi
Ffi
2

(i 1, 2 , n)
5 Fi Ffi 0 =
112
2013
3.2
6 5
(i 1, 2 , n)
(i 1, 2 , n) 4~6 Fi Ffi =0 =
Fi=
7 FT F1 FT =F1
8
Fi=
(i 1, 2 , n) 4~7 FT F11
8 ANSYS 23 n
2~8
9
10 2-8
4.6.3
4.6.2 ANSYS
13
Von Mises Stress

1 2
20
4-43~4-46 4-16
Von Mises Stress 4-17
4-43 4-45 1 2
-22mm~19mm -20mm~20mm
-35mm~8mm -36mm~7mm 1
2
4-43 4-45
4-16 1 7
84.54%44.15%42.43%42.03%40.76%40.47%
41.00% 2 7
113
2013
70.97%52.12%47.66%39.77%39.20%39.45%41.66%
2 4-17
Von Mises Stress 2
20
13
4-43 1
4-44 1
114
2013
20
13
4-45 2
4-46 2
4-16
/kN
14.21
78.59
205.33
315.87
375.18
488.64
728.10
/kN
101.25
114.13
324.64
511.87
577.65
742.63
1129.80
/%
84.54
44.15
42.43
42.03
40.76
40.47
41.00
/kN
26.69
67.37
186.69
328.19
385.09
497.01
719.89
/kN
89.08
123.20
320.75
496.49
547.37
714.71
1058.43
/%
70.97
52.12
47.66
39.77
39.20
39.45
41.66
115
2013
4-17
0MPa ~30MPa
30 MPa ~60MPa
60MPa ~90MPa
90MPa
2501
863
119
21
2521
844
116
23
1.0 +1.0
4-47~4-50
4-18 Von Mises Stress
4-19
20
13
4-47 1
4-48 1
116
2013
20
13
4-49 2
4-50 2
4-18
/kN
22.55
35.65
158.05
296.77
388.21
582.28
1136.22
/kN
106.51
86.30
314.24
467.60
550.62
812.03
1549.25
/%
372.42
142.05
98.82
57.56
41.84
39.46
36.35
/kN
17.73
29.05
148.34
282.44
369.93
567.55
1129.55
/kN
116.27
96.32
315.13
468.63
558.28
813.63
1519.90
/%
555.76
231.60
112.44
65.92
50.91
43.36
34.56
117
2013
4-19
0~30/MPa
30~60/MPa
60~90/MPa
90~120/MPa
120/MPa
1044
1962
390
107
1031
1969
385
110
4-47 4-49 1 2
-42mm~0mm-37mm~0mm
1 2
1
125MPa 134 MPa 1

2 0.8% 4-19 1 2
1 2
4.6.4
13
20
118
2013
3%
5
4-51 N1
T3T4 T1T2 T1 T2
1 2 T3T1 T2 T4
N1T1T2 T3 T4
N1 Z T3 Y
T3 T4 X Y 2
X T4sin+T1cos1cos(+-)+T2cos2cos(-/2)=0
4-16
4-17
T1=T1cos1T2=T2cos2
4-18
Y T3+T4cos+T1cos1sin(+-)+ T2cos2sin(-/2)=0
20
13
4-16 4-17
4-51
119
2013
4-19
T4=1/sin[T1cos1cos(+)-T2cos2sin]
T3=T1cos1sin(+)+ T2cos2cos-cot[T1cos1cos(+)-T2cos2sin]4-20
2
22 11
4-52
4-52 6 3
4-19 4-20
4-55
4-56~ 4-58
13
1
450kN 409kN 490 kN
20
8.2% 16.53% 2
510kN 468kN 546 kN
6.6% 14.29% 3
671kN 630kN 711 kN
5.6% 11.39%
4-59~4-61 123
123
120
2013
500
-1
-2
-1
-2
kN
400
300
200
100
0
-100
10
15
20
25
600
400
-1
-2
-1
-2
500
300
200
100
kN
4-56 1
10
-100 0
15
20
25
13
kN
20
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100 0
4-57 2
-1
-2
-1
-2
10
15
20
25
4-58 3
121
2013
6.13%5.12% 4.0% 2008

10% 123
38.7%48.8% 60%
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1 0
10
15
25
20
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1 0
10
15
20
25
20
13
4-59 1
4-60 2
6
5
4
3
2
0
-1 0
10
15
20
25
4-61 3
122
2013
4.7
13
20
123
2013
13
20
2013

5.1
60 0 C 60 0 C 196MPa
[133-137]
[138][139-140][141-144][145]
13
,,
20
5.2
125
2013
5.2.1
1
2010 4 26
16
2
40
3 40
-20 60
5.2.2
13
20
G =1.2 G =1.35
G =1.0 Q
126
2013
Q =1.4 4 kN m 2
Q =1.3
T
1
T =1.2
2
T =1.35
3 T =1.0
5.3
5.3..1
13
20
35.4 4.6
133 6 89 4
6 1918.5 3 6 19 24.5
2.1 108 kN m 2 =
1.2 105 /
E=
1
1
1.8 108 kN m 2 =
1 1.87 105 /
E=
2
3 123
100kN50 kN20 kN 123
5-1
127
2013
5-1
5-1
2555
5 7 7 7 7 =2401
5-2 5-2
212
/N
100000
50000
20000
/N
99397
50350
20000
20
13
5-1
5-2
/N
/N
/N
/N
/N
100000
99986.52
25935.1
155067.3
44748.1
50000
49880.53
14063.14
80309.7
19324.9
20000
20957.78
15882.93
62465.2
2401
15kN 2401
5-2 5-3 2401
3.75mm~4.85mm 29.3%2401
128
2013
20.86MPa~28.83 MPa
38.2%
4.90
4.50
4.30
4.10
mm
4.70
3.70
201
401
601
801
1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401
3.90
5-2 2401
30
28
13
27
26
25
20
Mpa
29
24
23
22
21
20
201
401
601
801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401
5-3 2401
129
2013
5.3.2
Td T f
Ts Tt
5-15-3
T=
T f P1 ( EA )
1
T3= Tt P3 ( EA )
T=
Ts P2 ( EA )
2
5-1
5-2
5-3
2 ANSYS
Td
Td
13
T f T1
Fk1
20
4
Ts
T2 Fk 2
5
Tt
T3 Fk 3
6 Td
T1 T f + Td T2 Ts + Td T3 Tt + Td
7 F1 F2 F3
5-45-6
130
2013
error
Fk1 Fk 2 Fk 3 T1 T2 T3 27
T1 = T f P1 ( EA ) ( P1 F1 ) ( EA )
5-4
T2 =Ts P2 ( EA ) ( P2 F2 ) ( EA )
5-5
T3 =Tt P3 ( EA ) ( P3 F3 ) ( EA )
5-6
625
25552555
556 212
5-3 5-3
0.220.53 0.79
5-3
/N
/N
/N
100000
44067
99786
50000
50429
50266
20000
4210
19842
13
20
20 N
1 20 N +1
131
2013
5.3.3
( i 1, 2, , n )
Ti =
2 1 Ti
dome
iT
=
( i 1, 2, , n )
cable
=
( i 1, 2, , n )
iT
3 t0 i
ti i
Tmi = Ti (ti t0 )T dome iT (ti t0 )T cable iT
5-7
5-4 5-4
13
5-4
1
20
5-4
/N
100000
50000
20000
/N
-1845
-972
-526
/N
44047
50350
4220
/N
99836
50386
19850
/%
0.16
0.77
0.75
5.4
4.5
132
2013

Fh ,T Fh ,0
Fs ,T Fs ,0
; s ,T
;
c ,T =
=
Fh ,0
Fs ,0
5-8
Fd ,T Fd ,0
Fb ,T Fb ,0
d ,T =
; b ,T
=
Fd ,0
Fb ,0
c ,T s ,T d ,T b ,T T
Fh ,T Fs ,T Fd ,T Fb ,T
T
Fh ,0 Fs ,0 Fd ,0 Fb ,0
5-4
5-5 7
1.20
0.80
-50
-40
20
-60
13
0.60
-30
0.40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.00
0.20
-20
0.00
-10
0
-0.20
10
20
30
40
50
60
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00
-1.20
5-4
5-6 5-5 5-6
133
2013
5-5
/
1/kN
2/kN
3/kN
4/kN
5/kN
6/kN
7/kN
-50
36.26
165.88
331.73
747.05
1086.97
1941.35
4431.92
18.05
112.98
236.52
599.50
872.50
1510.10
2998.66
50
60.39
142.46
452.47
661.03
1089.74
1566.68
1.009
0.468
0.401
0.246
0.246
0.286
0.478
-1.000
-0.465
-0.399
-0.245
-0.242
-0.278
-0.478
5-6 -50
77 145
162
5-6
/kN
/kN
/kNM
/MPa
/m
-50
1251.15
402.54
177.55
372.76
0.076
478.41
32.63
71.43
210.10
0.031
50
-925.56
463.21
-62.33
305.94
0.031
1.62
11.34
1.49
0.77
1.45
-2.94
13.19
-1.87
0.46
13
20
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-60
-40
-20
-2 0
-4
20
40
60
5-5
134
2013
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-60
-40
-20
-0.5
20
40
60
-1.0
5-6
5.4
7
17 19 37
13
2008
CECS212:2006,
20
5-7
5-7
/10-5/
1.920
1.380
1.870
/105MPa
1.40
1.95
2.00
4.5
5-8 -500 50
1 3
135
2013
50
162.51
113
63.74
0.438
-0.436
127.69
113
98.32
0.130
-0.130
165.88
113
51.51
0.468
-0.544
4117.39
2998
1879.97
0.373
-0.373
4183.34
2998
1815.75
0.395
-0.394
4431.92
2998
1280.46
0.478
-0.573
1108.46
478.41
-786.97
1.317
-2.645
1138.27
478.41
-831.41
1.379
-2.738
1251.15
478.41
-925.56
1.615
-2.935
348.06
32.63
449.62
9.667
12.779
399.84
32.63
460.9
11.254
13.125
402.54
32.63
463.21
11.337
13.196
176.92
71.43
-62.04
1.477
-1.869
171.65
71.43
-56.74
1.403
-1.794
/kNm
177.55
71.43
-62.33
1.486
-1.873
378.6
210.1
294.92
0.802
0.404
369.08
210.1
291.05
0.757
0.385
/MPa
372.76
210.1
305.94
0.774
0.456
0.077
0.031
0.032
1.484
0.032
0.073
0.031
0.032
1.355
0.032
0.076
0.031
0.031
1.452
0.000
/kN
/kN
/kN
20
/m
13
/kN
-50
5-8
5-8
1
136
2013
5.5
20
2008
5-7
5-8
8
5-6
13
5-5 2008
5-9
20
1 2
1.5 7
7
8
5-9
137
2013
5-9
3
24
18
416192
4
77
5-9
-50
50
165.88
112.98
165.75
112.93
164.36
112.52
4431.92
2998.66
4449.05
60.39
0.468
-0.465
60.41
0.468
-0.465
60.94
0.461
-0.458
1566.68
0.478
-0.478
3004.65
1563.03
0.481
-0.480
2933.01
2814.88
2696.85
0.042
-0.042
1251.15
478.41
-925.56
1.615
-2.935
1179.97
466.78
-896.67
1.528
-2.921
0.000
0.000
402.54
32.63
463.21
11.337
13.196
368.23
45.76
451.21
7.047
8.860
143.33
86.44
29.3
0.658
-0.661
177.55
71.43
62.33
1.486
-0.127
0.000
0.000
/kNm
0.000
0.000
372.26
210.10
305.94
0.772
0.456
272.72
136.68
264.93
0.995
0.938
/MPa
208.63
176.57
146.84
0.182
-0.168
0.076
0.031
0.031
1.452
0.000
0.075
0.032
0.031
1.344
-0.031
0.053
0.025
0.023
1.120
-0.080
/kN
/kN
/m
/kN
/kN
13
20
83
138
2013
5.6
1
86
29.3%
Von Misese Stress 38.2%

2
13
20
139
2013
13
20
2013

6.1
1993 20 20
ETFE
2008
2009 2010 2011
ETFE 6-1 6-2
20
13
6-3 ETFE
6-1
6-2
6-3
141
2013
[146-160]
[161-166][167-170][171-176]
[177-178]
6.2
5770K
13
20
Gt GND Gd
GR [179]
Gt = GND + Gd + GR
6-1
142
2013
6.2.1
[179]
3.5%
1367 W m 2
6.2.2
h
l

13
6-6
6-4 6-5
6-5 2
20
6-4 1
6-6 3
l P l OP OP
h P h P
143
2013
1 15
0

Spencer
0.3963723 22.9132745cos N + 4.0254304sin N 0.3872050 cos 2 N +
=
6-2
0.05196728sin 2 N 0.1545267 cos 3 N + 0.08479777 sin 3 N
N = (n 1)
360
n 1 n 365 N
365
l h
6-3
=
sin cos l cosh cos + sin l sin
6-4
= 900 l

6-5
sin cos l cos sin l cosh

cos =
cos
13
20
6-6
=
cos cos cos sin + sin cos
6-7
cos = cos cos
6-8
144
2013
6-9
cos = sin
6.2.3
ASHRAE [179]Hottel
[180]
Dilger [181] ASHRAE
ASHRAE
GD = GND cos( )
GND W m 2
A
CN
exp ( B sin )
6-10
6-11
GND =
GD W m 2
B
2
A W m
C N
cos( ) 0
13
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
20
Gd = CGND Fws
6-12
C
Fws Fws= (1 + cos ) 2
Gd =
GdV
CGND
GdH
6-13
GdV 0.55 + 0.437 cos + 0.313cos 2

=
GdH 0.45
> 0.2
6-14
145
2013
G dV
G dV
3
GR = GtH g Fwg
6-15
GR W m 2
GtH W m 2
g
Fwg Fws= (1 cos ) 2
Gt = ( GD + Gd + GR )
6-16
6.3
6.3.1
13
20
146
2013
20
13
6-7
6-7
6.3.2
xyz t T = T ( x, y, z , t )
W/(m2K)
147
2013
x x
T
+
y y
T
+
z z
c
+ =
t
6-17
c t
c 6-17
2T 2T 2T
a 2 + 2 + 2
y
z
x
T
=
t
6-18
a = c m 2 s
6.3.3
=
T T=
( x, y, z , t ) t =t T0 ( x, y, z )
0
6-18
6-19
= T (t )
6-20
20
13
2
T
n
= q (t )
6-21
n q (t )
3 h
Ta
T
n
= h [Ta (t ) T ]
6-22
148
2013
T
n
= h [Ta (t ) T ] + q(t )
6-23
T
n
= h [Ta (t ) T ] + Gt (t ) + qr (t )
6-24
Gt
qt
6.3.4
6-25
=
qc h(Ta T )
qc
h W/(m2K)
Ta T
20
13
6.3.5
-
4
=
qr f ( F wg (Tg4 T 4 ) + F ws (Tsky
T 4 ))
6-26
- 5.67 108 W ( m 2 K 4 )
Tg
Tsky T0 6K
6.3.6
H
149
2013
6-8 2010 9 12 14:30 H
6-9 2010 9 12 14:30
6-8 H
6-9
H
1
1 H
2 H N N
4 H n(1 n N )
13
5 n
H H 1 n
20
1
n n
n
2
1 ANSYS SOLID70
10
2 H
upper ( x, y, z ) = 0 web ( x, y, z ) = 0
low ( x, y, z ) = 0
3
150
2013
4 3
li ( x, y, x)(i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
5 web ( x, y, z ) = 0 li ( x, y, x)(i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
pwi ( xi , yi , zi )(i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
6 pwi ( xi , yi , zi )(i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
pwi ( xi , yi , zi )(i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
pwi ( xi , yi , zi )(i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
7 4~6
6-10
6-8 H 2010 9 12
13
14 6-10
20
6.3.7
ANSYS
ABAQUSANSYS
MULTIPHYSICSMECHANICALTHERMALFLOTRAN
ED 5 FLOTRAN ANSYS
ANSYS
ANSYS PLANE35PLANE55PLANE75
151
2013
PLANE77 PLANE78 PLANE35 6 PLANE55 4

PLANE77 8 PLANE55 PLANE77
PLANE75
4 PLANE78 8
ANSYS SOLID70SOLID87 SOLID90 8
10 20
ANSYS
ANSYS
APDL
13
6-11 ANSYS
APDL ANSYS
20
APDL
FORTRAN APDL
DO IF-THEN-ELSE APDL
ANSYS
6-11
6.4
6.4.1
152
2013
H
2 H
6.4.2
3 H
6-13
6-12
13
20
H 6-12
6-13~6-15
6-14
6-15 H
3 43
153
2013
21 H 22
2010 7 14
16 17 21 22 23 24
2010 7 22 23
H 2010 7 24
6:008:0010:0012:0013:0014:0015:00
16:0017:0018:0019:00 6:00
8:0010:0012:0014:0015:0016:0018:0019:00
1.0 0C
6-16
6-17
6-16
6.4.3
46 6-1~6-4
13
TT7RT7HT7 4
20
PT1 PT6 6-17

1004 4 2458
8 1
9 6-18 1004
4 2506
10 1 11
RT7 11 12
6-19 H H15010068
5 H20020068 8
1 9 RT8RT9RT10
RT11RT12 271112 6-20
154
2013
6-1
PT1
PT2
PT3
PT4
PT5
5002008
90
90
270
180
45
45
45
45
PT6
PT7
PT8
PT9
PT10
50020014
90
90
270
180
45
45
45
45
6-2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
TT5
TT6
90
45
45
45
90
TT10
TT11
TT12
90
90
90
TT7
TT8
TT9
90
90
90
1004
2458
90
45
45
45
90
RT5
RT6
6-3
RT1
RT3
RT4
2506
90
90
45
90
90
45
45
90
RT7
RT8
RT9
RT10
RT11
RT12
1004
13
RT2
90
90
45
90
90
45
45
90
20
6-4 H
HT1
HT2
HT3
HT4
HT5
HT6
H15010068
90
90
45
90
90
45
45
90
HT7
HT8
HT9
HT10
HT11
HT12
H20020068
90
90
45
90
90
45
45
90
155
2013
13
6-18
20
6-19
6-20 H
156
2013
6.5
H 6.3
6.5.1
1 ABC
ASHRAE AB
C
ABC
ABC
[182]
A 1370(1 + 0.034 cos ( 2 N 365 ))

=
=
B 0.2051 4.05369 104 N + 3.5186 105 N 2
1.9832 107 N 3 + 2.8939 1010 N 4

=
C 7.8763 102 4.2177 104 N + 1.9908 105 N 2
7
1.0607 10 N + 1.5024 10
10
6-27
6-28
6-29
N 1 1
7 22 ABC 1326.54 W m 2 0.404
13
0.1817 23 ABC 1326.84 W m 2 0.4030.1807 24

ABC 1327.15 W m 2 0.4020.180
20
2.
[183] 6-5
6-5
0.6.
157
2013
6-5

0.34
0.47
0.289

0.96
0.75-0.89
3.
14 4
(Ta max + Ta min )
2
=
Tam
(Ta max Ta min )
=
Tav
6
( t t0 )
6-30
Ta (=
t ) Tav + Tam sin
12
Ta max Ta min t0
t0 = 8 14 4
2~3
2010 7 16 17 21 22 23 24
13
6-21~6-24 16 17 22 23
24
20
40
2010.7.16
2010.07.17
33
38
35
31
29
27
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
25
6
10
12
14
16
18
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
6-21 7 16 17
6-22 7 21
158
2013
40
40
36
38
38
34
32
30
36
34
32
30
28
28
26
26
24
24
6
10
12
14
16
18
20
6-23 7 22
10
12
14
16
18
20
6-24 7 23
6-25 2010 7
24 6-30
70
60
55
50
45
65
40
30
35
10
12
14
16
18
20
13
6-25 7 24
4.
20
+ + =
1
6-31

0
[184-186]
0.55~0.70 0.90~0.97
0.30~0.45 0.10~0.30 0.15.
159
2013
5. h
h
Yazdanian Klems[179]
h = Ct (T )1 3 + aV0b
6-32
Ct 6-6
T
a b 6-1
V0 m s
Ct
0.84
2.38
0.84
6-6
0.89
2.86
0.617
GB50176-93 6-7
/ kg m3
13
6-7
7850
56
/ J kg C
0
480
20
/ J ms C
39.13 2010 7 22 23 24
20.06 3 m s
6.5.2
2010 7 22 2010 7 23
7 22 23 10 1-4
6-26~6-27
1
2
160
2013
3 12:00~15:00
4 54.2 6-22 6-23

2010 7 22 23 35.1 19.1
510 -
60
40
30
50
20
10
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
60
50
30
20
10
0
6
10
70
12
14
16
18
1 PT1
40
10
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
13
20
40
10
0
6
12
15
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
4 PT4
50
20
18
3 PT3
30
16
30
20
10
0
60
14
2 PT2
70
60
50
40
20
12
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
18
11
14
17
20
5 PT5
6 PT6
6-26 7 22
161
2013
60
70
50
60
40
50
30
20
40
30
20
10
10
11
14
17
20
11
17
20
8 PT8
60
40
30
50
20
10
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
7 PT7
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
14
10
12
14
16
18
20
18
20
9 PT9
10 PT10
6-26 7 22
45
35
25
8
10
12
14
16
55
45
35
25
18
20
20
13
55
65
65
1 PT1
12
14
16
2 PT2
65
65
10
55
45
35
25
55
45
35
25
10
12
14
16
18
20
3 PT3
10
12
14
16
18
20
4 PT4
6-27 7 23
162
2013
65
60
50
40
30
55
45
35
25
20
6
10
12
14
16
18
20
5 PT5
18
20
45
35
25
6
10
12
14
16
55
45
55
35
25
18
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
18
20
8 PT8
7 PT7
65
60
65
55
45
35
10
12
14
16
18
50
40
30
20
20
25
12
14
16
6 PT6
65
10
10
12
14
16
13
9 PT9
10 PT10
6-27 7 23
60
50
20
()
60
40
30
20
10
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
11
14
17
20
6-28 PT1
11
14
17
20
6-29 PT6
PT1 PT6
PT1 PT6
6-28 6-29
163
2013
6-8
1
45
2
2.8%
1
2
7.22 /
7.23 /
/
1
2
PT4
PT5
54.2
51.9
50.3
53.1
49
52.9
51.7
50.2
52.5
49.5
60.89
56.89
60.33
0.1234
0.0961
0.1994
0.1510
0.1004
0.2018
0.1432
0.0507
PT6
PT7
PT8
PT9
PT10
53.9
50.8
49.2
52
47.5
53.2
49.7
49.6
51
48.8
60.14
56.72
59.89
59.89
51.97
0.1158
0.1165
0.2173
0.1517
0.0941
0.1412
0.2075
0.1743
0.0650
0.1305
PT3
60.02
52.01
0.1303
0.0614
7.23 /
PT2
7.22 /
PT1
6-8
2010 7 22 2010 7 23
13
2010 7 22
6.2~6.3
20
6.5.1 2010 7 22 10
7 22 23
6-30
PT1 14:00
6-30 PT1 14:00

6-26 6-27
164
2013
12
20.75%
1
2
13
70
200
600
60
400
800
50
40
80
30
0
10
20
15
20
25
30
35
6-31
PT1 200 W m 2 400 W m 2 600 W m 2
30 6-31
200 W m 2 400 W m 2
13
600 W m 2 0.370.741.11
1.49
20
6.5.3
6.4 PT6
6-32~6-35 6-9
165
2013
1 6-32
PT6
0.1 3.3
6-32
2 6-33
PT6
0.1 1.74
20
13
6-33
3 6-34 6-35 6-9
166
2013
6-34
6-35
13
6-9
30
60
90
120
150
60.46851
58.2889
53.9614
51.34223
57.08727
60.54502
13
12
11
16
15
14
30
60
90
120
150
60.46851
55.88347
48.71153
49.55304
56.87361
60.82289
13
13
14
13
13
13
20
6.5.4
6.5.2
167
2013
4
T 4 ) + f F wg (Tg4 T 4 )
J = ( GD + Gd + GR ) + f F ws (Tsky
6-33
6.2 6.3
tw
1 J
+ tw
aw
6-34
T=
Jmax W/m2 ASHRAE
0.55~0.75
13
w W/m2 K
20
6-336-34 J T
T6-33
6-34
1 Ta
26-33 Ta J
36-34 J T
4 T 2 Ta
T
168
2013
(Ta + T ) 2 2~4
T=
a
1.0~1.15
1.0
6.4 PT1 2010 7 22 12
PT1
=19.07 Fws =1 Fwg =0
C=0.180 862.95 W/m2
970.92 W/m2 20.36 W/m2 K 35.1
Tsky =29.16-336-34
PT1 66.16 12%
6.6.1
6.6
2010 7 22 2010 7 23
TT77 24
TT7 1 5
13
6-36~ 6-37 12 TT7 6-38

55
20
60
45
50
/ 0C
35
40
/ 0C
7.2
7.2
30
20
6-36
7.22
7.23
7.24
25
TT7 1
15
5
5
11
14
/h
17
20
6-37 TT7 5
6-35~6-37 1-
2 53
12 ~15 53.9 19
169
2013
7.23
60
/ 0C
/ 0C
57
7.22
7.24
54
51
48
45
0
4
6
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
1
9
10
10
11
14
17
20
6-38 TT7 12 6-39 7 22 1910
6-39 6-40 7 22 7 23 TT7 19

10 1910
45
40
35
30
1
9
10
25
20
8
11
/ 0C
55
50
14
17
20
6-40 7 23 1910
6-10 6-11 2010 7 22 23 12 8
13
1
45
20
45
45
2
45
2010 7 22 2010 7 23
2010 7 22
TT7
170
2013
7.22 /
7.23 /
/
1
2
7.22 /
7.23 /
/
1
2
TT1
TT2
TT3
TT4
TT5
TT6
44.60
45.10
44.30
45.60
45.20
47.30
43.80
44.80
44.20
44.90
46.30
44.90
53.44
50.33
40.33
47.55
46.49
51.02
0.1655
0.1040
-0.0985
0.0411
0.0277
0.0730
0.1805
0.1099
-0.0961
0.0558
0.0040
0.1200
TT7
TT8
TT9
TT10
TT11
TT12
50.80
49.90
44.70
47.90
47.10
46.90
52.50
48.70
43.80
46.90
45.30
46.10
55.41
52.08
40.26
49.33
47.43
52.83
0.0832
0.0419
-0.1102
0.0289
0.0070
0.1123
0.0525
0.0649
-0.0878
0.0450
0.1274
6-10
0.0492
6-11
TT1
TT2
7.22 /
40.10
41.00
7.23 /
39.80
41.00
47.50
0.1557
0.1621
TT7
TT5
TT6
43.10
42.10
41.60
42.20
42.30
41.80
42.40
41.80
45.49
40.54
43.87
43.73
45.85
0.0986
-0.0631
0.0403
0.0487
0.0796
0.0986
-0.0434
0.0472
0.0304
0.0883
TT8
TT9
TT10
TT11
TT12
TT4
13
TT3
44.10
42.40
43.30
42.70
40.60
40.10
7.23 /
47.80
43.50
42.70
42.80
39.60
40.90
45.15
43.59
40.86
42.73
42.65
43.84
0.0233
0.0274
-0.0598
0.0008
0.0481
0.0854
-0.0586
0.0021
-0.0451
-0.0016
0.0715
0.0672
20
7.22 /
6-36 6-37 TT7 1 5

6-38 12 TT7
6-41 6-42 14
6-44
171
2013
6-41 TT7 14 6-42 TT7 14
6.6.2
6.6.1
123
45
6.6.1
1.
6-43
20
13
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
6-43
6-43
0.1 3.0
172
2013
6-44
58
52
49
46
43
40
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
55
6-44
6-45 6-46 6-45
6-46
13
60
58
54
52
20
56
50
48
46
5
11
mm
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
14
100
200
300
400
500
mm
6-45
6-46
173
2013
6-47 6-47
55
58
55
52
49
46
52
49
46
43
43
40
40
30
60
90
120
150
30
60
90
120
150
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
30
60
90
120
150
a b
13
6-47
20
6.6.3
tmin tmax
t ( ) =tmax (tmax tmin ) sin ()
0 < 360 0
6-35
174
2013
6.6.2
1
2
6.5.4 6-33
6.5.4 6-33
13
6-34 J y
4d 2(Tmax Tmin )
J=
GtH g Fwg + f ( F wg (Tg4 Tmin 4 ) +
6-36
y
D
D
d D 6-34
20
6-36
TT7
2010722 =19.07
Fws =1 Fwg =0C=0.180
862.95 W/m2 20.36 W/m2 K
35.16-33TT762.95
=199.07 Fws =0
Fwg =1C=0.180862.95 W/m2
20.36 W/m2 K 35.1
59.36-336-34TT746.71
175
2013
t ( ) =62.06 (62.95 46.71) sin( )
0 < 360 0
6-37
7 22 12
6-48 6-48
3
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
100
200
/ 0C
FEM
300
400
/ C
6-48 FEM
6.7
6.7.1
2010 7 24
RT77 22 23 TT7
13
2 7 6-49~ 6-50
12 RT7 6-51 6-52 7
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
7.24
7.22
7.23
/0C
/0C
20
24 RT7 2 11 12
30
20
7.24
7.22
7.23
10
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
/h
/h
6-49 RT7 2
6-50 RT7 7
176
2013
60
70
65
50
7.23
7.24
7.22
/0C
60
55
50
40
11
12
2
30
20
10
45
40
0
4
6
10
6-51 RT7 12
10
12
14
16
18
20
6-52 RT7 21112
6-49~6-52 1
2 63
52.3 184
6-53 6-54 12 10 12
1
2
58
50
54
48
52
100X4
250X8
52
100X4
250X8
56
50
48
44
42
46
46
42
40
13
44
6-53
6-54
20
6-49 6-50 RT7 1 7

6-51 12 RT7
6-55 6-56 14
6-60
177
2013
6-55 7 23
6-56
RT7 14
23 RT7 14
6.7.2
a 6-57 e 6-58
6.3
20
13
6.7.1 RT7
6-57 a
6-58 e
63
RT3
58
RT2
61
RT4
(0C)
(0C)
RT1
53
48
RT2
RT1
RT3
RT4
58
55
52
49
46
43
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.8
0.2
0.9
0.3 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.8
0.9
6-59
6-60
178
2013
6-59~ 6-62
1
0.1 3.04
2
0.1 0.4
3 a e
61
61
RT2
RT3
58
(0C)
55
52
52
49
49
46
46
30
60
90
120
150
6-61 a
30
60
90 120
150
180
6-62 e
6.7.3
180
RT1
RT4
55
(0C)
58
RT1
RT4
RT2
RT3
13
6.5.4 2010 7 22 12
20
RT7
=19.07 Fws =1
Fwg =0 C=0.180 862.95 W/m2
J =970.92 W/m2 20.36 W/m2 K
35.1 Tsky =29.16-336-34
62.95
=199.07 Fws =0
Fwg =1 C=0.180 862.95 W/m2
J =145.64 W/m2 20.36 W/m2 K 35.1
6-33 46.71
7 22 12
179
2013
6-63 6-63
FEM
65
60
55
50
45
40
2
4
6
6-63 FEM
10
6.8 H
6.8.1
2010 7 24 H
HT77 22 23 HT7
6-64~ 6-66
55
13
45
40
20
(0C)
6a.m
8a.m
10a.m
12a.m
13p.m
14p.m
15p.m
16p.m
17p.m
18p.m
19p.m
50
35
30
25
20
0
4
6
10
6-64 7 22 HT7
180
2013
60
6a.m
8a.m
10a.m
12a.m
13p.m
14p.m
15p.m
16p.m
17p.m
18p.m
19p.m
55
(0C)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
10
6-65 7 23 HT7
60
55
45
35
20
30
40
13
(0C)
50
6a.m
8a.m
10a.m
12a.m
13p.m
14p.m
15p.m
16p.m
17p.m
18p.m
19p.m
25
20
4
6
10
6-66 7 23 HT7
6-64~6-66 1H -
2H 43H
18; 4 H
181
2013
6-67 6-68 12 H 8 12 ~15

1H
2H
56
100X4
250X8
54
100X4
250X8
52
50
52
48
50
48
46
46
44
44
6-68 H
6-67 H
6-69 6-70 TT7 1 6
6-71 14 TT7
6-72 14
65
65
55
55
25
15
10
12
14
/h
63
16
7.22
7.24
7.23
15
18
20
10
12
14
/h
16
18
20
6-70 HT7 6
7.22
7.23
7.24
/0C
60
35
25
HT7 1
20
6-69
13
7.23
7.22
7.24
45
/0C
35
45
/0C
57
54
51
48
45
0
6-71
4 5 6
HT7 14
6-72
HT7 14
182
2013
6.8.2
H
a 6-73 e 6-74 H
6.3
6.8.1 HT7
6-73 a
6-74 e
6-75~ 6-78
1 H
0.1 3.23
2 H
0.1 1.10
65
70
13
70
55
(0C)
60
65
20
(0C)
3 a e H
60
55
50
50
45
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
6-75
6-76
183
2013
65
65
(0C)
(0C)
62
62
59
56
59
56
53
53
50
50
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
30
60
90
120
150
180
6-77 a
6-78 e
6.8.3
H
H
6.5.4
H H
6.5.4 2010 7 22 12
HT7
=19.07 Fws =1
13
Fwg =0 C=0.180 862.95 W/m2

J =970.92 W/m2 20.36 W/m2 K
20
35.1 Tsky =29.16-336-34

62.06
=199.07 Fws =0
Fwg =1 C=0.180 862.95 W/m2
J =145.64 W/m2 20.36 W/m2 K 35.1
6-33 48.31
7 22 12 H
6-79 6-70
H
FEM
184
2013
65
/0C
60
55
50
45
40
35
0
4
5
6.9
6-79 FEM
H
7 7
6-80~6-82
1
2H 2
6-12 7
2~5 6
~12 17~21
13
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
714
716
717
721
722
723
724
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
6-80 TT7 1
185
2013
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
714
716
717
721
722
723
724
6
10
12
14
16
18
20
10
12
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
6-81 RT7 2
14
16
18
714
716
717
721
722
723
724
20
13
20
6-82 H HT7 2
6-12
14
16
17
21
22
23
24
30.1
33.7
30.9
30
34.2
35.1
35.6
33.5
50
37.7
38.7
51.8
53.2
53.8
34.9
51.8
37.5
41.7
52
53.8
53.7
H /
32.6
51.5
37.5
38.4
52.2
54.6
56.6
1/
3.4
16.3
6.8
8.7
17.6
18.1
18.2
2/
4.8
18.1
6.6
11.7
17.8
18.7
18.1
3/
2.5
17.8
6.6
8.4
18
19.5
21
4.8
18.1
6.8
11.7
18
19.5
21
186
2013
6.10
6.10.1
143m
80m 6-83
ETFE
6-83
6-84
6-84
13
20
ANSYS SOLID70
2075
7 9 11 13 14 16
187
2013
18
2ETFE
3 14 ETFE
43~46 46~50
4 14
47~51 51~63
5 14
6.10.2
6.10.1
ANSYS 7007002525
ANSYS 17- SOLID5
13
2.061011 0.3 1.210-5
20
UXUYUZ 0
ANSYS 6-85
1 1
14 6-86 2 2
14 44.23
3 14 48
188
2013
6-86
6-85
6-88
20
13
6-87
6-89
6-90
6-91
6-92
189
2013
ANSYS
6-87~6-92 6-12
6-12
/mm
0.367
0.349
.0379
/MPa
132
122
132
6.10.3
6.10.2
ETFE
13
20
6-13
6-13
50
59.3
59.3
62.4
-17
-17
-17
-17
+15
+15
+15
+15
+35
44.3
44.3
47.4
-32
-32
-32
-32
190
2013
6.11
2
12:00~15:00 54 20
4 H
20
13
6 143m
191
2013
13
20
2013

7.1
20 0 C
60 0 C 60 0 C
197.6 MPa Q235 84% Q345

57%
1
2008
7-1 3 ETFE
13
90%
20
7-2
7-1
7-2
193
2013
7.2
1-14
13
20
7.2.1
1 40.9 24
2 g 0.35
3
24 50
7-1
ANSYS APDL
194
2013
ANSYS
7-1
A/ W m 2
1323.93
0.420
0.187
0.6
0.35
20.36
23.34
36.45
40.9
24
50
24
7.2.2
20
13
7-3
7-3
7-4
-
14
195
2013
7-4 -
7-5
7-5 14
13
40.571~
62.535
20
7-67-10
1 7-6
1.5 5
2 7-7
196
2013
3 7-87-10
7-7
7-6
7-9
20
13
7-8
7-10
7.3
40.09
-22.7 8.5-22.7
197
2013
40.09
5 7-2
1.5kN/m2
7-2
3
32
32~54
32
54
7-3 7-4 7-5
1
18.3% 100 MPa
2.93
13
20
2 2 4 100 MPa
12.43
19.38% 77.36%
3 1 4
108.89% 56.82%
4 7-5 5
58kN
66.38
54.12
198
2013
7-3
0~50 /MPa
50~100/MPa
100~150/ MPa
150~200/MPa
3267
957
3246
964
14
3135
1048
41
2474
1576
166
3054
1056
111
7-4
2
/mm
0.045
0.053
0.068
0.094
0.084
/MPa
98.2
109
154
151
129
1/kN
2/kN
NUM1
62.5
62.2
NUM2
141.9
NUM3
248.5
NUM4
537.2
NUM5
843.0
NUM6
1363.6
5/kN
68.3
88.5
80.3
66.7
47.7
218.7
53.2
142.5
130.9
354.0
121.3
407.7
392.8
666.0
381.5
666.1
644.6
1017.2
629.3
1148.8
1117.9
1575.0
1094.8
2034.0
1976.3
2676.4
1917.9
13
2357.5
4/kN
20
NUM7
3/kN
7-5
7.4
7.4.1
4 7-6 12
7-6
1 1~ 6
1400 kN/m 14000 kN/m

199
2013
2.97
2 7~12
1400 kN/m 14000 kN/m

5.77
7-6
/kN/m
/kN/m
/mm
/MPa
/kN
/kN
1400
93.50
155.72
0.00
136.39
2800
93.10
155.83
0.00
197.46
5600
92.77
155.87
0.00
282.47
8400
92.62
155.88
0.00
336.84
11200
92.52
155.88
0.00
375.55
14000
92.45
155.88
0.00
404.80
1400
2800
92.22
152.71
33.27
190.24
2800
2800
91.48
150.09
60.66
184.16
5600
2800
90.29
145.95
102.89
174.44
10
8400
2800
89.31
146.02
137.04
167.00
11
11200
2800
88.58
147.05
166.66
161.06
12
14000
2800
87.99
147.81
191.98
156.20
13
20
7.4.2
3 4
7-11 7-12
200
2013
160
/Mpa
/mm
300
4
3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
250
200
150
100
-15
-5
5
15
/
25
35
-15
7-11
-5
5
15
/
25
35
7-12
7-11 7-12
7-11
-5 0
7-12 2
7.4.3
13
20
7-7
7-7
/mm
/MPa
0.8
105.13
142.62
0.9
99.45
148.33
94.79
155.15
1.1
90.88
161.46
1.2
87.53
167.32
1.3
84.62
172.77
201
2013
7-7
0.8
1.3 19.51% 21.14%
7.4.4
-22.7
60
-22.7~60
13
50-22.7
20
60
-22.7 2
41
41412=3362
ANSYS 3362
7-8 7-9 7-13~ 7-16

28.2mm~133.62mm
78.91MPa~223.58MPa
202
2013
28.2mm~132.80mm
78.91MPa~226.16MPa
7-8
/mm
/mm
133.62
-20
60
28.20
44
10
132.80
60
-20
28.20
-4
-20
1861
7-17 7-18
65.98mm 20
14 124.78MPa
20-14 20
14
-14
223.58
-20
-20
226.16
60
60
13
20
/MPa
7-9
78.91
46
-12
78.91
-6
42
/MPa
mm
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
7-13
203
2013
Mpa
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
7-14
140
mm
120
100
80
60
40
0
300
600
20
900
1200
1500
1800
250
20
Mpa
13
7-15
200
150
100
50
0
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
7-16
204
2013
160
mm
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
250
200
150
100
50
Mpa
7-17
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
13
7-18
20
7.4.5
[114]
205
2013
5 1
2
0.1 3
0.3 4
0.5 5
0
7-10 5
1
14 190
/kN
0.53
14.76
53.15
322.70
584.29
1075.82
1851.65
/kN
198.02
111.15
193.72
447.76
698.86
1165.11
2085.72
/kN
68.23
57.84
130.98
392.80
644.45
1117.72
1976.50
190
92
59
18
/kN
71.98
56.75
133.83
383.49
638.95
1083.40
1894.40
/kN
79.39
62.77
142.82
402.79
670.93
1135.10
1937.70
/kN
75.68
59.76
138.33
393.14
654.94
1109.25
1916.05
4.89
5.04
3.25
2.45
2.44
2.33
1.13
/kN
65.11
49.24
123.16
361.80
597.45
1065.90
1860.60
/kN
87.76
62.28
150.82
411.79
694.34
1174.00
2016.90
/kN
76.43
55.76
136.99
386.80
645.90
1119.95
1938.75
14.82
11.69
10.10
6.46
7.50
4.83
4.03
/kN
58.34
46.13
116.11
331.90
575.48
1067.10
1845.20
/kN
96.35
62.77
162.75
437.37
714.35
1191.20
2076.50
/kN
77.35
54.45
139.43
384.64
644.92
1129.15
1960.85
24.57
15.29
16.73
13.71
10.77
5.50
5.90
74.27
65.97
140.89
393.09
648.09
1112.60
1920.20
13
20
7-10
7-11 5 4392
206
2013
7-12 5
1 129 MPa
68mm 5
0 230MPa 135mm
7796
1
7-11
0~50/MPa
50~100/MPa
100~150/MPa
150~200/MPa
200/MPa
3134
1049
41
2572
1169
378
94
11
2798
1024
375
23
2814
1138
246
22
2639
1244
233
48
60
7-12
/MPa
/mm
68
73
76
78
135
129
275
273
269
230
13
7-19
20
7-19 I J Fi Fj
Fi Fj
1
I
J
2
I J I
I
I I I
J
J J
207
2013
J J
J
7-19
20
13
7.5
7.5.1
4.2
0.2 7-20 7-20

62.3
50~55
208
2013
7-20
7.5.2
7.5.1 10
1.0kN/m2
41
7-21
7-22
6%
7-23
13
12%
20
1.00E+08
pa
8.00E+07
6.00E+07
4.00E+07
2.00E+07
0.00E+00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-2.00E+07
7-21
209
2013
8.00E+07
pa
6.00E+07
4.00E+07
2.00E+07
0.00E+00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-2.00E+07
-4.00E+07
7-22
1.90E-02
1.50E-02
1.30E-02
1.10E-02
1.70E-02
9.00E-03
5.00E-03
20
20
13
7.00E-03
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
7-23
7.6
ASHRAE
ANSYS
1 ASHRAE
14
40.571-62.535 20
210
2013
2
18.3% 100 MPa
2.93
4
58kN
66.38 54.12
5
13
20
211
2013
13
20
2013

8.1
1993
6 2 8-1
8-1
/m
35
18.5
2008
9.3
12.08
6.75.1
20
13
110
10.8m
213
2013
8.2
1:10
8-2
110
11
8-2 110
150
8.2.1
21
24 H
9.08m 10.8m H H1751757.51176X6
13
2.85m 2.00m
20
8-1 8-2
8-1
8-2
214
2013
8.2.2
1 1
8-3
8-3
8-3
/mm
/mm
P2036
P2457
P2738
P2998
P2197
7x73
P143
P163
P183
P183
12.0mm
12.7mm
P2197
P133
80
11.5
20
13
7x121
P123
8-3
215
2013
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
13
8-4
8-8
8-6
20
8-5
8-7
216
2013
8-8
8.2.3
8-9
8-10 U
20
13
8-9
8-10
8.3
60 YE2539
BX120-5CA 53mm
24
8
8-11
217
2013
8-11
8-12
20
13
8-4
8-12
218
2013
/kN
/N/mm2
/N/mm2
/105MPa
78.43
553.70
554.80
1.69
77.65
547.10
549.30
1.42
80.40
562.40
568.70
1.35
78.83
554.40
557.60
1.49
43.27
256.40
353.10
1.44
44.71
254.80
364.90
0.99
44.39
262.50
362.30
1.50
44.12
257.90
360.10
48.49
343.50
1.31
467.80
2.01
52.33
504.70
504.80
1.87
47.73
338.90
460.30
2.09
49.52
395.70
477.63
1.99
48.82
575.50
575.50
1.74
44.60
525.80
525.80
1.32
44.47
524.20
524.20
1.31
45.96
541.83
541.83
1.46
163
143
123
183
/mm
8-4
13
20

T2 , T1

T2 =T1 + (T1 + T2 ) cos ( 2 )
8-1
T2 T1
(T1 + T2 ) cos ( 2 )
8-2
219
2013
2 3
8-13
0.60
1
2
3
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
10
20
30
40
0.00
50
kN
8-13
8.4.1
8.4
13
20
1 HS_1 10420N
:2 HS_1 HS_11
10420N
3 HS_1HS_11 HS_13
10420N
4 HS_1HS_11HS_13 HS_15
10420N
5 HS_1HS_11HS_13 HS_15
10420N
220
2013
6 HS_1HS_11HS_13 HS_15
25.5
2 55.5
52.5
7250N 25.5
7 HS_1HS_11HS_13 HS_15
11532N
10155 N
8.3 1 0.17
8.3
3
0.29
8.4.2
13
1~4 0.17
0.29
20
8-14~8-25
1 8-148-178-20 8-23
1~4 7.21%
3.49%3.69%3.79%
2 8-158-188-21 8-24
1~4 0.29
55.46%47.39%35.70%20.91% 0.17
38.18%32.60%
21.68%11.32%
221
2013
3 8-158-188-21 8-24
1~4 38.19%
32.60%21.68%11.32%
4 8-168-198-22 8-25
1~4
3.24%3.31%2.52%2.62% 1~4
4.19%
4.31%4.54%4.11%
13
22.67%23.20%44.49%36.25%
20
8-14 1
8-15 1
222
2013
8-16 1
20
13
8-17 2
8-18 2
223
2013
8-19 2
20
13
8-20 3
8-21 3
224
2013
8-22 3
11000
9000
8000
0.17
0.29
7000
6000
10000
5000
4000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
13
8-23 4
0.17
0.29
6.0
20
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
10
11
-4.0
-6.0
-8.0
8-24 4
225
2013
0.29
0.17
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
8-25 4
8-26
8-27
13
20
b
8-26
8-27
226
2013
8.4.3
2011 6 11
5
2011
6 11
8-28 8-28 8
19 9
20.4 22.81
2.27 2.53
45
40
35
55
50
30
60
25
20
5
13
15
10
15
20
25
30
20
8-28 2011 6 13
827
8-29 10
14 8-30 19
8-31 8-29~8-31
227
2013
10500
kN
10000
9500
9000
8500
8000
0
12
16
8-29 9:00
9000
8000
7000
7500
6500
6000
4
12
16
12
16
8-30 14
20
10000
13
kN
8500
kN
9500
9000
8500
8000
0
8-31 19
8-32 8-33 1 6
228
2013
14
1 6 21.66% 26.75
10000
9500
9000
8500
kN
10500
11000
8000
7500
10.5
12.5
14.5
16.5
18.5
20.5
18.5
20.5
8.5
13
8-32 1
10000
9000
kN
20
9500
8500
8000
7500
7000
6500
8.5
10.5
12.5
14.5
16.5
8-33 1
229
2013
8.5
6
6 13 14
55.5 52.5
7250N 8-34
30.42% 5 8-35
25.5
8-36 8-36
11.37% 4 11.32%
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
5000
4500
4000
20
13
0.17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
8-34 6
11000
10500
10000
9500
9000
8500
0.17
8000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
8-35 6
230
2013
14
0.17
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
8-36 6
8.6
8-37
2.67% 4
11.32 76.41%
20
13
-2
-4
0.17
-6
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
8-37 7
8.7
110 7
231
2013
20
13
232
2013

9.1
1 14
JGJ 130-2011
13
2
ANSYS APDL
20
ABAQUS
233
2013
4
212
5 H
46
13
20
7 10.8m
9
234
2013
9.2
2
122m 145.4116.4m
120m
200m
20
13
12
235
2013
13
20
2013
[1] . [M]. 2003.

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Study On The Construction Control Theory and Temperature Effect of Suspen-Dome Structure

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Study On The Construction Control Theory and Temperature Effect of Suspen-Dome Structure

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Study on the construction control theory

and temperature effect of suspen-dome

burning problems by theoretical analysis and experimental researches, and some

achievements, having obviously scientific and technological significance, were

various parameters on the stability of STCS were analyzed. Some achievements

temperature change during construction is up to 212%. So the temperature change

must be considered in the pre-stressing construction. In order to consider the

The temperature load of suspen-dome structures is change during the construction

stress and reaction were studied by finite element analysis.

Temperature effect, Solar radiation

4.2.2 ANSYS ............................. 82

4.6 ................................. 108

5.2.2 ..................................................................... 126

5.3..1 ............... 127

5.3.2 ................... 130

5.4 ..................................... 132

5.5 .................. 137

6.1 ................................................................................................... 141

6.2.1 ................................................................................. 143

6.2.3 ................................................................. 145

6.4 .......................................... 152

6.6.1 ............................................................... 169

6.6.3 ......................................................................... 174

6.7.1 ............................................................... 176

6.7.2 ................................................................................. 178

6.8 H ........................... 180

6.8.2 ................................................................................. 183

6.8.3 .......................................................................... 184

6.9 ......................................... 185

6.10.1 ................................................. 187

7.4 .............................................. 199

8.2 ........................................................................................... 214

8.2.1 ......................................................................... 214

8.2.3 ....................... 217

8.4 ........................................................ 220

8.4.2 ........................................... 221

8.4.3 ................ 227

8.5 ............................................. 230

8.6 ............................................................ 231

2008 2009 2010

M.Saitoh 20 80 Beam String Structure

[26] 15m 1-5 2004

[43] 91.4m 108m 1-14

= 2.06 1011 1.2 105 =

2-5 2-6 2-3

EIy '''(h) Py '(h) =

EIk 2 sin(kh) + sk cos(kh) EIk 2 cos(kh) sk sin(kh) s

- 20 kNm 16 kNm2 0.5 m 3.0 m3

krm 2-21b 2-21c

y = C1k cos kx C2 k sin kx + C3

y2' = D1k cos kx D2 k sin kx + D3

kNm/rad30 kNm/rad 0.3m0.8m

T2 =T1 + (T1 + T2 ) cos

( x1 ) + ( x2 x1 ) +...+ ( xi xi 1 ) +...+ ( xn xn1 ) + ( xn ) =0

Cx = cos C y = sin Dx = cos Dy = sin

3 ( x1, y1 , z1 ) , ( x2, y2 , z2 ) , and ( x3, y3 , z3 )

( X 1,Y1 , Z1 )( X 2,Y2 , Z 2 ) X 3,Y3 , Z 3 )

e11 Green Lagrange S11 Piola Kirchhoff L

S11 = S110 + S11T + Ee11

y12 l12 y22 l22

z12 l12 z22 l22

0 = 2 k s(1) 2 k s(1) + k s(2 )

0 = 2 k (1)(1) 2 k (1)(1) + k (2 )(2 )