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HEAT TRANSFEiP IN NONCIRCULAR DUCTS

PART I
H . C . CLAIBORNE

O A K RIDGE N A T I O N A L LASORATCSRY
OPERATED
BY
-

__

CARBIDE A N D CARBON CHEMICALS COMPANY

A DIVISION OF UNION CARelDC A N D CARBON CORPORATION

III4

POST OFFICE B O X P

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UNCLASSIFIED

Om-985

This document consists of 4.4

PaQes

Copy

of 237

Series A

Contract No. W-7405, eng 26

REACTOR TECHNOLOGY DIVISIOR

HE4T TRAfjSFER IN NONCIRCULAR IKTCTS

PART I

Laminar Flow Velocity Distributions and Heat Transfer Characteristics

f o r Noncircular Ducts w i t h Fully Developed Hydmdynamic and menn81 Boundary Layers

BY

H. C. Claiborne
Date Issued:

MAY 1 4 1951

OAK RIDGE I W E O N A L LABORlSORY

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CARBIDE AND CARBON CBEMICALL COMPABY
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om-985

- 3 -

4
5

10

EQnatiQn of m i o n
Reetagular Duet
Right Isosceles TriangUlaS DnCt
E q u i l a t e r a l Triangular Duct
Elliptical Duct
Circle Sector Duct

10
11
12
13

13

14

HEW! TRAmSFER To LIQUID METPALS IET DUCTS

15

General He& Transfer Equation

Modification of Heat Transfer Equation f o r Liquid Metals

amALamfICAL SOLUTIOBS OF TEE HEAT TRBasFW EQUA!IOFT

MOMCIIUCTS

15

FOR SLUG FLOW IE

Constant Wall Temperakre

Constant W a l l Flux

16
19
19

20

20

24
27
32

38

42

43
Figure 3

Figure 2
Bm=e 3
Figure 4

18

22
26
30

- 4 SUMMARY

This is the first of a planned series of reports on the a n a l y t - c a l treatment

of heat transfer t o noncircular ducts with emphasis on liquid metal systems. This

report is concerned o n l y w i t h results f o r systems with f u l l y developed hydrodynamic

and thermal boundary layers; i.e.,

away from entrance effects.

Analytical solutions f o r velocity distributions i n the case of laminar o r

viscous flow are presented f o r rectangular, equilateral triangular, right isosceles
triangular, e l l i p t i c a l and c i r c l e sector ducts.

Analytical solutions are given for the temperature distribution i n the case of
slug flow i n the type ducts mentioned above for heat transfer a t constant w a l l temper-

ature and a t uniform w a l l heat flux.

I n addition, the general right triangular duct

problem is solved f o r the case of uniform w a l l flux.

The applicability of these

results t o liquid metal systems f o r a region of the turbulent regime is indicated.

A t uniform w a l l flux the average 18.rrssult modulus f o r slug flow was found t o be

6, 4, 3, and

2 f o r rectangular, equilateral triangular, right isosceles triangular,

and 30 degree right triangular ducts respectively.

- 5 -

The mbj& of fluid flow a d heat transfer i n noncircdLar ducts froaa a

ftmdaaextta3 viewpoint bas been virtually neglected in the literature. This

probably resulted Prom the industrial practice of generally using mund pipes i n

heat transfer equipment.

With the advent of nuclear engineering and the resulting

unconventional heat transfer design problmw and the increasing industrial use of
noncircalar d u d s in heat e=
-,

the p b l e m becomes mre

than just an scadeadc

question.

I n coarprrtring heat transfer coefficients based on the momenfs~~transfertheory

o r othertheories, it is necessarg to how the velocity distribution. Hikuradse

(ref. 9 and 10) made extensive ms-t

of the velocity distribution f o r

turbulent flow i n several nonciroulw d u c t s , but, unfortunately, these measurements

are confined tQ trhe tUrbulen% core.

f

In addition, the developnent of the hydrodynatnic

relationships f o r turbulent flow i n noncircular ducts is complicated by t h e existence

of secondary flow i n corners.

(ref. 9)
8s

This was established earperimentally by Nikusadse

As yet no generalized velocity distribution relation has been established

in the case of' flow i n pipes.

Average heat transfer coefficients f o r rectangular duets have been determined

experfmenta2l.yand correlated on the basis o f t h e c?onVen.r;iona,lequivalent diameter

by Bailey and Cope (ref. 1) and by Washington and Marks (ref. 14)

Eckert and Low (ref 4) developed a numerical method f o r the determination of

the teaperature distributions and the heat transfer characteristics of a heat exchanger
composed of p01ygom.l flow passages with the walls heated uniformly by intenzal sources.

- 6 The eircrunferential variation of the local heat transfer coefficient was estisated

from B i k a r a d s e ' s data by poshlating similarity between the velocity and temperature
fields; i.e.

, f o r fluids whose P r = 1.

Thus, as i n the classical Reynolds Analogy,

the influence of the laminar sub-layer is not considered and the resalts are not
applicable t o fluids whose Prandtl m o d ~ U
differs
~
appreciably from unity.

The general vein of this work is t o attempt to arrive a t analytical solutions

f o r the various conditions resulting frorn the hydmdynamics, method of heat

application and the geometry of the systems eonsidered w i t h particular emphasis on

liquid metal systems.

In this particular report, the heat transfer equations are

developed for the case of slug flow i n several noncircular ducts f o r conditions far
downstream.

It is shown that t h e slug solutions are applicable t o liquid metal

systems i n the turbulent regime for relatively low Reynolds moduli.

The author w i s h e s t o express his appreciation t o C. L. Perry for his assis-ce

i n some o f t h e mre difficult mathematical points and t o H. F, Poppendiek f o r his

criticisms and suggestionso

-7-

Any consis%ents e t of units may be used.

8,

a duct dinm.sion

A,

heat transfer area

-aPrandtl modulus
heat transferred per u n i t time
heat transferred per mittink? per unit length of duct

coordinate l i n e in polar coordinate s m e m

a vector normal t o heat transfer surface

Repolds modulus
5 9

an integer
temperature
rnfninnun temperature of s y s t e m

mixed-mean tenperahre of the fluid

inside duet wall temperature

mean inside wall temperature

time

fluid velocity at any particular point

average

OP

slug flow f l u i d velocity

fraction of a d u d wall dimension

fraction of a duct w a l l d-nsion
x9

Y9

coordinate axis i n cartesian coordiaate system

coordinate axis i n cart;esian coordinate system
coordinate %xisi n c d e s i a n coordinate system (coincides w i t h duct a i s )
k
mleeular difYusialty of heat, cy

ofrcle sector angle

a fini-be %asremen%
9

eday d f f i s f v i t y of heat
cosrdina%e l i n e i n ellipf;ic coordinate s y s t m

-9Q,

coordinate fn polar coordinate sywtem or an aca&e angle of a right

triangle
separation constant

viscosity
kinematic viscosity
coordinate line in elliptic coordinate s*em
7,

fluid density
Arncrtional notation

functional notation

V2,

Laplacian operator

EQaation of Mation
The &ion

of a f l u i d is generaUy represented by the Wavier-Stokes equation

(ref. 5 ) . For the case of laminar flow considerable simplification occurs.

simpler and m r e direct w a y of obtaining %he laminar flaw equatfon is by a force

balance on an elemental cube of f l u i d such as was done by huday (ref. 11).

For steady s t a t e fatllrnar f l o w of an incompressible fluid, consider an elemental

mbe of f l d d of dinensions &, Ay, Az.

peppendi@uLm to z.

Take z i n the direction of flow w i t h x and y

Iphe difference i n force on the two faces separated by a

distance Az i s

The difference i n viscous shear on the t w o faces no&

and t i e difference in Biscous shear on the

two faces

t o x is

nopmal

t o y is

Since %he difference i n total foree on the two faces must balance the net shear
%he.four sides when no exkraneous fomes are present and
flufd in laminar flw

For constant .ia&hefomdL flow in a unffosm stmi&%duct,

3u = o

-5;

011

f o r incompressible

-ll-

The boundary conditions are given by

dfstPibu%ion i n d u d s of any shape.

u = 0 dl

%he bom-

of the shape i n question.

The equation and t h e boundary conditions f o r laninax f'low in a duct are

the same %hat cbccurs in the a w r y of e l a s t i c i t y when considering the torsion of

beams.

A nuuiber of these solutions is outlined by Love (ref.

6), by Sokolnikoff

(ref. 12) and by Timoshenlco (ref. 13). The complete solutions for laminar f l o w

velocity distributions m e shown i n the following sections f o r several ducts of

different geonaetPy.

Rectangular Duct

I"

The problem wfu be solved if a

(x,y) can be found tha.t is an even harmonic i n

the region bounded by x = +, a/2, y =

09

(at

f b/2

and assumes on the boundaries the values

This f o n m m
ni t h e differential equation,

For a e s e condl-bions,

( y 2 - x2 ) -

8a2
3

I
I

7
n = O

Therefore,
2

$(x

'-l)ncosh (2n + 1) sy
a
cos
( -1) 360sh (-1) atb

(2Wl)xx

2a

( 10)

( -1)ncQSh(2Il-l-1)Icy
a
COS ( m 1 ) a x
8
a
2
y )
a
(21~1)
3eosh( 2ntl)gb
3 ,
'I[
n = 0
2a
-

* -

- 12 Fma the differential eqption and the assumed solwtion C1

-2'
- therefore,

( -l)ncosh (2P)l)sy

n= 0

Rfm Isosceles Triangular Duct

Conditions: u(x,a/2) = o
u(a/%d = 0

u(x,

= 0

'X)

(x

2
y ) onthe

From the differen%ialequation and the assumed soltrtion, Cl = E

Pram the solution for the rectangular cross section the following hannonic function

that satisfies the boundary conditions can be constructed.

13 -

Equilateral
.- T r i a n g u l a r Duet
2

VU=B

~ a a r Conditions:
y
u(-a/3,y) =
-x

u(x,-

2a

+ --

v3m
-x

2a
-)

) = 0

=o

The problem i s the same type as before but the solution is i n the form of
polynomials~

Choose

me

(x,y) =

c2

r e d p m of
~ c2(x

Therefore, u

c1

[e2

(x

+ iy) + c3 where n

iy)

(2 -

+ c3 = c2Q

3 Xy2)

-3

(x2

+ ~3

+ y2) + c d

If C1,C2 and C 3 are evaluated by use of the boundary conditions and the

original differential equation,

Expressing i n the more convenient form of the product of the three equations

for the sides o f t h e triangle as shown,

E l l i p t i c a l Duct

VU=
B

2
Boundary Condition: u(x,b2- a x2) = 0

(23)

preceeding section, choosey ( x , Y ) = C ~ ( X

iy)

+ C3

where n = 0

and C3 are evaluated by use of t h e boundary oonditions and the

original differential equation,

Circle Sector Duct

V U =B
2

This problem is easier t o solve when

expressed i n polar coordinates.
2

b u

.
/

an+

3 r2 + r 3r

__1
r2

a U - B
382

Boundary Conditions: u(r, +, f3) = 0

u(a, +, Q ) = 0

Assume, u =

Therefore,
The harmonic fun&lon is .Pound t o be

c1

C,[y(r,Q) - $ r2]

E2

(24)

General Heat fPFansfer Equation

The gene-

eqaation for the transfer of heat to a f l e d flowing in a duet is

where K i s the t o t a l Coadtlctivty (nnleculsr

state condftions the time tern,

If the heat capacity, c

-$$?

eddy) and 'E is the tim.

For steady

is zem, so the eqyation t o be solved d c e s to

, and the density,

7, csll be considered independent of

tempemtare and consequently independent of the c o o f i n a t e system,

where a is the mlermlar dif'fusivity of heat and

is the eddy d i f f b i v i t y of heat.

For a fluid flowing i n a duct, the only net velocity component is along the axis, z,
of the duct.

Therefore,

Solving the resulting heat transfer equation aepends on the eonplexity of the

f'unctions representing E and uI For the case of turbulent f l o w i n pipes it is

possible to obtain axmlytical solutions to the heat transfer equation by wing

approxfmaze functions for u and

E:

derived from experimenta,l data.

For the case of

- 16 for approxiaaatbmg %be neeesszqy functions. In addition, the differential equation

is mre comLex became the velocity, u, is a f'urnction of t w coordinates
~
instead

of Qne as for pipes.

appmximatePy represents a liquid &al

system when the Peel& modulus is around

looo For higher values sf the Peclet laodtrlus, an experimental value f o r t h e eddy
dff3asion,
%e

av, would be needed fop better comelation.

argument presented abQve i s shown graphically by Figure 1. The eddy

diffbsivdty of heat was considered equal to the diff'usivity of mmentatm which was

computied aecoPdin@;%sthe classieal w e r .

me Patio,

a 1)
+

-1+

Pr
3was used instead of (a+ E ) to make %heresults independent of t h e individual
physfeal pmperHese It is Been f m m the figure that for liquid metals, (

primarily coaposed of

CY

fop relatively low Reynolds m d a i and using an average

value of E would lead to only a s&U.

case e

+ a) i s

emr. For other fluids t h e opposite i s the

- 18 -

U
n

80

l-

60

UNCLASSIFIED
DWG. 10855

k
O R D I N A R Y FLUIDS OF PR = 1.7
(8.g. 3 WATER A T 2 1 2 O F )

I
0.6
0.8
FRACTION OF DISTANCE FROM WALL
RATIO O F T O T A L D l F F U S l T Y O F H E A T T O
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY IN PIPES FOR R e = 20,000
FIG. I

0.4

- 19 -

Constant W a l l Temperature
I n the theoretical treatment of heat transfer t o fluids i n ducts the two
lfmiting cases

- constant w a l l temperature and constant flux - are usually con-

"he case of constant wall temperature i n pipes means that the w a l l

sidered.

temperature is constant along the length of pipe.

The temperature around the

circumference is constant because the f l u x is applied unffomly m

circumference and the heat flm midirectionally along the radii.

d the

I n the case of

a noncircular dud, application of a uniform heat flux around the periphery cannot
produce a constant wall temperature around the periphery because the heat flow i s
not unidirectional.
du&,

In maintaining a constant wall temperature-around a noneircnlar

a nonuniform f l u x would occur a m d the periphery.

In order t o solve equation (6) for the case of constant w a l l temperature, the
custo~mrysimpliwng assumptions are made.

The temperature gradient,

Bt/ bz,

is

not exactly constant f o r t h i s case; however, when dealing 113thconditions f o r

downstream, the change of

of change of the tempera-

Bz

with length is very small.

gradient,

&/ 3 z2,

Consequently the rate

along the length of the duct is.

negligfble compared with the rates of change of the other gradients ( a 2 t / 3 x 2 and
2

h2t/3y )e

Therefore,

For any shape %he tempen"a%ure around the wall is eonstant and equal t o twThus the form ~f the equation and. boundasgr conditions are identical with that f o r

%he lamfnar velocity distribution in nonefreulm du&s and the solutions are
identical, FOP t h i s Case B =

K7

(g)av.

arnd

'u

is repheed by (t-

41)

The ease si solution now depena on L e boundary conditions. For flux = %/A

anywhere dong the w a l l f l u i d interface,

ta the wall.

2
d& =

- Q

*ere

dR
KA
This follovs flmx the Fourier conduction l a w .

R is the normal

Rectangular Duct
The t o t a l heat transferred per unit

tfme i s obviouslythe sum of t h e heat

transferred through the four sides.
a heat balance

By

(44)

- 2 l -

where tc is the IslnTmmtenrperature of the s y s t e m .

It is not necessary

to use %he Ildntmm teqperature of the system, any point of known temperature
would SufYice.

Selection of any other point would only add a constant t o the

equation.
The form of a solution is t

- t,

= C1

Applying the first conclition gives Cl =

+
a

2
C2 y

(45)
andc2=

b m

Since the assumed fom produces the correct conditions at the boundary and
s a t i s f i e s the differential eqpation,

(+

t-t,=

(46)

et v = fraction of 4 2 f r o m center t o corner, w = fraction of b/2 from

center t0 corner, ana N

= a/b,

then substituting into equation (46)

Since A = 2(a+b)Az, equatPon (47) becomes

t,

- tc

41plK= 8

3 (N 92 +

x2)

(49)

To illustrate the variation of the temerature along the walls, equation (49)

for

VELI~QUS
values

of N is shown plotted in Figure 2.

It is easily seen that

as the r a t i o of the sides, N, increases, the ratfo of' maxinauntemperature t o

mfnimm temperature along the w a l l increases.

PQP com%fngan average Nusselt mdulus, define

%'r
and

De

-22-

OR LONG SIDE
----FOR SHORT SIDE

FRACTION OF DISTANCE FROM WALL CENTER TO CORNER

FIGURE 2
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG WALLS OF
RECTANGULAR CONDUIT FOR UNIFORM WALL F L U X .

- 23 where

is the mean u a J l temperature a

n
l
l
k is the mixed mean f l u i d

a/2

b/2

ab

Integrating and collecting terms,

%tu-%=&

ab

(53)

The equivalent diameter (4 x w u i c radius), D~ = a2+ab

b

( 54)

Substituting equations (51), (53) and (54) into equation (5O),

k

NUav. = 6

(55)

Thus the Nusselt modulus i s independent of the r a t i o of the twr> sides.

mote that for slug flow w i t h no eddy diffusion, K

k. For the liquid m e t a l

system the value of K must be determined experimentally f o r relatively high

values of the Peclet modulus.

- 24 Equilateral T r i a n g u l a r Duct
Yr

'180 heat can flow across the medians;

therefore, it is only necessary t o

consider one-sixth of the complete
section as shown i n the accompanying
figure

A heat balance gives,

Therefore,
ana the differential eguation becomes
2

6 s
Vt=-g--j&Boundary conditions:

To

25

put the first lmunbry conditfon in usable form,

the following

relationship forthe wFmdL derivative is used.

Therefore,

The form of a solution is

t

- tc = c1

(x2 + y2)

4-

c3 x + e4 y + c5

(62)

Applying the boundary conditions and solving for the constants, the following
solution is obtained which satisfies both the differential equation and the
boundary conditions.

(63)
Since this is a symetrical case, the temperature distribution for each wall

is equivalent; so only the wall at y = 0 is considered. Therefore,

1

Let

Substituting equation (65) into

Since

(64), t, - t,

( 3 v2

E a A z

A = 2

%-tc
9f!
K

--

3 v + 1
12

Equation (68) is shown plotted in Figure 3.

y7

1)

6q&

(66)
(67)

UNCLAESIFIED

DUG. 10857

-26-

0.20 -FOR SLUG FLOW AND MOLECULAR CONDUCTIVITYAPPRECIABLY LARGER THAN EDDY CONDUCTIVITY
Pe < 1000

k =

TOTAL CONDUCTIVITY

tc =

FLUID TEMPERATURE AT
CENTER OF CONDUIT

= FLUX PER UNIT LENGTH

t w =WALL TEMPERATURE

0.16

0.12

t -t
qf / k

Al-s

0.Of

0.04

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

I .o

FRACTION OF DISTANCE FROM WALL CENTER TO CORNER

FIGURE 3
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG WALLS OF
EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR DUCT FOR UNIFORM WALL FLUX.

27 -

Integrating and simplifying,

- - 2a

De -

Substituting into equation (5O),

k
K xuav = 4

Right Triangular Duct

IY

F o r t h e general right triangle as

shown i n t h e accompanying figure, a heat
balance gives

-28-

3ouna&ry conditions:

(3

x, x t a n 0

-Q
o r applying equation
ga7

x, x t a n e

(39
(%)

sin 8

= - -

x,x tan 8

(60)

cos 8 =

KA

9
KA

(75)

Q
KA

(t - tc)= 0 where

at

3x

The form of a solution is

- tc= c 1 (x2 + 3)+ c2 x + c3 g + c4

Usingthe boundary conditions t o e v a l a t e -the constants the following solution

that s a t i s f i e s all conditions is obtained.

Let v, w, h equal %he fraction of the distance between corners along t h s

side adjacent t o 0, along the side opposite 0 , and along the hypotenuse
respectively.

Then, x = v, a, y

29

wa t a n 8, and along the hypotenuse x = ha

A = a (1+ sec Q

(78)

tan 0 ) Az

(79)

The following equation giving the wall temperatures along the sAte ad,,a.cent t o
0 when w = 0 and along the side opposite 0 when v = 1 is obtained by

substituting equations (78) and (79) into (77).

h - t c
c t n 0 (v2 +
-7--=2
qf

w2 t m 20 )

- 1+

tan Q

see 0

(ctn 8

csc 0 ) v

+ w tcuZ Q

1+ ( e n 8 + csc Q)
2 ( 1 + ctn Q + csc Q

S i d l a r l y t h e temperature distribution along the hypotenuse is found t o be

tw

9f/K

tc

hC
sin 2 0

1+ tan 8

L
t-

sec 0

(ctn8+ e s c Q + tan8) h -

1 + (ctn 8 + csc 0 )
2 (1+ ctn 0 + csc

Equations (80) and (81) are shown plotted i n Figure 4 f o r several values of 8 .
The plot clearly shows that temperature variation along a wall becomes greater
as the angle Q decreases.

For evaluating the average Nusselt mdulus, the mean temperatures are
c o q u t e a as follows:

- 30 ..
1.4

\
HYPOTENUSE

------- SIDE

ADJACENT TO

SIDE OPPOSITE TO

.
e
-

I.2

1.c

0.t

,t -t,
9f / k
0.1

8
8

I
I
FOR SLUG FLOW AND MOLECULAR
CONDUCTIVITY APPRECIABLY
LARGER THAN EDDY CONDUCTIVITY
Pe < I O 0 0

k = TOTAL CONDUCTIVITY
q f = FLUX PER UNIT LENGTH
,t = WALL TEMPERATURE
t, = MINIMUM FLUID TEMPERATURE

0:

0.

0
FR ACTION OF DISTANCE FROM CORNER TO CORNER ALONG WALLS

FIGURE 4
T E M P E R A T U R E D I S T R I B U T I O N ALONG W A L L S O F
R I G H T T R I A N G U L A R D U C T FOR UNIFORM W A L L F L U X

-3-

9
:%
a

,m =

(1+ ctn 0

csc 0)(l+

* (ctn Q + csc Q + 7
tan8 +

-3

1 + ( c t n 0 + csc Q)
2 (1 + ctn Q + csc
a

2
h+h(ctnQ+cscQ)
2(1+ ctn 8 + csc 0 )

dx

+ a tc +

a tan 0

[ia(l.

ctn 0

2 2
csc Q)(h +y ) -

(dn

+ csc

Q)

-Y+

a (ctn Q
dnQ

2 (1 +

+
+

csc 0 )
csc Q )

dy+atanQtc

( 84)

Integrating and combining terms,

-12 sec

0 (csc 0

For this duct, De

2a tan Q
1 + tan e + s e e 8

Substituting e q u a f f ~(&),
~

32

(82) ma (83) i & ~emation

f(e)
where

see

(CSC

+ tan 8 +

2)

sec 9)

@]

e )+T
-[
2 s
+ csc

(1 +

1
tan Q

2
-(ctne+cscQ+

2 tan 0
(1 + tan e

(50)~which defines

tan
3

1
2

tan 8

-sec Q ) 4

[1+

ctn Q

tan2 8
2

1+

csc

l+tm 0)+

The following table shows how the avera.ge Nusselt m>dxzlus varies w i t h t h e

angle 0 .

30

15O

lQ

3353

0.000386

The 1engt;h of the primeter of the ellipse

-)*4a
!(E

where
)-!(E

is a

complete e l b i f l l c fntegTal of the second kina.

As shown i n the figure, R i s a vector always

orbhogsnal t o the periphery of the e l l i p t i c a l

duct. The r a t e of heat transfer is given by

33

Therefore,

v
t=

(2)=-

ab

TQ simplify the boundary mnditions the Cartesian coordinates are

transformed to e l l i p t i c coordinates, The transformation (ref. 8) is made

by substituting the following equations into equation (86).

Bound.ary conditions :

The s e c m d boundary condition i s transfomed by dfffePentia5ing equations (91)

and (92) and substi%&ing %he result k t o the followin@; equation whfch is

alwap true f o r cafiesian coordimtes.

2

( a )=

(aX)

(dy) = (a

- b2)(eash2Q - c o s 2 T ) ( d & 2 + dT 2 )

(95)

- 34 On a coordinate l i n e where?=

- dR=

constant, dr( = 0 and

- b2

- cos2

de

A t t h e boundary

Substituting t h i s relation into equation (go),

the second boundary cond3tion expressed i n e l l i p t i c coordinates.

L e t the solution be represented i n the following fom:

par%ieular solution %ha% s a t i s f i e s %he d i f f e r e n t i d equation.

One may take

$(6 ,? ) = (cash e

&ere t h e cons%ants,

(a

en

cos*T )

- b2) E

( i q )

bll

are determined by .the boundmy conditions,

( 100)

35

The l e f i side of equation (102) must be expanded into a Fourier s e r i e s

of cosines i n order to evaluate C.,

&n = 0 wben n is

odd,

!Therefore,

.
Theref ore

E (p) =

7
&&4 3

E
(
$
@
)

sinh

x
-

a2 =

COS

psr

a4 =

+ a0

'*

1
COB

x dx

comparing coefficients,

~ ' ( p )is a constant.

Since cos kx = 8

. b2

3P3,

4 cos

32 j 82. - b 2
P5,

Compari~ngcoefficients, Ch

2X

[(l

3,

p2) E'(p)

- (1- p2) F ' ( p ) l +

ao]

(113)

(112)

37

Therefore (ref. 2 ) ,

6a4

- 15% +

loao

Comparing coefficients,

This pmcess can be continued for as many constants as desired. Thus, the
solution becomes

- tc =

Ecosh2t 3 +

a4

COS2?

cosh 4 e cos 4y
4 si& 4 5

(a2b.lcb2)E

cosh 6 5 cos

COS

2 9

67+

6Qo

The constant F ' ( p ) is contained within the am's.

of F' (p) is given in reference (3)

a2 cosh 2 @

A method of evaluation

Since F ' (p) is a function of the duot

dimensions, F'(p) mast be evaluated for each particular case. After F' ( p ) is
obtained eo is evaLwted by the application of the first boundary eondftion.

-38C i r c l e Setztor Du&

This solution is a simplified version of the =re elegant solution by

Whitcornbe (ref. 15) f o r a 60 degree sector.

the solabion f o r the

Whitemibe also demonstrated haw

60 degree seetor approxinrates thaf f o r the equilatersl

triangle.

Since the cm8s sectional area of'

the seetor i s a29 and the 'length of the

arc subtended by 28 i s 2&,

the heat

transferred i n a smsll length of the

duet is

1Cherefore,

Substituting into equation (50) and trsnsforming t o polar coordinates, the

differential equation becomes

where

and s are integers,

The boundary conditions i n polar coordinates ape:

- 39 A form of the solatfan is

1

(r,e) = B r cos e +

.-

rA cosAe

Il;pplging the first boundary condition,

-g;

Since

h i s an arbit-

sepazation constant, take

Therefore, from e p t i o n (129)

Applying t h e seoond baundary condition,

- & S i s p l m and eonsidering tbe infini%e series from n = 1 since

the first term is zero vhen n = 0 (C,

is arbi-).

n= 1

P e r f ~ ~ Wa
~ tFourier
g
expansion,
SA
-

-Sl?
Q

Q
-8%

Simplifying and solving for C i

!%emfore,

..

n+ 1

rut sin - d

(135)

The arbitram oonsfarrt, Go, is deterrained by a p p w the third boundary

amd%tbnto equation

(136) F i r s t solving for r where

8 = 0 and

l?)l
3%=

0,

- 41 -

Equation

(137)canturk be solved explicitly for r; it l(lll8t be solved

by apprOXiarate mrefkhods for fihe Part;icular d u e s of a, s ana g in order

to m u a t e c0

equation
I

(1.36).

42

l?mJRE WORK
#

The analy-&icalstudy of heat transfer t o noncircular duct is a long rang;e

program that will be continued

88

time permits.

under considemtion i n t h e order l i s t e d axe:

Other =re d i f f i c u l t problems

1. Solution of the heat transfer equation f o r ftllly developed viscous

flow.
2.

En%rance solutions f o r slug flow.-

3.

Some solutions of the heat transfer equation f o r irregular annuli

such as for flow pmaJlel t o tube bctnks.

4.

5.
6.

ECC :ga

Solution of the heat transfer equation f o r fully developed turbulent

flow using approximte relations f o r velocity distribution.

Heat transfer thmugh noneircular ducts w i t h thick walls.

Approximate entrance solutions for turbulent and viscous flow.

1.

Bailey, A.,
Tech, Refl.

and Cope, We Fo, Aemnau-kical Research oamoli, (Great Britain),

43, PI 199 (1933)*

3. DeHaan, D. Bo, Verhandeli n der Koninlrlijke skadt-?mie van Wetensahappen,

D e e l VI11 (18621-

4. Eckert,

E, R. G o , aad Low, G. Pi,,

HACA TN

2257, Jan. 1951.

60 Love, A. E. H., The BWhematieal Theory of Ela.stieity, 4th Ed. Dover

Publications, R e w Pork (1944).

7.

Lyon, R. BI.,

Ph,D. Thesis,

(0-361),

9. Bilruradse, J., Inginietu. Archiv,

10.

18imdse,

Joy

University of Michigan, A=.

1&?.

S. 306-332, Bd. 1 (1930).

V.DeIo Zeitschrifi, So 1229-30, Bd. 70, Mr. 37 (1926).

11, Purday, H. F. Pe, Streamline Flow, p. 11, Constable Coo, London (1949).