HANDBOOK OF EQUATIONS, TABLES

AND CHARTS FOR

ME3122/ME3122E HEAT TRANSFER

Department of Mechanical Engineering

National University of Singapore
November 2014

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

1st law of thermodynamics:

dU Q W

Conduction:
Convection:
where 5.67 108 Wm-2 K-4

Radiation:
Control Volume:

Surface:

Heat Conduction Equation:

Cartesian:

Cylindrical:

Spherical:

One-Dimensional Walls

Fin Equations:

d 2
m2 0 where m hP / kA which has the general solution C1e mx C2emx .
dx 2
Fin Efficiency:
Fin Effectiveness:
Overall Surface Efficiency:

NAf
qt
q
1 f where At NAf Aunfinned .
t 1
qmax hAt0
At

Lumped Capacitance Method:

Other Equations (Thermal Properties):

Solids:
Free electrons:
Gases:
Joule heating:

E g I 2 R

Interfaces:
Heat wave speed:
Two semi-infinite solids touch:

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

All symbols have their usual meaning.
Constants
Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m/s2
Specific gas constant for air: R = 287 J/kgK
Definitions
Kinematic viscosity, /
Thermal diffusivity, k / c p
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient,

General
Newton's Law of Cooling, q h Ts T
Ideal gas law : pv RT
M ass flow rate, m AcV
u
y
Thermal energy flux throu gh a section m c pT

Shear stress,

Dimensionless Groups
Reynolds Number, Re L VL / VL /
Prandtl Number, Pr /
Nusselt Number, NuL hL / k
Grashof Number, GrL

g Ts T L3

Rayleigh Number, Ra L GrL Pr

Stanton Number, St x

Nu x
hx

Re x Pr c p u

1
1

for an ideal gas.

T p T

2D Continuity Equation:

u v

0
x y

2D x-Momentum Equation:

2D Energy Equation:

2u 2u
u
u
p
v
2 2 X
y
x
y
x
x

T
T

v
y
x

c p u

2T 2T
k 2 2 q
y
x

2
2
u v 2

u v

2
x
y
y x

where viscous dissipation,

2D Boundary Layer Equations:

x-Momentum Equation:

u
u
2u
v
2
x
y
y

Energy Equation:

T
T
2T
v
2
x
y
y

Integral Momentum Equation:

d
u
u (u u )dy

0
dx
y
d t
T
u T T dy

dx
y

Integral Energy Equation:

Forced Convection Over External Surfaces

Generally, Nu C Re m Pr n

Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate:

For constant

.
L

Mean heat transfer coefficient, h

1
1
hx dA hx dx

AA
L0

y 0

y 0

Uniform Surface Temperature (Isothermal):

For laminar flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

5x Re x1 2 ;
Nu x 0.332 Re x

C f ,x

t Pr 1 3 ;
1

NuL

Pr 3 ;

s ,x
u / 2
2

0.664 Re x 2 ;
1

C f ,L 1.328 Re x 2
1

1
1
hL
0.664 Re L 2 Pr 3
k

For turbulent flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

turb 0.37 x Re x ;
1

C f , x 0.0592 Re x1 5 ;

Nux 0.0296 Re x4 5 Pr

For mixed boundary layer conditions ( Re L 5 105 ):

C f ,L 0.074 Re L1 5 1742 Re L1 ;

NuL

1
hL
Pr 3 (0.037 Re L0.8 871)
k

Uniform Surface Heat Flux (Isoflux):

Nux 0.453 Rex 2 Pr

For laminar flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

Ts T 1 0Ts T dx 1 0
L

For turbulent flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

qs
1 L qsx
qsL
dx
dx
1
1
hx
L 0 k Nu x
0.680kReL2 Pr 3

Nux 0.0308 Re x4 5 Pr

For Unheated Starting Length, xo, with laminar flow for both isothermal and isoflux
conditions:
Nu x Nu x

xo 0

1 x

/ x

3 4 1 3

Forced Convection Across Long Cylinders:

Nu D

hD
C Re Dm Pr 1 3
k

where C and m are given by

ReD

0.4-4

0.989

0.330

4-40

0.911

0.385

40-4000

0.683

0.466

4000-40,000

0.193

0.618

40,000-400,000

0.027

0.805

Forced Convection Across Spheres:

14

hD
NuD
2 0.4 Re1D2 0.06 ReD2 3 Pr 0.4
k
s

where all properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature, except s , which is
evaluated at the surface temperature of the sphere.

Forced Convection Across Non-Circular Cylinders

Nu D

hD
C Re Dm Pr 1 3
k

where C and m are given by

Forced Convection Across Tube Banks

14

NuD C1 Re

m
D ,max

Pr

0.36

Pr

Prs

where all properties, except Prs, are evaluated at the average of the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures, ReD,max is based on the maximum fluid velocity, and C1 and m are given in the
table below for number of tube rows
for various aligned and staggered arrangements
of tubes.

(a) Aligned tube rows

For
below:

Nu
D

N L 20

C2 NuD

N L 20

(b) Staggered tube rows

where C2 for various

is given in the table

Forced Convection in Tubes and Ducts

f

Friction factor,

Hydraulic Diameter, Dh

dp / dx D
um2 / 2

p f

or

4 Cross - sectional Area

Wetted Perimeter

For thermally fully-developed condition:

Ts ( x ) T ( r , x )
0
x Ts ( x ) Tm ( x )

Laminar Flow (ReD 2300):

Fully developed velocity profile:

r2
u (r )
21 2
um
r0

where mean fluid velocity, um

Friction factor,

L um2
D 2

r02 dp
m

r02
8 dx

f = 64/ReD

Nu and f for Fully-Developed Laminar Flow in Tubes of Various Cross-Sections

Turbulent Flow (ReD > 2300):

For smooth tubes and ducts, the Dittus-Boelter equation: NuDh 0.023ReDh Pr
with n = 0.4 for heating of fluid, and n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid
45

Friction factor for smooth tubes: f 0.790 ln Re D 1.64

Friction factor for rough tubes of roughness e : f 1.325 ln e / 3.7 D 5.74 / Re D0.9

Reynolds-Colburn Analogy
St x . Pr 2 3 C f , x / 2 ;

For flow over a flat plate:

St L . Pr 2 3 C f ,L / 2

St . Pr 2 3 f / 8

For flow in a tube or duct:

FREE CONVECTION
Generally,

NuL C GrL Pr C Ra L with m 1 4 for laminar flow, and m 1 3 for turbulent flow.
m

Laminar Free Convection on an Isothermal Vertical Plate:

Boundary layer momentum equation:

u
u
2u
v
g T T 2
x
y
y

Integral Momentum Equation for Free Convection BL:

d 2
u
g T T dy
0 u dy

dx
y s 0

Boundary layer thickness,

3.93x Pr 1 2 0.952 Pr 1 4 Grx 1 4

Critical Ra = 109 .
Free Convection from an Isothermal Sphere

NuD

hD
1/ 4
2 0.43GrD Pr
for 1 GrD 105
k

10

Free Convection from Isothermal Planes and Cylinders

Nu L C GrL Pr C Ra L
m

GrL Pr

104 109

0.59

1/4

0.10

1/3

0.68

0.058

Geometry
Vertical plane and cylinder

13

10 10

10-10 10-2
-2

10 10

1.02

0.148

0.85

0.188

0.53

1/4

12

0.13

1/3

10 10

0.54

1/4

107 1011

0.15

1/3

105 1011

0.27

1/4

10 10

Horizontal cylinder

10 10
10 10
Hot surface facing up or
cold surface facing down
Hot surface facing down or
cold surface facing up

Characteristic
Length
Height

Diameter

Area/Perimeter
Area/Perimeter

Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Constant Surface Heat Flux
Laminar :

Nu x

1
hx x
0.60Grx*.Pr 5
k

Turbulent : Nu x 0.17Grx*Pr

where

for 2 1013 Grx*Pr 1016

Grx* Grx .Nux

for 105 Grx*Pr 1011

gqsx 4
k 2

11

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Solid angle: An / r 2 ,

d sin d d

where 5.67 108 Wm-2 K-4

Radiation:

q"rad hr Ts Tsur

2
Ts Tsur
hr Ts2 Tsur

Spectral directional Intensity:

Diffuse emitter:

Blackbody:

Eb (T ) T 4

Spectral black body emissive power

E ,b( ,T )

C1
exp( C2 / T ) 1
5

where C1 3.742 108 W.m4 /m2 and C2 1.439 104 m.K

max T 2898 m.K

Weins displacement law:

Emissivity of real surfaces:

E (T ) (T ) Eb (T ) T 4

Absorptivity of surface:

Gabs G

Semitransparent medium:

12

(W/m 2 .m )

Black Body Radiation Functions

13

View factors:

F2 ,31

A2 F2 1 A3 F31
A2 A3

Radiation exchange between black-body surfaces:

Radiation network approach:

Eb J
1 / A
J J2
q12 1
1 / A1F12
q

where

1 / A

surface resistance

whe re 1 / A1F12 spatial resistance

Radiation Exchange Network for a Two-Surface Enclosure

q12

T14 T24

1 1
1
1 2

1 A1 A1F1,2 2 A2
14

View factor for aligned parallel rectangles

View factor for coaxial parallel disks

15

View factor for perpendicular rectangles with common edge

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Log Mean Temperature Difference, Tlm

Rfi

TA TB

where Rfi and Rfi are fouling factors.

Rfo
1
1

Rw

hi Ai Ai
Ao ho Ao

Effectiven ess,

T2 T1
ln T2 / T1

Actual heat transfer rate, q

q

Max possible heat transfer rate, qmax Cmin Thi Tci

T (minimum fluid)
Max temperature difference in heat exchanger

Capacity Rate Ratio, Cr

m c min
m c max

Cmin
Cmax

UA / Cmin NTU (Number of Transfer Units)

Capacity rate, C m c p , is infinite for a condensing or boiling fluid.

16

Correction Factor Charts

q UAFTlm

Correction Factor for Heat Exchanger with One Shell

Pass and Two (or Multiples of Two) Tube Passes.

Correction Factor for Heat Exchanger with Two Shell

Passes and Four (or Multiples of Four) Tube Passes.

17

Correction Factor for Single Pass Cross-Flow Heat

Exchangers with the Shell Side Fluid Mixed, and the
Other Fluid Unmixed.

Correction Factor for a Single Pass Cross-Flow

Heat Exchanger with Both Fluids Unmixed.

18

-NTU Charts for Heat Exchangers

Effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchangers

Effectiveness of counterflow heat exchangers

Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers with Two Shell

Passes and Four (or Multiples of Four) Tube Passes.

Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers with One Shell

Pass and Two (or Multiples of Two) Tube Passes.

19

Effectiveness of Single-Pass Cross-Flow Heat

Exchangers with Both Fluids Unmixed.

Effectiveness of Single-Pass Cross-Flow Heat

Exchangers with One Fluid Mixed, and the
Other Unmixed.

20

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relations

Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

Use the above two equations with

21