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Physical Sciences

Subject Code: PSC315109

2013 External Examination Information Sheet


CONSTANTS
Acceleration due to gravity:

g = 9.80 m s 2 down
e = 1.6 1019 C

Charge on an electron:
EQUATIONS OF MOTION
s
v av =
v = u + at
t

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

MOMENTUM, ENERGY & POWER

p m(v u)
=
=
t
t

Fnet

Fnet = ma

Fw = mg
E k = 1 mv 2
2

E p = mgh
!

P=

PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOLS

p = mv !

W
t

E
P=
t

!
!

W = Fs
W = E

s = ut +

1 2
at
2
(SI UNITS)

displacement

initial velocity

(m s-1)

final velocity

(m s-1)

a
t

=
=

acceleration
time

(m s-2)
(s)

momentum

(kg m s-1)

p
m
F
Ek
Ep

=
=
=
=
=

change in momentum
mass
force
kinetic energy
potential energy

(kg m s-1)
(kg)
(N)
(J)
(J)

"E

change in energy

(J)

g
h
P
W

=
=
=
=

acceleration due to gravity


change in vertical height
power
work done

(m s-2)
(m)
(W)
(J)

Q
I
V
R

=
=
=
=

charge
current
potential difference
resistance

(C)
(A)
(V)
()

(m)

ELECTRICITY

I=

Q
t

V=

W
Q

V=

"E
Q

!
!

V = IR

P = VI = I 2R =

V2
R
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PREFIXES
1012
T tera
10 9
G giga
M mega 10 6
10 3
k !kilo
10"2
c !centi
10"3
m !milli
!micro 10"6
10"9
n !nano
!
!
VECTORS AT RIGHT ANGLES
!
tan =

opposite b
=
adjacent a
c

opposite
b
=
sin =
hypotenuse c

adjacent
a
=
hypotenuse c
! 2
2
c = a + b2

cos =

! IONISING RADIATION

Nature of
radiation
!
Electrical
charge
Mass (amu)

" (alpha)
helium
nucleus 42 He
+2 !
!

" (beta)
electron
0
-1 e

1 !
negligible

" (gamma)
electromagnetic
waves

Neutron
neutron

Proton
proton

1
0n

1
1H

no charge

no charge

+1

none

Distance
travelled in air

a few cm

20 30 cm

!
long distances

Stopped by

paper, skin

~1 mm of
aluminium

several cm of
lead

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very long
distances

20 30 cm

thick layer of
concrete

~1 mm of
aluminium

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Alkanes: C nH 2n+2

Alkynes: C nH 2n 2

Alkenes: C nH 2n

Cyclic Alkanes: C nH 2n

!
ORGANIC STEM NAMES

Carbon Atoms in
Chain
Stem Name

10

meth-

eth-

prop-

but-

pent-

hex-

hept-

oct-

non-

dec-

10

octa-

nona-

deca-

SIDE CHAINS AND SUBSTITUTES


methyl
ethyl
propyl
!
!
!

!
!
!

PREFIXES
Atoms in
molecule
prefix

Br
Cl
F
I

bromo
chloro
fluoro
iodo !

CH 3
C 2H 5
C 3H 7

mono-

di-

tri-

tetra-

penta- hexa- hepta-

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES


Structure

Melting/boiling
point

Electrical conductivity
Solid
Molten
Aqueous

Metallic

high

conducts

conducts

insoluble

Ionic

high

conducts

Covalent
molecular

low

nonconducting
nonconducting

Covalent
network

very high

nonconducting

nonconducting

conducts if
soluble
nonconducting
if soluble
insoluble

nonconducting

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Further
physical
properties
dense,
malleable,
ductile,
lustrous
hard, brittle
soft solids,
liquids or
gases
hard, brittle

Particles
present

Charge
carriers

+ ions &
electrons

electrons

+ & - ions

ions

molecules

none

atoms

none

COMMON POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)


1+

2+

ammonium NH+4
hydrogen H+

3+

barium Ba 2+

! sodium Na+
!
!
!

lead (IV) Pb 4+

aluminium Al3+
chromium (III) Cr 3+

calcium Ca 2+
copper (II) Cu 2+
!
iron (II) Fe 2+
!lead (II) Pb 2+
!
magnesium
Mg 2+
!mercury (II) Hg 2+
!nickel (II) Ni2+

lithium Li+
!
K+
potassium
!
silver
Ag+

4+
tin (IV) Sn 4+

iron (III) Fe 3+
!
!

!
!

!
Sr 2+
strontium
tin !
(II) Sn 2+
! Zn 2+
zinc
!

!
NAMES AND!FORMULAE OF SOME COMMON NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
1
bromide Br

2
carbonate CO 2
3
chromate CrO 2
4
dichromate Cr2O 2
7
2
!
O
oxide
!
sulfate SO 2
4
2
!
S
sulfide

chloride Cl

ethanoate (acetate) CH 3COO


!
fluoride F
!hydrogen carbonate HCO
3

hydrogen!sulfate HSO 4
! sulfite SO 2
!hydrogen sulfite HSO
3
3

! thiosulfate S2O 2
hydroxide !OH
3
!
iodide I!
nitrate !
NO 3
!

!
!
nitrite NO 2

! permanganate MnO
4
!
!
IMPORTANT REACTIONS OF ACIDS
!
acid + base [hydroxide/ metal oxide] "
"# salt + water
acid + reactive metal "
"# salt + hydrogen
!
acid + carbonate "
"# salt + water + carbon dioxide
!
acid + hydrogen carbonate "
"# salt + water + carbon dioxide
!
!

Page 4 of 7

3
nitride N 3
phosphate PO 3
4

!
!

SOLUBILITY TABLE FOR COMMON IONIC COMPOUNDS


Solubility of Compounds
Negative Ions (anions)
ethanoates (acetates) (
CH 3COO )

All soluble

nitrates (NO 3 )

All soluble

chlorides (Cl )

All soluble except AgCl, PbCl2 , HgCl2

bromides (Br )

All soluble except AgBr, PbBr2 , HgBr2

iodides (I )
!
sulfates (SO 2
4 )
!
hydroxides (OH )

All soluble except AgI, PbI 2 , HgI 2


!
All soluble except BaSO 4 , CaSO 4 , SrSO 4 , PbSO 4 , Ag 2SO 4 , SnSO 4
!
Insoluble except LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, NH 4 OH, Sr(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2
!
Insoluble except Li2S, Na 2S, K 2S, Rb 2S, (NH 4 ) 2 S, MgS, CaS, SrS, BaS
!
Insoluble except Li2CO 3, Na 2CO 3, K 2CO 3, Rb 2CO 3, (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3
!
Insoluble except Li3PO 4 ,Na 3PO 4 ,K 3PO 4 ,Rb 3PO 4 ,(NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
!
Insoluble except Li2SO 3, Na 2SO 3, K 2SO 3, Rb 2SO 3
!

!
!

sulfides (S2 )
!
carbonates (CO 2
3 )
!
phosphates (PO 3
4 )
!
sulfites (SO 2
3 )
!

!
!
QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY!

Avogadros Number:

N = n " NA

n
c=
!! V
m
n=
M

N A = 6.02 "10 23 mol"1

N = number of particles, etc


n = amount of substance (mol)
m = mass (g)
M = molar mass (g
)
c = concentration (mol
)
V = volume (L)

Page 5 of 7

TABLE OF RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES (BASED ON


Name
actinium
aluminium
americium
antimony
argon
arsenic
astatine
barium
berkelium
beryllium
bismuth
boron
bromine
cadmium
caesium
calcium
californium
carbon
cerium
chlorine
chromium
cobalt
copper
curium
dysprosium
einsteinium
erbium
europium
fermium
fluorine
francium
gadolinium
gallium
germanium
gold
hafnium
helium
holmium
hydrogen
indium
iodine
iridium
iron
krypton
lanthanum
lawrencium
lead
lithium
lutetium
magnesium
manganese
mendelevium

Symbol
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md

Atomic
Number
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101

Relative
Atomic
Mass
26.98
121.8
39.95
74.92
137.3
9.012
209.0
10.81
79.90
112.4
132.9
40.08
12.01
140.1
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.54
162.5
167.3
152.0
19.00
157.3
69.72
72.59
197.0
178.5
4.002
164.9
1.008
114.8
126.9
192.2
55.85
83.80
138.9
207.2
6.941
175.0
24.31
54.94
-

12

C = 12.00 )

Name

Symbol

Atomic
Number

mercury !
molybdenum
neodymium
neon
neptunium
nickel
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
potassium
praseodymium
promethium
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
rubidium
ruthenium
samarium
scandium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tantalum
technetium
tellurium
terbium
thallium
thorium
thulium
tin
titanium
tungsten
uranium
vanadium
xenon
ytterbium
yttrium
zinc
zirconium

Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40

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Relative
Atomic
Mass
200.6
95.94
144.2
20.18
58.71
92.91
14.01
190.2
16.00
106.4
30.97
195.1
39.10
140.9
186.2
102.9
85.47
101.1
150.4
44.96
78.96
28.09
107.9
22.99
87.62
32.06
180.9
127.6
158.9
204.4
232.0
168.9
118.7
47.90
183.9
238.0
50.94
131.3
173.0
88.91
65.37
91.22

Symbol

Atomic number

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

5
B
Boron
10.81

Name

Relative atomic mass

II

10

11

12

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

13

14

15

16

17

18

1
Hydrogen
1.008

3
Lithium
6.941

Li

4
Be
Beryllium
9.012

5
Boron
10.81

6
Carbon
12.01

7
Nitrogen
14.01

11
Sodium
22.99

Na

12
Mg
Magnesium
24.31

13
Al
Aluminium
26.98

14
Silicon
28.09

Si

15
P
Phosphorus
30.97

19
K
Potassium
39.10

20
Calcium
40.08

Ca

37
Rb
Rubidium
85.47

38
Sr
Strontium
87.62

21
Sc
Scandium
44.96
39
Yttrium
88.91

Ti

23
V
Vanadium
50.94

24
Cr
Chromium
52.00

25
Mn
Manganese
54.94

26
Iron
55.85

40
Zr
Zirconium
91.22

41
Nb
Niobium
92.91

42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.94

43
Tc
Technetium

44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.1

73
Ta
Tantalum
180.9

74
W
Tungsten
183.9

75
Re
Rhenium
186.2

76
Osmium
190.2

Os

77
Iridium
192.2

108

Hs

109

22
Titanium
47.90

Cs

56
Barium
137.3

Ba

57
La
Lanthanum
138.9

72
Hf
Hafnium
178.5

87
Fr
Francium

88
Radium

Ra

89
Ac
Actinium

104

55
Caesium
132.9

Rf

105

Db

106

Sg

107

Bh

Fe

27
Cobalt
58.93

Co

45
Rh
Rhodium
102.9

Ir
Mt

Ni

29
Copper
63.54

Cu

30
Zinc
65.37

46
Pd
Palladium
106.4

47
Silver
107.9

Ag

Pt

79
Gold
197.0

Au

28
Nickel
58.71

78
Platinum
195.1
110

Uun

111

Uun

9
Fluorine
19.00

10
Neon
20.18

Ne

17
Chlorine
35.45

Cl

18
Argon
39.95

Ar

As

34
Se
Selenium
78.96

35
Bromine
79.90

Br

36
Krypton
83.80

Kr

54
Xenon
131.3

Xe

At

86
Radon

Rn

16
Sulfur
32.06

Ga

48
Cd
Cadmium
112.4

49
Indium
114.8

In

50
Tin
118.7

Sn

51
Sb
Antimony
121.8

52
Te
Tellurium
127.6

53
Iodine
126.9

80
Hg
Mercury
200.6

81
Thallium
204.4

Tl

82
Lead
207.2

Pb

83
Bismuth
209.0

Bi

84
Po
Polonium

85
Astatine

116

117

Uub

113

32
Ge
Germanium
72.59

114

58
Cerium
140.1

Ce

5871 Lanthanide Series

59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.9

60
Nd
Neodymium
144.2

61
Pm
Promethium

62
Sm
Samarium
150.4

63
Eu
Europium
152.0

64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.3

65
Tb
Terbium
158.9

66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.5

67
Ho
Holmium
164.9

68
Erbium
167.3

Er

90
Th
Thorium
232.0

91
Pa
Protactinium

92
Uranium
238.0

90103 Actinide Series

93
Np
Neptunium

94
Pu
Plutonium

95
Am
Americium

96
Cm
Curium

97
Bk
Berkelium

98
Cf
Californium

99
Es
Einsteinium

100
Fm
Fermium

33
Arsenic
74.92

115

Tm

70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.0

71
Lu
Lutetium
175.0

101
Md
Mendelevium

102
No
Nobelium

103
Lr
Lawrencium

69
Thulium
168.9

He

8
Oxygen
16.00

31
Gallium
69.72

112

Zn

2
Helium
4.002

118

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