Professional Documents
Culture Documents
g = 9.80 m s 2 down
e = 1.6 1019 C
Charge on an electron:
EQUATIONS OF MOTION
s
v av =
v = u + at
t
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
p m(v u)
=
=
t
t
Fnet
Fnet = ma
Fw = mg
E k = 1 mv 2
2
E p = mgh
!
P=
p = mv !
W
t
E
P=
t
!
!
W = Fs
W = E
s = ut +
1 2
at
2
(SI UNITS)
displacement
initial velocity
(m s-1)
final velocity
(m s-1)
a
t
=
=
acceleration
time
(m s-2)
(s)
momentum
(kg m s-1)
p
m
F
Ek
Ep
=
=
=
=
=
change in momentum
mass
force
kinetic energy
potential energy
(kg m s-1)
(kg)
(N)
(J)
(J)
"E
change in energy
(J)
g
h
P
W
=
=
=
=
(m s-2)
(m)
(W)
(J)
Q
I
V
R
=
=
=
=
charge
current
potential difference
resistance
(C)
(A)
(V)
()
(m)
ELECTRICITY
I=
Q
t
V=
W
Q
V=
"E
Q
!
!
V = IR
P = VI = I 2R =
V2
R
Page 1 of 7
PREFIXES
1012
T tera
10 9
G giga
M mega 10 6
10 3
k !kilo
10"2
c !centi
10"3
m !milli
!micro 10"6
10"9
n !nano
!
!
VECTORS AT RIGHT ANGLES
!
tan =
opposite b
=
adjacent a
c
opposite
b
=
sin =
hypotenuse c
adjacent
a
=
hypotenuse c
! 2
2
c = a + b2
cos =
! IONISING RADIATION
Nature of
radiation
!
Electrical
charge
Mass (amu)
" (alpha)
helium
nucleus 42 He
+2 !
!
" (beta)
electron
0
-1 e
1 !
negligible
" (gamma)
electromagnetic
waves
Neutron
neutron
Proton
proton
1
0n
1
1H
no charge
no charge
+1
none
Distance
travelled in air
a few cm
20 30 cm
!
long distances
Stopped by
paper, skin
~1 mm of
aluminium
several cm of
lead
Page 2 of 7
very long
distances
20 30 cm
thick layer of
concrete
~1 mm of
aluminium
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Alkanes: C nH 2n+2
Alkynes: C nH 2n 2
Alkenes: C nH 2n
Cyclic Alkanes: C nH 2n
!
ORGANIC STEM NAMES
Carbon Atoms in
Chain
Stem Name
10
meth-
eth-
prop-
but-
pent-
hex-
hept-
oct-
non-
dec-
10
octa-
nona-
deca-
!
!
!
PREFIXES
Atoms in
molecule
prefix
Br
Cl
F
I
bromo
chloro
fluoro
iodo !
CH 3
C 2H 5
C 3H 7
mono-
di-
tri-
tetra-
Melting/boiling
point
Electrical conductivity
Solid
Molten
Aqueous
Metallic
high
conducts
conducts
insoluble
Ionic
high
conducts
Covalent
molecular
low
nonconducting
nonconducting
Covalent
network
very high
nonconducting
nonconducting
conducts if
soluble
nonconducting
if soluble
insoluble
nonconducting
Page 3 of 7
Further
physical
properties
dense,
malleable,
ductile,
lustrous
hard, brittle
soft solids,
liquids or
gases
hard, brittle
Particles
present
Charge
carriers
+ ions &
electrons
electrons
+ & - ions
ions
molecules
none
atoms
none
2+
ammonium NH+4
hydrogen H+
3+
barium Ba 2+
! sodium Na+
!
!
!
lead (IV) Pb 4+
aluminium Al3+
chromium (III) Cr 3+
calcium Ca 2+
copper (II) Cu 2+
!
iron (II) Fe 2+
!lead (II) Pb 2+
!
magnesium
Mg 2+
!mercury (II) Hg 2+
!nickel (II) Ni2+
lithium Li+
!
K+
potassium
!
silver
Ag+
4+
tin (IV) Sn 4+
iron (III) Fe 3+
!
!
!
!
!
Sr 2+
strontium
tin !
(II) Sn 2+
! Zn 2+
zinc
!
!
NAMES AND!FORMULAE OF SOME COMMON NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
1
bromide Br
2
carbonate CO 2
3
chromate CrO 2
4
dichromate Cr2O 2
7
2
!
O
oxide
!
sulfate SO 2
4
2
!
S
sulfide
chloride Cl
hydrogen!sulfate HSO 4
! sulfite SO 2
!hydrogen sulfite HSO
3
3
! thiosulfate S2O 2
hydroxide !OH
3
!
iodide I!
nitrate !
NO 3
!
!
!
nitrite NO 2
! permanganate MnO
4
!
!
IMPORTANT REACTIONS OF ACIDS
!
acid + base [hydroxide/ metal oxide] "
"# salt + water
acid + reactive metal "
"# salt + hydrogen
!
acid + carbonate "
"# salt + water + carbon dioxide
!
acid + hydrogen carbonate "
"# salt + water + carbon dioxide
!
!
Page 4 of 7
3
nitride N 3
phosphate PO 3
4
!
!
All soluble
nitrates (NO 3 )
All soluble
chlorides (Cl )
bromides (Br )
iodides (I )
!
sulfates (SO 2
4 )
!
hydroxides (OH )
!
!
sulfides (S2 )
!
carbonates (CO 2
3 )
!
phosphates (PO 3
4 )
!
sulfites (SO 2
3 )
!
!
!
QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY!
Avogadros Number:
N = n " NA
n
c=
!! V
m
n=
M
Page 5 of 7
Symbol
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
Atomic
Number
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
Relative
Atomic
Mass
26.98
121.8
39.95
74.92
137.3
9.012
209.0
10.81
79.90
112.4
132.9
40.08
12.01
140.1
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.54
162.5
167.3
152.0
19.00
157.3
69.72
72.59
197.0
178.5
4.002
164.9
1.008
114.8
126.9
192.2
55.85
83.80
138.9
207.2
6.941
175.0
24.31
54.94
-
12
C = 12.00 )
Name
Symbol
Atomic
Number
mercury !
molybdenum
neodymium
neon
neptunium
nickel
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
potassium
praseodymium
promethium
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
rubidium
ruthenium
samarium
scandium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tantalum
technetium
tellurium
terbium
thallium
thorium
thulium
tin
titanium
tungsten
uranium
vanadium
xenon
ytterbium
yttrium
zinc
zirconium
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
Page 6 of 7
Relative
Atomic
Mass
200.6
95.94
144.2
20.18
58.71
92.91
14.01
190.2
16.00
106.4
30.97
195.1
39.10
140.9
186.2
102.9
85.47
101.1
150.4
44.96
78.96
28.09
107.9
22.99
87.62
32.06
180.9
127.6
158.9
204.4
232.0
168.9
118.7
47.90
183.9
238.0
50.94
131.3
173.0
88.91
65.37
91.22
Symbol
Atomic number
5
B
Boron
10.81
Name
II
10
11
12
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
Hydrogen
1.008
3
Lithium
6.941
Li
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
Boron
10.81
6
Carbon
12.01
7
Nitrogen
14.01
11
Sodium
22.99
Na
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.31
13
Al
Aluminium
26.98
14
Silicon
28.09
Si
15
P
Phosphorus
30.97
19
K
Potassium
39.10
20
Calcium
40.08
Ca
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.47
38
Sr
Strontium
87.62
21
Sc
Scandium
44.96
39
Yttrium
88.91
Ti
23
V
Vanadium
50.94
24
Cr
Chromium
52.00
25
Mn
Manganese
54.94
26
Iron
55.85
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.22
41
Nb
Niobium
92.91
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.94
43
Tc
Technetium
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.1
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.9
74
W
Tungsten
183.9
75
Re
Rhenium
186.2
76
Osmium
190.2
Os
77
Iridium
192.2
108
Hs
109
22
Titanium
47.90
Cs
56
Barium
137.3
Ba
57
La
Lanthanum
138.9
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.5
87
Fr
Francium
88
Radium
Ra
89
Ac
Actinium
104
55
Caesium
132.9
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
Fe
27
Cobalt
58.93
Co
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.9
Ir
Mt
Ni
29
Copper
63.54
Cu
30
Zinc
65.37
46
Pd
Palladium
106.4
47
Silver
107.9
Ag
Pt
79
Gold
197.0
Au
28
Nickel
58.71
78
Platinum
195.1
110
Uun
111
Uun
9
Fluorine
19.00
10
Neon
20.18
Ne
17
Chlorine
35.45
Cl
18
Argon
39.95
Ar
As
34
Se
Selenium
78.96
35
Bromine
79.90
Br
36
Krypton
83.80
Kr
54
Xenon
131.3
Xe
At
86
Radon
Rn
16
Sulfur
32.06
Ga
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.4
49
Indium
114.8
In
50
Tin
118.7
Sn
51
Sb
Antimony
121.8
52
Te
Tellurium
127.6
53
Iodine
126.9
80
Hg
Mercury
200.6
81
Thallium
204.4
Tl
82
Lead
207.2
Pb
83
Bismuth
209.0
Bi
84
Po
Polonium
85
Astatine
116
117
Uub
113
32
Ge
Germanium
72.59
114
58
Cerium
140.1
Ce
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.9
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.2
61
Pm
Promethium
62
Sm
Samarium
150.4
63
Eu
Europium
152.0
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.3
65
Tb
Terbium
158.9
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.5
67
Ho
Holmium
164.9
68
Erbium
167.3
Er
90
Th
Thorium
232.0
91
Pa
Protactinium
92
Uranium
238.0
93
Np
Neptunium
94
Pu
Plutonium
95
Am
Americium
96
Cm
Curium
97
Bk
Berkelium
98
Cf
Californium
99
Es
Einsteinium
100
Fm
Fermium
33
Arsenic
74.92
115
Tm
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.0
71
Lu
Lutetium
175.0
101
Md
Mendelevium
102
No
Nobelium
103
Lr
Lawrencium
69
Thulium
168.9
He
8
Oxygen
16.00
31
Gallium
69.72
112
Zn
2
Helium
4.002
118