Professional Documents
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Structures
1. GENERAL
Codes of Practice :
STAS 10107/0-90 (1990) Design of Concrete Structures. Romanian
Standard.
P100-92 (1992) Seismic Design of Buildings. Romanian Standard.
NP 007/97 (1997) Design of RC Structural Frame Structures.
Romanian Standard.
P85/96 (1996) Design of RC Structural Walls Structures. Romanian
Standard.
STAS 10101/0-92, ...etc Design for the Actions on the Structures
(wind, snow, occupancy loads, safety coefficients, combining of the
actions, self-weight of the materials, etc).
The structures are expected to undergo several cycles of deformation
excursions into the post-elastic range when subjected to earthquakes. The
designer must ensure that the inelastic deformations that will occur at
certain critical regions along the member of the structure, due by the
lateral displacements will not lead to the crack of the members in these
regions. This means that we must ensure, for the critical regions a ductility
amount much larger than the ductility requirements for the lateral
displacements. This is that along the whole members of the structure the
designer must perform both the following checking :
Scap Smax
and cap max
Generally it is considered that a plastic hinge that occurs at the end
of the beam is less dangerous than the plastic hinge occurrence in the
column. We will oblige, for a given joint of the structure, plastic hinges
occurrence in the beams instead of columns by ensuring that the design
bending moment values in columns will be greater than the bending
moment capacity in the adjacent beams.
By the other hand, shear-force failures are brittle (non-ductile) and
sudden. To avoid this kind of failure in the critical regions of the members
of the structures special design measures and checking procedures must
be taken into account.
Seismic design accordingly to method A simplified method (P100,
table 6.2) ensures a good dissipation of the energy during the excursions
in the post-elastic range by checking, proportioning and a good detailing
of the critical regions of the members of the structure.
2. SEISMIC HYPOTHESIS
Notes:
1. Sx and Sy = S base shear force (P100 cap.5.3.
(5.1)and (5.2));
2. x and y are the principal axes of the building
3. Both senses ( ex. +Sx and -Sx ) must be taken into account.
(if necessary)
beams pre-design
h = L / 10..L / 12
b = h / 3...2h / 3
where : h the total height of the beam
b the width of the beam
L the opening of the beam.
Notes : 1. b and h are rounded to a multiple of 5 cm. (if the total
height of the beam is resulting larger than 80 cm., we round hvalue to a multiple of 10 cm.)
2. b must be large enough in rapport to the columns
dimension in order to ensure a good confining of the concrete
core in the intersection joint. The minimum allowed value for b
is 20 cm.
3. As a common practice,
the longitudinal and/or the
transverse beams are usually having the same cross sectional
dimensions for a given story or for the whole building.
columns pre-design
Ab N / (n Rc)
where : Ab - cross-sectional area of the column (b * h)
N - axial force in the column (accordingly to the tributary area)
n coefficient accordingly to the columns position in the
building
(n=0.35 for inside located columns, n=0.30 for the columns
along the perimeter of the buildings plan, and n=0.25 for the
corners columns).
Rc the design compressive strength of the concrete.
Notes : 1. b and h are rounded to a multiple of 5 cm.
2. The minimum allowed dimension is 30 * 30 cm.
3. A special attention must be carried for the short-type
columns ( the ratio - length over the cross sectional maximum
dimension - ( H/h) is less than 5) Usually this type of columns
must be avoided for seismic resistant structures.
slabs pre-design
The slabs must be enough thick in order to behave in the elastic
range, even when subjected to the seismic action. Usually the slab
thickness is taken at least 13 cm (because of the noise transfer control) for
all the stories and at least 10 cm for the roof floor.
Verification of the diaphragms is made accordingly to point I, as
shown below in this paper.
foundations
Simplified approach
Full approach
r = / (for see table 5.4. in r = (xi left - xi-1 left He / L(yi
P100)
left - yi right )) / (the same for
)
With : r , He and , etc. are shown in the figures.
The limit values are :
materials.
chart)
chart)
Much more, the minimum allowed ratio between the bottom over the
top reinforcing steel amounts must be at least As bottom / As top 0.30.
Finally,
high-ductility,
ribbed-type
reinforcing
recommended. The minimum allowed diameter is 10 mm.
bars
are
For each sense of the seismic action there are two possible
situations:
10
sup
M cap
inf
M cap
l1
( g 1.2 p)
l1
2
where:
Notes :
11
V max
2 where b,h are the cross dimension of the beam
bhRt
3 v
10
. (v relative shear stress, shown before)
2
12
13
3.200
30.0
+8.79
+5.96
+3.13
15.0
15.0
3.700
2.900
15.0
30.0
15.0
15.0
2.900
15.0
Etr#8/20
Etr#8/10
Etr#8/10
1.30 15.0
15.0 1.30 80.0
15.0
30.0
3.400
1.70
30.0
30.0
15.0
Etr#8/20
Etr#8/10
Etr#8/10
15.0 1.00 90.0
1.00 15.0
30.0
3.400
3
Sectiunea 2-2. Scara 1:25
1 2 2 1
25
25
5 6 6 5
5 6 6 5
30.0
25
(7)Etr#8/10 L=1.36
30.0
25
(7)Etr#8/20 L=1.36
14
15
N
0.3 0.4
b h Rc
The magnitude of the axial force varies, depending of the directions (x,
y, and skew at 45) and the sense (+ or -) of the seismic motion (for a
brief explanation see below).
16
Mdesign K M
where :
beams
column
M cap
M seismic
columns
M
seismic
beams
M seismic
17
Finally, the largest value from M1, M2, M3, and M4 plus the
correspondent axial force N are the design values. In this sketch, only M1
and M2 (seismic action left-to-right) were explicitly computed.
Note : for seismic zone F (low seismicity) it is allowed to design the
reinforcement amount taking into account only the seismic bending
moment value if , the importance factor (table 5.1. in P100) is 1.0.
18
Class A
Class B
PC60
PC52
OB37
OB37
0.8%
0.9%
PC60
PC52
0.5%
0.6%
0.5%
0.6%
0.6%
0.7%
0.7%
0.8%
1.0%
0.7%
Class C
OB37
0.6%
0.7%
PC60
PC52
0.4%
0.4%
0.8%
0.4%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
Vdesign K V
where:
situations)
beams
M cap
beams
M seismic
columns
seismic
column ,top
column ,bottom
column
M design
M design
Vseismic
but
and
He
-KV is the safety coefficient for shear (1.2 for all the
- reduction factor (table 5.4 in P100)
- He the clear height of the column.
- Mtop, Mbottom bending moment capacities for the
considered sections (corresponding to the effective
reinforcement of the column)
-Mcap and Mseismic in beams similar as for point F.
19
V max
2 where b,h are the cross dimension of the column
bhRt
20
21
CONCLUDING REMARKS
1. This paper contains some explanations referring the provisions included
in the annex D of P100.
2. Because of :
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