Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anderson G. Gonzales
CSU Carig Campus
College of Engineering
What is
TRANSPORTATION?
Transportation
A
Movement of persons
and goods over space
Transportation
Control System
Users /
Content
Infrastructure
Engineering
Education
Vehicle / Service
Environment
Enforcement
Users / Content
Trade
Energy & Raw Materials
Waste disposal
Local distribution
Business
Tourism
Migration
Distance
Source: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University.
Users / Content
Passengers
Freight
Source: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University.
TRANSPORTATION MODES
Road
Rail
Air
Maritime
Pipeline
TRANSPORTATION MODES
TRANSPORTATION MODES
Infrastructure
Control System
Evolution of Transportation
1950
2000
Hydrogen
car
Container
ships
Super
tankers
Electric
car
Maglev
TGV
Airfoils
Highways
1900
Liners
Helicopters
1800
Iron
hulls
Docks
Trucks
Automobile
Jet Plane
Jet engine
Buses
Bulk ships
Jumbo Jet
Planes
Tramway
Balloons
Steam engine
Locks
Maritime
Omnibus
Rails
Road
Rail
Air
Evolution of Transportation
Source: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University.
Evolution of Transportation
1000
750
500
Jet Plane
Road
Rail
Maritime
Air
HST
Propeller Plane
250
Automobile
100
50
Rail
Stage Coach
Liner
Clipper Ship
1800
1850
1900
Containership
1950
2000
0
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
35
1958
40
1956
45
1954
1952
1950
Contemporary Challenges
50
Germany
Japan
United States
World
30
25
20
15
10
Transportation
Multi-User
Multi-Scale
Multi-Modal
Multi-Impacts
What is
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING?
Transportation Engineering
One of the specialty areas of civil
engineering
Development of facilities for the movement of
goods and people
Planning, design, operation and maintenance
Multidisciplinary study
Transportation Engineering
Transportation Engineering
For millions of Americans, girding for gridlock is a
teeth teeth-grinding daily ritual. And with more
cars on the road every day, engineers and other
professionals trained to reduce traffic congestion
are finding plenty of job opportunities
PAY AND PERKS: $45,000 to $150,000. Producing
tangible change is a source of job satisfaction
for many.
U.S. News and World Report, February 18, 2002
Speed
Comfort
Convenience
Economy
Environmental compatibility
Elements of Transportation
Systems
Facilities
Vehicles
Control systems
Users
Environment
Transportation Demand
Transportation demand is directly
related to land-use patterns and to available
transportation systems and facilities.
Transportation Demand
Transportation planners and traffic engineers
attempt to provide capacity for observed or
predicted travel demand by building transportation
systems. The improvement of transportation
systems, however, makes the adjacent and nearby
lands more accessible and, therefore, more
attractive for development. Thus, building new
transportation facilities leads to further increases
in lan-duse development, which (in turn) results in
even higher transportation demands.
Transportation Demand
Transportation System
Management (TSM)
Outline
Functional classification of roads
Road functions
Hierarchical structure of road networks
Mobility vs. accessibility
Mobility vs. transportation mode
Highway components
Cross-sections
Highway plan and profile
Interchanges
Rural and urban intersections
Transportation System
Definition of Transportation Modes
A transportation system is an infrastructure that
serves to move people and goods efficiently.
The transportation system consists of fixed
facilities, flow entities, and a control component.
Efficient = safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, environmentally compatible.
Transportation System
Major transportation subsystems
Land transportation: highway, rail
Air transportation: domestic, international
Water transportation: inland, coastal, ocean
Pipelines: oil, gas, other
Highway Transportation
System
Fixed facilities: roads, intersections,
interchanges, service stations, etc.
Flow entities: passenger cars, buses,
trucks, pedestrians, etc.
Control component: highway
administration, local transportation
agencies, transportation engineering.
Highway Transportation
Engineering
Definition
The application of technology and scientific principles to the
planning, functional design, operation, and management of
roads, streets and highways, their networks, terminals,
abutting lands, and relationships with other modes of
transportation.
Areas of highway transportation engineering:
Planning of streets and highways
Geometric design of road facilities
Traffic operations and control
Traffic safety
Maintenance of road facilities and controls
Road
Functions
Mobility
Accessibility
Hierarchical
Structure of Road
Networks
Rural
Urban
Road Function
Freeways
Surface Arterials
Collectors
Local Roads
Hierarchical
Structure of
Road
Networks
Mobility vs.
Accessibility
Vehicles/hr
Persons/hr
2,000 x 3 = 6,000
6,000 x 1.7 =
10,200
800 x 3 = 2,400 2,400 x 1.7 = 4,080
100 x 1 =100
100 x 80 = 8,000
19,000
40,000
Highway
Components
Cross-section
Highway Components
Highway plan and profile
Highway
Components
Urban
Intersections
Highway
Components
Rural
Intersections
Highway
Components
Interchanges
Fundamentals of
Transportation/
Geography and Networks
ANDERSON G. GONZALES,RCE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CSU-CARIG CAMPUS
CARIG, TUGUEGARAO CITY
Fundamentals of Transportation/
Geography and Networks
Transportation systems have specific structure. Roads
have length, width, and depth. The characteristics of
roads depends on their purpose.
Roads
A road is a path connecting two points. The English
word road comes from the same root as the word ride
the Middle English rood and Old English rad
meaning the act of riding. Thus a road refers foremost
to the right of way between an origin and destination.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS
Roads are generally classified into a hierarchy. At the top
of the hierarchy are freeways, which serve entirely a
function of moving vehicles between other roads.
Freeways are grade-separated and limited access, have
high speeds and carry heavy flows.
Below freeways are arterials. These may not be gradeseparated, and while access is still generally limited, it is
not limited to the same extent as freeways, particularly
on older roads. These serve both a movement and an
access function.
Freeways
A motorway or freeway (sometimes called an
expressway or thruway) is a multi-lane divided road that
is designed to be high-speed free flowing, accesscontrolled, built to high standards, with no traffic lights
on the mainline. Some motorways or freeways are
financed with tolls, and so may have tollbooths, either
across the entrance ramp or across the mainline.
However in the United States and Great Britain, most are
financed with gas or other tax revenue.
Freeways
As mature systems in the developed countries,
improvements in todays freeways are not so much
widening segments or constructing new facilities, but
better managing the road-space that exists. That
improved management, takes a variety of forms. For
instance, Japan has advanced its highways with
application of Intelligent Transportation Systems, in
particular traveler information systems, both in and out
of vehicles, as well as traffic control systems. The US
and Great Britain also have traffic management centers
in most major cities that assess traffic conditions on
motorways, deploy emergency vehicles, and control
systems like ramp meters and variable message signs.
Layers of Networks
The road is itself part of a layer of sub-systems of which
the pavement surface is only one part. We can think of a
hierarchy of systems.
Places
Trip Ends
End to End Trip
Driver/Passenger
Service (Vehicle & Schedule)
Signs and Signals
Markings
Pavement Surface
Structure (Earth & Pavement and Bridges)
Alignment (Vertical and Horizontal)
Right-Of-Way
Space
RUTWAY
Steam Engines
1804: First steam locomotive railway - Penydarren built by Trevithick, used to haul iron in Wales
1814: George Stephenson constructs his first
locomotive, Blcher
1829: George and Robert Stephenson's locomotive,
The Rocket, sets a speed record of 47 km/h (29 mph),
Liverpool
1857: First steel rails used in Britain
1863: First underground railway, the 4 mile (6.2 km)
Metropolitan Railway opened in London. It was powered
by adapted steam engines
Electricity propelled
1879 First electric railway demonstrated at the Berlin Trades Fair
1890 First electric London Underground railway (subway) opened
in Londonall other subway systems soon followed suit
Diesel locomotives
1913 First diesel powered railcar enters service in Sweden
1957 Japan sets narrow gauge world speed record of 145 km/h (90
mph) with Odakyu 3000 series SE Romancecar
1964 Bullet Train service introduced in Japan, between Tokyo and
Osaka. Trains average speeds of 160 km/h (100 mph) due to
congested shared urban tracks, with top speeds of 210 km/h
2003 Heavily modified train set of France's TGV had beaten its
original world record when it travelled 320 km/h
Is it a Bird? A
Plane?
Nope, only
Shanghai's
Maglev,
the world's fastest
train !
Maglev Principle
Opposite poles on magnets keep train above track
Train is propelled by electro-magnetic system in the
sides of the "guideway" instead of onboard engine
Trains float over a guideway without any contact
between train and rail resulting zero frictional loss
Maglev Principle
Classification of Railway
System
Intercity
Long distance
Generally not very frequent
Every 20/30 mins to once a day
Urban
Short haul
Frequent
Frequency as high as every 3 mins
Sub-urban
Suburb to main city
Mostly caters to commuting traffic
Advantages - RAILWAYS
High capacity
Lower operating cost
High speed
Fixed route and easier operation
Transportation Systems
Definition of Transportation Modes
A transportation system is an infrastructure
that serves to move people and goods
efficiently. The transportation system
consists of fixed facilities, flow entities, and a
control component.
Efficient = safe, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical, environmentally
compatible.
Highway Transportation
Engineering
Definition
The application of technology and scientific principles to
the planning, functional design, operation, and
management of roads, streets and highways, their
networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships
with other modes of transportation.
Areas of highway transportation engineering:
Planning of streets and highways
Geometric design of road facilities
Traffic operations and control
Traffic safety
Maintenance of road facilities and controls
REFERENCES