Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Grammar reference
Unit 1
Present tenses
page 114
Unit 2
Past tenses
page 117
Unit 3
Modal verbs
page 120
Unit 4
Future forms
page 122
Unit 5
Conditionals
page 124
Unit 6
The passive
page 125
Unit 7
Relative clauses
page 126
Unit 8
Reported speech
page 128
Unit 9
page 130
Writing reference
General points
page 131
An informal letter
page 132
A description of a place
page 133
An opinion essay
page 134
A formal letter
page 135
A description of a person
page 136
A summary
page 137
A discussion essay
page 138
A narrative
page 139
Speaking reference
page 140
page 141
Prefixes
page 143
Vocabulary reference
page 144
page 150
Irregular verbs
page 151
REFERENCE SECTION
113
Grammar reference
Unit 1 Present tenses
Present simple
acabats en vocal + -y +
-s
enjoy
enjoys
pay
pays
Estructura
afirmativa
I/you/we/they
he/she/it
know
knows
s
El present simple sutilitza:
negativa
I/you/we/
they
he/she/it
+ do not (= dont)
+ infinitiu
+ infinitiu
interrogativa
Do
+ I/you/we/they
Does
+ he/she/it
+ infinitiu
+ infinitiu
RECORDA!
La negativa i la interrogativa del present simple es
forma utilitzant el verb auxiliar do / does.
She doesnt have much time. No t gaire temps.
Do you have a cat? Tens un gat?
Per amb els verbs be, have got i els modals no
utilitzem do / does.
She hasnt got much time. No t gaire temps.
Are you ready? No, Im not. Ests llest? No.
Can they swim? No, they cant. Saben nedar? No.
Regles ortogrfiques
tercera persona del singular afirmativa
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
acabats en consonant
+ -y y + -ies
study
studies
fly
flies
Present continuous
Estructura
afirmativa
I
he/she/it
you/we/they
am (= m)
is (= s)
are (= re)
+ -ing
negativa
I
he/she/it
you/we/they
am not (= m not)
is not (= isnt)
are not (= arent)
+ -ing
interrogativa
Am
Is
Are
I
he/she/it
you/we/they
+ -ing
Grammar reference
RECORDA!
En general sutilitzen les formes contretes del verb
be, sobretot en el registre informal.
Theyre eating. Estan menjant.
Hes dreaming. Est somiant.
Stative verbs
Hay verbos que nunca se utilizan en la forma continua.
Son los llamados verbos de estado. Estos son los ms
habituales:
Regles ortogrfiques
la majoria dels verbs + ing
pay
paying
enjoy
enjoying
s
El present continuous sutilitza:
RECORDA!
Es pot utilitzar el verb think en la forma contnua
quan expressa la idea dun pensament en progrs.
What are you thinking about? En qu ests
pensant?
+ have (ve)
+ has (s)
+ participi
passat
negativa
I/you/we/
they
he/she/it
+ participi
passat
interrogativa
Have
Has
I/you/we/they
he/she/it
+ participi passat
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
115
Grammar reference
s
RECORDA!
El present perfect simple sutilitza:
already / yet
Estructura
yet sempre es colloca al final de la frase.
Have you seen Tom yet? (Ja) has vist al Tom?
She hasnt left yet. Encara no ha marxat.
already sempre va entre lauxiliar have i el participi
passat del verb principal.
No, but Ive already looked at his pictures. No, per ja he
vist les seves fotos.
Shes already left. Ja ha marxat.
RECORDA!
Per parlar de fets que ja shan completat, utilitzem
been (en comptes de gone) com a participi passat de
go.
John has been to Bilbao. (He went and came back.) El
John ha estat a Bilbao. (Ja ha tornat.)
John has gone to Bilbao. (Hes still there.) El John se nha
anat a Bilbao. (Encara hi s.)
for i since
for i since sutilitzen amb el present perfect per
especificar la durada duna acci o estat que es va
iniciar en el passat i encara no ha acabat. Solen
respondre a la pregunta How long ?
How long have you been here? Ive been here for three
days / since Tuesday. Quant de temps fa que ets aqu?
Fa tres dies que sc aqu / Sc aqu des de dimarts.
for fa referncia a la durada duna acci o un estat.
Weve known them for years. Les coneixem des de fa anys.
since descriu el moment en qu es va iniciar una acci o
un estat.
Shes worked here since last summer. Treballa aqu des de
lestiu passat.
116
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
s
yet ( ja) sutilitza en la forma interrogativa per
preguntar si una acci sha completat o no.
Have you bought those new trainers yet? Ja thas comprat
les vambes noves?
yet (encara) sutilitza en la forma negativa per referirse a una acci que no sha completat en el present,
per que esperem completar en el futur.
I havent saved enough money yet. Encara no he estalviat
prou diners.
already ( ja) sutilitza per destacar que una acci ja sha
produt.
Petes already been on holiday. El Pete ja ha estat de
vacances.
Theyve already made a million dollars. Ja han guanyat un
mili de dlars.
RECORDA!
Already i yet yet tamb es poden utilitzar amb altres
temps verbals.
He told me that he had already finished reading the
book. (past perfect simple)
Em va dir que ja havia acabat de llegir el llibre.
I dont want to tell her yet. (present simple)
Encara no li ho vull dir.
Grammar reference
Unit 2 Past tenses
know knew
go went
take took
make made
do did
see saw
Past simple
Estructura
afirmativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/they
negativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/
they
+ infinitiu
interrogativa
Did
+ I/he/she/it/we/you/they
+ infinitiu
Regles ortogrfiques
acabats en -e + -d
notice
decide
noticed
decided
Past continuous
Estructura
afirmativa
I/he/she/it
we/you/they
was
were
+ -ing
negativa
I/he/she/it
we/you/they
+ -ing
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
117
Grammar reference
interrogativa
Was
Were
+ -ing
RECORDA!
Per repassar les regles ortogrfiques de les formes -ing,
vs a la secci Present continuous a la pgina 115.
s
El past continuous sutilitza:
+ had (d)
negativa
I/he/she/it/
we/you/they
+ participi passat
interrogativa
+ I/he/she/it/we/you/
Had
they
Had you seen her? Lhavies vist?
Had they left? Havien marxat?
118 GRAMMAR REFERENCE
+ participi passat
+ participi passat
Grammar reference
s
RECORDA!
El past perfect sutilitza:
Estructura
+ used to
+ infinitiu
negativa
I/he/she/it/you/we/
they
s
used to sutilitza per comparar costums o situacions del
passat amb les del moment actual.
Ls de used to implica que aquests costums i
situacions ja no hi sn.
I used to think Canada was really quiet. (But now I dont)
Abans pensava que el Canad era molt tranquil. (Ja no ho
penso).
We used to go to France for our holidays. (But now we
dont) Abans solem anar de vacances a Frana. (Ara ja no
hi anem.)
Els adverbis for i since no sutilitzen amb used to.
I used to live in Granada. Abans vivia a Granada.
NO I used to live in Granada for ten years.
would
La frmula would + infinitiu sutilitza per descriure
hbits del passat. El past simple i used to tamb es
poden utilitzar per parlar daquests hbits.
When she was a child, she would spend her holidays in
the country. Quan era petita, passava les vacances al camp.
would sutilitza menys per descriure hbits del passat
que el past simple o used to; would s ms freqent en
contextos literaris o formals.
used to
afirmativa
I/he/she/it/you/we/
they
+ didnt use to
+ infinitiu
interrogativa
+ I/he/she/it/you/we/
Did
they
+ use to
+ infinitiu
119
Grammar reference
Unit 3 Modal verbs
Modal verbs: general points
Els modals sn verbs que mostren unes
caracterstiques especials. Acompanyen el verb
principal per afegir determinats matisos a la frase,
per exemple, obligaci o consell.
Estructura
Els verbs modals tenen les caracterstiques segents:
Modals of ability
can, could, be able to
El verb modal can sutilitza per parlar dhabilitats en el
present.
Danny can climb mountains and run marathons. El Danny
pot escalar muntanyes i crrer maratons.
Two of my friends can play the guitar. Dues de les meves
amigues saben tocar la guitarra.
I cant hear you. NO I dont hear you. No tescolto.
El verb modal could sutilitza per descriure habilitats en
el passat.
When he was a child, he could ski really well. De petit,
esquiava molt b.
I couldnt see anything. No veia res.
NO I didnt see anything.
Com que can i could no es poden utilitzar en tots els
temps verbals, be able to (que no s un verb modal)
sutilitza per descriure habilitats en aquests altres
temps.
Next week, all the contestants will be able to vote.
La setmana vinent tots els concursants podran votar.
We havent been able to go on holiday this year. No hem
pogut anar de vacances enguany.
Grammar reference
He needs to work harder if he wants to pass his exams.
Shi haur desforar ms si vol aprovar els exmens.
neednt (i dont have to, que no s un verb modal)
sutilitzen per aclarir que no hi ha obligaci de fer una
cosa.
Contestants dont have to be great actors. Els concursants
no han de ser bons actors.
You neednt get here before eleven oclock. No s
necessari que arribis abans de les onze.
ought to, should y shouldnt sutilitzen per donar
consells i fer recomanacions.
Candidates should be friendly and outgoing. Els candidats
haurien de ser simptics i extravertits.
You shouldnt worry so much about your marks. No
thauries de preocupar tant per les notes.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
121
Grammar reference
Unit 4 Future forms
negativa
I
he/she/it
we/you/they
will
Estructura
afirmativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/
they
+ will (= ll)
+ infinitiu
interrogativa
Will
+ I/he/she/it/we/you/they
interrogativa
Am
I
Is
he/she/it
Are
we/you/they
+ infinitiu
+ infinitiu
+ going to
+ infinitiu
s
going to sutilitza:
+ infinitiu
s
will sutilitza:
Present continuous
Estructura
Consulta la pgina 114.
s
El present continuous sutilitza per descriure alguna
cosa ja planificada. Sovint es concreta un moment i un
lloc.
going to
Estructura
afirmativa
I
he/she/it
we/you/they
+ going to
negativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/
they
m not
isnt
arent
+ going to
+ infinitiu
Grammar reference
Future continuous
Estructura
Estructura
afirmativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/
they
+ will
+ be
+ -ing
afirmativa
I/he/she/it/we/
you/they
negativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/
they
+ will
+ have
+ participi passat
negativa
+ wont
+ be
+ -ing
I/he/she/it/we/
you/they
interrogativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/
Will
they
+ be
+ -ing
+ will
not
(wont)
+ have
+ participi passat
interrogativa
+ I/he/she/it/we/
Will
you/they
+
have
+ participi passat
Will she be living with you all summer? Estar vivint amb
tu tot lestiu?
s
El future continuous sutilitza:
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
123
Grammar reference
Unit 5 Conditionals
Les oracions condicionals estan formades per dues
proposicions: la proposici condicional (encapalada
per if) i la proposici principal, que explica la
conseqncia de lanterior.
Second conditional
Estructura
<if + past simple>, <would + infinitiu>
O
<would + infinitiu> <if + past simple>
s
Les condicionals de segon grau sutilitzen per parlar de
situacions presents i futures que sn imaginries i
improbables.
First conditional
Estructura
<if / unless + present simple>, <will + infinitiu >
O
<will + infinitiu > <if / unless + present simple>
If Pierce Brosnan retires, Ill become a postman. =
Ill become a postman if Pierce Brosnan retires.
Si Pierce Brosnan es juvila, em far carter.
RECORDA!
En el llenguatge formal, quan la proposici condicional
cont el verb be, no sutilitza el past simple de la
primera i la tercera persona del singular
(I was, he/she/it was), sin were.
If I were you, Id ask her out tonight. Si jo fos tu, la
convidaria a sortir aquesta nit.
If she were taller, she could reach the top shelf. Si fos
ms alta, arribaria al prestatge de dalt.
Third conditional
s
Estructura
Les condicionals de primer grau sutilitzen per parlar de
fets futurs que sn possibles o probables.
If youd seen us, you wouldnt have known who was who.
Si ens haguessis vist, no ens hauries pogut distingir.
If Id known, I would have brought a camera. Si ho hagus
sabut, hauria portat una cmera.
s
Les condicionals de tercer grau sutilitzen per referir-se
a fets hipottics del passat, s a dir, per parlar de coses
que no van passar.
If theyd gone by bus, they would have arrived much later.
(They didnt go by bus.) Si haguessin anat amb autobs,
haurien arribat molt ms tard. (No van anar amb autobs.)
If Kevin hadnt helped us, wed never have finished in
time. (He did help us.) Si el Kevin no ens hagus ajudat, no
haurem acabat a temps. (S que ens va ajudar.)
Grammar reference
El sintagama by + complement agent somet quan no es
coneix, no interessa o no es vol citar qui realitza lacci.
Estructura
La veu passiva es forma amb el verb be + el participi
passat. El verb be apareixer en el mateix temps que el
verb de la veu activa.
veu activa
veu passiva
painted
va pintar
verbo
El Guernica.
El Guernica.
objeto directo
sujeto
El Guernica
El Guernica
verbo
was painted
va ser pintat
complemento agente
by Picasso.
per Picasso.
s
La veu passiva sutilitza:
The passive + by
By sutilitza quan volem esmentar la persona o cosa que
realitza lacci. Es colloca davant del complement
agent.
The director will choose the candidates. The candidates
will be chosen by the director. El director seleccionar els
concursants. Els concursants seran seleccionats pel
director.
Grammar reference
have / get something done
Estructura
have / get (en qualsevol temps verbal) + objecte directe
+ participi passat
Im having my computer repaired. Marreglaran
lordinador.
Ive got my hair cut. Mhe tallat els cabells. / Mhan tallat
els cabells.
s
El causatiu (have something done / get something done)
sutilitza per parlar de coses que un no pot fer per si
mateix (o prefereix no fer-les), per la qual cosa recorre
a una altra persona o a un professional. Aquesta
estructura es pot utilitzar en qualsevol temps verbal.
Were having the office decorated. Ens decoraran
loficina.
They havent had their flat painted yet. Encara no els han
pintat el pis.
Are you going to get your bike repaired? Tarreglaran la
bici?
Les dues expressions signifiquen el mateix, per get
something done s ms informal que have something
done.
De la mateixa manera que amb la veu passiva, amb
aquest tipus destructures no sempre s necessari
especificar qui va realitzar lacci.
Were having our house painted. Ens pintaran la casa. (s
evident que ho far un pintor, per aix somet lexplicaci.)
Compara la frase con: Were painting our house. Pintarem
la casa.
who i whose
El pronom relatiu whose sutilitza per expressar
possessi.
Relative pronouns
Grammar reference
Defining relative clauses
Oraciones especificativas
Oracions explicatives
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
127
Grammar reference
Unit 8 Reported speech
Lestil indirecte sutilitza per explicar-li a alg el que
una altra persona ha dit, sense utilitzar les seves
paraules de forma literal.
estil directe
estil indirecte
Estil directe
here aqu
this aquest, aquesta,
aix
these aquests,
aquestes
now ara
next week la
setmana que ve
today avui
tonight aquesta nit
tomorrow dem
yesterday ahir
last week la setmana
passada
Estil directe
present simple
I take Jo agafo
present continuous
I am taking Jo estic agafant
past simple
I took Jo vaig agafar
present perfect simple
I have taken Jo he agafat
will
I will take Jo agafar
can
I can take Jo puc agafar
must
I must take Jo he dagafar
Estil indirecte
past simple
I took Jo vaig agafar
past continuous
I was taking Jo estava
agafant
past perfect simple
I had taken Jo havia agafat
past perfect simple
I had taken Jo havia agafat
would
I would take Jo agafaria
could
I could take Jo podia agafar
had to
I had to take Jo havia
dagafar
Estil indirecte
there all
that all, aquell, aquella
those aquells, aquelles
then aleshores
the following week week la
setmana segent
that day aquell dia
that night aquella nit
the following day lendem
the day before el dia anterior
the week before before la
setmana anterior
Grammar reference
Reported questions
Lordre de les preguntes en lestil indirecte s diferent al
de lestil directe i el mateix que en una frase afirmativa.
verb + subjecte
subjecte + verb
How old are you? she asked. She asked (me) how old I
was. NO She asked me how old was I. . Quants anys tens?,
va preguntar. Em va preguntar quants anys tenia.
Si la pregunta en estil directe inclou les partcules
interrogatives (who, why, when, how, what), la partcula
interrogativa es repeteix en la pregunta destil
indirecte.
Why are you laughing? He asked her why she was
laughing. Per qu rius? Li va preguntar per qu reia.
How tall is she? He asked me how tall she was. Quina
alada fa? Em va preguntar quina alada feia.
Si la pregunta en estil directe no inclou who, why, when,
how, what, etc., safegeix if o whether en lestil indirecte.
Are you Spanish? he asked us. He asked us if /
whether we were Spanish. Sou espanyols? Ens va
preguntar si rem espanyols.
Reporting verbs
Els
Em va
Grammar reference
Unit 9 The gerund and the
infinitive
be used to / get used to
The gerund
El gerundi sutilitza:
The infinitive:
Linfinitiu sutilitza:
Verb + infinitiu
Aquests sn alguns dels verbs que regeixen el verb en
infinitiu (amb to):
afford agree arrange ask attempt beg
choose dare decide expect hope intend learn
like manage pretend promise refuse seem want
RECORDA!
Intenta no confondre used to i be used to. Tenen
significats i estructures diferents.
Sandra used to live in Madrid (but now she lives in
Valencia). La Sandra abans vivia a Madrid (per ara viu a
Valncia).
Sandra was used to living in Madrid (= she had adapted
to life in Madrid). La Sandra estava acostumada a viure
a Madrid.
Writing reference
Consells generals
Divideix el text de la redacci en
pargrafs.
WRITING REFERENCE
131
Vocabulari dutilitat
Recorda!
1 Esquema
2 Estil
Salutacions: Dear
Acomiadaments: Love from / Best wishes, /
Write soon!
Agraments: Thanks for your letter. It was good to hear
from you.
Disculpes: Im sorry I havent written.
Preguntes: How are you? What are you doing?
Respostes: You asked about
Donar informaci personal: Im fine. Im working hard.
Enviar salutacions: I hope your family are all well. Say hello
to your mum for me.
Pregunta model
Write to your American friend and tell him or her about what you usually do at the weekends.
Escriu una carta a un amic/ga americ/ana explicant-li el que tagrada fer els caps de setmana.
Resposta model
23 Barn Road
Downton
Hangford
17th September
adrea
data
Dear Mark,
How are you? I hope youre enjoying life
in the USA! Whats the weather like at the moment?
Here its terrible. It rains all the time!
salutaci
pregunta
agrament
resposta
contracci
enviament de salutacions
Write soon!
acomiadament
Laura
informal i colloquial
Recorda!
1 Estructura
2 Contingut
Vocabulari dutilitat
Ubicaci: ten minutes from where I live / on the coast / in
the town centre / opposite / next to / near
Superlatius: the oldest / the most beautiful / the best
Emetre lopini personal: What I like about is / I love
Donar raons: because / The main reason is
Adjectius: old / new / traditional / beautiful / small / big
/ quiet / busy
Donar consells: I think everyone should visit
Pregunta model
Describe a place that tourists like to visit in your area. Do you like to go there?
Descriu un lloc de la teva regi que els agradi visitar als turistes. s un lloc al qual tagradaria anar a tu?
Resposta model
Ten minutes from my house is the most beautiful
area in the south of England. It is called The New
Forest and people from different parts of England
and different countries often come here on holiday.
on s?; superlatiu
nom del lloc
qu s?
opini personal
adjectius
raons
WRITING REFERENCE
133
1 Estructura
Vocabulari dutilitat
Recorda!
2 Contingut
Pregunta model
It is better to travel around your own country instead of going abroad on holiday. Do you agree?
s millor viatjar pel teu pas que anar de vacances a lestranger. Hi ests dacord, amb aquesta afirmaci?
Resposta model
donar lopini
enllaar
donar lopini
donar raons
donar lopini
enllaar
enllaar
donar lopini
3 Estructura i contingut
Vocabulari dutilitat
Recorda!
1 Esquema
2 Estil
Pregunta model
You see an advertisement for assistant photographer in the newspaper. Write a letter applying for the job.
Imaginat que veus una oferta de treball com a assistent de fotgraf anunciada al diari. Escriu una carta sollicitant
aquesta feina.
Resposta model
15 Runnymede Close
Hythe
Kent
18 July 2008
Mr Parker
Perky Photos
High Street
Hythe
Dear Mr Parker,
Adrea
data
nom
adrea
salutaci
expressi formal
ra per la qual
sescriu la carta
documents adjunts
contacte
formal
final de la carta
acomiadament
Ron Gates
Ron Gates
WRITING REFERENCE
W
135
Vocabulari dutilitat
Recorda!
Pregunta model
Write a description of one of your first teachers. Why do you remember him or her?
Escriu la descripci dun dels primers professors que vas tenir. Per qu recordes aquesta persona?
Resposta model
My first teacher was very tall and quite old. Perhaps
I thought that because I was very short and quite
young! I was five years old. My teachers name was
Miss Dunn and I adored her.
modificador
adjectius
edat
memries
aparena
exemple
roba
exemple
memries
Un resum
Sescriu un resum per transmetre en termes breus i
concisos les idees principals dun text.
Recorda!
Preparaci
Vocabulari dutilitat
Connectors (que mostren contrast): Although /
However, / In spite of
Connectors (que afegeixen ms informaci): Both /
Also / In addition to this
Connectors (que indiquen causa i resultat): Because /
So
Oracions de relatiu: The programme, which was watched
by millions of people,
Pregunta model
Summarize the following text in no more than 50 words.
Resumeix el text segent sense excedir les 50 paraules.
Text model
Cosmetic surgery is an enormously successful business
today. Millions of pounds are spent in the UK and the
amount is increasing every year.
Many years ago it was only the rich and famous who
had enough money to pay for such operations. Today,
however, ordinary people are spending their money
on looking younger and on becoming more beautiful.
If a young man or woman doesnt like his or her chin
or nose they can change them.
There are some worrying trends. The age of the people
paying for cosmetic surgery is getting younger and
younger and TV programmes show us the terrible
mistakes that can happen. In spite of the dangers many
teenagers no longer want a new car for their birthday
they want a new nose.
Popular
cara
Resposta model
Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular with
younger men and women who do not need the
operations to look younger. They want to improve parts
of themselves that they do not like. These operations
can be both very expensive and sometimes dangerous
but the number is continuing to grow.
WRITING REFERENCE
137
Recorda!
1 Estructura
2 Context
Vocabulari dutilitat
Per comenar: Many people think / say that
Per fer comentaris sobre el tema: This is a very difficult
question. We must consider many things.
Adverbis i frases introductries: Firstly, / Secondly, /
Finally, / One advantage is
Conjuncions I frases per expressar contrast: However /
But / On the other hand
Per afegir ms informaci: Another point is / Also
Conjuncions I frases que expressen causalitat: Because /
This is because / So / Therefore
Pregunta model
Should children under ten use mobile phones?
s bo que els nens ms petits de deu anys utilitzin telfons mbils?
Resposta model
Most people have mobile phones and use them
every day. However, many people think that children,
in particular, use mobile phones too much. We must
consider several points.
Contrast
comentari
contrast
causa
contrast
opini personal
afegir ms informaci
Una narraci
Sescriu una narraci per explicar un esdeveniment real o
imaginari. Aquest esdeveniment pot ser emocionant,
divertit o aterrador; i, amb freqncia, ha tingut lloc en
el passat.
Recorda!
Vocabulari dutilitat
Expressions de temps: last week, ago, at ten
oclock, suddenly, since, for
Locucions adverbials: at first, later, after that,
then
Conjuncions de temps: when, while, as soon as
Oracions per comenar la redacci: It was the
best day of my life. One of my worst memories
is It was raining.
Adjectius per expressar sentiments: happy /
surprised / frightened / cold / excited
Per acabar la redacci: In the end It had been
an interesting day. What a day! Never again!
Pregunta model
Write about a good concert that you have been to.
Escriu sobre un bon concert al qual hagis assistit.
Resposta model
Last summer I went to an open air concert in Hyde Park
and it was probably the best night of my life!
expressions de temps
comenament interessant
expressions de temps
final definit
WRITING REFERENCE
139
Speaking reference
Describing something
Discussing a topic
Functional language
Describing photos
Making suggestions
We could
There is / are
We dont we
Lets
Would you like to + infinitive?
Do you fancy + verb + -ing ?
Describing places
This place is
Responding to suggestions
No, thanks.
Sorry, but
Describing objects
It looks
Do you agree?
Its a kind of
Its made of
Giving opinions
I (dont) agree (with you).
Im not sure.
In my opinion, .
Id say that
First impressions
Id rather + infinitive
Id love to.
That would be great.
Giving advice
If I were you, Id
Couldnt you ?
Why dont you ?
Making requests
Do you mind if ?
Could(nt) I / you ?
It is(nt) as as
Its than
Responding to requests
Its too
It isnt enough.
That depends.
Sure.
No problem.
Yes, of course.
Sufixos
Podem afegir sufixos a verbs, adjectius i substantius per
canviar la funci gramatical duna paraula. Aix, per
exemple:
Verb
enjoy
Adjectiu
enjoyable
Adverbi
enjoyably
Ortografia
Quan safegeixen sufixos a certes paraules cal fer algunes
petites modificacions ortogrfiques.
historian / historical
mystery
mysterious
ability
Spain
Spanish
Adjectiu + -ly
slow
quick
slowly
quickly
-y -ily
angry
angrily
lucky
luckily
-ic -ically
basic
basically
enthusiastic
enthusiastically
No es produeix cap modificaci
fast
fast
straight
straight
adjectiu verb
Adjectiu -e + -ify
pure
simple
Adjectiu + -ize
modern
social
purify
simplify
modernize
socialize
adjectiu substantiu
Adjectiu -ant + -ance
tolerant
important
Adjectiu -ent + -ence
different
violent
Adjectiu + -y / -ty / -ity
honest
loyal
mature
tolerance
importance
difference
violence
honesty
loyalty
maturity
WORD BUILDING
141
verb adjectiu
fashionable
miserable
national
natural
joyful
painful
effective
expensive
famous
glamourous
substantiu substantiu
Substantiu + -ian
Australia
history
Substantiu + -ist
art
tour
Australian
historian
artist
tourist
substantiu substantiu
Substantiu -ism
critic
race
Substantiu -hood
boy
child
Substantiu + -ship
citizen
champion
criticism
racism
boyhood
childhood
citizenship
championship
Verb + -able
enjoy
rely
Verb + -ive
attract
compete
enjoyable
reliable
attractive
competitive
verb substantiu
Verb + -ance
appear
attend
Verb + -ation
adore
explain
Verb + -ion
create
predict
Verb + -ment
argue
improve
appearance
attendance
adoration
explanation
creation
prediction
argument
improvement
verb substantiu
Verb + -ant
emigrate
inhabit
Verb + -ent
reside
study
Verb + -er
drive
explore
Verb + -or
direct
visit
emigrant
inhabitant
resident
student
driver
explorer
director
visitor
Prefixos negatius
Significat
anterior, antic
que connecta
molt petit
no
massa, sobrede nou
massa poc, sub-
Adjectius que comencen per p-i mMolts dels adjectius que comencen per p- i m- prenen el
prefix negatiu immature
immature
possible
impossible
Paraules que comencen per lMolts dels adjectius que comencen per l- prenen el prefix
negatiu illegal
illegal
logical
illogical
Paraules que comencen per rMolts dels adjectius que comencen per r- prenen el prefix
negatiu irrational
irrational
responsible
irresponsible
unlovable
unreasonable
WORD BUILDING
143
Vocabulary
Unit 1 Time out
Special occasions: nouns
birthday /"b3;TdeI/ aniversari
celebration /selI"breISn/ celebraci
Christmas /22"krIsm@s/ Nadal
decoration /dek@"reiSn/ decoraci
Diwali /di;"wA;li/ Diwali (festa hind)
Easter /"I;st@/ Setmana Santa
Eid ul-Adha /I;d Ul "A;d@/ Eid ul-Adha (festa musulmana)
festival /"festIvl/ festival, festa
fireworks /"faI@w3;ks/ focs dartifici
Halloween /h&l@U"i;n/ viglia de Tots els Sants
Mothers Day /"mVD@z deI/ dia de la Mare
New Years Day /nju; j3;z "deI/ dia dAny Nou
New Years Eve /nju; j3;z "I;v/ Nit de Nadal
party /"pA;ti/ festa
Valentines Day /"v&l@ntaInz deI/ dia dels enamorats
Special occasions: verbs
celebrate /"selIbreIt/ celebrar
go out (for dinner) /g@U "aUt (f@ dIn@)/ sortir (a sopar)
invite somebody round /In"vaIt sVmb@di "raUnd/
invitar alg a casa
pray /preI/ resar
put up /pUt "Vp / penjar
set off /set "Qf / encendre, prendre
Adverbs of frequency
always /"O;lweIz/ sempre
never /"nev@/ mai
often /"Qft@n/ sovint
sometimes /"sVmtaImz/ a vegades
usually /"ju;Zu@li/ normalment
Adjectives + prepositions
afraid of: be afraid of /@"freId @v/ tenir por de
depressed about /dI"prest @baUt/ deprimit per
disappointed with /dIs@"pOIntId wID/ decebut amb
excited about /Ik"saItId @baUt/ emocionat per
furious with /"fjU@ri@s wID/ furis amb
good at /"gUd @t/ bo en
interested in /"Intr@stId In/ interessat en
rude to: be rude to /"ru;d tu;/ tractar amb mala educaci
shocked by /"SQkt baI/ escandalitzat per
sorry for: be sorry for /"sQri f@/ compadir-se de
surprised by /s@"praIzd baI/ sorprs de
tired of /"taI@d @v/ cansat de
Time expressions
already /O;l"redi/ ja
eve /"ev@/ sempre/algun cop
for /fO;/ durant/per
lately /"leItlI/ ltimament, recentment
never /"nev@/ mai
144 VOCABULARY
Vocabulary
miss (v.) /mIs/ enyorar; (bus, etc.) perdre
reach (v.) /ri;tS/ arribar a, aconseguir, posar-se
en contacte amb alg
remember (v.) /rI"memb@/ recordar, recordar-se
remind (v.) /rI"maInd/ recordar (p.ex. to ~ sb that:
recordar a alg que)
see (v.) /si;/ veure, visitar, entendre
stranger (n.) /"streIndZe/ desconegut, foraster
travel (n.) /"tr&vl/ viatge (activitat en general;
p.ex. travel agency: agncia de viatges)
trip (n.) /trIp/ viatge (un en concret; inclou lestana en un
lloc; p.ex. a business trip: un viatge de negocis)
voyage (n.) /"vOIIdZ/ viatge (per mar, per lespai)
watch (v.) /wQtS/ veure, mirar, observar
Unit 3 Television
Television: nouns
cartoon /kA;"tu;n/ dibuixos animats
chat show /"tS&t S@U/ programa dentrevistes
contestant /k@n"test@nt/ concursant
detective series /dI"tektIv sI@ri;z/ srie policaca
documentary /dQkju"mentri/ documental
episode /"epIs@Ud/ episodi
game show /"geIm S@U/ concurs
programme /"pr@Ugr&m/ programa
reality show /ri"&l@ti S@U/ reality show
script /skrIpt/ gui
sitcom /"sItkQm/ telecomdia
station /"steISn/ emissora
the news /D@ "nju;z/ les notcies
Television: verbs
appear in /@"pI@ In/ aparixer a
ban /b&n/ prohibir
broadcast /"brO;dkA;st/ retransmetre
change the channel /tSeIndZ D@ "tS&nl/ canviar de canal
miss /mIs/ perdres
record /rI"kO;d/ gravar
turn off /t3;n "Qf/ apagar
Verbs + prepositions
agree with /@"gri; wID/ estar dacord amb
apply for /@"plaI f@/ demanar, sollicitar
approve of /@"pru;v @v/ estar dacord amb
argue about /"A:gju; @baUt/ discutir sobre
believe in /bI"li;v In/ creure en
depend on /dI"pend Qn/ dependre de
dream about /"dri;m @baUt/ somiar amb
laugh at /"lA;f &t/ riures de
participate in /pA;"tIsIpeIt In/ participar en
shout at /"SaUt &t/ cridar a
think about /"TINk @baUt/ pensar en
wait for /"weIt f@/ esperar a
worry about /"wVri @baUt/ preocupar-se de
Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
anybody /"enIbQdI/ alg
anyone /"enIwVn/ alg
anything /"enITIN/ alguna cosa; res
anywhere /"enIwe@/ en algun lloc, a cap lloc,
en qualsevol lloc
everyone /"evrIbQdI/ tots, -es/ tothom
everybody /"evrIwVn/ tots, -es/ tothom
everything /"evrITIN/ tot
Unit 4 Technology
Technology: nouns
computer /k@m"pju;t@/ ordinador
digital camera /dIdZItl "k&m@r@/ cmera digital
email /"i;meIl/ correu electrnic
gadget /"g&dZIt/ aparell
games console /"geImz k@n s@Ul/ consola de jocs
hair dryer /"he@draI@/ assecador de cabell
lawn-mower /"lO;n m@U@/ tallagespa
machine /m@"Si;n/ mquina
mobile phone /"m@UbaIl f@Un/ telfon mbil
MP3 player /empi;"Tri; pleI@/ reproductor dMP3
remote control /rIm@Ut k@n"tr@Ul/ comandament a distncia
robot /"r@UbQt/ robot
text message /tekst "mesIdZ/ missatge de text
vacuum cleaner /"v&kju@m kli;n@/ aspiradora
stereo /"steri@U/ equip de msica
technology /tek"nQl@dZi/ tecnologia
webcam /"webk&m/ cmera web
Technology: verbs
email /"i;meIl/ enviar un correu electrnic
log in /lQg "In/ entrar
log off /lQg "Qf/ sortir
plug in /plVg "In/ endollar
switch off /swItS "Qf/ apagar
switch on /swItS "Qn/ encendre
turn down /t3;n "daUn/ abaixar (volum)
turn up /t3;n "Vp/ apujar (volum)
unplug /Vn"plVg/ desendollar
Negative adjectives
dishonest /dIs"QnIst/ deshonest
disobedient /dIs@"bi;di@nt/ desobedient
dissatisfied /dIs"s&tIsfaId/ insatisfet
illegal /I"li;gl/ illegal
illogical /I"lQdZIkl/ illgic
impatient /Im"peISnt/ impacient
VOCABULARY 145
Vocabulary
impossible /Im"pQs@bl/ impossible
incomplete /Ink@m"pli;t/ incomplet
independent /IndI"pend@nt/ independent
irrational /I"r&S@nl/ irracional
irresponsible /IrI"spQns@bl/ irresponsable
unbelievable /VnbI"li;v@bl/ increble
unlucky /Vn"lVki/ desafortunat
Reflexive pronouns
herself /h@"self/ es
himself /hIm"self/ es
itself /It"self/ es
myself /maI"self/ em
ourselves /aU@"selvz/ ens
yourself /jO;"self/ et/es
yourselves /jO;"selvz/ us/es
Objects: adjectives
affordable /@"fO;d@bl/ assequible
battery-operated /b&tri "Qp@reItId/ que funciona amb piles
cheap /tSi;p/ barat
complicated /"kQmplIkeItId/ complicat
expensive /Ik"spensIv/ car
gold /g@Uld/ or
heavy /"hevi/ pesat
huge /hju;dZ/ enorme
light /laIt/ lleuger
metal /"metl/ metall
plastic /"pl&stIk/ plstic
pocket-sized /"pQkIt saIzd/ mida de butxaca
portable /"pO;t@bl/ porttil
practical /"pr&ktIkl/ prctic
rectangular /rek"t&Ngj@l@/ rectangular
round /raUnd/ rod
silver /"sIlv@/ plata
simple /"sImpl/ senzill
square /skwe@/ quadrat
stylish /"staIlIS/ amb estil
tiny /"taIni/ molt petit
useful /"ju;sfl/ til
valuable /"v&lju@bl/ valus
versatile /"v3;s@taIl/ verstil
Unit 5 Appearance
Appearance: adjectives
bald /bO;ld/ calb
beautiful /"bju;tIfl/ precis
blond /blQnd/ ros
clean-shaven /kli;n "SeIvn/ acabat dafaitar
curly /"k3;li/ arrissat
dark /dA;k/ fosc
fair /fe@/ clar
freckled /"frekld/ amb pigues
good-looking /gUd "lUkIN/ maco
handsome /"h&ns@m/ maco (un home)
scruffy /"skrVfi/ malgirbat
shoulder-length /"S@Uld@ leNT/ per les espatlles
slim /slim/ prim
spotty /"spQti/ amb grans
straight /streIt/ llis
well-built /Wwel "bIlt / fort
wrinkled /"riNkld/ arrugat
146 VOCABULARY
Appearance: nouns
beauty contest /"bju;ti kQntest/ concurs de bellesa
changing room /"tSeIndZIN ru;m/ emprovador
image /"ImidZ/ imatge
look-alike /"lUk @laIk/ doble
plastic surgery /pl&stIk "s3;dZ@ri/ cirurgia plstica
model /"mQdl/ model
outfit /"aUtfIt/ vestit
style /staIl/ estil
Personality: adjectives
caring /"ke@rIN/ afectus
cheerful /"tSI@fl/ alegre
deceitful /dI"si;tfl/ mentider
dull /dVl/ avorrit, insuls
extroverted /"ekstr@v3;tId/ extravertit
honest /"QnIst/ honest
interesting /"Intr@stIN/ interessant
modest /"mQdIst/ modest
moody /"mu;di/ malhumorat
patient /"peISnt/ pacient
polite /p@"laIt/ educat
rude /ru;d/ mal educat
selfish /"selfIS/ egoista
shy /SaI/ tmid
vain /veIn/ presumit
Compound adjectives
bad-tempered /b&d "temp@d/ malhumorat
big-headed /bIg "hedId/ cregut
broad-shouldered /brO;d "S@Uld@d/ ample despatlles
fair-skinned /fe@ "skInd/ clar de pell
good-natured /gUd "neItS@d/ amable, bondads
long-legged /lQN "legId/ amb les cames llargues
narrow-minded /n&r@U "maIndId / estret de mires
short-sighted /SO;t "saItId/ miop
thick-skinned /TIk "skInd/ fred, impassible
two-faced /tu; "feIsd/ fals, amb dues cares
Nouns: feelings
amusement /@"mju;zm@nt/ alegria, diversi
depression /dI"preS@n/ depressi, abatiment
embarrassment /Im"b&r@sm@nt/ vergonya
excitement /Ik"saItm@nt/ emoci, excitaci
frustration /frV"streIS@n/ frustraci, decepci
happiness /"h&pin@s/ felicitat, alegria
kindness /"kaIndn@s/ amabilitat
loneliness /"l@Unlin@s/ soledat
moodiness /"mu;din@s/ humor variable/mal humor
satisfaction /s&tIs"f&kS@n/ satisfacci
Clothes: adjectives
baggy /"b&gi/ folgat
checked /tSekt/ de quadres
comfortable /"kVmf@t@bl/ cmode
conservative /k@n"s3;v@tIv/ conservador
cotton /"kQtn/ de cot
daring /"de@rIN/ atrevit
denim /"denIm/ texans
embroidered /Im"brOId@d/ brodat
fashionable /"f&S@n@bl/ de moda
fitted /"fItId/ entallat
skin-tight /skIn "taIt/ molt ajustat
sophisticated /s@"fIstIkeItId/ sofisticat
sporty /"spO;ti/ esportiu
Vocabulary
stripy /"straIpi/ de ratlles
trendy /"trendi/ modern
woollen /"wUl@n/ de llana
Clothes: verbs
do up /du; "Vp/ corda
fit /fIt/ quedar b (de talla)
go with /"g@U wID/ anar b amb
look for /"lUk f@/ buscar
suit /sU;t/ caure b
try on /traI "Qn/ emprovar-se
Unit 7 Sport
Sports
do /du;/ fer
aerobics /e@"r@UbIks/ aerbic
gymnastics /dZIm"n&stIks/ gimnstica
judo /"dZu;d@U/ judo
kick-boxing /"kIk bQksIN/ kick-boxing
tae kwon do /taI kwQn "d@U/ tae kwon do
weightlifting /"weItlIftIN/ halteroflia
yoga /"j@Ug@/ ioga
go /g@U/ fer
abseiling /"&bseIlIN/ descens en rpel
climbing /"klaImIN/ escalada
ice-skating /"aIs skeItIN/ patinatge sobre gel
diving /"daIvIN/ busseig
mountain biking /"maUnt@n baIkIN/ ciclisme de muntanya
sailing /"seIlIN/ vela
skateboarding /"skeItbO;dIN/ patinatge de monopat
skiing /"ski:IN/ esqu
surfing /"s3;fIN/ surf
wake-boarding /"weIk bO;dIN/ esqu-surf
play /pleI/ jugar a
badminton /"b&dmInt@n/ bdminton
baseball /"beIsbO;l/ beisbol
basketball /"bA;skItbO;l/ bsquet
football /"fUtbO;l/ futbol
tennis /"tennis/ tennis
volleyball /"vQlibO;l/ voleibol
Sport: other nouns
bat /b&t/ bat
board /bO;d/ taula
boot /bu;t/ bota
captain /"k&ptIn/ capit
coach /k@UtS/ entrenador
court /kO;t/ pista, camp de joc
extreme sports /Ik"stri;m spO;tz/ esports de risc
goal /g@Ul/ gol
glove /glVv/ guant
helmet /"helmIt/ casc
ice-rink /"aIs rINk/ pista de patinatge
martial art /mA;Sl "A;t/ art marcial
medal /"medl/ medalla
motocross /"m@Ut@UkrQs/ motocrs
motorbike /"m@Ut@baIk/ motocicleta
pitch /pItS/ camp
race /reIs/ carrera
racket /"r&kIt/ raqueta
referee /ref@"ri;/ rbitre
team /ti;m/ equip
trophy /"tr@Ufi/ trofeu
wet suit /"wetsu;t/ vestit de neopr
VOCABULARY
147
Vocabulary
Adjective suffixes
anxious /"&NkS@s/ ansis
attractive /@"tr&ktIv/ atractiu
competitive /k@m"pet@tIv/ competitiu
dreadful /"dredfl/ espants
effective /I"fektIv/ efica
enjoyable /In"dZOI@bl/ divertit
expensive /Ik"spensIv/ car
famous /"feIm@s/ fams
furious /"fjU@ri@s/ furis
glamorous /"gl&m@r@s/ amb glamur
miserable /"mIzr@bl/ trist
national /"n&Sn@l/ nacional
natural /"n&tSr@l/ natural
painful /"peInfl/ dolors
reasonable /"ri;zn@bl/ raonable
reliable /rI"laI@bl/ de confiana, fiable
successful /s@k"sesfl/ amb xit
Noun collocations
at first /&t "f3;st/ al principi
at random /&t "r&nd@m/ a latzar
by chance /baI "tSA;ns/ per casualitat
by mistake /baI mI"steIk/ per error/equivocaci
for example /fO; Ig"zA;mpl/ per exemple
for fun /fO; "fVn/ en broma
from memory /frQm "mem@rI/ de memria
from now on /frQm "naU Qn/
a partir dara, dara endavant
in favour of /In "feIv@/ a favor de
in trouble /In "trVbl/ tenir problemes
on holiday /Qn "hQlIdeI/ de vacances
on the phone /Qn D@ "f@Un/ per telfon
out of control /aUt @v k@n"tr@Ul/ fora de control
out of order /aUt @v "O;d@/ no funciona
Prefixes
ex-boyfriend /eks "bOIfrend/ exproms
ex-president /eks "prezId@nt/ expresident
international /Int@"n&Sn@l/ internacional
internet /"int@net/ Internet
microgram /"maIkr@Ugr&m/ microgram
microwave /"maIkr@weIv/ microones
non-fiction /nQn "fIkSn/ que no s ficci
non-smoking /nQn "sm@UkIN/ no fumadors
over-cook /@Uv@ "kUk/ cuinar massa
overreact /@Uv@ri"&kt/ reaccionar desmesuradament
rebuild /ri;"bIld/ reconstruir
return /rI"t3;n/ tornar, retornar
underestimate /Vnd@r"estImeIt/ subestimar
underground /Vnd@"graUnd/ subterrani
148 VOCABULARY
Adverbs of probability
certainly /"s3;tnli/ sens dubte
definitely /"defIn@tli/ definitivament
maybe /"meIbi/ potser
perhaps /p@"h&ps/ potser
possibly /"pQs@bli/ possiblement
probably /"prQb@bli/ probablement
surely /"SO;li/ segurament
Doubt and belief: adjectives
authentic /O;"TentIk/ autntic
fake /feIk/ fals
genuine /"dZenjuIn/ genu
made-up /"meId Vp/ inventat
real /rI@l/ real
true /tru;/ vertader
weird /wI@d/ estrany
Compound nouns
bus stop /"bVs stQp/ parada dautobs
bus ticket /"bVs tIkIt/ bitllet dautobs
computer game /k@m"pju;t@ geIm/ joc dordinador
computer screen /k@m"pju;t@ skri;n/
pantalla dordinador
photo frame /"f@Ut@U freIm/ marc per a fotos
photo album /"f@Ut@U &lb@m/ lbum de fotos
police car /p@"li;s kA;/ cotxe de policia
police station /p@"li;s steIS@n/ comissaria
school holidays /"sku;l hQlIdeIz/ vacances escolars
school term /"sku;l t3;m/ (escuela, etc.) trimestre
science fiction /"saI@ns fIkS@n/ cincia-ficci
Vocabulary
science lesson /"saI@ns lesn/ classe de cincies
traffic jam /"tr&fIk dZ&m/ embotellament, embs
traffic lights /"tr&fIk laIts/ semfor
TV programme /ti;"vi; pr@Ugr&m/ programa de televisi
TV set /ti;"vi; set/ aparell de televisi
Speech: verbs
chuckle /"tSVkl/ riures
mutter /"mVt@/ murmurar
shout /SaUt/ cridar
smile /smaIl/ somriure
sob /sQb/ sanglotar
wail /weIl/ gemir
whisper /"wIsp@/ parlar en veu baixa
yell /Jel/ xisclar
Reporting verbs
admit /@d"mIt/ admetre, reconixer
apologize (for) /@"pQl@dZaIz (f@)/ demanar disculpes
ask /A;sk/ demanar, preguntar
declare /dIk"le@/ declarar
explain /Ik"spleIn/ explicar
invite /In"vaIt/ invitar
order /"O;d@/ ordenar
say /seI/ dir
tell /tel/ dir, explicar
Unit 9 Music
Music: nouns
album /"&lb@m/ lbum
classical music /kl&sIkl "mju;zIk/ msica clssica
concert /"kQns@t/ concert
concerto /k@n"tS3;t@U/ concert (de msica clssica)
contract /"kQntr&kt/ contracte
cyber band /"saIb@ b&nd/ banda virtual
heavy metal /hevi "metl/ heavy metal
hip hop /"hIp hQp/ hip hop
instrument /"Instr@m@nt/ instrument
internet pirate /Int@net "pair@t/ pirata informtic
jazz /dZ&z/ jazz
lead singer /li;d "sIN@/ cantant principal
manufactured band /m&nju"f&ktS@d b&nd/ grup prefabricat
orchestra /"@;kIstr@/ orquestra
percussionist /p@"kVS@nIst/ percussionista
pop /pQp/ pop
punk /pVNk/ punk
record label /"rekO;d leIbl/ casa discogrfica
rehearsal /rI"h3;sl/ assaig
rock /rQk/ rock
single /"siNgl/ senzill
stage /steidZ/ escenari
studio /"stju;di@U/ estudi
Music: verbs
cancel /"k&nsl/ cancellar
compose /k@m"p@Uz/ compondre
go on tour /g@U Qn "tU@/ anar de gira
manage /"m&nIdZ/ dirigir
promote /pr@"m@Ut/ promocionar
release /rI"li;s/ treure
sign up /saIn "Vp/ contractar
tune /tju;n/ afinar
Adjective + -ed
amazed /@"meIzd/ sorprs
bored /bO;d/ avorrit
confused /k@n"fju;zd/ confs
disappointed /dIs@"pOIntId/ decebut
excited /Ik"saItId/ emocionat
frightened /"fraItnd/ espantat
interested /"Intr@stId/ interessat
tired /"taI@d/ cansat
Adjective + -ing
amazing /@"meIzIN/ sorprenent
boring /"bO;rIN/ avorrit
confusing /k@n"fju;zIN/ que confon
disappointing /dIs@"pOIntIN/ decebedor
exciting /Ik"saItIN/ /emocionant
frightening /"fraItnIN/ /que fa por
interesting /"Intr@stIN/ interessant
tiring /"taI@rIN/ cansat
Nouns from verbs
adoration /&d@"reISn/ adoraci
appearance /@"pI@r@ns/ aparena
argument /"A;gjum@nt/ discussi
attendance /@"tend@ns/ assistncia
communication /k@mju;nI"keISn/ comunicaci
creation /kri"eISn/ creaci
disappointment /dIs@"pOIntm@nt/ decepci
entertainment /ent@"teInm@nt/ entreteniment
explanation /ekspl@"neiSn/ explicaci
imagination /Im&dZI"neISn/ imaginaci
improvement /Im"pru;vm@nt/ millora
performance /p@"fO;m@ns/ actuaci
prediction /prI"dIkSn/ predicci
Artists and the arts
artist /"A;tIst/ artista
cartoonist /kA;"tu;nIst dibuixant de cmics, caricaturista
cast /kA;st/ repartiment
chapter /"tSA&pt@/ captol
director /dI"rekt@/ director
draw (v.) /drO;/ dibuixa
novel /"nQvl/ novella
play live (v.) /pleI "lIv/ tocar en directe
poem /"p@UIm/ poesia, poema
poet /"p@UIt/ poeta
poetry /"p@UItrI/ poesia
portrait /"pO;treIt/ retrat
sculpt (v.) /skVlpt/ esculpir
sculptor /"skVlpt@/ escultor
sculpture /"skVlptS@/ escultura
set /set/ decorat, plat
special effect /speS@l I"fekt/ efecte especial
stunt /stVnt/ escena/presa perillosa
track /tr&k/ (udio) pista; (msica) can, tema
tune /tju;n/ melodia, can
VOCABULARY 149
look after
look at
look forward to
look up
make up
meet up with
participate in
pay for
pick up
plug in
put on
put up
rely on
run away
run out
run out of
save up
send off for
send out
set off
set up
share out
shout at sb.
sign up
sit down
sit up
sort out
stand out
stay behind
stay in
stay out
stick to
suffer from
switch off
switch on
take away
take off
take out
take up
think about
try on
turn down
turn off
turn on
turn out (to be)
turn round
turn to
turn up
wait for
wake up
worry about
write about
tenir cura de
mirar a
desitjar
buscar (en el diccionari)
inventar
quedar amb
participar en
pagar
aixecar; recollir
endollar
posar-se
penjar
dependre de
escapar
sortir corrent
quedar-se sense
estalviar
demanar per carta
enviar
sortir; fer explotar
muntar
repartir
cridar a alg
fitxar
seure
incorporar-se
solucionar; ordenar
destacar
quedar-se enrere
quedar-se a casa
quedar-se fora de casa
cenyir-se a
patir de
apagar
encendre
treure; emportar-se
enlairar-se (avi)
treure
comenar (un curs/hobby)
pensar en
emprovar-se
abaixar (volum)
apagar
encendre
resultar (ser)
girar-se
convertir-se en
apujar (volum)
esperar
despertar(-se)
preocupar-se de
escriure sobre
Irregular verbs
infinitive
be /bi;/
bear /be@/
beat /bi;t/
become /bIkVm/
begin /bIgIn/
bend /bend/
bet /bet/
bite /baIt/
bleed /bli;d/
blow /bl@U/
break /breIk/
bring /brIN/
build /bIld/
burn /b3;n/
buy /baI/
catch /k&tS/
choose /tSu;z/
come /kVm/
cost /kQst/
cut /kVt/
dig /dIg/
do /du;/
draw /drO;/
dream /dri;m/
drink /drINk/
drive /draIv/
eat /i;t/
fall /fO;l/
feed /fi;d/
feel /fi;l/
fight /faIt/
find /faInd/
fly /flaI/
forbid /f@bId/
forget /f@get/
forgive /f@gIv/
freeze /fri;z/
get /get/
give /gIv/
go /g@U/
grow /gr@U/
hang /h&N/
have /h&v/
hear /hI@/
hit /hIt/
hold /h@Uld/
hurt /h3;t/
keep /ki;p/
know /n@U/
lead /li;d/
learn /l3;n/
leave /li;v/
lend /lend/
let /let/
past simple
was / were /wQz/
bore /bO;/
beat /bi;t/
became /bIkeIm/
began /bIg&n/
bent /bent/
bet /bet/
bit /bIt/
bled /bled/
blew /blu;/
broke /br@Uk/
brought /brO;t/
built /bIlt/
burned, burnt /b3;nd, b3;nt/
bought /bO;t/
caught /kO;t/
chose /tS@Uz/
came /keIm/
cost /kQst/
cut /kVt/
dug /dVg/
did /dId/
drew /dru;/
dreamed, dreamt /dri;md, dremt/
drank /dr&Nk/
drove /dr@Uv/
ate /eIt/
fell /fel/
fed /fed/
felt /felt/
fought /fO;t/
found /faUnd/
flew /flu;/
forbade /f@beId/
forgot /f@gQt/
forgave /f@geIv/
froze /fr@Uz/
got /gQt/
gave /geIv/
went /went/
grew /gru;/
hung /hVN/
had /h&d/
heard /h3;d/
hit /hIt/
held /held/
hurt /h3;t/
kept /kept/
knew /nju;/
led /led/
learnt, learned /l3;nt, l3;nt/
left /left/
lent /lent/
let /let/
past participle
been /bi;n/
borne /bO;n/
beaten /bi;t@n/
become /bIkVm/
begun /bIgVn/
bent /bent/
bet /bet/
bitten /bItn/
bled /bled/
blown /bl@Un/
broken /br@Ukn/
brought /brO;t/
built /bIlt/
burned, burnt /b3;nd, b3;nt/
bought /bO;t/
caught /kO;t/
chosen /tS@Uzn/
come /kVm/
cost /kQst/
cut /kVt/
dug /dVg/
done /dVn/
drawn /drO;n/
dreamed, dreamt /dri;md, dremt/
drunk /drVNk/
driven /drIv@n/
eaten /i;t@n/
fallen /fO;l@n/
fed /fed/
felt /felt/
fought /fO;t/
found /faUnd/
flown /fl@Un/
forbidden /f@bIdn/
forgotten /f@gQtn/
forgiven /f@gIvn/
frozen /fr@Uz@n/
got /gQt/
given /gIvn/
been / gone /bi;n, gQn/
grown /gr@Un/
hung /hVN/
had /h&d/
heard /h3;d/
hit /hIt/
held /held/
hurt /h3;t/
kept /kept/
known /n@Un/
led /led/
learnt, learned /l3;nt, l3;nt/
left /left/
lent /lent/
let /let/
translation
ser, estar
aguantar
guanyar
esdevenir
comenar
doblegar
apostar
mossegar
sagnar
bufar
trencar
portar
construir
burned / cremar
comprar
agafar
escollir
venir
costar
cortar
cavar
fer
dibuixar
somiar
beure
conduir
menjar
caure
donar de
sentir(se)
barallar(se)
trobar
volar
prohibir
oblidar
perdonar
congelar(se)
obtenir, aconseguir
donar
anar
crixer
penjar
tenir
escoltar
pegar
tenir (a la m)
ferir, fer(-se) mal
mantenir
saber, conixer
dirigir
aprendre
deixar, abandonar
deixar prestat
permetre
IRREGULAR VERBS
151
infinitive
lie /laI/
light /laIt/
lose /lu;z/
make /meIk/
mean /mi;n/
meet /mi;t/
pay /peI/
put /pUt/
read /ri;d/
ride /raId/
past simple
lay /leI/
lit /lIt/
lost /lQst/
made /meId/
meant /ment/
met /met/
paid /peId/
put /pUt/
read /red/
rode /r@Ud/
past participle
lain /leIn/
lit /lIt/
lost /lQst/
made /meId/
meant /ment/
met /met/
paid /peId/
put /pUt/
read /red/
ridden /rIdn/
ring /rIN/
rise /raIz/
run /rVn/
say /seI/
see /si;/
sell /sel/
send /send/
shake /SeIk/
shine /SaIn/
shoot /Su;t/
show /S@U/
shut /SVt/
sing /sIN/
sink /sINk/
sit /sIt/
sleep /sli;p/
smell /smel/
speak /spi;k/
spell /spel/
spend /spend/
spill /spIl/
spin /spIn/
split /splIt/
spoil /spOIl/
spread /spred/
spring /sprIN/
stand /st&nd/
steal /sti;l/
stick /stIk/
sting /stIN/
sweep /swi;p/
swim /swIm/
swing /swIN/
take /teIk/
teach /ti;tS/
tear /te@/
tell /tel/
think /TINk/
throw /Tr@U/
understand /Vnd@st&nd/
wake /weIk/
wear /we@/
win /wIn/
write /raIt/
rang /r&N/
rose /r@Uz/
ran /r&n/
said /sed/
saw /sO;/
sold /s@Uld/
sent /sent/
shook /SUk/
shone /SQn/
shot /SQt/
showed /S@Ud/
shut /SVt/
sang /s&N/
sank /s&Nk/
sat /s&t/
slept /slept/
smelt /smelt/
spoke /sp@Uk/
spelt /spelt/
spent /spent/
spilt /spIlt/
spun /spVn/
split /splIt/
spoilt /spOIl/
spread /spred/
sprang /spr&N/
stood /stUd/
stole /st@Ul/
stuck /stVk/
stung /stVN/
swept /swept/
swam /sw&m/
swung /swVN/
took /tUk/
taught /tO;t/
tore /tO;/
told /t@Uld/
thought /TO;t/
threw /Tru;/
understood /Vnd@stUd/
woke /w@Uk/
wore /wO;/
won /wVn/
wrote /r@Ut/
rung /rVN/
risen /rIzn/
run /rVn/
said /sed/
seen /si;n/
sold /s@Uld/
sent /sent/
shaken /SeIkn/
shone /SQn/
shot /SQt/
shown /S@Un/
shut /SVt/
sung /sVN/
sunk /sVNk/
sat /s&t/
slept /slept/
smelt /smelt/
spoken /sp@Ukn/
spelt /spelt/
spent /spent/
spilt /spIlt/
spun /spVn/
split /splIt/
spoilt /spOIlt/
spread /spred/
sprung /sprVN/
stood /stUd/
stolen /st@Ul@n/
stuck /stVk/
stung /stVN/
swept /swept/
swum /swVm/
swung /swVN/
taken /teIkn/
taught /tO;t/
torn /tO;n/
told /t@Uld/
thought /TO;t/
thrown /Tr@Un/
understood /Vnd@stUd/
woken /w@Ukn/
worn /wO;n/
won /wVn/
written /rItn/
translation
jeure
encendre
perdre
fer
significar
trobar(se)
pagar
posar
llegir
muntar (a cavall),
anar (amb bicicleta)
sonar, trucar
pujar
crrer
dir
veure
vendre
enviar
sacsejar
brillar
disparar
ensenyar
tancar
cantar
enfonsar(se)
seure
dormir
olorar
parlar
lletrejar
gastar (diners), passar (temps)
vessar
girar
trencar (en dos)
arrunar, mimar
estendres
brotar
estar de peu, tolerar
robar
enganxar amb cola
picar
escombrar
nedar
balancejar
agafar, prendre, portar (temps)
ensenyar
esquinar
dir
pensar
llenar
entendre
despertar-se
dur posat
guanyar
escriure