1

Braja M Das, Principal of Geotechnical

Engineering, fourth edition, PWS Publishing
Company, 1998, Boston
Muni Budu, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 2nd
edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2007, USA
R.F. Craig, Soil Mechanics, (English & terjemahan
Prof.Dr.Ir Budi S Supandji)
Cernica, J.N., Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons,
1995
Holtz, R.D., Kovacs, W.D., An introduction to
Geotechnical Engineering, Prentice Hall, N.J.,
1981
2

Bernoullis law
Darcys law
Flow
Determining hydraulic conductivity

v
h=
+
+z
w 2g

Total
Head

v
h=
+
+z
w 2g
Pressure
Head

Elevation
Head

Velocity
Head

In soil, the velocity of the flow is very small, it can be neglected

h=

+z
5

h
i=
L
h = hA hB

Pressure Head
(increases with depth
below surface)

Elevation

P = 0 (= Patm)

Head
7

Elevation

Elevation Head
(increases with height
above datum)

Elevation
datum

Head
8

Elevation
datum

Total Head
(constant: hydrostatic
equilibrium)

Elevation

P = 0 (= Patm)

Total head = Pressure

head + Elevation head

Head
9

v = k i
v
k
i

= discharge velocity
= hydraulic conductivity
= hydraulic gradient

q = v A
q
A

= flow rate
= cross sectional area

10

q = vA = vs Av
A = Av + As

q = v( Av + As ) = vs Av
vs =

v( Av + As ) v( Av + As )L v(Vv + Vs )
=
=
Av
Av L
Vv

1+ e v
v s = v
=
e n

Vs
Av
Vv
Vs

= seepage velocity
= area of void
= volume of void
= volume of solids
11

Hansbo, 1960, for

undisturbed clay soil
12

13

Classifications : one, two or three

dimensional
One dimensional flow :

flow with fluid parameter such as pressure, velocity,

constant temperature toward intersection
perpendicular to flow direction

Two dimensional flow :

cofferdam cells (sheet pile wall), concrete dam; earth

dam and levees

Three dimensional flow:

fluid parameter exist in three coordinate space

14

The hydraulic conductivity of soils depends

on several factors: fluid viscosity, pore size
distribution, grain-size distribution, void
ratio, roughness of mineral particles, and
degree of soil saturation.
In clayey soils, structure plays an important
role in hydraulic conductivity.

15

Constant Head Test

Falling Head Test

16

The constant head test method is used for permeable soils

(k>10-4 cm/s), and the falling head test is mainly used for
less permeable soils (k<10-4 cm/s).
17

18

19

20

21

Permeability of
granular soils (U.S.
Dept of Navy, 1971)

22

Variation of void ratio

with hydraulic
conductivity of clayey
soil (Tavenas et al,
1983)

23

24

1
k H (eq ) =
k H1 H1 + k H 2 H 2 + k H 3 H 3 + ... + k H n H n
H

)
25

H
kV (eq ) =
Hn
H1 H 2 H 3
+ ... +

+
+
kV kV kV
kV
1 2 3
n

26

Flow takes place laterally and vertically through the sides of

the canal and vertically below the canal,
Determine the equivalent hydraulic conductivity in the
horizontal and vertical directions. The vertical and
horizontal hydraulic conductivities for each layer are
assumed to be the same.
Calculate the ratio of the equivalent horizontal hydraulic
conductivity to the equivalent vertical hydraulic
conductivity for flow through the sides of the canal.

27

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