INTRODUCTION

Microwave is a term used to identify electromagnetic waves above 103

megahertz (1 Gigahertz) up to 300 Gigahertz because of the short physical
wavelengths of these frequencies. Short wavelength energy offers distinct
advantages in many applications. For instance, sufficient directivity can be
obtained using relatively small antennas and low-power transmitters. These
characteristics are ideal for use in both military and civilian radar and
communication applications. Small antennas and other small components are
made possible by microwave frequency applications. The size advantage can
be considered as part of a solution to problems of space, or weight, or both.
Microwave frequency usage is significant for the design of shipboard radar
because it makes possible the detection of smaller targets. Microwave
frequencies present special problems in transmission, generation, and circuit
design that are not encountered at lower frequencies. Conventional circuit
theory is based on voltages and currents while microwave theory is based on
electromagnetic fields.
Most communication system and technique definitely use microwaves.
Microwaves are the ultrahigh, super high and extremely high frequencies
directly above the lower frequency ranges. We all know that analog signal or a
digital signal is the two ways to transmit a message. A typical microwave radio
consists of three basic components: a digital modem for interfacing with digital
terminal equipment, a radio frequency (RF) unit for converting a carrier signal
from the modem to a microwave signal, and an antenna to transmit and
receive the signal. The combination of these three components is referred to as
a radio terminal. Two terminals are required to establish a microwave

communications link, commonly referred to as a microwave hop. Noise is

inevitable in electrical communications systems. In order to transmit an
electrical signal over a long distance it is necessary to boost the signal level at
intervals along the transmission path, this is the job of a device called a
repeater.
Microwave

radio

offers

several

advantages

over

cable-based

transmission. Microwave radio is simpler, faster, more feasible and more

flexible to implement than cable systems. Because there is no buried cable
involved, microwave systems do not require right-of-way, and they are not
susceptible to cable cuts. Most television transmission is in the VHF and UHF
ranges. When the frequency is higher that only means that the greater
bandwidth also which is available for the transmission of information.

It is

possible to use various multiplexing techniques to transmit more information in

a wider bandwidth. Multiplexed signals generally have wide bandwidths, but
these can be easily handled in the microwave region. Then, transmission of
high speed binary information often requires wide bandwidths, and these are
also easily transmitted on microwave frequencies.
In microwave signals, as the light waves do, it travels in a perfectly
straight line. It can only means that communication in a distance is limited to
line of sight range. For a long distance transmission antennas must be very
high.

DISCUSSION
Microwaves are generally describes as electromagnetic waves with
frequencies that range from approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more.
Therefore, microwaves signals, because of their inherently high frequencies,
have relatively short wavelengths, hence the name micro waves. For
example, a 100 GHz microwave signal has a wavelength of 0.3 cm, whereas a
100 MHz commercial broadcast-band FM signal has a wavelength of 3 m. the
wavelengths for microwave frequencies fall between 1 cm and 60 cm, slightly
longer than infrared energy. For full duplex (two-way) operation as is generally
required of microwave communications systems, each frequency band is
divided in half with the lower half identified as the low band and the upper half
as the high band. At any given radio station, transmitters are normally
operating on either the low or the high band, while receivers are operating on
the other hand. There are many different types of microwaves systems
operating over distances that vary from 15 miles to 4000 miles in length.
Intrastate or feeder service microwave systems are generally categorized as
short haul because they are used to carry information for relatively short

distances, such as between cities within the same state. Long haul microwaves
systems are those used to carry information for relatively long distances, such
as interstate and backbone route applications. Microwave radio systems
capacities range from less than 12 voice-band channels to more than 22 000
channels. Early microwaves systems carried frequency-division-multiplexed
voice-band circuits and used conventional, no coherent frequency modulation
techniques. More recently developed microwave systems carry pulse-codemodulated time-division-multiplexed voice-band circuits and used more
modern digital modulation techniques, such as Phase Shift Keying (PSK) or
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).

CAPABILITIES OF MICROWAVE
Microwave transmission is generally defined as the transmission of
electromagnetic waves whose frequency falls approximately in the range
between 1 Gigahertz and 50 Gigahertz (wavelengths of 30 cm to 6 mm). The
propagation through the atmosphere of signals in this frequency range exhibits
many of the properties of light, such as line-of-sight transmission, reflection
from smooth surfaces, etc. Microwave systems have many applications in the
telephone industry because high quality circuits can be derived for inter-toll
trunks, toll connecting trunks, extended area service trunks, subscriber service
and special services. Microwave is also suitable for transmission of black and
white or color television, data, and data under voice, with negligible
impairment from impulse noise, delay distortion, frequency error, frequency

response, or steady state noise. Another attractive aspect of microwave is the

ease with which channels can be added or removed after the basic radio
frequency (RF) and carrier multiplex equipment is installed. Certain types of RF
equipment will carry up to 2000 or more voice channels without any change in
the basic RF equipment. The problems associated with cable facilities such as
physical damage, induction noise, right-of way problems, circuit expansion
limitations and similar problems are reduced with the use of microwave. The
initial cost of a microwave system depends on the type of radio frequency and
multiplex equipment used the number of channels, the number of hops in a
system, the terrain, the type of antennas, the cost of the necessary towers and
other factors. In some cases microwave will require a lower initial investment,
provide greater reliability, and have lower operating costs and maintenance
than cable facilities. It is highly desirable to use digital microwave equipment
for all new installations in order to eventually achieve a complete integrated
digital network. The only exception to this would be in the event that a
borrower wants to use the microwave equipment to carry television signals.
Analog equipment is the best choice for the current standard television
channel.
COMPONENTS OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM
a)

Transmitters and Receivers. The basic building blocks of a microwave

system are the radio frequency (RF) transmitters and receivers. These units
make it possible to send and receive information at microwave frequencies.
Most microwave transmitters are capable of an output power of one watt or
more. A transmitter used in a terminal location has provisions for modulating

the RF carrier with baseband signals from the carrier multiplex equipment.
Receivers are capable of providing a useable baseband output with received
microwave signal levels as low as -80 dBm. A terminal receiver includes a
demodulator to provide the baseband output to the carrier multiplex.
b)

Carrier Multiplex. The microwave RF equipment has a wide bandwidth

which is capable of carrying many channels of information. These channels are

derived using multiplex equipment which can combine several hundred channels
for transmission over one RF channel in a single bit stream.
c)

Antennas. A parabolic or a horn antenna is used in microwave systems to

concentrate radiated energy into a narrow beam for transmission through the air.
This results in the most efficient transmission of radiated power with a minimum
of interference. An effective gain of 25 to 48 dB over an ommi-directional antenna
is possible depending upon the size of the antenna and the microwave frequency
used.
d)

Radomes. A radome is a protective covering used to prevent snow, ice,

water, or debris from accumulating on a microwave antenna. Heated radomes are

available for use in areas where severe ice and snow conditions exist. The use of a
radome results in lower antenna gain.

e)

Transmission Lines. Transmission lines provide the means of coupling the

transmitter and receiver to the antenna. There are two types currently available:
waveguide and coaxial cable. The radiated output power of the transmitter will be
substantially reduced if the transmission line is incorrectly used or if its length is

too long, so precautions should be taken to use the correct type of line for the
radio equipment used, and to keep all transmission line lengths short.
f)

Waveguide. A waveguide is a hollow metal duct which conducts

electromagnetic energy. This type of transmission line can be used for distances
of a few feet up to several hundred feet. A typical type of waveguide has a loss
from about 1.7 dB per hundred feet at 6 Gigahertz (GHz) to about 3.0 dB per
hundred feet at 11 GHz. It is used at microwave frequencies above 2 GHz and can
have either a rectangular, elliptical, or circular cross section, depending upon the
system operation requirements. The length of a waveguide run is more critical at
higher frequencies since attenuation increases with frequency. All waveguide runs
are pressurized.
g)

Coaxial Cable. At low microwave frequencies, 2 Ghz or less, coaxial cable

can be used as the connecting facility between the transmitter, receiver and
antenna instead of waveguide. The loss of coaxial cable depends on the type of
conductor, the cable diameter, the type of dielectric, and the operating frequency.
Coaxial cable with a diameter of one inch or more should be used for long cable
runs; 7/8" diameter coax can be used satisfactorily for short runs. The coaxial
cable can have either a pressurized air or expanded polyethylene (foam) dielectric
between conductors; however, the air dielectric coaxial cable has less attenuation
for a given diameter. In general, pressurized air dielectric coaxial cable is used
with higher capacity systems because the return loss characteristics of foam
dielectric lines may be a significant distortion contributor in such systems. This is
not usually a consideration in systems of low channel capacity. The cost of coaxial
cable is less than waveguide and should be used when possible. Extreme

attenuation of radio signals above 2 GHz in the coaxial cable generally prohibits
its use at the higher microwave frequency bands.
h)

Reflectors. A passive reflector can sometimes be used in systems

operating near a power substation to avoid the electromagnetic interference (EMI)

potential in place of using long runs of waveguide connected to a parabolic
antenna at the top of the tower. A reflector may be mounted at a 45 degree angle
at the top of the tower, while the antenna is mounted horizontally at the base of
the tower, aimed at the reflector. The microwave signal is radiated from the
antenna, reflected off the reflector, and sent in a direction of propagation to the
other end of the radio path, just as though the antenna was radiating directly from
the top of the tower. However, this type "periscope" or "fly swatter" antenna
system will not be authorized by the FCC under ordinary circumstances because
of its interference potential with communications satellites.
i)

Towers. The towers used in microwave systems must be rigid to prevent

antenna deflection during wind or ice loading conditions. Guyed or self-supporting

towers are available for use on microwave systems. A guyed tower is about onethird the cost (per foot, installed) of a self-supporting tower, but in some cases the
difficulty of acquiring enough land for guying prohibits the use of guyed towers.
The height of the tower is determined by the terrain, the microwave frequency
band used, the propagation characteristics, the distance between the transmitting
and receiving ends of a path, and the required reliability. The tower must be high
enough to provide a line of- sight path above any obstructions. If reflection
interference is a problem, the antenna mounting heights are critical and the
optimum height may be less than the maximum height available on the tower.

j)

Buildings. Microwave equipment should be located in the central office

equipment building when possible. There are some situations, however, when RF
equipment must be located remotely from a central office building, as in the case
of an active RF repeater. In these situations some type of building must usually be
provided for equipment protection. Usually a simple prefabricated building is
sufficient. Where temperature and humidity variations exceed the operating limits
of the microwave equipment, a heater or air conditioner is required to keep the
equipment within its operating temperature range.

FORMULAS

Number of Duplex Channel

No. of duplex channel=

( Higher Low Band Frequency Lower Low Band Frequency )

Channel Bandwidth

Earth Buldge
Earth Buldge =

d1d2
12.754
3

Ground Elevation
Ground Elevation=Path Elevation+ Eath Buldge

Obstruction Height
Obstruction Height =Ground Elevation+ Trees / Building

Line of Sight
LOS (tx / rx )=Ground Elevation+ Transmitter / Receiver Tower
LOS = LOS (tx )0.912d1 ( Burot Babo)

LOS = LOS (tx)1.842d1 (Burot - Mexico)

Larger First Fresnel

Larger First Fresnel =17.3

d1d2
f D

Clearance first Fresnel

Clearance First Fresnel= LOS Larger First Fresnel

Clearance 60% Fresnel

Clearance 60 Fresnel =LOS (0.6Fresnel Factor)

Fresnel Factor
Fresnel Factor=0.6Larger First Fresnel

Clearance Criteria
Clearance Criteria=Earth Buldge+ Fresnel Factor+ Highest Obstruction Height

Maximum Antenna Height

Maximum Antenna Height =Clearance CriteriaHighest Obstruction Height

Reflection Point

Reflection Point =( d2(

Height of the other siteObstruction Height (d1) d1 d2

+ ))
d1
17 17
+ Obstruction Height (d1)

Free Space Path Loss

FSL=92.4+ 20 log f + 20 log D

Received Signal Level

RSL=Pt + Total Losses+ Total Gain

Thermal Fade Margin

Thermal Fade Margin= RSLMinimum Receiver Threshold

CCIR Computation
M=

log f1 log fx
log f1log f2

k =antilog ( log k2M (log k2log k1))

=a2M (a2a1)

Do=35e0.015R

0.001

Effective Rain Path Length

DE=

D
D
1+
Do

Rain Unit Attenuation

=k( R0.001)

Rain Attenuation
A RAIN =D E

Oxygen Absorption Loss

Ao =[7.19103+

Water Vapor Loss

A H O =[0.067+
2

3
9
4.3
2
4 dB
+
+
] f 10
2
2
2
km
( f 22.3) + 7.3 ( f 183.3) + 6 ( f 323.8) + 10

Flat Fade Margin

FM flat =10 log[10

6.09
4.81
+
] f 2103 dB / km
2
f + 0.227 ( f 57) + 1.5
2

FM THERMAL
10

+ 10

FM ADJ.CHANNEL
10

FM INTEGRAL
10

+ 10

FM DIFFRACTION
10

+ 10

Diffraction Fade Margin

FM DIFF =FM THERMAL A DIFF ACLUTTER

Effective Fade Margin

FM EFF =10 log [10

FM FLAT
10

+ RD10

Fade Probability
K Q
B
c
U = 1.3 f d 10
S

FM DSP
10

FM EFF
10

Rain Fade Margin

FM RAIN =FM EFF A RAIN

Reliability
R=(1U )100

Distance
LONGITUDE ( L)=LONGITUDE ( SITE B)LONGITUDE ( SITE B)

cos ( D )=sin ( A)sin ( B)cos ( A) cos( B) cos ( L)

Where:
D = Total Distance
A = Latitude of Site A
B = Latitude of Site B
L = Longitude of Site A and Site B

Azimuthal Pattern
For Site A to Site B

cos(C )=

sin (B)sin ( A)cos(D)

sin( D) cos(A)

For Site B to Site A

cos(C )=

sin ( A)sin ( B)cos(D)

sin( D) cos(B)

----- > insert all the data in the table in excel and the graphs with correct label.,
(no computation., ok!
TRANSMISSION CALCULATION
APPLICATION: STL ( Studio Transmitter Link)
STEP 1:
PATH LENGTH ( Burot -to- Babo): 38 km
PATH LENGTH ( Burot -to- Mexico ): 38 km
RELIABILITY REQUIREMENT: 99.99%
STEP 2:
SPECIFICATION SHEET
STEP 3:
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP ( 1: 50000)
STEP 4:
FREQUENC BAND: 12.95 13.2 GHz (STL)
STEP 5:
FREQUENCY BAND: 13GHz
FREQUENCY RANGE: 12.75 13.25 GHz
LOW BAND RANGE: 12.75 12.98 GHz
HIGH BAND RANGE: 13.01 13.25 GHz
DUPLEX SPACING: 260 MHz
CHANNEL BANDWIDTH: 14 MHz

STEP 6:
No. OF DUPLEX CHANNEL =

12.98 GHz12.75GHz
=16 Channels
14 MHz

ARBITRARY CHANNEL: 5
14 MHz x 5 = 70 MHz
LOW BAND FREQUENCY: 12.75 GHz + 70 MHz = 12.82 GHz
HIGH BAND FREQUENCY: 13.01 GHz +70 MHz = 13.08 GHz
STEP 7:
MINIMUM

SITE

ELEVATION

(Burot

Babo

Burot

Mexico)

d2
192
=
=180.5 meters
1.5K 1.54
3

STEP 8:
Earth Buldge =

d1d2
12.754
3

---------> paste computation here with unit

STEP 9 and 10:
GRAPH of Earth Curvature + Path Elevation and LOS path:CAN BE SEEN
IN THE PREVIOUS GRAPH.
STEP 11:

GROUND ELEVATION = PATH ELEVATION + EARTH BULDGE

-----> paste here computation with unit.
OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT = GROUND ELEVATION + TREES BUILDING
-------> paste here computation with unit
LOS:
LOS (tx / rx )=Ground Elevation+ Transmitter / Receiver Tower
LOS = LOS (tx )+ 1.842d1

ANTENNA HEIGHT ( rx) ANTENNA HEIGHT (tx) 222152

=
=1.842
TOTAL DISTANCE
38
LOS = LOS (tx )0.921d1

ANTENNA HEIGHT (tx) ANTENNA HEIGHT (rx ) 12070

=
=1.315
TOTAL DISTANCE
38
-------> paste here computation with unit
LARGER 1st FRESNEL
Larger First Fresnel =17.3

d1d2
f D

STEP 12:
-------> paste here computation with unit
FIRST FRESNEL CLEARANCE
Clearance First Fresnel= LOS Larger First Fresnel

-------> paste here computation with unit

60% FFRESNEL CLEARANCE
Clearance 60 Fresnel =LOS (0.6Fresnel Factor)

-------> paste here computation with unit

STEP 13:
REFLECTION ATPOINT B:
graph!., and computation
STEP 14:
Both Site (A to B ) and (A to C) * since they will use same materials and they have
same distance.
FOR LOW BAND FREQUENCY (12.82 GHz)
PARAMETERS

UNIT

MICROWAVE RADIO OUTPUT POWER

20 dBm

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS ( 3m)

0.55dB/m (3m)= 1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.4 dB

FREE SPACE LOSS

146.153 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.4 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS (3m)

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

POWER INPUT TO RECEIVER (RSL)

-31.453 dBm

MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD

-92 dBm

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

60.547 dB

COMPUTATION: (LOW BAND)

Waveguide Loss:
Waveguide Loss= Attenuation FactorLength of Waveguide

Waveguide Loss =

0.55 dB
3m=1.63 dB
m

Waveguide Loss = 1.63dB

Free Space Loss:
FSL=92.4+ 20 log f GHz + 20 log d km
FSL=92.4+ 20 log 12.82+ 20 log 38

FSL = 146.153 dB (both site)

RSL ( Receive signal Level):

RSL=Microwave Output PowerNPL ( Net Path Loss)
NPL=Total LossesTotal Gains
RSL=20dBm0.2 dB1.65 dB0.2 dB+ 29.5 dBi 146.153 dB+ 29.5 dBi0.2 dB1.65 dB0.2 dB

RSL = -31.453 dBm

Thermal Fade Margin:
FM THERMAL =RSLMinimum Receiver Threshold

FM THERMAL =31.453 dBm(92 dBm)

FM THERMAL =60.547 dB

FOR HIGH BAND FREQUENCY ( 13.08)

PARAMETERS

UNIT

MICROWAVE RADIO OUTPUT POWER

20 dBm

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2

WAVEGUIDE LOSS

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2

ANTENNA GAIN

49.7 dB

FREE SPACE LOSS

146.328 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.7 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 B

POWER INPUT TO RECEIVER (RSL)

-31.028 dBm

MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD

-92 dBm

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

60.927 dB

COMPUTATION: (HIGH BAND)

Waveguide Loss:
Waveguide Loss= Attenuation FactorLength of Waveguide

Waveguide Loss =

0.55 dB
3m=1.65 dB
m

Waveguide Loss = 1.65dB

Free Space Loss:

FSL=92.4+ 20 log f GHz + 20 log d km
FSL=92.4+ 20 log 13.08+ 20 log 38

FSL = 146.328 dB
RSL ( Receive signal Level):
RSL=Microwave Output PowerNPL ( Net Path Loss)
NPL=Total LossesTotal Gains
RSL=20dBm0.2 dB1.65 dB0.2 dB+ 29.5 dBi 146.328 dB+ 29.5 dBi0.2 dB1.65 dB0.2 dB

RSL = -31.028 dBm

Thermal Fade Margin:
FM THERMAL =RSLMinimum Receiver Threshold

FM THERMAL =31.028 dBm(92 dBm)

FM THERMAL =60.927 dB

STEP 15:
DISPERSIVE FADE MARGIN: Since there is no indication about this parameter in
the specification of the equipment that will be used we will assume that there is
no Equalizer and regardless of the modulation the Dispersive Fade Margin that
will be used is 30 50 dB.
STEP 16:
INTERFERENCE FADE MARGIN: is omitted, We have assumed that there is no
interference fade margin is given.
STEP 17:
RAIN LOSSES:
* Since Crane Rain Attenuation is ony effective on path lengths up to 22.5
kilometers. We will use the CCIR method.
CCIR Computation
M=

log f1 log fx
log f1log f2

k =antilog ( log k2M (log k2log k1))

=a2M (a2a1)

Do=35e0.015R

0.001

FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)

M=

log 12log 12.82

log 12log 15

M= 0.296
k =antilog ( log 0.0335( 0.296)( log 0.0335log 0.0168))

k = 0.0281
=1.154(0.296)(1.1541.217)

= 1.173

FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)

M=

log 12log 13.08

log 12log 15

M= 0.386
k =antilog ( log 0.0335( 0.386)( log 0.0335log 0.0168))

k = 0.02665
=1.154(0.386)(1.1541.217)

= 1.178

*both high and low frequency

0.015180

Do=35e

Do= 2.352
*since we are located at LUZON the rainfall rate is 180mm/h at an unavailability of
0.01%

Effective Rain Path Length

DE=

DE=

D
D
1+
Do

38
38
1+
2.352

DE= 2.215 km
Rain Unit Attenuation
FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)
=k( R0.001)

k = 0.0281 = 1.173
=0.0281(180)1.173

= 12.421 dB/km

FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)

k = 0.02665 = 1.178
=0.02665(180)1.178

= 12.089 dB/km

Rain Attenuation
FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)
A RAIN =D E

DE= 2.215 km

= 12.421 dB/km

A RAIN =2.21512.421

ARAIN= 27.513 dB

FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)

DE= 2.215

= 12.089 dB/km

A RAIN =2.21512.089

ARAIN= 26.777 dB
NEW RSL subtracting RAIN ATTENUATION
RSLNEW = RSL RAIN ATTENUATION = -31.453 dBm - 27.513 dB = -58.966
dBm
RAIN FADE MARGIN = RSLNEW MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD =-58.966
dBm-(-92 dBm)
= 33.034 dB
FOR LOW BAND FREQUENCY (12.82 GHz)
PARAMETERS

UNIT

MICROWAVE RADIO OUTPUT POWER

20 dBm

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS ( 3m)

0.55dB/m (3m)= 1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.4 dB

FREE SPACE LOSS

146.153 dB

RAIN ATTENUATION

27.513 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.4 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS (3m)

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

POWER INPUT TO RECEIVER (RSL)

-58.966 dBm

MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD

-92 dBm

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

60.547 dB

RAIN FADE MARGIN

33.034 dB

RSLNEW = RSL RAIN ATTENUATION = -31.028 dBm - 26.777 dB = -57.805

dBm
RAIN FADE MARGIN = RSLNEW MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD = - 57.805
dBm-(-92 dBm)
= 34.195 dB
FOR HIGH BAND FREQUENCY ( 13.08) -31.028 dBm
PARAMETERS

UNIT

MICROWAVE RADIO OUTPUT POWER

20 dBm

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2

WAVEGUIDE LOSS

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2

ANTENNA GAIN

49.7 dB

FREE SPACE LOSS

146.328 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.4 dB

RAIN ATTENUATION

26.777 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 B

POWER INPUT TO RECEIVER (RSL)

-57.805 dBm

MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD

-92 dBm

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

60.927 dB

RAIN FADE MARGIN

34.195 dB

STEP 18:
0.5 dB loss is inserted in Link Budget to compensate for misalignment of the
antenna.
STEP 19- 20:
Is omitted for we have cleared the 150% of the Fresnel zone!.
150 percent Fresnel Clearance= LOS Obstruction Height Larger 1st Fresnel 1.5

* If there is/are negative values means it haven't clear the 150 % Fresnel
Clearance
STEP 21:
ATMOSPHERIC LOSS:

OXYGEN ABSORPTION LOSS:

3

Ao =[ 7.1910 +

6.09
4.81
2
3
+
] f 10 dB / km
2
f + 0.227 ( f 57) + 1.5
2

FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)

3

Ao =[7.1910 +

6.09
4.81
2
3
+
]12.82 10 dB / km
2
2
12.82 + 0.227 (12.8257) + 1.5

AO= 7.668x10-3 dB/km

for 38 km
AO= 0.291 dB
FOR HIGH BAND(13.08 GHz)
Ao =[7.19103+

6.09
4.81
+
]13.082 103 dB/ km
2
2
13.08 + 0.227 (13.0857) + 1.5

AO= 7.738x10-3 dB/km

for 38 km
AO= 0.294 dB
WATER VAPOR LOSS:
A H O =[0.067+
2

3
9
4.3
dB
+
+
] f 2104
2
2
2
km
( f 22.3) + 7.3 ( f 183.3) + 6 ( f 323.8) + 10

FOR LOW BAND(12.82 GHz)

A H O =[0.067+
2

3
9
4.3
dB
+
+
]12.82 2104
2
2
2
km
(12.8222.3) + 7.3 (12.82183.3) + 6 (12.82323.8) + 10

AH2O= 0.0194 dB/km

for 38 km
AH2O= 0.736 dB
fOR HIGH BAND (13.08)
A H O =[0.067+
2

3
9
4.3
2
4 dB
+
+
]12.82 10
2
2
2
km
(12.8222.3) + 7.3 (12.82183.3) + 6 (12.82323.8) + 10

AH2O= 0.0205 dB/km

for 38 km
AH2O= 0.779dB

STEP 22:
FOR LOW BAND FREQUENCY (12.82 GHz)
PARAMETERS

UNIT

MICROWAVE RADIO OUTPUT POWER

20 dBm

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS ( 3m)

0.55dB/m (3m)= 1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.4 dB

FREE SPACE LOSS

146.153 dB

OXYGEN ABSORPTION

0.291 dB

WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION

0.736 dB

MISALIGNMENT LOSS

0.5 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.4 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS (3m)

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

POWER INPUT TO RECEIVER (RSL)

-32.98 dBm

MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD

-92 dBm

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

59.02 dB

RSLNEW = RSL AO AH2O Misalignment Loss = -31.453 dBm-0.291 dB-0.736

dB-0.5 dB = -32.98 dBm
THERMAL FADE MARGINNEW = RSL
-32.98 dBm - (-92 dBm)
= 59.02 dB

NEW

Minimum Receiver Threshold =

FOR HIGH BAND FREQUENCY ( 13.08)

PARAMETERS

VALUE and UNIT

MICROWAVE RADIO OUTPUT POWER

20 dBm

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2

WAVEGUIDE LOSS

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2

ANTENNA GAIN

49.7 dB

FREE SPACE LOSS

146.328 dB

OXYGEN ABSORPTION

0.294 dB

WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION

0.779 dB

MISALIGNMENT LOSS

0.5 dB

ANTENNA GAIN

49.7 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 dB

WAVEGUIDE LOSS

1.65 dB

CONNECTOR LOSS

0.2 B

POWER INPUT TO RECEIVER (RSL)

-32.601 dBm

MINIMUM RECEIVER THRESHOLD

-92 dBm

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

59.399 dB

RSLNEW = RSL AO AH2O Misalignment Loss = -31.028 dBm-0.294 dB-0.779

dB-0.5 dB = -32.601 dBm
THERMAL FADE MARGINNEW = RSL

NEW

Minimum Receiver Threshold =

-33.201 dBm - (-92 dBm)

= 59.399 dB
STEP 23:
FLAT FADE MARGIN:
FM flat =10 log[10

FM THERMAL
10

+ 10

FM ADJ.CHANNEL
10

FM INTEGRAL
10

+ 10

*Adjacent Fade Margin and External Fade Margin are omitted

FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)

FM DIFFRACTION
10

+ 10

FM flat =10 log [10

59.02
10

59.02
10

+ 10

FMFLAT = 56.01 dB
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08)
FM

flat =10 log [10

59.399
10

+ 10

59.399
10

FMFLAT = 56.389 dB
STEP 24:
COMPOSITE / EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN
FM EFF =10 log [10

FM FLAT
10

+ RD10

FM DSP
10

* Considering a Dispersive Fade Margin of 40 dB a average occurrence factor (R D

= 3).
FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)
FM EFF =10 log [10

56.01
10

+ (310

40
10

)]

FMEFF = 35.193 dB
FOR HIGH BAND(13.08 GHz)
FM EFF =10 log [10

56.389
10

+ ( 310

40
10

)]

FMEFF = 35.196 dB
STEP 25:
RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
K Q RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
FOR LOW BAND ( 12.82 GHz)
b

U =( K Q)( f ) ( d ) (10
9

1.2

FM EFF
10

3.5

35.193
10

U =(110 )(12.82) (38) (10

U = 2.185 x 10-6
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
U =(1109 )(13.08)1.2 (38)3.5 (10
U = 2.237 x 10-6

35.196
10

RELIABILITY
FOR LOW BAND
R = (1 2.185 x 10-6) x 100 %
R = 99.9997815 %
FOR HIGH BAND
R = (1 2.237 x 10-6)x 100 %
R = 99.9997763 %
due to RAIN:
RAIN FADE MARGIN = EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN RAIN ATTENUATION
RAIN FADE MARGIN = 35.193 dB -27.513 dB = 7.68 dB
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
RAIN FADE MARGIN = 35.196 dB -26.777 dB = 8.419 dB
FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)
9

1.2

3.5

7.68
10

U =(110 )(12.82) (38) (10

U = 1.232 x 10-3
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
U =(1109 )(13.08)1.2 (38)3.5 (10

8,419
10

U = 1.065 x 10-3
RELIABILITY due to RAIN:
FOR LOW BAND
R = (1 1.232 x 10-3) x 100 %
R = 99.8768 %
FOR HIGH BAND
R = (1 1.065 x 10-3)x 100 %

R = 99.8935 %

K Q RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS with TERRAIN ROUGHNESS

------------------- insert table .
Site A to B
SUM
AVERAGE
STANDARD
DEVIATION

3495
94.4594594595

377175
10193.9189189189
35.6557069422

M = 94.46 , S = 35.66
Site A to C

SUM
AVERAGE
STDEV

1255
33.9189189189

46625
1260.1351351351
10.4710111502

M = 33.99 S = 10.47
Site A to B
( K Q)
U=
( f )b ( d )c (10
1.3
S

FM EFF
10

FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)

U=

35.193
(1109)
1.2
3.5
10
(12.82)
(
38)
(10
)
35.65571.3

U = 2.097x10-8

FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)

35.196
(1109)
1.2
3.5
U=
(13.08) ( 38) (10 10 )
1.3
35.6557

U = 2.147x10-8

Site A to C
FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)
U=

35.193
(1109)
1.2
3.5
10
(12.82)
(38)
(10
)
1.3
10.471

U = 1.031x10-7

FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)

9

U=

35.196
10

(110 )
(13.08)1.2 (38) 3.5 (10
1.3
10.471

U = 1.056x10-7
UNFADED RELIABILITY
Site A to B
FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)
R = (1 U) x 100%
R = (1 - 2.097x10-8 ) x 100 %
R = 99.9999979 %
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
R = (1 - 2.147x10-8 ) x 100 %
R = 99.99999785 %

Site A to C

FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)

R = (1 U) x 100%
R = (1 - 1.031x10-7) x 100 %
R = 99.99998969 %
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
R = (1 - 1.056x10-7 ) x 100 %
R = 99.99998944 %

due to RAIN:
Rain Attenuation: Low Band = 27.513 dB High Band = 26.777 dB
FMEFF: Low Band = 35.193 dB High Band = 35.196 dB
Site A to B
FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)
RAIN FADE MARGIN = EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN RAIN ATTENUATION
RAIN FADE MARGIN = 35.193 dB -27.513 dB = 7.68 dB
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
RAIN FADE MARGIN = 35.196 dB -26.777 dB = 8.419 dB
FOR LOW BAND
7.68
(1109)
1.2
3.5
U=
(12.82) ( 38) (10 10 )
1.3
35.6557

U = 1.183 x 10-5
FOR HIGH BAND
U=

8.419
(1109)
1.2
3.5
10
(13.08)
(
38)
(10
)
1.3
35.6557

U = 1.022 x 10-5

Site A to C
FOR LOW BAND
7.68
(1109)
1.2
3.5
U=
(12.82) (38) (10 10 )
1.3
10.471

U = 5.817 x 10

-5

FOR HIGH BAND

U=

8.419
(1109)
1.2
3.5
10
(12.82)
(38)
(10
)
1.3
10.471

U = 5.027 x 10-5
RELIABILITY due to RAIN:
Site A to B
FOR LOW BAND U = 1.183 x 10-5

FOR HIGH BAND U = 1.022 x 10-5

FOR LOW BAND (12.82 GHz)

R = (1 U) x 100%
R = (1 - 1.183 x 10-5 ) x 100 %
R = 99.998817 %
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
R = (1 - 1.022 x 10-5 ) x 100 %
R = 99.998978%
VIGANTS BARNETTE CALCULATION
C Factor=C f [

Where:

S 1.3
]
15.2

Cf Climatic Factor
S Roughness Factor
Using Vignants Barnette method, we can set the climatic factor to be 1 and the
Roughness factor to be 42
C Factor=1[

42 1.3
]
15.2

C Factor = 0.2668
Note: C Factor 0.25

Good Propagation Condition

C Factor 1

Average Propagation Condition

C Factor 4

Difficult Propagation Condition

* Since we are near the 0.25 we are in GOOD PROPAGATION CONDITION

Vignant Barnette Unavailability Formula
FM EFF
10

U =610 C Factor f timesd 10

f GHz
d Path Length in Km
FMEFF: Low Band = 35.193 dB High Band = 35.196 dB
FOR LOW BAND (12.82GHz)
U =61070.266812.8238 310

35.193
10

U = 3.406 x 10-5
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
U =61070.266813.08383 10

U = 3.473 x 10-5
RELIABILITY
FOR LOW BAND

35.196
10

R = (1 3.406 x 10-5) x 100 %

R = 99.99659375 %
FOR HIGH BAND
R = R = (1 3.473x 10-5) x 100 %
R = 99.99652707 %
Due to Rain
RAIN FADE MARGIN = EFFECTIVE FADE MARGIN RAIN ATTENUATION
RAIN FADE MARGIN = 35.193 dB -27.513 dB = 7.68 dB
FOR HIGH BAND (13.08 GHz)
RAIN FADE MARGIN = 35.196 dB -26.777 dB = 8.419 dB
FOR LOW BAND
7

U =610 0.266812.8238 10

7.68
10

U = 0.0192121
FOR HIGH BAND
U =61070.266813.08383 10

8.419
10

U = 0.0165347
RELIABILITY
FOR LOW BAND
R = (1 0.0192121) x 100 %
R = 98.07878535 %
FOR HIGH BAND
R = (1 0.0165347) x 100 %
R = 98.3465327 %
CCIR Recc. 530 Calculation

FORMULA:
1

=1000tan [

( h1h2)absolute
]milliradians
1000d

Where:
h1 and h2 antenna height above MSL in meters
d Path Length in km
Solving:
Site A to B
=1000tan1 [

152222
] milliradians
1000d

=1.842 milliradians

Site A to C
1

=1000tan [

12070
] milliradians
1000d

=1.315 milliradians

AVERAGE GRAZING ANGLE

d2
m=
34000( h1+ h2)km
c=

b=2[

m+ 1
1
3c
3m
]cos ( + [ cos1 (
)])
3
m3
3 3
2
(m+ 1)

Solving:

( h1h2)absolute
h1+ h2

h1+ h2
2
(1m(1+ b )) milliradians
d

Site A to B
382
m=
34000(.152+ .222)km
m= 0.114
c=

(.152.222)absolute
.152+ .222

c= 0.187
b=2[

0.114+ 1
1
3(0.114)
1 3(0.187)
]cos( + [ cos (

)])
0.1143
3 3
2
(0.114+ 1)3

b= 0.168
=

152+ 222
2
(10.114( 1+ 0.168 )) milliradians
38

theta = 8.688 milliradians

Site A to C
m=

382
34000(.120+ .070)km
m= 0.224

c=

(.120.070)absolute
.120+ .070

c= 0.263
b=2[

0.224+ 1
1
3 (0.224)
1 3(0.263)
]cos( + [ cos (

)])
0.2243
3 3
2
( 0.224+ 1)3

b= 0.217
=

120+ 70
2
(10.224( 1+ 0.217 )) milliradians
38

theta = 3.827 milliradians

GEOCLIMATIC FACTOR

Note: K = 10-5.4 x PL1.5

for over land paths

K= 10-6.0 x PL1.5

for mountainous paths ( this will be used)

K = 10-4.9 x PL1.5

for over water paths

* 30 will be used as PL based on the refractivity map

Site A to B
FMEFF: Low Band = 35.193 dB High Band = 35.196 dB
=1.842 milliradians

m= 0.114
c= 0.187
b= 0.168
theta = 8.688 milliradians
K = 10-6.0 x 301.5
K = 1.643 x 10-4
1.1

U =K (1+ )

1.2

3.3

f d 10

FM EFF
10

FOR LOW BAND

U =1.643104(1+ 1.842)1.1 8.6881.2 12.8238 3.310
U = 2.465 x 10

35.193
10

-3

FOR HIGH BAND

U =1.643104(1+ 1.842)1.1 8.6881.2 13.08383.3 10
U = 2.514x 10-3

RELIABILITY
FOR LOW BAND

35.196
10

R = (1 -2.465 x 10 -3) x 100 %

R = 99.7535 %
FOR HIGH BAND
R = (1 -2.514x 10-3) x 100 %
R = 99.7486 %
Site A to C
=1.315 milliradians

m= 0.224
c= 0.263
b= 0.217
theta = 3.827 milliradians
K = 10-6.0 x 301.5
K = 1.643 x 10-4
1.1

U =K (1+ )

1.2

3.3

f d 10

FM EFF
10

FOR LOW BAND

U =1.643104(1+ 1.315)1.13.8271.212.82383.3 10
U = 8.263 x 10

35.193
10

-3

FOR HIGH BAND

U =1.643104(1+ 1.315)1.1 3.8271.213.0838 3.310
U = 8.424 x 10-3

RELIABILITY
FOR LOW BAND

35.196
10

R = (1 -8.263 x 10 -3) x 100 %

R = 99.1737 %
FOR HIGH BAND
R = (1 -8.424 x 10-3) x 100 %
R = 99.1576 %
* Computing for the rain fade using the CCIR Recc. 350 is a MUTE POINT
since the given value would result in an unavailability of more than
100%

DISTANCE CALCULATION
(A) Burot, Tarlac City
LATITUDE: 150 24' 50 N

LONGITUDE: 1200 36' 2 E

(B) Babo Pangulo, Angeles City

LATITUDE: 150 4' 33 N
(C)

LONGITUDE: 1200 31' 52 E

Laput Mexico, Angeles City

LATITUDE: 150 5' 48 N

Site A to B

LONGITUDE: 1200 42' 49 E

DISTANCE
cosD = sinA sinB + cosA cosB
L = Longitude B Longitude A
L = 1200 31' 52 - 1200 36' 2
L = - 00 4' 10
cosD = sin(150 24' 50) sin(150 4' 33 ) + cos(150 24' 50) cos(150 4' 33)
cosD = 0.069131 + 0.93085
cosD = 0.9999826
D = 0.33805555555
or D = 00 20' 25
25

arcmin1 arcminute
=.4166667
60 arcseconds

convert to km
20.4166667 min1.8424 km
=37.616 approximately 38
min

D = 38 km
AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION
cosC =

cosC =

sinAcosD sinB
sinD cosB

sin (150 24 ' 50 ' ' )cos (0 0 20' 25 ' ')sin(150 4 ' 33 ' ' )
0
0
sin( 0 20 ' 25' ' )cos (15 4 ' 33' ' )

cos C = 0.99348
C = arccosine (0.99348)
C = 6.5460
C = 3600 6.5460
C = 353.454o

Site A to C
DISTANCE
cosD = sinA sinB + cosA cosB
L = Longitude B Longitude A
L = 1200 42' 49 - 1200 36' 2
L = - 00 6' 47
cosD = sin(150 24' 50) sin(150 5' 48 ) + cos(150 24' 50) cos(150 5'
48 )
cosD = 0.9999816
D = 0.3475739
or D = 00 20' 51
51

arcmin1 arcminute
=0.85
60 arcseconds

convert to km
20.85 min1.8424 km
=38.414 approximately 38
min

D = 38 km
AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION
cosC =

cosC =

sinAcosD sinB
sinD cosB

sin(150 24 ' 50 ' ' )cos (0 0 20' 51 ' ' )sin (150 5 ' 48 ' ' )
0
0
sin (0 20 ' 51 ' ') cos(15 5 ' 48 ' ' )

cos C = 0.91301

C = arccosine (0.99348)
C = 24.0760
C = 3600 24.0760
C = 335.924o

PARAMETERS

VALUE

UNIT

APPLICATION

STL (Studio Transmitter

Link)

OPERATING FREQUENCY

12.9

GHz

FRQUENCY RANGE

12.75 13.25

GHz

LOW BAND FREQUENCY

12.82

GHz

HIGH BAND FREQUENCY

13.08

GHz

CHANNEL BANDWIDTH

14

MHz

No. of DUPLEX CHANNEL

17

channels

PATH LENGTH both sites

38

km

Site A TOWER HEIGHT

82

Site B TOWER HEIGHT

102

Site C TOWER HEIGHT

40

MICROWAVE RADIO
OUTPUT

20

dBm

ANTENNA GAIN (Low

Band)

49.4

dB

ANTENNA GAIN (High

Band)

49.7

dB

FSL (Low Band)

146.15

dB

FSL (High Band)

146.33

dB

TLL

4.1

dB

UNFADED
RELIABILITY(Low Band)

RELIABILITY with Terrain

(Low Band)

UNFADED
RELIABILITY(High Band)

RELIABILITY with Terrain

(High Band)

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

(Low Band)

59.02

dB

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

(High Band)

59.4

dB