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OMAE01-PIPE4030
PIPELINE STABILITY ON A MOBILE AND LIQUEFIED SEABED: A DISCUSSION OF
MAGNITUDES AND ENGINEERING IMPLICATIONS
J. S. Damgaard
HR Wallingford Ltd.
Wallingford, United Kingdom
T: +44 1491 822465, F: +44 1491 825743, E: jsd@hrwallingford.co.uk
A.C. Palmer
University of Cambridge
Department of Engineering
Cambridge, United Kingdom
:
v:
:
xz:
:
ABSTRACT
The magnitudes of pipeline instability
processes are assessed in order to discuss the
adequacy of traditional pipeline stability
methods.
The processes considered are:
hydrodynamic loads on pipelines, sediment
transport and liquefaction. It is found that
significant sediment transport will take place
long before the pipeline starts to move
horizontally.
1. INTRODUCTION
Several practically important and interesting
problems in underwater engineering involve
structures founded on seabeds that may
become mobile under the action of waves and
currents. In academic terms, they are close to
the triple point where fluid mechanics,
geotechnics and structural mechanics meet.
Their engineering design implications affect
pipelines, mattresses and other pipeline
stabilisation devices, and bottom-founded
underwater structures such as manifolds.
NOMENCLATURE
A:
a:
CD,L,M:
Cv:
c:
D:
d:
e:
Fx,z:
fc:
fw:
g:
k:
mv:
nmw:
S:
s:
U:
u0:
W:
:
:
:
:
,s:
Fz = C L D U 2
'
(s 1)gd
Fx ( W Fz )
W = g (s p 1)
U cr2 , p
U cr2 ,s
U cr2 ,p
g (s p 1) D
2 CD
+ CL
(7)
CD
+ C L
4 (s 1) d
=
fc
(s p 1) D
(8)
(3)
U cr , p
11
d
D
(9)
(6)
(2)
U cr2 ,s
2
D
4
(5)
(1)
' =
(4b)
U cr ,s 0.15 U cr , p
(4a)
(10)
A
f w =1.39 12
d
S = 2
u0
g(s 1)
3b.
f w u 02
g (s 1) d
(13)
(14)
d
A
(15)
Pipeline stability
(11)
Fx = C D D u 0 u 0 +
2
Fz = C L D u 02
u
C M D 2 0
4
t
(16a)
(16b)
d
A
Sediment mobility
d
A
Scr = 2cr
0.52
(12)
u0
S=
g(s p 1)
(17)
3c.
CM
(18)
(19)
1
D
2 CD
A
+C
L
(20)
v = (a 1) p 0 sin(t ) e z / sin(t )
+ gz
(s 1)
(s p 1)
(22)
where v is the effective vertical overburden
(we have defined tensile stress as negative in
accordance with the soil mechanics sign
convention), p0 is the amplitude of the
oscillatory pressure at the seabed surface, is
the submerged bulk density, a is the relative
compressibility
(21)
a=
m
m + nm w
(23)
2a C
(24)
1
p 0 + 2g
2
(26)
e cos(z / )
(t ) max = arctan
sin(z / )
z/
4 k
(1 + e)
(27)
(25)
where the subscript max denotes the phase at
maximum liquefaction potential. The depth at
which v is closest to zero, and therefore the
depth at which liquefaction is most likely to
occur, can be found numerically. The value of
zmax will be a function of the non-dimensional
bed pressure amplitude, p0/() where =g
and the relative compressibility, a.
The
solution is shown in Figure 1.
K
gm v
(28)
(29)
1
g
1 A
Re
2 2
g m v d
(1 + e) c
(30)
in which Re = u0A/ is the wave Reynolds
number and c is the wave celerity. The first
term on the r.h.s of Equation (30) is a measure
of the relative compressibility of the soil
matrix and the water. The second term, g/c2,
tends to for deep water and tends to g/h for
shallow water.
k
p 0 = S(1 + e)
g
(31)
4. PIPELINE ENGINEERING
IMPLICATIONS
A number of conclusions can be drawn from
the preceding analyses:
1) for all realistic field conditions a
sandy seabed will become mobile at
forcing levels significantly lower
than those required to mobilise a
pipeline,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The funding for this work was provided by the
Commision of the European Communities
Directorate General for Science, Research and
Development as a part of the LIMAS
collaborative research programme, under the
REFERENCES
Bagnold, R.A. (1954) Experiments on a
gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres
in a Newtonian fluid under shear. Proc. Royal
Soc. London (a) 225:49-63.