TIMBER DESIGN

TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Visually Graded Lumber

Defects are allowed to become larger and more frequent
as the grade drops. Commonly considered defects:
1.Location, size and placement of knots
2.Slope of grain
3.manufacturing defects (splits from drying
4.Wane
5.Warp
Machine stress-grading

Timber loaded about minor axis (on flat)

Small loads applied - timber is loaded at much less than design strength
Intention is to find poor pieces by measuring stiffness
High speed operation - timber in the machine for typically 1 second

Proof-grading

Timber loaded about major axis (on edge)

High load applied - timber is loaded at loads near the design strength
Intention is to find poor pieces by breaking them

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Low speed process - timber may take 15 to 20 seconds to pass through the
machine

FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Fb=FbCDCMCtCLCFCVCfuCrCcCf
Applicable adjustment factors
Load Duration factor (CD)
If a member is fully stressed to the maximum allowable stress, continuous or
cumulative, for more than 10 years, CD = 0.90
Period

CD

for seven days duration, as for roof loads

1.25

for earthquake

1.33

for wind (connections and fasteners)

1.33

for wind ( members only)

1.6

for impact

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

This is not applicable to compression perpendicular to grain.

Size factor adjustment (CF)
Applicable to flexural members with a thickness exceeding 125 mm and depth
more than 300 mm.
19

300
CF =

d
Where:
CF = size factor
D = depth of beam, mm

If the beam is circular in cross-section, with D> 340 mm, convert the section to
an equivalent conventionally loaded square beam with the same cross sectional
area.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Slenderness Factor and Flexural stress (CS and Fb )

le d
CS =
2
b
Where:
Cs = slenderness factor
le = effective length of the beam, mm
d = depth of the beam, mm
b = breadth of the beam, mm
If Cs 10, full value of Fb may be used.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Effective lengths of beams ( may be multiplied by

the highlighted values
Single-span beam
point load at center ---------------- 1.61lu
uniformly loaded ------------------- 1.92lu
equal end moments -------------- 1.84lU
Cantilever beams
Load concentrated at free end --- 1.69lU
Load uniformly distributed -------- 1.06lU
Point load plus uniform load ------ 1.69lu
Single span/Cantilever
Other loads -------------------------- 1.92lU

0.85 + 2.55 ( lu d ) ), except

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Allowable bending stress (Fb),

if 10 < CS Ck

1 C 4
F 'b = Fb 1 s
3 Ck
Where:

Ck = 0.811

E
Fb

E = modulus of elasticity
Fb = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in
bending ( basic value)

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

if Ck < CS 50

0.438 E
F 'b =
Cs 2
If Cs > 50, not allowed by Code.
Form Factor Adjustment (Cf)
For circular beams: Cf = 1.18
Square (with diagonal vertical): Cf = 1.414
Lumber I beams and box beams

d 2 + 143
C f = 0.81 1 + 2
1 C g

d + 88

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Where:
Cf = form factor
Cg = support factor = p2 (6-8p+3p2)(1-q) + q
P = ratio of depth of compression flange to full
depth of beam
q = ratio of thickness of web(s) to the full width
of beam.
** Cumulative with the form factor adjustment except for lumber I beams and box
beams.
Wet Service Factor, CM
When the moisture content of structural members under service conditions will
exceed 19% for an extended period of time, design values should be multiplied by
the appropriate wet-service factor.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Design Value
Fb
Ft
Fv
FC
Fc
E

CM
0.85
1.0
0.97
0.67
0.80
0.90

Temperature Factor, Ct
Reduction of the design values for wood may be necessary for members
subjected to elevated temperatures for repeated or prolonged periods.

Design Values
Ft and E
Fb , FV , Fc and Fc
Dry
Wet

T 380 C

380 C < T 520 C

520 C < T 660 C

1.0

0.90

0.90

1.0
1.0

0.80
0.70

0.7
0.5

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Volume Factor, CV ---

For glued-laminated beams only
Flat-Use Factor, Cfu
When the load is applied to the wide face ( flatwise) dimension of lumber,
design values should be multiplied by the appropriate flat-use factor.

Width, mm
50 and 75
100
125
150
200
250 and wider

Thickness
50 and 75 mm 100 mm
1
1.1
1
1.1
1.05
1.15
1.05
1.15
1.05
1.2
1.1

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Beam Stability Factor, CL

CL =

1 + ( FbE Fb* )
1.9

1 + ( FbE Fb* ) F F *
bE b

1.9
0.95

Where:
Fb* = design value for bending multiplied by all applicable adjustment
factors, except Cfu ,Cv and CL
FbE =

K bE E '
RB2

KbE = 0.438 ( for visually graded lumber and machine rated lumber)
= 0.609 ( for products with a coefficient of variation of 0.11 or
less)
E = design modulus of elasticity multiplied by applicable adjustment
factors.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Bearing Area Factor, Cb

For compression perpendicular to grain where the bearing is less than 150 mm
long and at least 75 mm from the end of a member.

Cb =

Lb + 9.525
Lb

Where: Lb = bearing length in millimeters, measured parallel to grain.

Repetitive-Member Factor, Cr
Design values for bending Fb may be increased when three or more members
are connected so that they act as a unit. The design value for bending of dimension
lumber 50 to 100 mm thick may be multiplied by the repetitive-member factor Cr
=1.15.
Example 1:
Calculate the allowable bending stress for a 50 mm x 75 mm floor joist spaced @
0.40 m on-center. The joists are assumed to be simply supported over a span of 3

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

meters. Bridging are provided at every 0.6 m. The tabulated properties of the joist
are: E = 7310 MPa and Fb = 16.5 MPa.
Solution:
Fb = CrCDFb
Cr = 1.15 ; CD = 0.90
Fb = (1.15)(0.90)(16.5) = 17.08 MPa > 16.5 MPa, use Fb =Fb.
Example 2:
Calculate the allowable bending stress for a visually graded wooden girder with a
dimension of 200 mm x 400 mm, supporting a series of floor joists. The beam has a
simple span of 6 meters. The properties of the member are: E = 5940 MPa and Fb
= 18 MPa.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Solution:
Adjust due to size, d > 300 mm
19

300
CF =

400

= 0.97

CD = 0.90

F 'b = CF CD Fb = 0.97(0.9)(18) = 15.71MPa

Check slenderness
lu 6000
=
= 15 < 17
d
400

CS =

le d
(1.92)(6000)(400)
=
= 10.73 > 10
2
2
b
(200)

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Ck = 0.811

E
5940
= 0.811
= 13.49 > CS
Fb
(21.47)

4
1 C 2

1 10.73
s
F 'b = 1 Fb = 1
18 = 15.60 MPa

3 Ck
3 13.49

use Fb = 15.60 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity Adjustment

To be applied only when:
1. the deflections are critical to the stability of structures or components.
2. the member is exposed to varying temperature and relative humidity under
sustained loading conditions.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

CV = 0.25 ( for visually graded sawn lumber)
CV = 0.11 ( for machine stress-rated sawn
lumber)
Modified E = Etable*(1-CV)
HORIZONTAL SHEAR

Fv=FvCDCMCtCH
Actual horizontal shear:

Solid sections,

3V
fv =
2bd

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Notched sections,

fv =
V=

3V d

2bd ' d '

( at support tension side)

d d '
FV b d
e (at support, compression side)
3
d'

d = total depth
d = depth of beam at notch.
e = distance notch extends inside the
inner edge of support.
** The shear for the notch on the compression side shall be further limited to the
value determined for a beam of depth d if e exceeds d.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Compression perpendicular to grain

FC ' = 0.73FC
( for bearings of any length at the end of the beam and to all bearings 150mm)

lb + 0.375
FC ' =
FC
lb

( for bearings of less than 150 mm AND not nearer than 75 mm to the end of a
member),
lb = length of bearing, mm
COLUMN DESIGN

L/d 50

*
1
F
F
+
(
)
CE
C

F 'C = FC *
2c '

2
1 + ( FCE FC * ) ( FCE FC * )

2c '
c'

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Where:
c = 0.8, for sawn lumber
= 0.85 for round timber piles

FCE =

K CE E '

( le d )

FC* = adjusted compression design value

KCE = 0.3, for visually graded lumber
= 0.418, for prodcts such as machine
stress-rated sawn lumber.
E = modified modulus of elasticity = (1-Cv)E

Example 3:
Calculate the axial load capacity of a 200 mm x 300 mm wooden post. The post has
an unsupported length of 4 meters and is assumed to be pin-connected at the
ends. the properties of wood (80% stress grade, machine-stress rated) are E =
12000 MPa and FC = 16 MPa (tabulated values), Fb=19 MPa(allowable). The post is
exposed to variable temperature and relative humidity.

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Solution:
FC* = CD*FC = 0.90(16) = 14.40 MPa
CV = 0.11
E = (1 0.11)E = 0.89 (12000) = 10680 MPa
KCE = 0.418 ( machine stress-rated sawn lumber)

le 1x 4000
=
= 16
d
250
K E ' ( 0.418) (10680 ) )
FCE = CE 2 =
= 17.44MPa
2

(l d )
(16)

e

FCE 17.44
=
= 1.21
*
FC 14.40

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

c = 0.80 ( for sawn lumber)

2

1
+
1.21
1
+
1.21
1.21
= 10.84 MPa
FC ' = (14.40 )


2(0.8)
2(0.8)
0.8

Pcap = 10.84(250)(300) / 1000 = 813kN

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING LOADS
AXIAL PLUS TENSION

ft
fb
+ * 1
and
Ft Fb

fb ft
1
**
Fb

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Fb* = CDCMCtCFCrCi (Fb)

Fb** = CDCMCtCLCFCrCi(Fb)
AXIAL PLUS COMPRESSION

fc
fb
+
1
F 'c F 'b Jf c
Where:

J=

le d 11
K 11 , and

K = 0.671

E
FC

0 J 1

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

Example 4:
Calculate the axial load capacity of the previous problem if a moment of 12 kN-m
acts about the major axis of the beam.
Solution:
From the previous problem FC* =14.4 MPa
fc =

P (1000)
= 0.017 P , P in kN
(200)(300)

fb =

6M 6(12000000)
=
= 3.84MPa
2
2
bd
(300)(250)

TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014

Lecturer: Richard S Regidor

le 4000
=
= 16
d
250
12000
k = 0.671
= 18.38
16
16 11
J=
= 0.68
18.38 11
0.017 P
3.84
+
=1
10.84 19 (0.68)(0.017 P )
P = 458.86kN