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Overcurrent Protection
Practical Example of Use
Preface
This paper describes how to test non-directional overcurrent protection elements. It contains an application
example which will be used throughout the paper. The theoretical background of the non-directional
overcurrent protection will be explained. This paper also covers the definition of the necessary Test Object
settings as well as the Hardware Configuration for non-directional overcurrent tests. Finally the
Overcurrent test module is used to perform the tests which are needed for the non-directional overcurrent
protection function.
Supplements:
Requirements:
Application Example
10.5 kV
Protection functions
1st element (51) / non-directional characteristic (IDMT)
200/1
2nd element (50/51) / non-directional characteristic (DTOC)
Overcurrent Relay
Parameter Name
Parameter Value
Frequency
50 Hz
CT (primary/secondary)
200 A /1 A
1st element
2nd element
Notes
Tripping characteristic
300 A
1.2
DTOC
Tripping characteristic
600 A
Pick-up 3 x In CT primary
100 ms
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2.1
Tripping Characteristics
There are two major overcurrent characteristic types: Inverse time and definite time.
Tripping Characteristics
Trip-time characteristic of an
IDMT overcurrent relay
t/s
t/s
t(1st el.)
t(2nd el.)
t(2nd el.)
1stelement
50-1/51 or 50N-1/51N
2ndelement I/I
P
50-2 or 50N-2
1stelement
2ndelement
I/IP
51 or 51N or 67
Inverse time characteristics can have different basic shapes such as these:
Characteristic
Formula
Annotation
120
T
I IP 1 P
0.14
SI (standard inverse)
VI (very inverse)
I IP 1
80
EI (extremely inverse)
I IP 0.02 1
13.5
TP
TP
I IP 2 1
TP
Table 2: IDMT tripping characteristics (see IEC 60255-3 or BS 142, section 3.5.2)
t
TP or TMS
I
IP
Note:
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=
=
=
=
Some relays have an increased pick-up value for IDMT characteristics. For example, the relay
used in this example has an actual pick-up value that is 1.1 times higher than the IP setting.
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2.2
5
4
6
6
7
7
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Tripping characteristic for the 1st element (for this example IDMT IEC very inverse)
Directional function (for this example non-directional)
Pick-up setting (primary) of 1st element
Pick-up value at 1.1 x IP
Time multiplier setting (TMS) for the 1st element
Tripping characteristic for the 2nd element (DTOC for this example)
Pick-up setting (primary) of 2nd element
Trip time delay of 2nd element
1000
5
1
100
10
8
1 0.1
3
1
0.01
200
300
7
1
4
1
400
500
600
700
800
900
Figure 3: Comparison of IEC very inverse tripping characteristics with different time multiplier settings (TMS)
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3.1
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Note:
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The parameters V max and I max limit the output of the currents and voltages to prevent
damage to the device under test. These values must be adapted to the respective
Hardware Configuration when connecting the outputs in parallel or when using an amplifier.
The user should consult the manual of the device under test to make sure that its input rating
will not be exceeded.
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Note:
Relay Parameters
This first tab contains the definition of the directional behavior as well as the relay tolerances.
2
1
1.
2.
Since we want to test a non-directional overcurrent relay this option has to be chosen.
The current and time tolerances can be obtained from the relay manual.
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Elements
This tab defines the characteristic of the different overcurrent elements.
1
6
5
2
5
3
3
4
The default overcurrent characteristic is shown above. It contains an IEC Definite Time scheme with one
element for a phase overcurrent protection. This characteristic has to be adjusted to the parameters of the
relay (Table 1):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In order to define the elements of the phase overcurrent protection, select Phase as the
Selected element type.
Note: If other element types are also present in the relay select the related element types consecutively
in (1) to enter these elements. The selection field shows the number of already defined related elements
and how many of these are marked as active.
This table shows the elements which define the tripping characteristic for the selected element type. The
name of the first element may be changed according to the name used in the relay, e.g., "I>1".
Change the characteristic type of the first element to IEC Very inverse (Table 1).
Afterwards set I Pick-up and the Time index.
As mentioned in chapter 2.1 , the 1st element has an increased pick-up value (by factor 1.1). This has to
be considered in the Range limits of the test object. In order to do that, select Active and enter the
increased pick-up value in I min.
Now the second element can be added. It has an IEC Definite Time characteristic which might be
renamed to "I>2". Also set I Pick-up and the Trip time.
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The list of the elements appearing after these adjustments is shown below.
1.
A
B
1
A
A
1
B
B
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3.2
3.2.1 Example Output Configuration for Protection Relays with a Secondary Nominal Current of 1 A
IA
IB
IC
IN
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3.2.2 Example Output Configuration for Protection Relays with a Secondary Nominal Current of 5 A
IA
IC
IB
Note:
IN
Make sure that the rating of the wires is sufficient when connecting the outputs in parallel.
The following explanations only apply to protection relays with a secondary nominal current of
1 A.
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The analog outputs, binary inputs and outputs can all be activated individually in the local Hardware
Configuration of the specific test module (see chapter 3.3 ).
3.2.4 Binary Inputs
4
1
2
1.
2.
3.
Trip
Start
4.
The start command is optional (it is needed if Starting is selected as the time reference in the test
module or if a pick-up / drop-off test is required).
The trip command has to be connected to a binary input. BI1 BI10 can be used.
For wet contacts adapt the nominal voltages of the binary inputs to the voltage of the circuit breaker trip
command or select Potential Free for dry contacts.
The binary outputs and analog inputs etc. will not be used for the following tests.
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3.2.5 Wiring of the Test Set for Relays with a Secondary Nominal Current of 1A
Note:
The following wiring diagrams are examples only. The wiring of the analog current inputs may
be different if additional protective functions such as sensitive ground fault protection are
provided. In this case IN may be wired separately.
Protection
Relay
(-) (-)
IA
IB
IC
IN
Trip
optional
(+)
Start
(+)
Protection
Relay
(-) (-)
IA
IB
IC
IN
Trip
optional
(+)
Start
(+)
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3.3
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3.4
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1.
2.
3.
4.
For this test, it is not necessary to define a trigger in the Trigger tab. The pick-up test can be performed if
a start contact is wired and defined as a test module input signal in the local Hardware Configuration
(see chapter 3.3 ).
Settings in the Fault tab will not be needed in this test (but might be added to combine pick-up and
characteristic tests in one module).
As the start contact is used to trigger this test, Relay with start contact has to be chosen.
The phase overcurrent function is tested with phase to phase faults.
Note: In this case other protection functions may interfere with the test. However, if such functions or
elements (e.g., ground fault protection, negative sequence protection, etc.) are present they may be
specified in the Test Object in the same manner as the phase elements were entered in this example.
The resulting characteristic will be calculated individually and shown for each test shot depending on its
fault type (4) and fault angle (5), ensuring a proper assessment according to the expected overall relay
behavior.
5.
6.
For the non-directional test, no voltages are used, therefore, no test angle can be set.
As the pick-up is not delayed, a step length (Resolution) of 50 ms should be sufficient.
Note:
The pick-up value will be measured and assessed automatically. The drop-off value will also be
measured, but it will not be assessed. The assessment of the drop-off value and of the reset
ratio has to be made manually.
More test lines can be added if needed, e.g., different fault types.
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1.
2.
3.
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2
3
4
1.
As the function to test is a phase overcurrent function, a phase to phase fault is used.
Note: In this case other protection functions may interfere with the test. However, if such functions or
elements (e.g., ground fault protection, negative sequence protection, etc.) are present they may be
specified in the Test Object in the same manner as the phase elements were entered in this example.
The resulting characteristic will be calculated individually and shown for each test shot depending on its
fault type (1) and fault angle (2), ensuring a proper assessment according to the expected overall relay
behavior.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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