CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I (EE 211)

Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits

CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTS

Fundamental Laws for Circuit Analysis

o
o

Ohms Law
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Single-Loop Circuit Analysis

Single-Node-Pair Circuits
Series and Parallel Resistor Combinations
Wye Delta Transformation
Circuits with Dependent Sources

RESISTANCE
Electric Current doesnt always flow nicely.
The degree to which the flow of current is inhibited
is called resistance.
Resistance is measured in ohms.
Named after Georg Ohm, who quantified the
relationship between voltage and current.
Unit abbreviation: (m, M, etc.)
In AC current, this is called impedance.

THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP

The voltage across a resistance is directly

proportional to the current flowing through it.

v(t ) Ri (t )

a.k.a., V = IR

This is Ohms law.

So 1 = 1 V/A.
Use Ohms law only on resistors. It does not hold
for sources.

I V CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

i
A touch of
reality

Linear approximation

Linear range
Actual v-I relationship

v
Ohms Law is an approximation
valid while voltages and currents
remain in the Linear Range

GETTING THE SIGN RIGHT WITH OHMS LAW

If the reference current is in the
direction of the reference voltage drop
(Passive Sign Convention), then

If the reference current is in the

direction of the reference voltage
rise(Active Sign Convention), then

vX
RX
iX
RX=
#[W]

vX

vX
RX
iX
iX

RX=
#[W]

vX

iX

RELATING RESISTANCE TO POWER

Recall p(t ) v(t )i(t )
v(t )
Substitute v(t ) i (t ) R or i (t )

2
v
(t )
2
p
(
t
)

i
(
t
)
R

Then
R

Consequences:

Power is nonlinear
Power in a resistive element is always positive (i.e.
always absorbed)!

CONDUCTANCE

Conductance is defined as the reciprocal of

resistance

1
.G
R

Conductance unit is Siemens.

Unit abbreviation: S
Conductance is usually assigned to the variable G.
We can redefine Ohms law and the current-voltage
relationship in terms of conductance (G).

. i(t ) Gv(t )

i 2 (t )
Gv2 (t )
. p(t )
G

TWO IMPORTANT RESISTANCES

R = 0 is called a short circuit.

v. (t ) Ri (t ) (0)i(t ) 0

Read: No voltage across a short circuit.

R = is called an open circuit.

v(t ) v(t )
i.(t )

0
R

Read: No current flows in an open circuit.

DEFINITIONS TO GET US STARTED

Node

Loop

Connection between two circuit elements.

Closed path in which no node is encountered more than

once.

Branch

A chunk of the circuit containing one element and the

nodes at either end.

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

The algebraic sum of all the currents entering a

node is zero.
N

Formally:

i (t ) 0
j 1

Or: The sum of the currents entering a node equals

the sum of the currents leaving the node.

The definition essentially means that energy is

conserved. If we move around, whenever we move,
if we end up in the place we started, we cannot
have the changed potential at that point.

CURRENT POLARITIES

Again, the issue of the sign, or polarity, or direction,

of the current arises.

When we write a Kirchhoff Current Law equation,

we attach a sign to each reference current polarity,
depending on whether the reference current is
entering or leaving the closed surface. This can be
done in different ways.

We will always assign a positive sign to a term that

refers to a reference current that leaves a node,
and a negative sign to a term that refers to a
reference current that enters a node.

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

The algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop

is zero.
N

Formally:

v (t ) 0
j 1

The definition essentially means that energy is

conserved. If we move around, whenever we move,
if we end up in the place we started, we cannot
have the changed potential at that point.

VOLTAGE POLARITIES

When we write a Kirchhoff Voltage Law equation,

we attach a sign to each reference voltage polarity,
depending on whether the reference voltage is a
rise or a drop. This can be done in different ways.

We will always go around loops clockwise.

We will assign a positive sign to a term that refers

to a reference voltage drop, and a negative sign to
a term that refers to a reference voltage rise.

KCL AND KVL EXAMPLES

Some numerical examples on KCL and KVL .

SINGLE LOOP CIRCUITS

Applying KCL to every node in a single-loop circuit

reveals that the same current flows through all
elements.

These elements are connected in series because

they carry the same current.

We will apply KVL and Ohms law to the circuit to

determine various quantities in the circuit.

VOLTAGE DIVISION

The figure shown is of a

single-loop circuit.
Applying KVL to this circuit

yields:
or

v(t ) vR1 vR2 0

v(t ) vR1 vR 2
However from Ohms law we know that

vR1 R1i (t )
vR2 R2i (t )
Therefore,

v(t ) R1i(t ) R2i(t )

Solving the equation for i(t) yields

i (t )

v(t )
R1 R2

Knowing the current , we can now apply Ohms law to determine the voltage across each resistor:
.

vR1 R1i(t )
v(t )
R1

R1 R2

R1
v(t )
R1 R2

VOLTAGE DIVISION EXAMPLE

So in other words, the source voltage v(t) is divided

between the resistors R1 and R2 in direct
proportion to their resistances.

Lets try a simple voltage division example.

Then give you one to try.

MULTIPLE-SOURCE / RESISTOR NETWORKS

The sum of several voltage sources in series can

be replaced by one source whose value is the
algebraic sum of the individual sources.

Also the equivalent resistance of N resistors in

series is simply the sum of the individual
resistances.

Practically, series resistors increase the overall

resistance.

Lets show this by considering multiple-source and

multiple-resistor circuits.

FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES

v2

v R1

+ +
-

R1

v3

+
-

v1

Voltage sources in series can be

algebraically added to form an
equivalent source.

i(t)

R2

+
-

v5

vR2

We select the reference direction to

move along the path.

R1

+ -

KVL

v4

vR1 v2 v3 vR 2 v4 v5 v1 0
Collect all sources on one side

v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 vR1 vR 2

v v
eq

R1

vR 2

veq

+
-

R2

SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS

APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP

v R Ri i
i

Voltage division for multiple resistors

SINGLE-NODE-PAIR CIRCUIT

If we apply KVL to each loop, the voltage across

each element is the same.

That means elements in parallel have the same

voltage across them.

We will apply KCL and Ohms law to the circuit to

determine various quantities in the circuit.

CURRENT DIVISION

The figure shown is of a

single-node-pair circuit.

Applying KCL to the

upper node, we
obtain:

Apply Ohms law:

We could then reduce R1 and R2 to a single resistor, Rp, with the value but remember
that the product-over-sum rule for parallel resistors only works for two resistors, not for
three or more:

So the manner in which current i(t) divides between two branches is called current
division and the Current division with two resistors is given by:

CURRENT DIVISION EXAMPLE

Lets try an example of current division.

Then its your turn again.

FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES

To combine current sources in parallel, simply add

them together, including the direction of the current.

Applying KCL to the upper node yields

i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i3 (t ) i4 (t ) i5 (t ) i6 (t ) 0

Collect all sources on one side

i1 (t ) i3 (t ) i4 (t ) i6 (t ) i2 (t ) i5 (t )
i0 (t ) i2 (t ) i5 (t )

SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS

Applying KCL to the upper node yields

i0 (t ) i1 (t ) i2 (t ) ... iN (t )
1
1
1
v(t )
i0 (t )
...
RN
R1 R2
v(t )
i0 (t )
Rp
Current division for the jth branch

i j (t ) v(t )

Or

i j (t )

Rp
Rj

Rj

i0 (t )

Current division for multiple resistors

COMBINING RESISTORS

Formally:

Practically, series resistors increase the overall

resistance, parallel resistors decrease the overall
resistance.

Let us now examine some combinations of these two

cases.

AN EXAMPLE OF
BACKTRACKING

1.5mA

I1 3mA

Vxz 6V

3V

1.5mA

1mA
VO 36V

3V

0.5mA

A STRATEGY. ALWAYS ASK: WHAT ELSE CAN I

COMPUTE?

Vb 6k * I 4
I3

Vb
3k

I 2 I3 I 4
Va 2k * I 2

Vxz Va Vb
V
I 5 xz
4k
I1 I 2 I 5
VO 6k * I1 Vxz 4k * I1

WYE

DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

We have learned how to simplify the

circuit with series-parallel resistor
combination.
In the circuit shown, we find that
nowhere is a resistor in series
or parallel with another.
Techniques learned so far do not
apply here.
We can replace one portion of the network with the
equivalent network. The conversion will reduce the
circuit to series-parallel combination of resistors, which
we are already familiar with.
This conversion is called wye-to-delta or delta-to-wye
transformation.

WYE

DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

The resistors in (a) form a delta and the resistors in (b)

form a wye.
Both the configurations are connected to the same
terminals a, b, and c.
It is, in fact, possible to relate the resistances of one
network to those of the other such that their terminal
characteristics are the same.

WYE

DELTA TRANSFORM EQUATIONS

Go to wye

Go to delta

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

Write the KCL or KVL equations as if the dependent

sources were independent.

Write the equation that specifies the relationship of

the dependent source to the controlling parameter.

Solve the equations for the unknowns.

Remember that with dependent sources we can

have either voltage or current control the output.

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

EXAMPLES

Lets try some examples of circuits with dependent

sources.

Then its your turn again.

KCL TO THIS NODE. THE

DEPENDENT SOURCE IS
JUSTANOTHER SOURCE

FIND VO

A PLAN:
IF V_s IS KNOWN V_0 CAN BE DETERMINED USING VOLTAGE DIVIDER.
TO FIND V_s WE HAVE A SINGLE NODE-PAIR CIRCUIT
THE EQUATION FOR THE CONTROLLING
VARIABLE PROVIDES THE ADDITIONAL
EQUATION

ALGEBRAICALLY, THERE ARE TWO UNKNOWNS

AND JUST ONE EQUATION
VOLTAGE DIVIDER

SUBSTITUTION OF I_0 YIELDS

VO

* / 6k 5VS 60

4k
2
VS (12)V
4k 2k
3

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY
Ohms Law: V = IR
Kirchhoffs Current Law

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path

is zero.

Solving a single-loop circuit

The algebraic sum of all currents entering a node is

zero.

Determine I by using KVL and Ohms Law.

Solving a single-node-pair circuit

Determine V by using KCL and Ohms Law.

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY

Voltage Division

Current Division

Voltage is divided between two series resistors in direct

proportion to their resistances.

Current is divided between two parallel resistors inverslt

proportional to their resistances.

Combining Resistors

Combining resistors in series eliminates one node from

the circuit.
Combining resistors in parallel eliminates one loop from
the circuit

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY

Wye

Delta Transformations

When nowhere in a circuit is the resistor in series or

parallel with another, we can replace one portion of the
network with the equivalent network.
The conversion will reduce the circuit to series-parallel
combination of resistors.

Circuits with Dependent Sources

Treat the dependent source as though it were an

independent source.
Be sure that the number of linearly independent
equations matches the number of unknowns.